BMFB 4713 GREEN MATERIALS & BIOMATERIALS
- Introduction of Wood Plastic Composite (WPC)
- Advantages of WPC
- Disadvantage s of WPC
- Testing of WPC
- Process to Fabricate WPC
- Conclusion
Pluss Polymers now introduces Wood Plastics composites. Feels like wood but with best features of wood and plastics. Made from recycled wood and plastic, it is an environment friendly product adding to your LEED points! It is resistant to rot, moisture, termite, warping and cracking. It has various applications like decking, railing, fencing, wall cladding, garden furniture, louvers, pergola, etc. Available in different color and finishes, it gives your home a superior aesthetic look with very low maintenance. "
Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) Profiles Manufacturing Industry. Production of WPC Profile for Door, Window Frame and Shutters. Business Opportunities in Building and Construction Material Sector
Wood-plastic composite (WPC) profiles are made by two main approaches. Direct extrusion from raw ingredients dominates in deck boards and other uncalibrated profiles. However thin-wall, multi-hollow profiles, whose shape is formed with vacuum calibrators, are typically extruded from predried, precompounded pellets, which provide more consistent feeding and reduce the opportunity for formulation errors and surging in the die. For example, until now, all multi-hollow WPC window profiles have been made from pellets.
WPC is now positioning itself strongly for use in “sidings” (wall panelling) and for profiles used in furnishings and interior decoration. WPC profiles are used as flooring, wall panel, skirting board, strips, bars and so on.
See more
https://goo.gl/ktbchM
https://goo.gl/VE9wjk
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
#WPC_Profile_Production, #Wood_Plastic_Composite_Profile_Production, #Wood_Plastic_Composite_(WPC)_Profile_Manufacturing_Process, #WPC_Profile, Wood Plastic Composite Production, WPC Profile Manufacturing, Wood Plastic Composite, WPC Industry, #WPC_Profile_Production_Business, WPC Profile Extrusion, Manufacture of WPC (Wood Plastic Composite) Profile, WPC Production Cost, Raw Materials for WPC Production, #Wood_Plastic_Composite_(WPC)_Manufacturing, Start a Plastic Wood Composite Unit, WPC Profile Making, WPC Building Material, Building Construction Material, Wood Plastic Composite Profile Building Material, Construction Profile, WPC Profiles Manufacture, Window and Door Profiles, #Window_and_Door_Profile_Extrusion, #WPC_Industrial_Door_Profile, Shutter Profiles, #WPC_Shutter_Profile_Making_Business, Project Report on WPC Profile Manufacturing Industry, Detailed Project Report on WPC Profile Manufacturing, #Project_Report_on_WPC_Profile_Production, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on WPC Profile Manufacturing, Techno-Economic feasibility study on WPC Shutter Profile Making Business, Feasibility report on WPC Profile Manufacturing, Free Project Profile on WPC Profile Manufacturing, Project profile on WPC Profile Production, Download free project profile on WPC Profile Production
WOOD - As a Material
types - hard wood, soft wood, description, manufactured boards, joining methods, adhesives used, types of adhesives, types of hardware, screws used, types of nails, joints, all the joinery sketches, knock down fittings and everything about wood.
Pluss Polymers now introduces Wood Plastics composites. Feels like wood but with best features of wood and plastics. Made from recycled wood and plastic, it is an environment friendly product adding to your LEED points! It is resistant to rot, moisture, termite, warping and cracking. It has various applications like decking, railing, fencing, wall cladding, garden furniture, louvers, pergola, etc. Available in different color and finishes, it gives your home a superior aesthetic look with very low maintenance. "
Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) Profiles Manufacturing Industry. Production of WPC Profile for Door, Window Frame and Shutters. Business Opportunities in Building and Construction Material Sector
Wood-plastic composite (WPC) profiles are made by two main approaches. Direct extrusion from raw ingredients dominates in deck boards and other uncalibrated profiles. However thin-wall, multi-hollow profiles, whose shape is formed with vacuum calibrators, are typically extruded from predried, precompounded pellets, which provide more consistent feeding and reduce the opportunity for formulation errors and surging in the die. For example, until now, all multi-hollow WPC window profiles have been made from pellets.
WPC is now positioning itself strongly for use in “sidings” (wall panelling) and for profiles used in furnishings and interior decoration. WPC profiles are used as flooring, wall panel, skirting board, strips, bars and so on.
See more
https://goo.gl/ktbchM
https://goo.gl/VE9wjk
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
#WPC_Profile_Production, #Wood_Plastic_Composite_Profile_Production, #Wood_Plastic_Composite_(WPC)_Profile_Manufacturing_Process, #WPC_Profile, Wood Plastic Composite Production, WPC Profile Manufacturing, Wood Plastic Composite, WPC Industry, #WPC_Profile_Production_Business, WPC Profile Extrusion, Manufacture of WPC (Wood Plastic Composite) Profile, WPC Production Cost, Raw Materials for WPC Production, #Wood_Plastic_Composite_(WPC)_Manufacturing, Start a Plastic Wood Composite Unit, WPC Profile Making, WPC Building Material, Building Construction Material, Wood Plastic Composite Profile Building Material, Construction Profile, WPC Profiles Manufacture, Window and Door Profiles, #Window_and_Door_Profile_Extrusion, #WPC_Industrial_Door_Profile, Shutter Profiles, #WPC_Shutter_Profile_Making_Business, Project Report on WPC Profile Manufacturing Industry, Detailed Project Report on WPC Profile Manufacturing, #Project_Report_on_WPC_Profile_Production, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on WPC Profile Manufacturing, Techno-Economic feasibility study on WPC Shutter Profile Making Business, Feasibility report on WPC Profile Manufacturing, Free Project Profile on WPC Profile Manufacturing, Project profile on WPC Profile Production, Download free project profile on WPC Profile Production
WOOD - As a Material
types - hard wood, soft wood, description, manufactured boards, joining methods, adhesives used, types of adhesives, types of hardware, screws used, types of nails, joints, all the joinery sketches, knock down fittings and everything about wood.
These presentations were created during the 2016–2021 B.Arch programme.
Rishabh Jain is the only creator of the material.
Please refer to the references column at the end of each presentation for the information within.
These presentations were created during the 2016–2021 B.Arch programme.
Rishabh Jain is the only creator of the material.
Please refer to the references column at the end of each presentation for the information within.
Cellulose biocomposites are widely used in industry as a low-cost engineering
material with plant fiber reinforcement. However, chemical and microstructural
heterogeneity causes low strength, low strain-to-failure, high moisture sensitivity, and
odor and discoloration problems. Efforts toward improved performance through fiber
orientation control, increased fiber lengths, and biopolymer use are reviewed. Interfacial
strength control and moisture sensitivity are remaining challenges. As an attractive
alternative reinforcement, high-quality cellulose nanofibers obtained by wood pulp fiber
disintegration can be prepared at low cost. These nanofibers have high length/diameter
ratios, diameters in the 5–15 nm range, and intrinsically superior physical properties.
Wood cellulose nanofibers are interesting as an alternative reinforcement to more
expensive nanoparticles, such as carbon nanotubes. Nanopaper and polymer matrix
nanocomposites based on cellulose nanofiber networks show high strength, high workof-fracture, low moisture adsorption, low thermal expansion, high thermal stability, high
thermal conductivity, exceptional barrier properties, and high optical transparency. The
favorable mechanical performance of bioinspired foams and low-density aerogels is
reviewed. Future applications of cellulose biocomposites will be extended from the highvolume/low-cost end toward high-tech applications, where cellulose properties are fully
exploited in nanostructured materials.
Overview document on our range of plastic sheet piling and accessory products.
Plastic sheet piling consists of interlocking structural
sheet piles made from recycled PVC. Used in a wide
range of retention, exclusion, damming and to
provide a hard edge to stop erosion and scour. Our
products have been used on the waterways, railways
and highways throughout the UK. Used successfully
by major civil engineering contractors, waterways
contractors, volunteers and the DIY market.
Isn’t plastic a bad thing? This is something we hear
very often, and it is true that over the years plastics
have developed a bad environmental reputation. Be
this in terms of the chemical by-products produced
during the manufacture of the material or simply
through the inappropriate use of these excellent
long lasting materials, in very short term
applications. The shorter the use, the longer the
material spends as waste; the build up and ultimate
uncontrolled breakdown of this waste does cause
huge environmental issues.
PVC is one of the most widely used polymers in the
world, found application in a wide array of industrial,
technical and household uses, most typically the
manufacture of profiles such as windows. PVC has
inherent sustainability characteristics. It is made
from common rock salt (57%) and hydrocarbons
from oil (43%) making it far less oil dependent (with
a lower carbon footprint) than other major
thermoplastics. It is highly durable and energy
efficient across a range of applications and is also
highly resource efficient.
The biggest environmental concerns with PVC are all
based around its first production, due to the high
chlorine content. In terms of reuse only around 3%
of waste PVC is recycled, and as such this creates a
huge waste issue.
Therefore it is essential we look to recycle as much
of this material as possible, and focus that recycled
product to applications that need longer term
solutions. If we use recycled PVC, we are not
producing the chemical nasties and at the same time
we are actively using up waste plastics. Plastics
already exists and we have a waste issue which we
need to address; in an appropriate and responsible
way. Plastic sheet piling is exactly that, using waste
PVC in applications that needs long term solutions.
Sheet piles, timbers posts etc do not install
themselves, every time you install such the process
will naturally create plastic waste, from synthetic
clothing to plastic wear components on the
equipment. The more often you install a retaining,
scour, flood, exclusions system the more energy you
use and the more waste you produce.
Focus on products that last longer, will reduce the
waste produced, and using recycled plastics reduces
the waste we have. For example replacing a
softwood structure, with plastic piling and use
timber fascia, which provides a long terms structural
solutions with the more easily maintained fascia.
Advanced Construction Techniques and EquipmentMadan Kumar
In this lecture, the basic concept of plastic as a construction material has been described. Also, different types of plastics (e.g., PVC, RPVC, UPVC, HDPE, GRP, FRP, COLOURED PLASTIC) have discussed. The learner should follow for types of plastic and its uses as construction material.
Start a Manufacturing Unit for Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) Business. Growing...Ajjay Kumar Gupta
Start a Manufacturing Unit for Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) Business. Growing Opportunity in the Market.
WPCs are thermoplastic composite materials consisting of wood fiber/wood flour and thermoplastic(s) such as PE, PP, PVC, or PLA. WPCs may include ligno-cellulosic and/or inorganic filler materials in addition to wood fibre and plastic.
WPCs are a subset of natural fibre plastic composites (NFPCs), which may or may not include cellulose-based fibre fillers such as pulp fibres, peanut hulls, coffee husk, bamboo, straw, digestate, and so on. Chemical additives in the composite structure seem to be virtually "invisible" (except for mineral fillers and pigments, if added).
For More Details Click Here: https://www.entrepreneurindia.co/project-and-profile-details/Wood%20Plastic%20Composite
Contact us
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Mall ST,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886
Mobile: +91-9097075054, 8800733955
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
20 cm x 20 cm Flat boards of wood plastic composite (WPC) of thickness size of 0.5 cm was produced from three indigenous wood species (Funtumia elastica, Brachystegia kennedy and Milicia excelsa). WPCs were produced from each of selected wood species at two different wood/rHDPE mixing ratios of 1:1 and 1:1.5 at a constant nominal board density of 1g/m3. Effect of these production variables (wood species and mixing ratio) were investigated on physical and mechanical properties of WPC boards produced. Properties such as water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), abrasion (AB), modulus of elasticity (MOE), modulus of rupture (MOR) and impact bending test (IB) were all carried out on the samples. Appropriate quantities of sawdust and pulverised nylon were sieved, weighed and mixed thoroughly to produce flat WPC boards from fabricated Hot-press plate machine at 1030 C with a constant pressure of 1.23N/mm2 for 20 minutes. Samples were cut into specific dimensions in accordance with British Standard (B.S D373 and D1181). Results shows that flat WPC boards produced from B. kennedy and M. excelsa were relatively low in moisture uptake but lower in wood /rHDPE mixing ratio of 1:1.5. However these wood species WPC boards were stiff and strong in strength properties but stiffer and stronger with wood /rHDPE mixing ratio of 1:1, additional abrasion values was lower in both B. kennedy and M. excelsa than F. elastica. Based on the findings that increased proportion of pulverised nylon to wood in WPC boards makes the boards to be plasticized with low strength properties, but highly dimensional stable, boards in these categories could be considered for low bearing load applications in both exterior and interior engineering materials.
BMFB 4713 GREEN MATERIALS AND BIOMATERIALS
- Types of food packaging Polymer
- Synthesis of PLA
- Processing Method for food packaging
- Degradation Route
- Applications of polymer in food packaging
Material Characterization
Paper title : Tip enhanced Raman spectroscopy imaging of opaque samples in organic liquid
Journal name : Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics (Issue 23)
Publisher : Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
Volume : 18
Year : 2016
Page : 15510-15513
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
KuberTENes Birthday Bash Guadalajara - K8sGPT first impressionsVictor Morales
K8sGPT is a tool that analyzes and diagnoses Kubernetes clusters. This presentation was used to share the requirements and dependencies to deploy K8sGPT in a local environment.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Water billing management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project entitled “Water Billing Management System” aims is to generate Water bill with all the charges and penalty. Manual system that is employed is extremely laborious and quite inadequate. It only makes the process more difficult and hard.
The aim of our project is to develop a system that is meant to partially computerize the work performed in the Water Board like generating monthly Water bill, record of consuming unit of water, store record of the customer and previous unpaid record.
We used HTML/PHP as front end and MYSQL as back end for developing our project. HTML is primarily a visual design environment. We can create a android application by designing the form and that make up the user interface. Adding android application code to the form and the objects such as buttons and text boxes on them and adding any required support code in additional modular.
MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software. It is a stable ,reliable and the powerful solution with the advanced features and advantages which are as follows: Data Security.MySQL is free open source database that facilitates the effective management of the databases by connecting them to the software.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Online aptitude test management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
The purpose of on-line aptitude test system is to take online test in an efficient manner and no time wasting for checking the paper. The main objective of on-line aptitude test system is to efficiently evaluate the candidate thoroughly through a fully automated system that not only saves lot of time but also gives fast results. For students they give papers according to their convenience and time and there is no need of using extra thing like paper, pen etc. This can be used in educational institutions as well as in corporate world. Can be used anywhere any time as it is a web based application (user Location doesn’t matter). No restriction that examiner has to be present when the candidate takes the test.
Every time when lecturers/professors need to conduct examinations they have to sit down think about the questions and then create a whole new set of questions for each and every exam. In some cases the professor may want to give an open book online exam that is the student can take the exam any time anywhere, but the student might have to answer the questions in a limited time period. The professor may want to change the sequence of questions for every student. The problem that a student has is whenever a date for the exam is declared the student has to take it and there is no way he can take it at some other time. This project will create an interface for the examiner to create and store questions in a repository. It will also create an interface for the student to take examinations at his convenience and the questions and/or exams may be timed. Thereby creating an application which can be used by examiners and examinee’s simultaneously.
Examination System is very useful for Teachers/Professors. As in the teaching profession, you are responsible for writing question papers. In the conventional method, you write the question paper on paper, keep question papers separate from answers and all this information you have to keep in a locker to avoid unauthorized access. Using the Examination System you can create a question paper and everything will be written to a single exam file in encrypted format. You can set the General and Administrator password to avoid unauthorized access to your question paper. Every time you start the examination, the program shuffles all the questions and selects them randomly from the database, which reduces the chances of memorizing the questions.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptx
WOOD PLASTIC COMPOSITE (WPC)
1. COURSE: 4 BMFG
SUBJECT: BMFB 4713 GREEN MATERIALS & BIOMATERIALS
ASSIGNMENT TITLE: WOOD PLASTIC COMPOSITE (WPC)
GROUP MEMBERS:
NO NAME MATRIC NUM SECTION
1 CARRON TING SHUANG SIA B051410115 2
2 TAN BOON YEE B051410099 2
3 NURUL NAJIHAH BINTI SAFIAN SHAH B051410213 3
EVALUATED BY: DR. ZALEHA BINTI MUSTAFA
2. [Type text]
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
No Contents Page
1 Introduction of Wood Plastic Composite (WPC) 1-3
2 Advantages of WPC 4
3 Disadvantage s of WPC 5
4 Testing of WPC 6-8
5 Process to Fabricate WPC 9-17
6 Conclusion 18
3. [Type text]
1
1.0 Introduction of Wood Plastic Composite (WPC)
Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) are composite materials made of wood fiber or
wood flour and thermoplastics. Notwithstanding wood fiber and plastic, WPCs can likewise
contain other ligno-cellulosic as well as inorganic filler materials. WPCs are a subset of a
bigger classification of materials called normal fiber plastic composites (NFPCs), which may
contain no cellulose-based fiber fillers, for example, mash filaments, shelled nut bodies,
bamboo, straw, digestate, and so on. Concoction added substances appear to be for all intents
and purposes "imperceptible" in the composite structure. They accommodate combination of
polymer and wood flour while encouraging ideal preparing conditions. As of late, individuals
in the ground surface industry begins alluding to WPC as a sort of floor that has an essential
structure of best vinyl polish in addition to an inflexible expelled center. WPC is presently a
built up item class inside LVT. This kind of WPC is not quite the same as the WPC decking
and isn't planned for outside use. Wood-plastic composites are still new materials with
respect to the long history of characteristic timber as a building material. The broadest
utilization of WPCs in North America is in open air deck floors; however it is additionally
utilized for railings, wall, arranging timbers, cladding and siding, stop seats, embellishment
and trim, window and door jambs, and indoor furniture. Wood-plastic composites were first
brought into the decking market in the mid-1990s. Manufacturers guarantee that wood-plastic
composite is more ecologically well-disposed and requires less support than the options of
strong wood treated with additives or strong wood of decay safe species. These materials can
be shaped with or without reproduced wood grain points of interest.
4. [Type text]
2
1.1 Properties of WPC
WPCs are true composite materials and have properties of both materials of plastic
and wood. They have stiffness and strength between those for plastic or wood, but the density
is generally higher than either. The properties of WPCs come directly from their structure:
they are intimate mixes of wood particles and plastic. The plastic effectively coats the wood
particle as a thin layer. The structure is shown at left. The high moisture resistance of WPCs
(water absorption of 0.7% compared to 17.2% for pine) is a direct result of the structure.
Moisture can only be absorbed into the exposed sections of wood and is not transmitted
across the plastic boundaries. The result is that WPCs are extremely moisture resistant, have
little thickness swell in water and do not suffer from fungal or insect attack. The properties of
WPCs can be tailored to meet the product requirements by varying the type of wood or the
type of plastic- the PE based products are cheaper and have a higher heat distortion
temperature than the PVC based products but the PVC products are easier to paint and post
treat. Pigments, UV stabilisers and fire retardants can all be added to the WPC raw material
before extrusion to improve specific properties.
WPCs have:
Good stiffness and impact resistance.
Dimensional stability.
Resistance to rot.
Excellent thermal properties.
Low moisture absorption.
5. [Type text]
3
1.3 Applications of WPC
Current applications for WPCs are largely in finished products such as decking,
cladding and window frames. A particular growth area is in structural engineering
applications that use the physical properties of WPC to the limits.
WPCs can be used for products traditionally manufactured from timber and PVC-U and
typical applications are:
Door frames and components
Window frames and components
Exterior vertical and horizontal cladding
Fascias, sofits and barge boards
Decking, docks and railings
Skirting board
Stairs and hand rails
Coving
Balustrades
Work tops
Planking and pre-finished floorboards
Shelving
Cable trunking
Fencing and fence posts.
Garden furniture and architecture.
Kitchen cabinets and worktops
Office furniture
Sound proofing cladding
6. [Type text]
4
2.0 Advantages of WPC
WPCs can produce the final shape through extrusion processing. This maximizes
resource efficiency and gives design flexibility for improved fastening, stiffening,
reinforcement, finishing and joining. WPCs are wood products that need no further
processing. WPCs are weather, water and mould resistant for outdoor applications where
untreated timber products are unsuitable. WPCs are plastic products with exceptional
environmental credential and performance. WPCs have a wide range of applications. They
can cost-effectively replace wood products in applications such as furniture, doorframes, and
decorative profiles, in fact anywhere wood shapes are used. They can cost-effectively replace
plastic products in applications such as window frames, cable trunking, roofline products and
cladding, in fact anywhere that plastics shapes are used.
WPCs have many benefits:
They are true hybrid materials and combine the best properties of both wood
and plastics.
They use low cost and plentiful raw materials. Wood waste and recycled
plastics become assets instead of liabilities.
They are competitively priced and are competitive with traditional materials
such as timber, MDF and PVC-U.
They are easily produced and easily fabricated using traditional wood
processing techniques.
They are available in a broad range of finishes and appearances.
They are easily recycled after use.
7. [Type text]
5
3.0 Disadvantages of WPC
1. Moisture sorption, high swelling
Moisture sorption in other word is the ability to absorb water.
Wood is a hydrophilic porous composite of cellulose, lignin, and hemicellulose
polymers that are rich in functional groups such as hydroxyls, which readily interact
with water molecules by hydrogen bonding. For this reason, WPCs have potential to
take up water under humid conditions due to the presence of numerous hydroxyls. For
WPC, the initial moisture content (MC) is very low and the rate of sorption is very
slow. However, the moisture in the composites is not uniformly distributed through
the cross section and the outermost part or surface of WPC can reach a very high
moisture level which is high enough to support fungal degradation. Even if moisture
uptake is slow in WPCs, but when immersed in water, the uptake may continue over a
long period of time. The rate and extent of moisture sorption increase when the wood
content exceeds approximately 50% of the total weight of the composite. In addition,
a moist environment will cause the wood particles close to the surface swelling, and
the particles will shrink upon drying. This will cause stresses within the material and
create micro cracks.
2. Biological degradation
WPC has the risk of attack by micro-organisms due to it consists of wood particle.
Therefore, degradation by fungi and other micro-organisms may occur and the
condition is speed up due to its moisture sorption. WPC is susceptible to degradation
by UV radiation. Once the degradation of WPC is happened, there is a mass loss in
WPC which will make the material become weak and not able to support high load.
3. Low strength and stiffness, low dimensional stability
WPC has lower strength and stiffness than wood. Therefore, it exhibits a brittle
behaviour, when in comparison with solid wood and glass fibre reinforced plastics.
The strength and stiffness may reduce due to the degradation. It may not be suitable
for use in those parts of places that have large seasonal changes in atmospheric
moisture because of high dimensional changes of wood.
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4.0 Testing of WPC
1. Moisture sorption test
The purpose to moisture sorption is to test and compare the ability of water absorption
of WPC which are different from size, thickness, surface defects and manufacturing
methods.
- Dry the sample specimens of WPC in the oven at 100°C to obtain the constant
weight.
- Then, immerse the sample specimens into distilled water at room temperature. (Or
expose the sample specimens at climate condition set at 90% humidity)
- Weigh the specimens periodically to obtain weight gain over time.
- If the greater the weight gain, the higher the moisture uptake.
2. Weathering test
Plastic and wood will undergo degradation when exposed to atmosphere, and the
degradation rate is speed up if there are changes in weather. WPC will undergo the
similar condition too.
Weathering test is used to determine the changes of WPC when exposed to climate
changes by observing the surface colour change, surface integrity and change in
moisture content.
- The testing is carry out by using the accelerated weathering chamber.
- First, expose the WPC sample with 8 hours of UV light at 60°C.
- Then, condensation at 50°C for 4 hours, 4 hours of water immersion, and 4 hours
drying at room temperature.
- Repeat the cycles for a couple of time, at the same time observe the changes occur
on the WPC samples.
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Figure 3.1: Result of the WPC sample after the weathering test.
From the Figure 3.1, the surface of the WPC sample has changed to deeper colour.
We can observe that the surface is became moisture and cracking or defects are
formed at the surface.
3. Compression test (Biological Decay Test) by terrestrial microcosms (TMCs)
The decay test is used to identify the effect of fungal activity on the WPC such as
mass loss. WPC has showed a limited resistance to fungal growth.
- The WPC samples are inserted or buried into the test soils and sterilized test soil
for a certain time. Three different test soils are used in the TMC tests, TMC1 is a
compost soil with a high activity of soft rot, TMC2 was a soil which dominates by
brown-rot decay, and TMC3 is a forest soil with high activity of white-rot decay.
- Once the WPC samples are removed from the test soils, dry the samples at 50 °C
in oven, after which weigh the samples and calculate the mass loss. The mass
losses of the samples from the sterile soils are used to calculate the corrected mass
loss, or mass loss solely caused by the biological degradation.
- The mass loss of each sample is compared.
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Figure 3.2: Set up of TMCs testing
4. Compression test
A compression test is a test in which a material experiences opposing forces that push
inward upon the specimen from opposite sides or is otherwise compressed,
“squashed”, crushed, or flattened. This test is used to determine the compression
strengths of WPC products using ASTM D7031 (Standard Guide for Evaluating
Mechanical and Physical Properties of WPC Products) with the principles of ASTM
D4761 (Standard Test Methods for Mechanical Properties of WPCs) (Arnandha et al.,
2017).
- The WPC specimen is loaded at a prescribed rate until failure occurs or a
preselected load is reached
- The WPC test sample is generally placed in between two plates that distribute the
applied load across the entire surface area of two opposite faces of the test sample
(Figure 3.3).
- Then the plates are pushed together by a universal test machine causing the
sample to flatten.
- The compressed sample is shortened in the direction of the applied forces and
expands in the direction perpendicular to the force.
- The compression strengths of the samples are recorded and will be used to
compare.
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Figure 3.3 Schematic of compression test on WPC (Arnandha et al., 2017).
5. Tensile test
Tensile Testing of materials is a destructive test process that provides information
about the tensile strength, yield strength and ductility of the material. This test is used
to determine the tensile strengths of WPC products using ASTM D7031 (Standard
Guide for Evaluating Mechanical and Physical Properties of WPC Products) in
accordance with ASTM D1037 (Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Properties of
Wood-base Fiber and Particle Panel Materials) (Arnandha et al., 2017).
- The WPC specimens for this test are shaped as shown in Figure 3.4a.
- Each WPC specimens are prepared for test as shown in Figure 3.4b.
- The test sample is securely held by top and bottom grips attached to the tensile or
universal testing machine.
- During the tension test, the grips are moved apart at a constant rate to stretch the
specimen.
- The force on the specimen and its displacement is continuously monitored and
plotted on a stress-strain curve until failure.
- The tensile strengths are calculated after the test specimen has broken. The test
sample is put back together to measure the final length, and then this measurement
is compared to the pre-test or original length to obtain elongation.
- The original cross section measurement is also compared to the final cross section
to obtain reduction in area.
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Figure 3.4: (a) Failed specimens, (b) Schematic of tensile test (Arnandha et al., 2017).
6. Bending test (Flexural Test)
Bend tests deform the test material at the midpoint causing a concave surface or a
bend to form without the occurrence of fracture and are typically performed to
determine the ductility or resistance to fracture of that material. On the other hand, the
goal of flexural test is not to load the material until failure but rather to deform the
sample into a specific shape. This test is used to determine the bending strength
(MOR) and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the WPC products using a three point
load flat- wise bending machine. The determination of MOE and MOR is done by
using ASTM D7031 in accordance with ASTM D1037 (Arnandha et al., 2017).
- The WPC specimens for this test are shaped and cut into a shape specified in
ASTM which is in rectangular bars like in Figure 3.5a and Figure 3.5b.
- The WPC bar is placed on the 3 point bend fixture to test for bending or flexural
strength of the product sample.
- The speed of the test is must be very slow and variable depending on the support
span and depth of beam which are used in the calculation used to determine the
speed. This is because high feed rate will eventually break the sample faster.
- The test is started and ended after the sample bended about 5% off the sample or
until the sample breaks.
- The 5% deflection is determined by a calculation that takes into account the
support span and depth of beam.
- The time taken for the sample breaks and bent is recorded.
- The bend strength is recorded and will be used to comparing purposes against the
standard specification and application.
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Figure 3.5: (a) Schematic of Static Bending Test (Horizontal), (b) Schematic of Static
Bending Test (Vertical) (Arnandha et al., 2017).
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5.0 Process to Fabricate WPC
5.1 WPC Processes Considerations
Processing Considerations:
1) Pellet size
It is important that the pellet size is uniform by a more precise pellet cutting methods. When
pellets are too large, they have tendency to melt unevenly, create additional friction and settle
into a structurally inferior final product. The ideal pellet should be about the size of a small
BB bullet and rounded to achieve an ideal surface to volume ratio.
2) Moisture and temperature
To create high quality plastics with organic fillers, low moisture content is an important
consideration in any plastic production. For wood plastic composite materials, much
machinery used in the facility should be kept in dry. Organic fillers need to be dried properly
before being added to the plastics or the two is not bond correctly. The composites need to
be dried properly to avoid the onset of moulding and eventual degradation of the product.
Processing temperatures of wood plastic composites are generally processed in around 50
degrees lower than the same, unfilled material. Most wood additives will begin to burn at
around 400 degrees Fahrenheit.
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5.2 Beginning Steps in Wood Plastic Composite Fabrication
Figure 5.0 Beginning Processes of WPC Fabrication
Lumber •Logs, chips and shaving of woods
Hammermill
• Woods are crushed to powdered form
(wood flour)
Compounding
Process
• Blending of organic plant fibers
with an inorganic thermoplastic
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5.3 Manufacturing Processes of WPCs
Processes of formation of new composite from a pelletized compound made in the beginning steps:
Table 5.0 Beginning Processes of WPC Fabrication
Name of Process Diagram Justifications
Conventional
1) Extrusion 1. Single Screw Extruder
2. Co rotating Twin Screw
3. Counter Rotating Twin Screw
Melt the polymer and mix the polymer,
wood,and additives
Four types of extrusion:
1. Single Screw Extruder
Material: Pre compounded fiber filled
polymer pellets
Dryer: To dry the pellet
Feed method: Gravity hopper
Mixing mechanism: Barrel heat and
screw shear
Advantages: Lowest capital
acquisition cost
Disadvantages: High raw material
cost, lower output rate, drying system
required, polymer is melted with the
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4. WoodtruderTM
fiber with greater risk of fiber thermal
decomposition, high screw speed
with greater risk of burning at the
screw tip and inability to keep melt
temperature low with higher head
pressures
2. Co rotating Twin Screw
Material preparation: Fiber drying
followed with high intensity blending
with the polymers and additives.
Feed method: Crammer feeder
Advantages: Low screw speed and
low shear mixing
Disadvantages: A drying system is
required, size reduction system for
fed materials maybe necessary, a pre
blending is required, material
transportation can impact the mix
feed ratios
3. Counter Rotating Twin Screw
Combination of hot melt single screw
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Material: Wood flour or fiber at
ambient moisture content
Feed system: Gravimetric feeders and
twin screw side feeders
Mixing mechanism: Barrel heat,
Screw speed, screw mixing
Advantages: The ability to process
wood at ambious moisture content
since the extruder is used to dry the
fiber with the elimination of drying
and pre blending operations and good
fiber mixing.
Disadvantages: Need of peripheral
feeding systems, high screw speed
and no screw cooling, inability to
keep melt temperature low with
higher head pressures, and polymer is
still melted with the fiber.
4. WoodtruderTM
Procedure: Ambient moisture content
wood flour is placed into the unit’s
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fiber feeder and dried within the twin
screw.
Mixing mechanism: Barrel hear and
screw mixing
Advantages: Flour and additives are
natural states and no material
preparation needed, good
polymer/fiber mixing, screw cooling,
the ability to maintain a low melt
temperature with a high head
pressure, superior venting, the
elimination of drying, size reduction
and separate pre blending equipment,
high flexible integrated process
control system, extruder unit
operations
Disadvantages: Lower product
throughput, higher capital costs, and
using main extruder to dry is not the
most efficient manner to process dry
wood flour.
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2) Injection Molding To produce parts containing complex geometry
and required no finishing step.
Example: post cap for guard rail structures
3) Compression Molding/
Thermoforming (Pressing)
The use of continuous belt presses for producing
WPC panels.
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Newer
4) Fused Layer Modelling Procedures:
1. Wood plastic composite filament is extruded through
the small orifice of heated die.
2. Initial layer placed on a foam foundation with
constant rate.
3. Extruder head follows a predetermined path from the
file.
4. After first, the table is lowered and subsequent layers
are formed.
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5) Selective Laser Sintering
(SLS)
SLS utilises powders which melt at different
temperatures and that are fused together by laser
radiation and form solids as the temperature of the
combined material decreases
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6.0 Conclusion
In a nutshell, they accommodate combination of polymer and wood flour while
encouraging ideal preparing conditions. Wood-plastic composites (WPCs) are composite
materials made of wood fiber or wood flour and thermoplastics. WPCs are true composite
materials and have properties of both materials of plastic and wood. They have stiffness and
strength between those for plastic or wood, but the density is generally higher than either.
WPCs are extremely moisture resistant, have little thickness swell in water and do not suffer
from fungal or insect attack. WPCs have good stiffness and impact resistance, dimensional
stability, resistance to rot, excellent thermal properties and low moisture absorption. WPCs
have many benefits true hybrid materials and combine the best properties of both wood and
plastics, low cost and plentiful raw materials, competitively priced and are competitive with
traditional materials, easily produced and easily fabricated using traditional wood processing
techniques, broad range of finishes and appearances and easily recycled after use. The
disadvantages of WPC are moisture sorption, high swelling, biological degradation, low
strength and stiffness and low dimensional stability. The manufacturing processes are
extrusion injection molding, compression molding or thermoforming, fused layer modelling
and selective laser sintering (SLS).