The document discusses hydro power generation and provides details on its key components. It explains that hydro power plants harness the potential energy of water by storing it in reservoirs and releasing it through penstocks to drive turbines and generators, which convert the kinetic energy into electrical energy. Considerations for constructing hydro power plants include choosing a suitable area with sufficient water, building dams at adequate heights, using durable penstocks, and installing valves to control water pressure. The document also provides a diagram labeling the typical layout of hydroelectric power plants.

1. HYDRO POWER GENERATION
References
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hoover_Dam
https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/
Power_Generation-hydro_Power
http://www.slideshare.net/BKLR/hydro-
electric-power-plant
http://water.usgs.gov/edu/hyhowworks.html
http://www.conserve-energy-future.com/
HowHydroPowerPlantsworks.php
6.http://www.hydroworld.com/articles/hr/
print/volume-32/issue-6/articles/choosingthe
-right-material-for-turbine-runners.html
Considerations and requirements
For construction of hydro power plant;
Choose an area where the water is sufficient to reserve and suitable to
build a dam. (Main function of dam is to stop the flow of water and
reserve the water in reservoir.)
Make sure the dam is situated at a good height to increase the force of
water.
Make sure the penstock is made up of extremely well-built materials
which carry on the pressure of water. (Purpose of the penstock is to
enlarge the kinetic energy of water.)
A valve must be included along the penstock, to control the pressure of
water by increase or decrease water pressure whenever required.
When the pressure of water in reservoir too low, a storage tank may be
needed at which it is directly connected to penstock and use only in
emergency condition.
The turbines must be made of non-corrosive but strong materials like
stainless steel alloys.
Layout of hydroelectric power plant
Reservoir:
This is where the
water is stored
for use as and
when needed.
The type and
arrangement
depends on the
topography of
the site
Penstock:
This is a conduit (conduits)
that carry water to the
turbines. They are made of
reinforced concrete or steel.
A surge tank is installed next
to each penstock for over
flow control and protection
of penstock from bursting.
Water
Electrical energy
Rotational mechanical
Water turbine:
Water turbines are
used to convert
hydraulic energy of
flowing water into
rotational mechanical
energy.
Generator:
This machine is
used to convert
rotational
mechanical energy
transferred from
the turbine through
the shaft, into
electrical energy.
The produced
electrical energy is
transmitted to the
transformer for
long distance
transmission.
INTRODUCTION
Hydropower is the only renewable energy
technology that is presently commercially viable on
a large scale compared to other source of energy
like solar and wind. It has four major advantages,
namely the water itself is a renewable source, it
produces negligible amounts of greenhouse gases,
it is the least costly way of storing large amounts
of electricity, and it can easily adjust the amount
of electricity produced to the amount demanded
by consumers.
Working principle:
Potential energy is the energy which a substance
has due to its position or state.
The water behind a dam has potential energy
because of its position.
The water can fall from this position and
exert a force over a distance and therefore do
work.
In a Hydroelectric power plant the force is
used to drive a turbine, which in turn drives the
electric generators.
Because gravity provides the force which
makes the water fall, the energy stored in the
water is called gravitational potential energy.
Example of Hydro Power Station
Hoover dam on Colorado river, USA
Official name : Hoover Dam
Location : Clark County, Nevada
/ Mohave County,
Arizona, U.S.
Purpose : Power, flood control,
water storage,
regulation, recreation
Opening date : 1936
Construction cost : $49 million
($836 million with inflation)
Owner : United States
Government
Operator : U.S. Bureau of
Reclamation
Type of dam : Concrete gravity-arch
Installed capacity : 2,080 MW
Annual generation : 4.2 billion kW
SISUBALAN A/L SELVAN B051410128
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