The document provides details about an industrial visit by students to the Sardar Sarovar Hydroelectric Power Plant in Gujarat, India. It includes an introduction to the plant, its history, basic principles of hydroelectric power generation, site selection factors, construction process, main components and features of the Sardar Sarovar plant. The plant harnesses the potential energy of water stored by the Sardar Sarovar Dam on the Narmada River to generate electricity via turbines.

1. INDUSTRIAL VISIT
SARDAR SAROVAR NARMADA NIGAM LTD.,
KEVADIA COLONY, NAVAGAM, GUJARAT.
1ST FEBRUARY 2012

2. K. J. INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING &
TECHNOLOGY,SAVLI
Report
Of
Sardar sarovar hydro
power plant
PERPARED BY:
SHEEL T. SHAH
mastersheel007@gmail.com
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3. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We all express our sincere thanks to our faculty Mr. Jay Patel, Mr. Mehul
Hariyani and Ms. Jyoti Gautam for Designation,Course Co-ordinator from
guiding us right from the inception till the successful completion of the
SARDAR SAROVAR HYDRO POWER PLANT visit. We sincerely
acknowledge our faculty for extending their valuable guidance and support
during our visit and they provided all moral support to us with all stages at
the time of visit.
We would also like to thank the other supporting staff Mr. B.K. Solanki Sir
for their help and co-operation through our power plant visit.
Last but not least we are greatly thankful to management of K.J.CAMPUS.
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4. INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION OF SARDAR SAROVAR HYDRO-ELECTRIC
POWER PLANT
2. HISTROY OF SARDAR SAROVAR HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER
PLANT
3. BASIC PRINCIPLE OF HYDRO POWER PLANT
4. SITE SELECTION FOR HYDRO POWER PLANT
5. CONSTRUCTION OF HYDRO POWER PLANT
6. WORKING OF HYDRO POWER PLANT
7. MAIN PARTS OF HYDRO POWER PLANT
8. MAIN FEATURES OF SARDAR SAROVAR HYDRO POWER PLANT
9. POWER GENERATION UNITS OF SARDAR SAROVAR HYDRO
POWER PLANT
10. ADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT
11. DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT
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5. 12. CONCLUSION
INTRODUCTION OF SARDAR SAROVAR HYDRO-ELECTRIC
POWER PLANT:-
The Sardar Sarovar Dam is a gravity dam on the Narmada River near Navagam,
Gujarat, India. It is the largest dam and part of the Narmada Valley Project, a large
hydraulic engineering project involving the construction of a series of large irrigation
and hydroelectric multi-purpose dams on the Narmada River. The project took form
in 1979 as part of a development scheme to increase irrigation and produce
hydroelectricity.
It is the 30th largest dams planned on river Narmada, Sardar Sarovar Dam (SSD) is
the largest structure to be built. It has a proposed final height of 163 m (535 ft.) from
foundation.The project will irrigate more than 18,000 km2 (6,900 sq. mi), most of it
in drought prone areas of Kutch and Saurashtra.
The dam's main power plant houses SIX 200 MW Francis pump-turbines to generate
electricity and afford a pumped-storage capability. Additionally, a power plant on
the intake for the main canal contains FIVE 50 MW Kaplan turbine-generators. The
total installed capacity of the power facilities is 1,450 MW.
Critics maintain that its negative environmental impacts outweigh its benefits. It has
created discord between its government planners and the citizens group Narmada
Bachao Andolan.
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6. HISTROY OF SARDAR SAROVAR HYDRO-ELECTRIC POWER
PLANT:-
The Narmada River, which originates at the town of Shahdol in the state of
MadhyaPradesh, flows for 1,300 km through Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh
- the threestates of western and central India and empties into the Arabian Sea. It has
41 tributariesand its basin is home to more than 20 million people.
After India's independence in 1947, the river became the inevitable source of
interstatewater disputes, with each of the three states proposing their own schemes to
harness its irrigation and power potential. (The Narmada Water Dispute Tribunal was
set up in 1969 to distribute these river resources equitably among the states). The plans
becameincreasingly ambitious, eventually leading to the current goal of building 3,200
damswithin the next 100 years.
Of these, the largest and most important is the Sardar Sarovar Dam,approved by the
Indian Federal Government in April 1987. To assist the project, the WorldBank came
forward with a loan of Rs. 7 billion (C$455 million), of which the sum of Rs. 650million
(C$42.25 million) has already been given to the government. The rest is stalledbecause
of the outcry from environmentalists and social workers. This is not the firstcontroversy
over major development in India, the 1980s saw a number of people'smovements
protesting against the building of big dams and hydroelectric projects. Despitethe
opposition and stalemate on the loan, work on the dam sites continues.
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7. The plan for harnessing the river for irrigation and power generation in the Narmada
basin was initiated in 1946. Seven projects including the Bharuch project were identified
during the initial Survey and 4 projects Bharuch (Gujarat), Bargi, Tawa and Punasa in
Madhya Pradesh were given top priority for investigation. After the completion of
investigation, the proposed dam at Gora in Gujarat with the full reservoir level (FRL) 161
ft (49.80m) was selected and the foundation stone was laid by the late Prime Minister,
Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru on 5th April, 1961. However as more detailed, modernised
contour sheets from the Survey of India were available thereafter, possibility of raising
the height of the dam for optimum utilization of water was considered.
In 1964, to resolve the dispute about sharing of the Narmada Waters between the
Governments of Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh, the Government of India appointed an
expert committee under the Chairmanship of late Dr. Khosla which recommended a
higher dam with FRL 500 ft (152.44m) in 1965. However, Govt. of M.P. was not
agreeable to development of Narmada water as per Khosla Committee report and
hence the Narmada Water Dispute Tribunal (NWDT) was constituted by the
Government of India in 1969, under the Inter State River Water Disputes Act, 1956.
NWDT pronounce its award in 1979.
BASIC PRINCIPLE OF HYDRO POWER PLANT:-
In hydroelectric power plants the potential energy of water due to its high location is
converted into electrical energy. The total power generation capacity of the
hydroelectric power plants depends on the head of water and volume of water flowing
towards the water turbine.
The hydroelectric power plant, also called as Dam or Hydropower plant, is used for
generation of electricity from water on large scale basis. The dam is built across the
large river that has sufficient quantity of water throughout the river. In certain cases
where the river is very large, more than one dam can built across the river at different
locations.
The water flowing in the river possesses two type of energy: The Kinetic energy due to
flow of water and The Potential energy due to the height of water. In
hydroelectric power and potential energy of water is utilized to generate electricity.
The formula for total power that can be generated from water in hydroelectric power
plant due to its height is given,
P = r*h*g
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8. Where, P = Total power that can be produced in Watts.
r = Flow rate of water measured in Cubic meters per second.
h = It is difference in height between the source of water (from where water is
taken)and the water’s outflow (where the water is used to generate electricity, it
is the place near the turbines).
g = Gravity Constant = 9.81 meter per second sq.
The formula clearly shows that the total power that can be generated from the
hydroelectric power plants depends on two major factors, the flow rate of water or
volume of flow of water and height or head of water.
More the volume of water and more the head of water more is the power produced in
the hydroelectric power plant. To obtain the high head of water the reservoir of water
should as high as possible and power generation unit should be as low as possible. The
maximum height of reservoir of water is fixed by natural factors like the
heightofriverbed, the amount of water and other environmental factors.
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9. SITE SELECTION FOR HYDRO POWER PLANT:-
Some point that should be given importance while selecting a site for Hydro-electric
power station is given below.
1) Availability of Water:-
 Since the primary requirement for a hydroelectric power station, is the availability of
huge amount of water such plants should be built at a place (e.g.river, canal) where
adequate water is available at a good head.
2) Storage of Water:-
 There are wide variations in water supply from a river or canal during the year. This
makes its necessary to store water by constructing a dam in order to ensure the
generation of power throughout the year. The storage helps in equalizing the flow of
water so that any excess quantity of water at a certain period of the year can be made
available during times of very low flow in the river.
3) Cost and Type of Land:-
 The land for the construction of plant should be available at a reasonable price.Further,
the bearing capacity of the soil should be adequate to withstand the installation of
heavy equipment.
4) Transportation Facilities:-
 The site selected for the hydro-electric plant should be accessible by rail and road so
that necessary equipment and machinery could be easily transported.
It is clear from the above mentioned factors that ideal choice of site for such a plant is
near a river in hilly areas where dam can be conveniently built and large reservoirs can
be obtained.
Site of SardarSarovar Dam
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10. CONSTRUCTION OF HYDRO POWER PLANT:-
Pumped-Storage Plants:-
There's another type of hydropower plant, called the pumped-storage plant. In a
conventional hydropower plant, the water from the reservoir flows through the plant,
exits and is carried downstream. A pumped-storage plant has two reservoirs:
Upper reservoir - Like a conventional hydropower plant, a dam creates a reservoir.
The water in this reservoir flows through the hydropower plant to create electricity.
Lower reservoir - Water exiting the hydropower plant flows into a lower reservoir
rather than re-entering the river and flowing downstream.
Using a reversible turbine, the plant can pump water back to the upper reservoir. This is
done in off-peak hours. Essentially, the second reservoir refills the upper reservoir. By
pumping water back to the upper reservoir, the plant has more water to generate
electricity during periods of peak consumption.
The Generator:-
The heart of the hydroelectric power plant is the generator. Most hydropower plants
have several of these generators.
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11. The generator, as you might have guessed, generates the electricity. The basic process
of generating electricity in this manner is to rotate a series of magnets inside coils of
wire. This process moves electrons, which produces electrical current.
Each generator is made of certain basic parts:
Shaft
Exciter
Rotor
Stator
As the turbine turns, the exciter sends an electrical current to the rotor. The rotor is a series of
large electromagnets that spins inside a tightly-wound coil of copper wire, called the stator. The
magnetic field between the coil and the magnets creates an electric current.
Generator
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12. WORKING OF HYDRO POWER PLANT:-
A hydroelectric dam converts potential energy (and/or kinetic energy) to electrical
energy by means of a turbine and alternator.
A typical hydroelectric dam has the following main parts:
Water reservoir:A large quantity of water is stored in a reservoir (or dam). The
height or depth of the stored water determines how much electricity can be
generated. As the depth increases, the generation of electricity also increases.
Gate: A control gate is used for releasing/blocking water from the dam. Depending
upon the electricity requirements, the gate is opened.
Penstock: The released water from the dam reaches the turbine blade through the
penstock. The proper slope and diameter of the penstock is important for the
efficiency of the dam.
Turbine: The turbine consists of a number of large fan blades and a spindle. The
spindle rotates when water strikes the blades. Thus the power of flowing water is
converted to the rotational power of the spindle.
Alternator:The spindle of the turbine is connected to the alternator, where
rotational power of the spindle is converted intoelectrical power.The produced
electricity is then distributed to the grid.
River:The outflow of water from the turbine is released to a river.
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13. Working of Turbine:-
 The theory is to build a dam on a large river that has a large drop in elevation (there are
not many hydroelectric plants in Kansas or Florida). The dam stores lots of water behind
it in the reservoir. Near the bottom of the dam wall there is the water intake. Gravity
causes it to fall through the penstock inside the dam. At the end of the penstock there is
a turbine propeller, which is turned by the moving water.
 The shaft from the turbine goes up into the generator, which produces the power.
Power lines are connected to the generator that carries electricity to your home and
mine. The water continues past the propeller through the tailrace into the river past the
dam. By the way, it is not a good idea to be playing in the water right below a dam when
water is released!
Working of Turbine
 As to how this generator works, the Corps of Engineers explains it this way:"A hydraulic
turbine converts the energy of flowing water into mechanical energy. A hydroelectric
generator converts this mechanical energy into electricity.” The operation of a generator
is based on the principles discovered by Faraday.
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14. Pumped storage: Reusing water for peak electricity demand
Pumped storage is a method of keeping water in reserve for peak period power
demands by pumping water that has already flowed through the turbines back up a
storage pool above the power plant at a time when customer demand for energy is low,
such as during the middle of the night.
The water is then allowed to flow back through the turbine-generators at times when
demand is high and a heavy load is placed on the system.
The reservoir acts much like a battery, storing power in the form of water when
demands are low and producing maximum power during daily and seasonal peak
periods. An advantage of pumped storage is that hydroelectric generating units are able
to start up quickly and make rapid adjustments in output.
They operate efficiently when used for one hour or several hours. Because pumped
storage reservoirs are relatively small, construction costs are generally low compared
with conventional hydropower facilities.
Run-of-the-river:
Run-of-the-river hydroelectric stations are those with small or no reservoir capacity, so
that the water coming from upstream must be used for generation at that moment, or
must be allowed to bypass the dam.
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15. MAIN PARTS OF HYDRO POWER PLANT:-
Flow Chart of Hydro Power Plant
1) Catchment area:-
The whole area behind the dam draining into streak or river across which
the dam is been built at a suitable space is called catchment area.
2) Reservoir: -
The reservoir is employed to stored water, which is further utilizes to
generate power. It may be generally of two types.
a) Natural (e.g. SARDAR SAROVAR DAM)
b) Artificial (Dam)
Water is held in upstream reservoir is called storage &behind a dam at a
plant is called pond age.
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16. 3) Dam: -
A dam is a barrier to confine or raise water for storage or diversion to
create a hydraulic head. Dams are generally built areconcrete for stone
masonry, earth or rock fill or timber.
4) Spillways: -
The rise of water level beyond the limit endangers the stability of dam
structure. To relieve reservoir of the excess of after contribution, a
structure is provided in the body of dam or near the dam or on the
periphery of basin .This safeguarding structure is called spillway.
5) Conduits: -
Conduits are just simple channels of water that is they carry water from
the turbine. They may be open like canals or closed like penstocks,
tunnels and pipelines.
6) Surge tanks: -
A surge tank is a small reservoir or tank in which water level rises or falls
to reduce the pressure swings so that they are not transmitted in full to a
closed circuits.
7) Draft tubes: -
The draft tube is a conduit, which connects the runner exit to the tailrace.
8) Penstock:-
From the intake work are fore bay water is taken to the turbine by a
conduit system is known as penstock. There are two type of penstock.
(a) Low Pressure
(b) High Pressure
High pressure penstock consists of channels or a pipe. Low penstock
consists of a steel pipe which can take water under pressure.
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17. MAIN FEATURES OF SARDAR SAROVAR HYDRO POWER PLANT:-
Main Dam
1 Length of main concrete gravity dam 1210.00 m
2 Maximum height above deepest foundation level 163.00 m
3 Top R.L. of dam. 146.50 m
4 Catchments area of river above dam site 88,000 Sq. km
5 Live storage capacity 0.58M.Ha.m (4.7 MAF)
6 Length of reservoir 214.00 km
Maximum width 16.10 km
Average Width 1.77 km
7 Spillway gates 7 Nos. 60' x 60'
Chute Spillway 23 Nos. 60' x 55'
Service Spillway
8 Spillway Capacity 84949.25 cusecs
(30 lakh cusecs)
Main Canal
1 Full supply level (F.S.L.) at H.R. 91.44 m (300 ft.)
2 Length up to Gujarat - Rajasthan border 458.00 km
3 Base width in head reach 73.01 m
4 Full supply depth (F.S.D.) in head reach 7.60 m
5 Design discharge capacity
(1) In head reach 1133 cusecs
(40,000 cusecs)
(2) At Gujarat Rajasthan border 71 cusecs
(2,500 cusecs)
Distribution System
1 Numbers of Branches 40
2 Length of distribution system network 66000.00 km
3 Annual irrigation 18.00 lakh hectares
Power Generation
1 River bed power house (RBPH) 1200 MW
2 Canal head power house (CHPH) 250 MW
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18. POWER GENERATION UNITS OF SARDAR SAROVAR HYDRO
POWER PLANT:-
At Sardar Sarovar Dam there are two types of power houses are built up for gain
electricity.
1. River Bed Power House (RBPH)
2. Canal Head Power House (CHPH)
1) River Bed Power House (RBPH):-
• The RBPH is an underground power house stationed on the right bank of the river
located about 165 meters downstream of the dam.
• In RBPH installed SIX 200 MW to generate electricity.
• The Turbine-Generator sets are supplied by M/S Sumitomo Corporation, Japan.
• These units can operate at minimum reservoir water level of 110.64 meters. These six
units have been commissioned in a phase manner during Feb-05 to June-06. The
generation of energy depends upon inflow of water from upstream projects and need of
water for irrigation in Gujarat.
FRANCIS HYDRO TURBINE
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19. RIVER BED POWER HOUSE (RBPH)
• Features of RBPH :-
General
1 Location Right Bank
2 No. of units 6
3 Rated capacity of each unit 200 MW
4 Installed capacity 1200 MW
5 Type of turbines Francis (Reversible)
6 Type of Power House Underground
Turbine
1 Rated speed 136.36 RPM
2 Dia. of runner 5.7 m
3 Max. head race level 138.68 m (FRL)
4 Min. head race level 110.64 m (MDDL)
5 Max. tail water level 25.91 m
6 Min. tail water level 20.80 m
Turbine Mode
1 Output at 116.6.6 m head (Max.) 224.4 MW
2 Output at 100 head (Design) 204 MW
3 Output at 75 m head (Min.) 138 MW
4 Discharge at 116.6 m head (Max.) 212.3 cusecs
5 Discharge at 100 m head (Design) 227.5 cusecs
6 Type of Power House Surface
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20. Pumping Mode
1 Input at 114 m head (Max.) 204.5 MW
2 Input at 100 m head (Design) 209.2 MW
3 Input at 81 m head (Min.) 207.5 MW
4 Discharge at 114 m head (Max.) 168.4 cusecs
5 Discharge at 100 m head (Design) 197.5 cusecs
6 Discharge at 81 m head (Min.) 233.4 cusecs
Generator
1 Generator rated output 222.22 MVA
2 Line voltage 13.8 + 10% KV
3 Power Factor (Generating Mode) 0.9 (lag)
4 Power Factor (Motoring Mode) 0.95 (lead)
5 Frequency 50 (+3% Hz)
• At that time we visited the RBPH, two turbines number 5 & 6 were worked as
turbine and creates electricity.
• Turbine number 4 & 3 were in standby mode means that they work as pump.
• And turbine number 1 was in maintenance mode.
2) Canal Head Power House (CHPH):-
• The CHPH is a surface power station in a saddle dam on right bank of the reservoir.
• In CHPH installed FIVE 50 MW Kaplan turbine to generate electricity.
• The Turbine is supplied by M/S BHEL (Bharat Heavy Electricals Ltd.), India.
• These five units have been commissioned in a phased manner during Aug-04 to Dec-04.
These units can be operated with minimum reservoir water level of 110.18 meters.
• The CHPH is being operated in consultation and as per advice of NCA/WREB based on
irrigation requirement of Gujarat/Rajasthan and availability of water in reservoir and
release from upstream project of Madhya Pradesh.
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21. KAPLAN HYDRO TURBINE
CANAL HEAD POWER HOUSE (CHPH)
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22. • Features of CHPH :-
General
1 Location Right Bank
2 No. of units 5
3 Rated capacity of each unit 50 MW
4 Installed capacity 250 MW
5 Type of turbines Kaplan (Conventional)
6 Type of Power House Surface
Turbine
1 Rated speed 136.4 RPM
2 Dia. of runner 4.7 m
3 Max. head race level 138.20 m
4 Min. head race level 110.18 m
5 Max. tail water level 95.10 m
6 Min. tail water level 92.07 m
Generator
1 Generator rated output 50.556 MVA (50MW)
2 Max. Cant. output 61.111 MVA (55 MW)
3 Line voltage 11.0 + 5% KV
4 Power Factor 0.9 (lag)
5 Frequency 50(+3%) Hz
• At that time we visited the CHPH, two turbines number 4 & 5 were worked as
turbine and creates electricity.
• Turbine number 1 & 2 were in off mode.
The energy generated from both the power houses is to be evacuated through 400 KV
level through interconnecting transformers at GIS, situated in RBPH switch yard. The
400 KV Switchyard is indoor type having Gas Insulated Switch Gear and Bus bars. The
energy is transmitted to party states i.e. Gujarat, Maharashtra and Madhya Pradesh in
the proportion of 16:27:57 respectively through 400 KV double circuit transmission
lines, namely SSP-Kasor, SSP-Asoj, SSP-Dhule and SSP-Nagda respectively. All the
transmission lines are commissioned and charged.
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23. ADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT:-
No fuel charges.
Running cost almost nil.
No stand by losses.
Highly reliable.
Efficiency does not decrease with time.
Construction and operation wise very simple.
Maintenance cost very less.
Starts quickly and synchronizes fast.
Minimum staff when plant is operational.
No ash problems thus pollution frees.
Also useful in flood control and irrigation and drinking water purpose.
Comparatively quiet long life.
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24. DISADVANTAGES OF HYDRO POWER PLANT:-
Higher initial cost.
Takes long time of erection.
Plants are setup at distant places so transmission losses increase.
Totally dependent on the availability of water.
Larger area required.
Period of installation time is high.
CONCLUSION:-
Hydro is a flexible source of electricity since plants can be ramped up and
down very quickly to adapt to changing energy demands.
The major advantage of hydroelectricity is elimination of the cost of fuel.
Hydroelectric power stations that use dams would submerge large areas
of land due to the requirement of a reservoir.
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