The document describes an experiment conducted to study the performance of a Pelton wheel turbine. The experiment varied the water discharge through the turbine while keeping the head constant. Measurements were taken of the turbine's power output and efficiency at different discharges. The results were analyzed and discussed to determine how the turbine's properties changed with discharge and if they agreed with theoretical predictions. The key components of a Pelton wheel turbine are also outlined, including the stationary nozzle, rotating buckets, and how water is directed by the nozzle onto the buckets.
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this document contains a list of experiments which is performed in the fluid mechanics laboratory.As this in not a professional document there might be some mistakes in the observations or plots, the writer and the publisher is a student of civil engineering at UET Peshawar.
Watch Video of this presentation on Link: https://youtu.be/xIGlZ3UvLdw
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For Video, Visit our YouTube Channel (link is given below).
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Specific Speed of Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
Watch Video of this presentation on Link: https://youtu.be/I0fHo0z6EgA
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For Video, Visit our YouTube Channel (link is given below).
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SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
1. Studying the performance of this type of centrifugal pump
2. Calculating the theoretical efficiency of centrifugal pump and
compare with experimental efficiency of centrifugal pump
Minor losses are a major part in calculating the flow, pressure, or energy reduction in piping systems. Liquid moving through pipes carries momentum and energy due to the forces acting upon it such as pressure and gravity. Just as certain aspects of the system can increase the fluids energy, there are components of the system that act against the fluid and reduce its energy, velocity, or momentum. Friction and minor losses in pipes are major contributing factors.
ME010 801 Design of Transmission Elements
(Common with AU010 801)
Teaching scheme Credits: 4
2 hours lecture, 2 hour tutorial and 1 hour drawing per week
Objectives
To provide basic design skill with regard to various transmission elements like clutches, brakes, bearings and
gears.
Module I (20 Hrs)
Clutches - friction clutches- design considerations-multiple disc clutches-cone clutch- centrifugal clutch -
Brakes- Block brake- band brake- band and block brake-internal expanding shoe brake.
Module II (17 Hrs)
Design of bearings - Types - Selection of a bearing type - bearing life - Rolling contact bearings - static
and dynamic load capacity - axial and radial loads - selection of bearings - dynamic equivalent load -
lubrication and lubricants - viscosity - Journal bearings - hydrodynamic theory - design considerations -
heat balance - bearing characteristic number - hydrostatic bearings.
Module III (19 Hrs)
Gears- classification- Gear nomenclature - Tooth profiles - Materials of gears - design of spur, helical,
bevel gears and worm & worm wheel - Law of gearing - virtual or formative number of teeth- gear tooth
failures- Beam strength - Lewis equation- Buckingham’s equation for dynamic load- wear loadendurance strength of tooth- surface durability- heat dissipation - lubrication of gears - Merits and
demerits of each type of gears.
Module IV (16 Hrs)
Design of Internal Combustion Engine parts- Piston, Cylinder, Connecting rod, Flywheel
Design recommendations for Forgings- castings and welded products- rolled sections- turned parts,
screw machined products- Parts produced on milling machines. Design for manufacturing - preparation
of working drawings - working drawings for manufacture of parts with complete specifications including
manufacturing details.
Note: Any one of the following data book is permitted for reference in the final University examination:
1. Machine Design Data hand book by K. Lingaiah, Suma Publishers, Bangalore/ Tata Mc Graw Hill
2. PSG Design Data, DPV Printers, Coimbatore.
Text Books
1. C.S,Sarma, Kamlesh Purohit, Design of Machine Elements Prentice Hall of India Ltd NewDelhi
2. V.B.Bhandari, Design of Machine Elements McGraw Hill Book Company
3. M. F. Spotts, T. E. Shoup, Design of Machine Elements, Pearson Education.
Reference Books
1. J. E. Shigley, Mechanical Engineering Design, McGraw Hill Book Company.
2. Juvinall R.C & Marshek K.M., Fundamentals of Machine Component Design, John Wiley
3. Doughtie V.L., & Vallance A.V., Design of Machine Elements, McGraw Hill Book Company.
4. Siegel, Maleev & Hartman, Mechanical Design of Machines, International Book Company
Watch Video of this presentation on Link: https://youtu.be/OFIgUfclEHU
For notes/articles, Visit my blog (link is given below).
For Video, Visit our YouTube Channel (link is given below).
Any Suggestions/doubts/reactions, please leave in the comment box.
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Design, Modeling & Analysis of Pelton Wheel Turbine BladeIJSRD
A Pelton-wheel impulse turbine is a hydro mechanical energy conversion device which converts gravitational energy of elevated water into mechanical work. This mechanical work is converted into electrical energy by means of running an electrical generator. The Pelton turbine was performed in high head and low water flow, in establishment of micro-hydroelectric power plant, due to its simple construction and ease of manufacturing. To obtain a Pelton hydraulic turbine with maximum efficiency during various operating conditions, the turbine parameters must be included in the design procedure. Here all design parameters were calculated at maximum efficiency by using MATLAB SOFTWARE. These parameters included turbine power, turbine torque, runner diameter, runner length, runner speed, bucket dimensions, number of buckets, nozzle dimension and turbine specific speed. The main focus was to design a Pelton Turbine bucket and check its suitability for the the pelton turbine. The literature on Pelton turbine design available is scarce; this work exposes the theoretical and experimental aspects in the design and analysis of a Pelton wheel bucket, and hence the designing of Pelton wheel bucket using the standard rules. The bucket is designed for maximum efficiency. The bucket modelling and analysis was done by using SOLIDWORKS 2015. The material used in the manufacture of pelton wheel buckets is studied in detail and these properties are used for analysis. The bucket geometry is analysed by considering the force and also by considering the pressure exerted on different points of the bucket. The bucket was analysed for the static case and the results of Vonmises stress, Static displacement and Factor of safety are obtained.
this document contains a list of experiments which is performed in the fluid mechanics laboratory.As this in not a professional document there might be some mistakes in the observations or plots, the writer and the publisher is a student of civil engineering at UET Peshawar.
Watch Video of this presentation on Link: https://youtu.be/xIGlZ3UvLdw
For notes/articles, Visit my blog (link is given below).
For Video, Visit our YouTube Channel (link is given below).
Any Suggestions/doubts/reactions, please leave in the comment box.
Follow Us on
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVPftVoKZoIxVH_gh09bMkw/
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Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/egyaankosh/
Specific Speed of Turbine | Fluid MechanicsSatish Taji
Watch Video of this presentation on Link: https://youtu.be/I0fHo0z6EgA
For notes/articles, Visit my blog (link is given below).
For Video, Visit our YouTube Channel (link is given below).
Any Suggestions/doubts/reactions, please leave in the comment box.
Follow Us on
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVPftVoKZoIxVH_gh09bMkw/
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Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/egyaankosh/
SAIF ALDIN ALI MADIN
سيف الدين علي ماضي
S96aif@gmail.com
1. Studying the performance of this type of centrifugal pump
2. Calculating the theoretical efficiency of centrifugal pump and
compare with experimental efficiency of centrifugal pump
Minor losses are a major part in calculating the flow, pressure, or energy reduction in piping systems. Liquid moving through pipes carries momentum and energy due to the forces acting upon it such as pressure and gravity. Just as certain aspects of the system can increase the fluids energy, there are components of the system that act against the fluid and reduce its energy, velocity, or momentum. Friction and minor losses in pipes are major contributing factors.
ME010 801 Design of Transmission Elements
(Common with AU010 801)
Teaching scheme Credits: 4
2 hours lecture, 2 hour tutorial and 1 hour drawing per week
Objectives
To provide basic design skill with regard to various transmission elements like clutches, brakes, bearings and
gears.
Module I (20 Hrs)
Clutches - friction clutches- design considerations-multiple disc clutches-cone clutch- centrifugal clutch -
Brakes- Block brake- band brake- band and block brake-internal expanding shoe brake.
Module II (17 Hrs)
Design of bearings - Types - Selection of a bearing type - bearing life - Rolling contact bearings - static
and dynamic load capacity - axial and radial loads - selection of bearings - dynamic equivalent load -
lubrication and lubricants - viscosity - Journal bearings - hydrodynamic theory - design considerations -
heat balance - bearing characteristic number - hydrostatic bearings.
Module III (19 Hrs)
Gears- classification- Gear nomenclature - Tooth profiles - Materials of gears - design of spur, helical,
bevel gears and worm & worm wheel - Law of gearing - virtual or formative number of teeth- gear tooth
failures- Beam strength - Lewis equation- Buckingham’s equation for dynamic load- wear loadendurance strength of tooth- surface durability- heat dissipation - lubrication of gears - Merits and
demerits of each type of gears.
Module IV (16 Hrs)
Design of Internal Combustion Engine parts- Piston, Cylinder, Connecting rod, Flywheel
Design recommendations for Forgings- castings and welded products- rolled sections- turned parts,
screw machined products- Parts produced on milling machines. Design for manufacturing - preparation
of working drawings - working drawings for manufacture of parts with complete specifications including
manufacturing details.
Note: Any one of the following data book is permitted for reference in the final University examination:
1. Machine Design Data hand book by K. Lingaiah, Suma Publishers, Bangalore/ Tata Mc Graw Hill
2. PSG Design Data, DPV Printers, Coimbatore.
Text Books
1. C.S,Sarma, Kamlesh Purohit, Design of Machine Elements Prentice Hall of India Ltd NewDelhi
2. V.B.Bhandari, Design of Machine Elements McGraw Hill Book Company
3. M. F. Spotts, T. E. Shoup, Design of Machine Elements, Pearson Education.
Reference Books
1. J. E. Shigley, Mechanical Engineering Design, McGraw Hill Book Company.
2. Juvinall R.C & Marshek K.M., Fundamentals of Machine Component Design, John Wiley
3. Doughtie V.L., & Vallance A.V., Design of Machine Elements, McGraw Hill Book Company.
4. Siegel, Maleev & Hartman, Mechanical Design of Machines, International Book Company
Watch Video of this presentation on Link: https://youtu.be/OFIgUfclEHU
For notes/articles, Visit my blog (link is given below).
For Video, Visit our YouTube Channel (link is given below).
Any Suggestions/doubts/reactions, please leave in the comment box.
Follow Us on
YouTube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVPftVoKZoIxVH_gh09bMkw/
Blog: https://e-gyaankosh.blogspot.com/
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/egyaankosh/
Design, Modeling & Analysis of Pelton Wheel Turbine BladeIJSRD
A Pelton-wheel impulse turbine is a hydro mechanical energy conversion device which converts gravitational energy of elevated water into mechanical work. This mechanical work is converted into electrical energy by means of running an electrical generator. The Pelton turbine was performed in high head and low water flow, in establishment of micro-hydroelectric power plant, due to its simple construction and ease of manufacturing. To obtain a Pelton hydraulic turbine with maximum efficiency during various operating conditions, the turbine parameters must be included in the design procedure. Here all design parameters were calculated at maximum efficiency by using MATLAB SOFTWARE. These parameters included turbine power, turbine torque, runner diameter, runner length, runner speed, bucket dimensions, number of buckets, nozzle dimension and turbine specific speed. The main focus was to design a Pelton Turbine bucket and check its suitability for the the pelton turbine. The literature on Pelton turbine design available is scarce; this work exposes the theoretical and experimental aspects in the design and analysis of a Pelton wheel bucket, and hence the designing of Pelton wheel bucket using the standard rules. The bucket is designed for maximum efficiency. The bucket modelling and analysis was done by using SOLIDWORKS 2015. The material used in the manufacture of pelton wheel buckets is studied in detail and these properties are used for analysis. The bucket geometry is analysed by considering the force and also by considering the pressure exerted on different points of the bucket. The bucket was analysed for the static case and the results of Vonmises stress, Static displacement and Factor of safety are obtained.
Design and Analysis of Low Head, Light weight Kaplan Turbine BladeIRJESJOURNAL
ABSTRACT:- The project deals with the development of the design of low head light weight Kaplan turbine blade. To enhance it's hydrodynamic efficiency by reducing weight, shape alterations, blade angle with combination of materials Aluminium alloy, Structural steel, Titanium alloy Stainless steel. The 3D model of blade is developed using software Solid Works and Analysis of blade is done on Ansys14..
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Democratizing Fuzzing at Scale by Abhishek Aryaabh.arya
Presented at NUS: Fuzzing and Software Security Summer School 2024
This keynote talks about the democratization of fuzzing at scale, highlighting the collaboration between open source communities, academia, and industry to advance the field of fuzzing. It delves into the history of fuzzing, the development of scalable fuzzing platforms, and the empowerment of community-driven research. The talk will further discuss recent advancements leveraging AI/ML and offer insights into the future evolution of the fuzzing landscape.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
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Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
1. 2014
THE PELTON WHEEL
TURBINE UNDER
STUDY
NYAGROWA MIMISA DICKENS
EN251-0305/2011
To study the variance of the power output and overall efficiency
against discharge with the head retained as a constant at normal
speed
MIMISA
JOMO KENYATTA UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE AND TECHNOLOGY
8/1/2014
3. PERFORMANCE TEST OF A PELTON WHEEL TURBINE
3
Aim
To study the variance of the power output and overall efficiency against discharge with
the head retained as a constant at normal speed.
Abstract
The findings of an experiment carried out to study the properties and performance of a
pelton wheel are herein discussed with much emphasis placed on the output
measured. The resulting output was discussed against the theoretical output to
determine presence and causes of a deviation. The results were presented in graphical
method and the properties of the graph used to discuss the properties of the turbine
under study.
Flow was varied and head measured against each variance to indicate the power in the
system. Other parameters necessary for the study were also measured and recorded
for the study. The pelton wheel under study was of a smal ler scale though it acted as a
representative of a similar system in large scale.
The results were also used for the checking of scaling laws used for rturbines.
Introduction
A pelton wheel turbine is a tangential flow impulse hydraulic machine that is actively
used for the production of power from kinetic energy of flowing water. It is the only
form of impulse turbine in common industrial use. It is a robust and simple machine
that is ideal for the production of power from low volume water flows at a high head
with reasonable efficiency.
The pelton wheel used in this experiment, although a model, reproduces all the
characteristics of full size machines and allows an experimental program to determine
the performance of a turbine and also to verify the theory of design.
Impulse turbines operate through a mechanism that first converts head through a
nozzle into high velocity, which strikes the buckets at single position as they pass
by.jet flows past the buckets is quite essential at constant pressure thus runner
passages are never fully filled. These turbines are suited for relatively low power and
high head derivations. The pelton wheel turbine is comprised of three basic
components that include the stationary inlet nozzle, the runner and the casing. The
multiple buckets form the runner. They are mounted on a rotating wheel. They are
shaped in a manner that divides the flow in half and turn in a velocity vector that is
nearly 180degrees.
The nozzle is positioned in a similar plane as the wheel and is arrange d so that the jet
of water impinges tangentially on to the buckets. The nozzle is controlled by movement
4. of the spear regulator along the axis of the nozzle which alters the annular space
between the spear and the housing. A static pressure tapping is provided to enable the
measurement of the water pressure in the inlet.
Fig. The configuration of the nozzle and buckets in a Pelton wheel turbine
The nozzle is controlled by movement of the spear regulator along the axis of the
nozzle which alters the annular space between the spear and the housing, the spear
being shaped so as to induce the fluid to coalesce into a circular jet of varying
diameter according to the position of the spear.
A friction dynamometer consists of a 60mm diameter brake wheel fitted with a fabric
brake band which is tensioned by a weight hanger and masses with the fixed end
being secures via a spring balance to the support frame. A tachometer may be used to
measure the speed of the turbine.
4
6. FIG. Arrangement of Apparatus used in the Pelton Wheel Turbine Test
6
Apparatus used
For the purpose of the study, the following system of apparatus were used
V- 1,2,3
List of apparatus as labeled
in the diagram above
:Sluice valve
X
:Balance
N :Nozzle G :Hook Gauge
NV :Needle valve
PG-
2
:Pressure gauge
PB :Plony brake T :Main tank
W :Waterway TW :Triangular weir
A thermometer was also used for the determination of the water temperature.
The tachometer was used optically in the determination of the speed of the turbine so
as to retain the speed at 900rpm.
7. 7
Procedure
The sluice valve, V-2, was opened to supply water to the turbine, and the needle
valve of the nozzle, N, was opened manually by the handle, MV, to allow the water
flow. As the turbine rotated cooling water was supplied into the plony brake.
Importance was taken such that the temperature did not exceed 60º C for the most
efficient operation.
Initially the needle valve was fully opened, and the sluice was adjusted to bring the
pressure head on the turbine to 27m.
The pressure head was maintained at 27m throughout the experiment period,
and was monitored by the pressure gauge-PG -2. To maintain the turbine speed at
900rpm, the adjusting screw of the plony brake, Z, was tightened and when the arm of
the plony brake got. At that speed, the spring balance, X, reading (Kg) was recorded as
the load on the plony brake.
The experiment was performed several times (15 times) by shutting the needle valve in
bits. It was noted that for each revolution the needle advanced 1.25mm.
As a precautionary measure the needle valve, NV, was not shut completely
before shutting off the sluice valve, V-2, because the pump water pressure might
break some of the vinyl tubes between the sluice valve and the needle valve.
Theoretical Knowledge pertaining to the experiment
The efficiency of the turbine is defined as the ratio between the power developed by the
turbine to the available water power. Figure below shows the layout of a hydro-electric
power plant in which the turbine is pelton wheel. Water from the reservoir flows
through the penstock at the outlet of which is fitted a nozzle. The nozzle increases the
kinetic energy of the water jets. These water jets strike the bucket of the runner
making it rotate.
The two main parts of the pelton turbine are:
i. the nozzle and the flow regulating arrangement
ii. the runner with the buckets
8. Fig. Indication of actual state of operation of a pelton wheel turbine
The amount of water striking the buckets is controlled by providing a spear in the
nozzle as shown in Figure below. The spear is a conical needle which is operated either
by a band wheel or automatically in an axial direction depending on the size of the
unit. When the spear is pushed forward into the nozzle, the amount of water striking
the runner is reduced, where as if the spear is pushed back the amount of water is
increased.
8
Fig. Velocity Analysis
9. Figure below shows the pelton turbine. It consists of a circular disc (the runner) on the
periphery of which a number of buckets evenly spaced are fixed. The shape of the
buckets is a double hemispherical cup or bowl. Each bucket is divided into two
symmetrical parts by a dividing wall which is known as a splitter. The jet of water
strikes the splitter which then divides
the jet into two equal parts and the jet comes out at the outer edge of the bucket. The
buckets are shaped in such a way the jet gets deflected through 160° or 170°.
9
Definition of terms
1. Total Head: The difference between the head race level and the tail race level
when no water is flowing is known as Total Head (Hg).
2. Net Head: It is also called the effective head and is the available head at the
inlet of the turbine. When water is flowing from head race to turbine, there is
head loss due to friction between the water and the penstocks. There could also
be minor head losses such as loss due to bends, pipe fittings and entrance loss
of penstock etc. If hf is the total head loss, then net head on the turbine is given
by H = Hg − hf Pelton turbine is best suited to operating under very high heads
compared with other types of turbines.
3. Overall Efficiency: The overall efficiency of a pelton turbine is the ratio of the
useful power output to the power input. Mathematically,
Overall efficiency(ηov) =
Power available to the shaft
Power suppied at the inlet
10. Power supplied at the inlet of the turbine or the water horse power is given by the
expression
10
ρgHQ
750
.
Whe re ρ = density of wate r (kg/m3),
g = acceleration due to gravity (9.81m2/sec),
Q = discharge,
H = net head (m).
The power losses that occur within a turbine are attributed to volumetric, mechanical
and hydraulic losses. Volumetric losses ## some of the volume of the water is
discharged to the # without striking the runner buckets. Thus the ratio of the volume
of the water # striking the runner to the volume of the water supplied to the turbine is
defined as the volumetric efficiency.
Mathematically,
Volumetric efficiency(ηv) =
volume of water striking the bucket
volume of water supplied to the turbine
The shaft horse power (SHP) output is less than power input due to power consumed
in overcoming mechanical friction at bearings and stuffing boxes. The ratio of the
power available at the shaft of the turbine to the power developed by the runner is
calle d the me chanical e fficiency (ηm) of the turbine.
Mathematically,
ηm =
Power at the shaft of the turbine
Power developed by the runner
The water head actually utilized by a turbine is less than that available because of
frictional losses as water flows across the buckets. The water power at the inlet of the
turbine due to hydraulic losses as the vanes are not smooth and water jet is not
completely turned back. The ratio of the power developed by the runner to the
available powe r at the inlet is known as the hydraulic e fficiency (η h) of the pelton
turbine.
Mathematically,
ηh =
Power developed by the runner
Power available at the inlet
Normal overall efficiency (ηov) = ηv ∙ ηm ∙ ηh
11. Performance characteristic curve of pelton turbines
These are curves with the help of which the exact performance behavior of the
turbines under different working conditions can be ascertained. The curves are plotted
from the results of the tests performed on turbines under different working conditions.
The quantities that can be varied during a test on a turbine are: speed, head,
discharge, power, overall efficiency and gate opening.
If the speed and water head of a pelton turbine are maintained at constant values,
then the curves obtained by plotting the discharge (Q) against both the power outputs
and the overall efficiencies are called the operating characteristic curves of the pelton
turbine.
11
Preparation of the Experiment
The asbestos of the plony brake (PB) (details as shown in Figure 4) should be oiled
before the experiment is started. This ensures easier reading of the load on the spring
balance.
The sluice valves, V-1, 2, 3 are put in closed positions. Before the pump is started
ensure that it is filled up with water i.e. primary and once started it should not be
allowed to run for long before opening any of the valves V-1, 2, 3. This is to prevent it
from getting overheated.
Figure: Details of the plony brake
12. A triangular weir is used to determine the discharge through the circuit. The water
head through the weir is measured with a hook gauge; first the zero water head is
measured. This is done as follows:
Kee ping the water flowing over the weir, observe reflection of the end of the weir ‘V’ on
the water from the upper stream side. Open the cork valve (V-8) positioned under the
waterway, to lower the surface water level and then read the water head with the hook
gauge when the end of the weir ‘V’ coincide s with end of the shade ‘V’ re flecte d on the
surface of the water. This reading is recorded as the zero water head. Then close cork
valve (V-8) to prepare for the other readings.
The other water heads are read when the point of the hook gauge coincides with the
reflection itself in the water through a glass window. In every case allow the water to
settle before recording the reading i.e. waits for about 5 minutes after the flow
adjustment before you take the next reading.
12
Precautions taken
1. It was ensured that the centrifugal pump that supplies water in this system
is primed first before the mortar is started.
2. The gate openings were set carefully and throughout each gate opening, the
spear wheel and the delivery valve were not changed.
13. 13
Results
Fundamental Data
Properties of turbine
Revolution speed (N) 900 rpm
Pressure head on turbine 27 m
Length of the handle of the plony brake 0.130 m
Properties of V-notch
Half angle of V-notch (θ) 45°
Coefficient of discharge (CdV) 0.576
Coefficient (KV) 1.360
Crest level (hook gauge) 0.21805 m
Operation Data
Stag
e
V-notch Properties of water Theoretic
al power
input
(Pth)
HP
Spring
balance
reading
(w)
kg
Actual
power
(Pa)
HP
Overall
Efficie
ncy
(ηov)
%
Reading
m
Head
(HV)
m
Discharge
(Q)
× 10−3m3
/s
Temperatu
re
°C
Density
(ρ)
kg/m3
1 0.17020 0.04785 0.681 18.0 998.595 2.401 14 2.287 95.248
2 0.16280 0.05525 0.976 19.5 998.305 3.439 20 3.267 95.007
3 0.15645 0.06160 1.281 19.5 998.305 4.514 27 4.411 97.717
4 0.15255 0.06550 1.493 20.0 998.203 5.262 32 5.228 99.345
5 0.14865 0.06940 1.726 20.0 998.203 6.081 36 5.881 96.717
6 0.14700 0.07105 1.830 20.0 998.203 6.449 38 6.208 96.266
7 0.14525 0.07280 1.945 20.0 998.203 6.853 40 6.535 95.353
8 0.14400 0.07405 2.029 20.0 998.203 7.151 40 6.535 91.379
9 0.14265 0.07540 2.123 20.0 998.203 7.481 41 6.698 89.528
10 0.14180 0.07625 2.183 20.0 998.203 7.694 41 6.698 87.053
14. 14
Calculations
a) The theoretical power input (Pth) of the turbine given by the expression:
Pth =
ρgHQ
75 × 60
HP
Whe re ρ = density of water (de pends on the water temperature and atmospheric
pressure),
Q = discharge,
H = net water head on the turbine (given H=27m).
Example:
Pth =
998.595 ∗ 9.81 ∗ 27 ∗ 0.681
75 × 60
HP
Pth =2.401W
b) The actual power output (Pa) of the turbine is obtained from the expression:
Pa =
2πxNw
75 × 60
HP
Where x = length of the handle of the plony brake (given as 0.130m),
N = revolution per minute of the turbine (supposed to be 900rpm),
w = load exerted by the plony brake (kg) read on the spring balance.
Example
Pa =
2π ∗ 0.13 ∗ 900 ∗ 14
75 × 60
HP
Pa =2.287 HP
c) The ove rall e fficiency of the pe lton turbine (η ov) is given by the formula:
ηov =
Pa
Pth
× 100%
Calculate the overall efficiencies of the pelton turbine at each discharge
Example:
15. Power Out (HP) efficiency (%)
y = -1E+09x3 + 5E+06x2 - 2357.9x + 1.9629
0.0012 0.0014 0.0016 0.0018 0.002 0.0022
15
ηov =
2.287
2.401
× 100%
=95.248%
Discussion
From the above calculations the values of actual power output are slightly lower
than the values of theoretical power output of the turbine and thus from this a
relationship between the discharge, actual output and efficiency can be shown using a
graph as indicated below.
y = -2E+07x2 + 39797x + 73.253
109
104
99
94
89
84
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
From this relationship, it is possible to prove that the higher the power output of a
turbine, the higher the efficiency. These are functions of the discharge.
It is also correct to indicaate that efficiency of the system increases with increase in
the specific speed of the pelton wheel. This has been derived from the relationship of
the values collected, tabulated and graphed as herein.
Efficiency (%)
Power out (HP)
Discharge (m3/s)
16. 16
Conclusion
This experiment was carried out with an acceptable level of accuracy. It was
generally a success as the results obtained were useful for the analysis of the
properties of the machine.
From the experimental results, it became possible for the real picture of the
operational basis of the machine to be displayed in such a way that the characteristics
of the turbine were visible in the graphical analysis used.
The experiment was not fully accurate due to several errors that resulted from
several misdoings. The greatest being that it became really difficult to acquire readings
from the spring balance since the setup was vibrating as result of the operation of the
machine. As such, this explains the slight deviation of the results obtained in the
experiment that were later reflected in the graphs drawn to represent the work.
Other errors may have resulted from unseen leakages in the system and
observational and computational errors. The experiment was, however, carried out
with a great level of keenness to reduce the occurrence of such errors.
References
1. Rajput, R. K. (2005). Elements of mechanical engineering. New Delhi, India: Laxmi
Publications
2. Agar, D., & Rasi, M. (2008). On the use of a laboratory-scale Pelton wheel water turbine
in renewable energy education. Renewable Energy, 33(7), 1517-1522.
3. Zhang, Z. (2007). Flow interactions in Pelton turbines and the hydraulic efficiency of the
turbine system. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal
of Power and Energy, 221(3), 343-355.
4. Arndt, R. E. (1991). Hydraulic turbines. Energy, 2, 2