Hydrogen can be used as an energy carrier but must be produced from other substances like water or fossil fuels. It is commonly extracted via electrolysis of water or steam reforming of methane. Steam reforming currently accounts for most hydrogen production but results in greenhouse gas emissions. Hydrogen fuel cells combine hydrogen and oxygen to produce electricity and water. They have potential applications to power vehicles and off-grid locations. However, widespread adoption of hydrogen energy faces challenges including high costs of production and fuel cells as well as greenhouse gas emissions associated with current production methods.

1. Hydrogen EnergyHydrogen Energy
Presented By Mukesh ram.Presented By Mukesh ram.
Guided by Gaikwad sir.Guided by Gaikwad sir.

2. What is Hydrogen energy?What is Hydrogen energy?
 Hydrogen is an energyHydrogen is an energy
carrier, however that energycarrier, however that energy
must be produced frommust be produced from
another substance;another substance;
Hydrogen can be producedHydrogen can be produced
from water, Fossil Fuels,from water, Fossil Fuels,
and Biomassand Biomass
 Because Hydrogen gasBecause Hydrogen gas
cannot be extracted from thecannot be extracted from the
atmosphere, and must beatmosphere, and must be
extracted from otherextracted from other
substances, you mustsubstances, you must
extract the Hydrogen usingextract the Hydrogen using
either electrolysis (watereither electrolysis (water
splitting) or steam reforming.splitting) or steam reforming.

3. Steam ReformingSteam Reforming
 Steam reforming isSteam reforming is
currently the leastcurrently the least
expensive method ofexpensive method of
producing hydrogen and isproducing hydrogen and is
accountable for 95-96% ofaccountable for 95-96% of
the hydrogen produced inthe hydrogen produced in
the United States. It isthe United States. It is
used to separate hydrogenused to separate hydrogen
atoms from carbon atomsatoms from carbon atoms
in methane (CHin methane (CH44).).
Unfortunately, becauseUnfortunately, because
methane is a fossil fuel,methane is a fossil fuel,
the process of steamthe process of steam
results in greenhouseresults in greenhouse
gases which aregases which are
commonly linked withcommonly linked with
global warmingglobal warming

4. ElectrolysisElectrolysis
 Electrolysis is a processElectrolysis is a process
that splits Hydrogen fromthat splits Hydrogen from
water, which results in nowater, which results in no
emission but is veryemission but is very
expensive at present, Itexpensive at present, It
accounts for only 4-5% ofaccounts for only 4-5% of
Hydrogen production inHydrogen production in
the United States today,the United States today,
due mostly to the greaterdue mostly to the greater
cost.cost.

5. Hydrogen Fuel CellsHydrogen Fuel Cells

6. Hydrogen Fuel Cell StructureHydrogen Fuel Cell Structure
 The HydrogenThe Hydrogen
Fuel cells areFuel cells are
made up of fourmade up of four
parts- the Anode,parts- the Anode,
the Cathode, thethe Cathode, the
Catalyst, and theCatalyst, and the
Proton ExchangeProton Exchange
MembraneMembrane

7. AnodeAnode CathodeCathode
 The anode is theThe anode is the
negative part of thenegative part of the
fuel cell. It conductsfuel cell. It conducts
freed hydrogenfreed hydrogen
molecules and sendsmolecules and sends
them into an externalthem into an external
circuitcircuit
 The cathode is theThe cathode is the
positive part of thepositive part of the
fuel cell. It conductsfuel cell. It conducts
electrons from theelectrons from the
external circuit to theexternal circuit to the
catalyst and holds thecatalyst and holds the
oxygen until it isoxygen until it is
forced past theforced past the
catalyst.catalyst.

8. Electrolyte (Proton ExchangeElectrolyte (Proton Exchange
Membrane)Membrane)
 The Electrolyte looks like clearThe Electrolyte looks like clear
kitchen wrap, but can onlykitchen wrap, but can only
conduct positive ions. The factconduct positive ions. The fact
that it must be hydrated inthat it must be hydrated in
order to work is a problem thatorder to work is a problem that
must be solved. Its purpose ismust be solved. Its purpose is
to separate Hydrogen ionsto separate Hydrogen ions
from their electrons pushingfrom their electrons pushing
the Hydrogen ions through thethe Hydrogen ions through the
membrane and sending themembrane and sending the
electrons through an externalelectrons through an external
circuit.circuit.

9. CatalystCatalyst
 The catalyst is a pieceThe catalyst is a piece
of carbon paper or clothof carbon paper or cloth
covered with a thincovered with a thin
sheet of platinum nano-sheet of platinum nano-
particles. It facilitatesparticles. It facilitates
the recombination ofthe recombination of
Hydrogen and OxygenHydrogen and Oxygen
(from the anode and(from the anode and
cathode respectively)cathode respectively)
with water molecules aswith water molecules as
the waste.the waste.

10. The Process of Fuel CellsThe Process of Fuel Cells
1)1) Pressurized hydrogen gasPressurized hydrogen gas
enters the fuel cell on theenters the fuel cell on the
anode side.anode side.
2)2) The gas is forced throughThe gas is forced through
the catalyst, separating itthe catalyst, separating it
into to Hinto to H++
ions and twoions and two
electrons.electrons.
3)3) The ions go through theThe ions go through the
catalyst (because they’recatalyst (because they’re
positive) and the electronspositive) and the electrons
are forced through anare forced through an
external circuit (where theyexternal circuit (where they
generate power).generate power).
Meanwhile…Meanwhile… 
1)1) Oxygen gas is forced throughOxygen gas is forced through
the cathode past the catalyst.the cathode past the catalyst.
It forms two highly negativelyIt forms two highly negatively
charged Oxygen ions, whichcharged Oxygen ions, which
attract the two Hattract the two H++
ions.ions.
2)2) Each oxygen atom combinesEach oxygen atom combines
with two Hwith two H22 ions, as well asions, as well as
electrons that have returnedelectrons that have returned
from the external circuit, tofrom the external circuit, to
form water molecules.form water molecules.

11. Other Fuel Cell FactsOther Fuel Cell Facts
 Hydrogen fuel cells are essentially the “battery” ofHydrogen fuel cells are essentially the “battery” of
Hydrogen.Hydrogen.
 They combine more Oxygen and Hydrogen to formThey combine more Oxygen and Hydrogen to form
water, and in the process energy is createdwater, and in the process energy is created
 It dispenses steamIt dispenses steam
 Small fuel cells can power electric cars, while largeSmall fuel cells can power electric cars, while large
fuel cells can provide electricity in out-of-the-wayfuel cells can provide electricity in out-of-the-way
places without power linesplaces without power lines
 The most common form of fuel cells are PolymerThe most common form of fuel cells are Polymer
Membrane Exchange Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) becauseMembrane Exchange Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) because
they have a high power density and low operatingthey have a high power density and low operating
temperature, which means they take minimal time totemperature, which means they take minimal time to
heat upheat up

12. CO$TSCO$TS
 One commercially offered price for a fuel cell currently isOne commercially offered price for a fuel cell currently is
approximately $3,000 per kilowatt, a price considered tooapproximately $3,000 per kilowatt, a price considered too
high for common use. Though fuel cells will not trulyhigh for common use. Though fuel cells will not truly
achieve nationwide market penetration until they drop toachieve nationwide market penetration until they drop to
about $1,500, engineers are constantly working for aabout $1,500, engineers are constantly working for a
cheaper solutioncheaper solution
 The initial cost setup is really not set for fuel cells in theThe initial cost setup is really not set for fuel cells in the
current market because it really has not in factcurrent market because it really has not in fact
penetrated the market and is therefore being sold for apenetrated the market and is therefore being sold for a
wide variety of prices, many of which vary from thewide variety of prices, many of which vary from the
company’s above to as high as $6,000 per kilowatt.company’s above to as high as $6,000 per kilowatt.
 Long term costs tend to be substantially less than theLong term costs tend to be substantially less than the
initial costs, eventually coming out to about $1,500 perinitial costs, eventually coming out to about $1,500 per
kilowatt.kilowatt.

13. Short Term PollutionShort Term Pollution
 The Hydrogen itself does not have anyThe Hydrogen itself does not have any
detrimental effects because Hydrogen livesdetrimental effects because Hydrogen lives
within our atmosphere and the process onlywithin our atmosphere and the process only
exerts water and heatexerts water and heat
 Pure hydrogen does not naturally exist in nature,Pure hydrogen does not naturally exist in nature,
so it must be artificially created through the useso it must be artificially created through the use
of some sort of independent energy, most likelyof some sort of independent energy, most likely
fossil fuels, which renders the entire process offossil fuels, which renders the entire process of
using hydrogen energy to avoid the pollution andusing hydrogen energy to avoid the pollution and
environmental damage of the fossil fuelsenvironmental damage of the fossil fuels
pointlesspointless

14. Long Term PollutionLong Term Pollution
 Steam reforming, one of the mostSteam reforming, one of the most
common methods of extractingcommon methods of extracting
hydrogen, is used to separatehydrogen, is used to separate
hydrogen atoms from carbon atoms inhydrogen atoms from carbon atoms in
methane, as mentioned earlier.methane, as mentioned earlier.
However, because methane is a fossilHowever, because methane is a fossil
fuel, the process of steam reformingfuel, the process of steam reforming
results in greenhouse gases which areresults in greenhouse gases which are
commonly linked with global warming,commonly linked with global warming,
a long effect on the environmenta long effect on the environment
 Besides the use of fossil fuels,Besides the use of fossil fuels,
Hydrogen has no long term pollutionHydrogen has no long term pollution
effects, one of the few energies thateffects, one of the few energies that
can make that claim.can make that claim.

15. AvailabilityAvailability
 Hydrogen exists all over the earth. It is most commonly found inHydrogen exists all over the earth. It is most commonly found in
water, fossil fuels, and biomass.water, fossil fuels, and biomass.
 Water is the most useful of the three sources, due to itsWater is the most useful of the three sources, due to its
abundance among Earth.abundance among Earth.
 However, the efficient use of fuel cells requires pure HydrogenHowever, the efficient use of fuel cells requires pure Hydrogen
which does not exist on earth. Therefore, pure Hydrogen must bewhich does not exist on earth. Therefore, pure Hydrogen must be
extracted from the previously mentioned sources.extracted from the previously mentioned sources.
 Biomass is the least efficient source primarily because of itsBiomass is the least efficient source primarily because of its
seasonality, limited supplies, it has a low yield, it will degrade theseasonality, limited supplies, it has a low yield, it will degrade the
soil, and it is not in fact suitable for pure hydrogen production.soil, and it is not in fact suitable for pure hydrogen production.

16. SafetySafety
 Because of its energy content, Hydrogen must beBecause of its energy content, Hydrogen must be
handled with as much care as any fossil fuel,handled with as much care as any fossil fuel,
however is not extremely dangeroushowever is not extremely dangerous
 Hydrogen fuel cells are indeed advantageous in carsHydrogen fuel cells are indeed advantageous in cars
if a car were to be lit on fire, due to the fact thatif a car were to be lit on fire, due to the fact that
Hydrogen rises to the top of the car before catchingHydrogen rises to the top of the car before catching
on fire while gasoline simply explodes, making aon fire while gasoline simply explodes, making a
Hydrogen fueled car much safer in a scenario of aHydrogen fueled car much safer in a scenario of a
dire or extremely dangerous crash.dire or extremely dangerous crash.

17. Other Positive Aspects of HydrogenOther Positive Aspects of Hydrogen
EnergyEnergy
 Hydrogen has almostHydrogen has almost
an unlimited sourcean unlimited source
unlike most energiesunlike most energies
and is far moreand is far more
accessibleaccessible
 Gasoline has about aGasoline has about a
20% efficiency while20% efficiency while
Hydrogen has about aHydrogen has about a
64% efficiency.64% efficiency.

18. The Few Cons of Hydrogen EnergyThe Few Cons of Hydrogen Energy
 Because it is such a light gas,Because it is such a light gas,
it is difficult to store a lot ofit is difficult to store a lot of
Hydrogen in a small area,Hydrogen in a small area,
which contradicts with thewhich contradicts with the
desires of the engineers whodesires of the engineers who
want to design a 300-milewant to design a 300-mile
range car.range car.
 Liquid Hydrogen would haveLiquid Hydrogen would have
to be kept at -420to be kept at -420oo
F which isF which is
rather difficultrather difficult
 It depends on other energiesIt depends on other energies
and really is rather useless asand really is rather useless as
an energy source except foran energy source except for
its increase of efficiencyits increase of efficiency
(shh…)(shh…)

19. The EndThe End