The document discusses the Francis turbine, which is the most commonly used water turbine today. It was invented in Lowell, Massachusetts by James Francis in 1849. He was able to redesign the existing Boyden turbine to significantly increase its efficiency from 65% to 88%.
The key components of a Francis turbine include a scroll casing, guide vanes, runner, and draft tube. Water enters the scroll casing and is directed by the guide vanes to spin the radial vanes of the runner, which is connected to a shaft to power a generator. The draft tube recaptures pressure from the water exiting the runner.
Francis turbines can operate over a wide range of heads from 10-650 meters and
Governing of the Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
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hi, I am sujon I just completed graduate at International University of Business Agriculture and Technology in Bangladesh Department of Mechanical Engineering
Governing of the Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
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hi, I am sujon I just completed graduate at International University of Business Agriculture and Technology in Bangladesh Department of Mechanical Engineering
from this ppt you can almost aware about the operation of hydraulic turbines and various specification releated to it...
if you want to attains the knowledge about the turbines then must watch this ppt,... thankyou!
if you want to follow me on twitter then contact me at
ishantgautam51@yahoo.com
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hi, I am sujon I just completed graduate at International University of Business Agriculture and Technology in Bangladesh Department of Mechanical Engineering
from this ppt you can almost aware about the operation of hydraulic turbines and various specification releated to it...
if you want to attains the knowledge about the turbines then must watch this ppt,... thankyou!
if you want to follow me on twitter then contact me at
ishantgautam51@yahoo.com
Watch Video of this presentation on Link: https://youtu.be/bHKaPBgDk6g
For notes/articles, Visit my blog (link is given below).
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hi, I am sujon I just completed graduate at International University of Business Agriculture and Technology in Bangladesh Department of Mechanical Engineering
FRANCIS TURBINE WORKING PRINCIPLES AND APPLICATIONGodlistenNyari
ChatGPT 3.5
User
Francis turbine design parameters
ChatGPT
The design parameters for a Francis turbine include:
Flow rate: The amount of water flowing through the turbine.
Head: The height difference between the water source and the turbine's outlet.
Runner diameter: The size of the turbine's rotating component.
Blade angles: Angles of the blades relative to the direction of water flow.
Efficiency: The ratio of output power to input power, important for maximizing energy conversion.
Speed: Rotation speed of the turbine, usually determined by the generator it's connected to.
Materials: Selection of materials for durability and performance under varying conditions.
Cavitation: Preventing the formation of cavitation bubbles to avoid damage to the turbine.
These parameters are optimized based on factors like site conditions, energy output requirements, and economic considerations.
User
Runner diameter in Francis turbine
ChatGPT
The runner diameter in a Francis turbine typically ranges from a few meters to over 10 meters, depending on the specific application and design requirements. Smaller turbines may have runner diameters in the range of 1 to 3 meters, while larger turbines for hydropower plants can have diameters exceeding 10 meters. The diameter is chosen to optimize the turbine's performance based on factors such as flow rate, head, and efficiency.
User
Blade angles in Francis turbine
ChatGPT
The blade angles in a Francis turbine are crucial for efficient energy conversion. There are two primary angles:
Guide vane angle: Also known as the wicket gate angle, it controls the flow of water entering the turbine. Adjusting this angle regulates the amount of water flow, optimizing turbine performance under different operating conditions.
Runner blade angle: These angles determine how efficiently the turbine extracts energy from the water flow. The runner blade angle affects the interaction between the water and the turbine blades, influencing both the turbine's power output and its efficiency.
Both angles are carefully designed and optimized to maximize the turbine's efficiency across its operating range, balancing factors such as flow velocity, pressure distribution, and hydraulic losses.
User
Francis turbine
ChatGPT
The Francis turbine is a type of water turbine used for generating electricity in hydroelectric power plants. It's a reaction turbine, meaning it operates by both impulse and reaction forces.
Here's how it works:
Water enters the turbine through the spiral casing and flows into the runner.
The runner consists of a series of curved blades that are shaped to efficiently capture the kinetic energy of the flowing water.
As the water flows over the curved blades, it changes direction and creates a reaction force that causes the runner to rotate.
The rotating runner is connected to a shaft, which is in turn connected to an electric generator.
As the runner rotates, it drives the generator, producing electricity.
Francis turbines are v
A turbine (from the Latin turbo, a vortex, related to the Greek is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and converts it into useful work. The work produced by a turbine can be used for generating electrical power when combined with a generator A turbine is a turbomachine with at least one moving part called a rotor assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor. Early turbine examples are windmills and waterwheels.
I am uploading it although it's such an inferior work. It was not even presented. It was discarded. I took ENV 101 in the summer of 2016.
==================
Razin Sazzad Molla
13107010@iubat.edu
==================
This presentation was part of the course requirements of MEC 401 (Internal Combustion Engines) which I took in fall 2016. I made all the slides (participants in my group never works lol) and here I am uploading for the public if it can be of any help. Contact me for any info if needed.
====================
Razin Sazzad Molla
13107010@iubat.edu
====================
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
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Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
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• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
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2. Hydraulic turbines (A brief overview) Machines that extract energy from fluid
stream are called turbines(Hydraulic turbines,
Steam turbines, Gas turbines). In hydraulic
turbines the working fluid is water and is
incompressible. Potential energy stored in
water at high head(hydro-power) is converted
in mechanical energy and used as prime
movers. Momentum of incoming water is
utilized.
The mechanical energy developed by a
turbine is used in running an electric
generator which is directly coupled to the
shaft of the turbine. The power generated is
called hydroelectric power. In 2015
hydropower generated 16.6% of the world's
total electricity and 70% of all renewable
electricity
Broadly classified in 2 groups according to the
action of water (ways of imparting energy
from water to turbine runner): Impulse
turbines & reaction turbines 2
3. Francis turbine
Francis turbines are the most common water turbine in use today. It is an Inward Flow
Reaction Turbine having Radial Discharge at Outlet. (i.e. Blade angle = 90). Modern Francis
Turbine is a mixed flow type turbine (i.e. Water enters the runner of the turbine in the
radial direction and leaves the runner in the axial direction).
It was developed by James B. Francis in Lowell, Massachusetts, (Mill City USA)
Operate in a water head from 10 to 650 meters (33 to 2,133 feet) and are primarily used
for electrical power production
The turbine powered generator power output generally ranges from 10 to 750 megawatts,
Penstock (input pipes) diameters are between 1 and 10 meters (3 and 33 feet). The speed
range of the turbine is from 83 to 1000 rpm.
Wicket gates around the outside of the turbine's rotating runner adjust the water flow rate
through the turbine for different water flow rates and power production rates
Francis turbines are almost always mounted with the shaft vertical to keep water away
from the attached generator and to facilitate installation and maintenance access to it and
the turbine.
3
4. This turbine was invented by Sir
James B. Francis in Lowell,
Massachusetts, U.S.A.
Studying the Boyden turbine ,Francis
was able to redesign it to increase
efficiency.
Boyden Turbine could achieve a 65
percent efficiency.
So, James France redesigned this
turbine and new turbine with 88%
efficiency was invented.
This was known as ‘Francis turbine’.
Sir James B. Francis
4
5. The Boyden Turbine
The Invention
Studying the Boyden turbine Francis was
able to redesign it to increase efficiency.
Constructing turbines as “sideways water
wheels,” Francis was able to achieve an
astounding 88 percent efficiency rate.
After further experimenting, Francis
developed the mixed flow reaction turbine
which later became an American standard.
Twenty-two of the “Francis turbines”
reside in Hoover Dam to this day.
His work on these turbines was later
published as The Lowell Hydraulic
Experiments in 1855.
5
6. Components of Francis Turbine
The main parts of Francis Turbine are:
SCROLL CASING:
The runner is completely enclosed in an air-tight spiral casing. The casing and runner are always full of water.
GUIDE MECHANISM:
It consists of a circular wheel all round the runner of the turbine. The stationary guide vanes are fixed on the
guide wheel. The guide vanes allow the water to strike the vanes fixed on the runner without shock at inlet.
Also width between the two adjacent vanes can be altered so that amount of water striking the runner can be
varied.
RUNNER:
It is a circular wheel on which a series of Radial Curved Vanes are fixed. The vanes are so shaped that the water
enters and leaves the runner with out shock.
DRAFT TUBE:
The pressure at the exit of the runner of Reaction Turbine is generally less than atmospheric pressure. The
water at exit cannot be directly discharged to the tail race. A tube or pipe of gradually increasing area is used
for discharging water from the exit of turbine to the tail race. This tube of increasing area is called Draft Tube.
One end of the tube is connected to the outlet of runner while the other end is sub-merged below the level of
water in the tail-race.
6
8. Scroll casing: the water from the penstock enters the scroll casing (spiral casing) which
completely surrounds the runner. It provides an even distribution of water around the
circumference of the turbine runner. The cross sectional area of the casing is gradually
decreased. The casing is made of cast steel, plate steel, concrete or concrete and steel
depending upon the pressure. 8
9. Speed ring or stay ring: from the
scroll casing the water passes
through speed ring. It consists of
an upper and a lower ring held
together by series of fixed vanes
called stay vanes and half the
number of guide vanes.
Guide vanes: from the speed
ring the water passes through
a series of guide vane or
wicket gates provided all
around the periphery of the
runner which allow the water
to enter without shock. The
guide vane are operated
either by means of a wheel or
automatically by a governor.
9
10. Turbine runner
The runner of a Francis
turbine consists of a series
of curved vanes(about 16
to 24 in number) evenly
arranged around the
circumference in the
annular space between
two plates. The runner is
keyed to a shaft to drive
the generator. Its usually
made of cast iron for low
head and steel alloy for
higher heads.
10
12. The water after passing through
the runner flows to the tail race
through a draft tube. A draft tube
is a pipe or passage of gradually
increasing cross sectional area
which connects the runner exit to
the tail race. The draft tube has 2
purposes :
1. It permits a negative or suction
head to be established at the
runner exit.
2. It converts a large proportion
of velocity energy rejected
from the runner into useful
pressure energy.(i.e., acts as a
recuperator of pressure
energy) Draft tube
12
15. Velocity triangle
At inlet triangle:
𝑈1 = velocity of the blade
at inlet
𝑉1 = absolute velocity of
entering water
𝑉𝑟1
= relative velocity of
entering water
𝑉𝑓1
= velocity of flow at
inlet
𝛼1 = guide blade angle
𝛽1 = vane angle
At outlet triangle:
𝑈2 = velocity of the
blade at outlet
𝑉𝑟2
= relative velocity of
leaving water
𝑉𝑓2
= 𝑉2 =velocity of
flow at outlet
𝛼2 = guide blade angle
𝛽2 = vane angle
15
16. Velocity triangles of Francis Turbines at turbine runner blade inlet and outlet under
different operation conditions: (a) maximum wicket gate opening condition; (b) peak
efficiency condition; (c) minimum wicket gate opening condition. 16
21. Work done and efficiencies
Work done per 𝑘𝑁 of water =
1
𝑔
𝑉𝑤. 𝑣 − 𝑉𝑤1
𝑣1 =
𝑉 𝑤.𝑣
𝑔
−
𝑉 𝑤1 𝑣1
𝑔
If there is no loss of energy then,
𝑉 𝑤.𝑣
𝑔
−
𝑉 𝑤1 𝑣1
𝑔
= 𝐻 −
𝑉1
2
2𝑔
If the discharge of the Francis turbine is radial (most of the cases) then,
Guide blade angle at exit 𝛽 = 90, 𝑉𝑤1
= 0, 𝑉1= 𝑉𝑓1
∴ work done per 𝑘𝑁 of water =
𝑉 𝑤.𝑣
𝑔
And work done
𝑉 𝑤.𝑣
𝑔
= 𝐻 −
𝑉1
2
2𝑔
= 𝐻 −
𝑉𝑓1
2
2𝑔
Hydraulic efficiency 𝜂ℎ =
𝑉 𝑤.𝑣
𝑔𝐻
Overall efficiency, 𝜂 𝑜 =
𝑃
𝑤𝑄𝐻
Where 𝑃 =power available at the turbine
21
24. ADVANTAGES
1.It is a most widely used
turbine in world (about 70-80%).
2.Effective use of water pressure
as well as velocity.
3.It is American standard
turbine.
4.Very good efficiency(80-94%).
5. Can operate between a large
range of head heights (25 –
350m)
6. Medium acceptance of flow
variation
DISADVANTAGES
1.Low acceptance of head variation
2.Must be fully immersed in water and
enclosed in a pressure casing (difficult to
repair and reproduce)
3.Usually used only in large hydroelectric
systems
4.Due to its complex design and large
number of moving parts, maintenance and
repair is difficult and costly.
5.Guide vanes must be adjusted based on
current flow rate, so it needs to be manned
6. Cost is high.
24
25. Recent Advancements:
New types of designs are developed to reduce cost and complexity of
mechanism.
Modified turbine include Inline Link less Francis Turbine, Cross-flow Turbine
etc.
These new turbine require less space, simplified designs, less moving parts,
etc.
25