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Hydrogen and its properties
Hydrogen has the potential to be a sustainable energy carrier. It is abundant in the universe and can be produced from water through electrolysis, which splits water into hydrogen and oxygen using electricity. Currently, most hydrogen is produced through the energy-intensive process of steam reforming natural gas. Hydrogen is highly versatile as an energy carrier and can be used in various applications like transportation, where it can power fuel cell vehicles or be used in internal combustion engines. However, for hydrogen to be widely adopted challenges remain in its production, delivery, storage and conversion to useful energy in applications. Overall, hydrogen has promising characteristics as a renewable fuel but more development is needed in the technologies around its infrastructure and end uses.
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Hydrogen and its properties
- 1. SUBMITTED BY AKHILESH UIKAY CLASSX ”B” GUIDED BY “MITRA SIR”
- 2. 2 the "forever fuel"that we can never run out ofthe "forever fuel" that we can never run out of HYDROGENHYDROGEN Water + energy hydrogen + oxygen Hydrogen + oxygen water + energy
- 3. 3 Hydrogen is~75% of the known universeHydrogen is ~75% of the known universe On earth, it’s not an energyOn earth, it’s not an energy sourcesource like oil or coallike oil or coal Only an energyOnly an energy carriercarrier like electricity or gasoline —like electricity or gasoline — a form of energy, derived from a source, that can bea form of energy, derived from a source, that can be moved aroundmoved around The most versatile energy carrierThe most versatile energy carrier - Can be made from any source and used for any- Can be made from any source and used for any serviceservice - Readily stored in large amounts- Readily stored in large amounts Almost never found by itself; must be liberatedAlmost never found by itself; must be liberated - “Reform” HCs or CHs with heat and catalysts- “Reform” HCs or CHs with heat and catalysts - “Electrolyze” water (split H- “Electrolyze” water (split H22O with electricity)O with electricity) - Experimental methods: photolysis, plasma,- Experimental methods: photolysis, plasma, microorganisms,…microorganisms,… 1 kg of H1 kg of H22 contains same energy as 1 U.S. galloncontains same energy as 1 U.S. gallon of gasoline, which weighs not 2.2 but 6.2 poundsof gasoline, which weighs not 2.2 but 6.2 pounds Why is hydrogen so important?
- 4. 4 Present uses ofhydrogen Most used in petroleum refining and petrochemical production (93%) other uses • metal processing (2.7%) • manufacture of electronics components (1.5%) • food processing (.7 %) • manufacture of glass (.3%) • utility power generation (.2%)
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- 6. 6 Is it safe?:A primer on Hydrogen safety All fuels are hazardous, but…All fuels are hazardous, but… Hydrogen is comparably or less so, butHydrogen is comparably or less so, but different:different: Clear flame can’t sear you at a distance; noClear flame can’t sear you at a distance; no smokesmoke Hard to make explode; can’t explode in freeHard to make explode; can’t explode in free air; burns firstair; burns first 22× less explosive power22× less explosive power Rises, doesn’t puddleRises, doesn’t puddle HindenburgHindenburg myth (1937) – nobody was killedmyth (1937) – nobody was killed by hydrogen fireby hydrogen fire Completely unrelated to hydrogen bombsCompletely unrelated to hydrogen bombs
- 7. 7 History of hydrogenas energy • 1820 – H2 combustion in a engine like device to do mechanical work – better than a steam engine as no warm-up time was needed • 1874 – science fiction prediction that hydrogen would be the chief fuel after coal by decomposing water using electricity • 1900 – first lab experiments with electrolysis • 1920 – Large scale plants in Canada using hydro-electricity from Niagara Falls to make hydrogen. Company was Stuart Electrolyzer that is still in the business today (same family) • 1923 – hydrogen from wind generated electricity in England to avoid pollution from coal fired power plants. Hydrogen stored as a cryogenic liquid. • 1919 – hydrogen used as a fuel for vehicles in Germany • 1930 – hydrogen distributed in pipelines in Germany • 1930s – hydrogen used in mixtures (usually injected into the cylinders) with liquid fuels to markedly increase engine power. Work done in Germany • 1950 – first hydrogen/air fuel cell in lab in England • 1962 – fuel cell work in Germany in connection with splitting water with solar energy • 1962 – proposal to use solar energy to make hydrogen for fuel cells in urban areas to generate electricity • 1970- General Motors proposed using the fuel cell in passenger cars to replace the gasoline engine
- 8. 8 The First Question:TheFirst Question: Where Does Hydrogen Come From?Where Does Hydrogen Come From? 95% of hydrogen is currently produced by steam reforming95% of hydrogen is currently produced by steam reforming Partial Oxidation Steam Reforming Electrolysis Thermochemical Fossil Fuels Water Biomass currently mostcurrently most energy efficientenergy efficient requiresrequires improvementsimprovements not costnot cost effectiveeffective requires highrequires high temperaturestemperatures Gasification Microbial requiresrequires improvementsimprovements slowslow kineticskinetics
- 9. 9 Steam Reforming ofMethaneSteam Reforming of Methane
- 10. 10 Steam Reforming ofMethane, cont.Steam Reforming of Methane, cont. CH4 + H2O CO + 3H2 ∆H298 = 206 kJ/mol Water gas shift reaction CO + H2O CO2 + H2 ∆H298 = -41kJ/mol Catalysts: Ni, or Au-Ni
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- 15. 15 The use ofhydrogen as an energy carrier or fuel requires development of: ProductionProduction DeliveryDelivery StorageStorage ConversionConversion End-Use ApplicationsEnd-Use Applications
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- 18. 18 Hydrogen cars willbe cheaper per mile driven
- 19. 19 Hydrogen Hybrids? While almostall HEV’s are powered with gasolineWhile almost all HEV’s are powered with gasoline today, they can also be efficiently powered withtoday, they can also be efficiently powered with hydrogen. In fact,hydrogen. In fact, the Ford Motor Company hasthe Ford Motor Company has demonstrated up to 25% higher efficiency with andemonstrated up to 25% higher efficiency with an ICE designed specifically to run on hydrogenICE designed specifically to run on hydrogen compared to a similar gasoline ICEcompared to a similar gasoline ICE. A hydrogen-. A hydrogen- powered HEV can achieve 95% to 99% of thepowered HEV can achieve 95% to 99% of the environmental benefits and 100% of the oilenvironmental benefits and 100% of the oil reduction advantages of a fuel cell vehicle.reduction advantages of a fuel cell vehicle. Indeed, the hydrogen HEV has two majorIndeed, the hydrogen HEV has two major advantages over the FCV:advantages over the FCV: The hydrogen HEV is based on proved 100+ year- old ICE technology The hydrogen HEV cost is much less than the FCV cost today Liquid Hydrogen filling station at Munich airport (Germany)
- 20. 20 Ford U-ConceptFord U-Concept Hydrogenpowered internal combustion engineHydrogen powered internal combustion engine
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