Human population
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The document discusses key topics relating to human population including: 1) Since 1800, human population has been growing exponentially and currently exceeds 6.9 billion people. 2) Population growth depends on births, deaths, and generation length. Most estimates suggest Earth's carrying capacity for humans is between 10-20 billion. 3) Improved sanitation and medicine have reduced mortality rates, contributing to population growth, though total fertility rates also impact growth rates.
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Human population...
This document discusses human population trends over history and projections for the future. It covers:
- Current world population is nearly 7 billion and has grown exponentially since 1800.
- Population growth depends on birth rates, death rates, and generation length. Most developed countries need a fertility rate around 2.1 to maintain population size.
- Improvements in hygiene, sanitation, and medicine have reduced death rates significantly.
- UN projections estimate the population will reach 8.9 billion by 2050 and up to 10 billion after 2200 before stabilizing.
- There is debate around the human carrying capacity, with most estimates between 10-20 billion, though some argue human innovation will overcome natural
Optimum
The document discusses the concept of optimum population, which refers to a population size that allows for a balanced relationship between population and resources. It is introduced as an economic concept concerned with quality of life. Optimum population occurs when a country's population is able to fully utilize available resources, resulting in the highest possible standard of living and per capita output. A few economists' definitions are provided, relating optimum population to maximum social welfare, income per head, or standard of living. Criteria for assessing optimum population include per capita income, employment, consumption, and resource usage.
Population growth
Scientists describe population growth using models like exponential and logistic growth. Exponential growth assumes unlimited resources leading to rapid growth, while logistic growth incorporates limiting factors that slow growth as the population approaches the carrying capacity. Population size is regulated by biotic factors like competition for resources, disease, predation, and physiological stress at high densities, as well as abiotic factors such as climate, weather, and natural disasters. No population perfectly fits either the exponential or logistic growth models due to the complex interplay of these limiting factors.
Population lesson 1 world population growth
The world population grew slowly until 1900 but then increased rapidly, reaching 1 billion in 1900, 2.5 billion in 1950, and 7 billion in 2011. Most population growth occurs in developing countries with high birth rates, like India and China. While populations in developed countries are stable or declining, populations in developing countries continue to rise due to historically high birth rates and increasing lifespans. Rapid population growth creates challenges for governments to provide resources and threatens the environment, food security, and political stability.
Human population
The document discusses various topics related to human population growth including:
1. A brief history of human population growth from early hunter-gatherer societies to the rise of agriculture and cities.
2. The demographic transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as countries develop.
3. Current population growth trends with most growth occurring in developing countries and the potential challenges of overpopulation.
4. Methods to influence population size such as family planning programs, education/empowerment of women, and potential social/economic impacts of population decline or aging populations.
Population dynamics introduction
This document provides an introduction to demography, the study of populations. It discusses that demographers seek to understand population dynamics by investigating three main processes: birth rates, migration, and aging/death. These processes contribute to changes in population size, composition, and distribution around the world. The document notes that the global population of those aged 65 and older is projected to increase dramatically from 500 million in 2006 to 1 billion in 2030, with most of the growth occurring in developing countries.
Human population dynamics
The document discusses key facts and trends related to human population dynamics:
- Current world population is 6.8 billion people and growing at a rate of 1.15% annually.
- Population growth has been exponential in recent centuries, doubling approximately every 61 years at the current growth rate.
- More developed countries consume far more resources per capita than less developed countries, though less developed countries account for most population growth.
- Factors like education, affluence, and women's empowerment impact birth and growth rates in different regions.
Population Dynamics
1. A population is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time. The size of a population depends on factors like birth rate, death rate, immigration and emigration.
2. Population growth is influenced by birth rate, death rate, environmental resistance, and carrying capacity. When birth rates exceed death rates, the population increases, but environmental factors can cause the population to fluctuate over time.
3. Key factors that affect population size include natality, mortality, survivorship, life tables, and emigration. Population growth patterns follow J-curves or S-curves as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment.
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Human population...
This document discusses human population trends over history and projections for the future. It covers:
- Current world population is nearly 7 billion and has grown exponentially since 1800.
- Population growth depends on birth rates, death rates, and generation length. Most developed countries need a fertility rate around 2.1 to maintain population size.
- Improvements in hygiene, sanitation, and medicine have reduced death rates significantly.
- UN projections estimate the population will reach 8.9 billion by 2050 and up to 10 billion after 2200 before stabilizing.
- There is debate around the human carrying capacity, with most estimates between 10-20 billion, though some argue human innovation will overcome natural
Optimum
The document discusses the concept of optimum population, which refers to a population size that allows for a balanced relationship between population and resources. It is introduced as an economic concept concerned with quality of life. Optimum population occurs when a country's population is able to fully utilize available resources, resulting in the highest possible standard of living and per capita output. A few economists' definitions are provided, relating optimum population to maximum social welfare, income per head, or standard of living. Criteria for assessing optimum population include per capita income, employment, consumption, and resource usage.
Population growth
Scientists describe population growth using models like exponential and logistic growth. Exponential growth assumes unlimited resources leading to rapid growth, while logistic growth incorporates limiting factors that slow growth as the population approaches the carrying capacity. Population size is regulated by biotic factors like competition for resources, disease, predation, and physiological stress at high densities, as well as abiotic factors such as climate, weather, and natural disasters. No population perfectly fits either the exponential or logistic growth models due to the complex interplay of these limiting factors.
Population lesson 1 world population growth
The world population grew slowly until 1900 but then increased rapidly, reaching 1 billion in 1900, 2.5 billion in 1950, and 7 billion in 2011. Most population growth occurs in developing countries with high birth rates, like India and China. While populations in developed countries are stable or declining, populations in developing countries continue to rise due to historically high birth rates and increasing lifespans. Rapid population growth creates challenges for governments to provide resources and threatens the environment, food security, and political stability.
Human population
The document discusses various topics related to human population growth including:
1. A brief history of human population growth from early hunter-gatherer societies to the rise of agriculture and cities.
2. The demographic transition from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as countries develop.
3. Current population growth trends with most growth occurring in developing countries and the potential challenges of overpopulation.
4. Methods to influence population size such as family planning programs, education/empowerment of women, and potential social/economic impacts of population decline or aging populations.
Population dynamics introduction
This document provides an introduction to demography, the study of populations. It discusses that demographers seek to understand population dynamics by investigating three main processes: birth rates, migration, and aging/death. These processes contribute to changes in population size, composition, and distribution around the world. The document notes that the global population of those aged 65 and older is projected to increase dramatically from 500 million in 2006 to 1 billion in 2030, with most of the growth occurring in developing countries.
Human population dynamics
The document discusses key facts and trends related to human population dynamics:
- Current world population is 6.8 billion people and growing at a rate of 1.15% annually.
- Population growth has been exponential in recent centuries, doubling approximately every 61 years at the current growth rate.
- More developed countries consume far more resources per capita than less developed countries, though less developed countries account for most population growth.
- Factors like education, affluence, and women's empowerment impact birth and growth rates in different regions.
Population Dynamics
1. A population is a group of organisms of the same species living in the same area at the same time. The size of a population depends on factors like birth rate, death rate, immigration and emigration.
2. Population growth is influenced by birth rate, death rate, environmental resistance, and carrying capacity. When birth rates exceed death rates, the population increases, but environmental factors can cause the population to fluctuate over time.
3. Key factors that affect population size include natality, mortality, survivorship, life tables, and emigration. Population growth patterns follow J-curves or S-curves as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment.
Human population and environment
The document discusses various topics related to population studies including:
1. Definitions of population and population density.
2. Environmental factors like climate, soils, and water supply that influence population distribution and settlement patterns.
3. Overpopulation occurring when population exceeds the carrying capacity of the habitat. Reasons for overpopulation include increased birth rates and decreased mortality rates.
4. Effects of population explosion including overstress of natural resources and increased demand for food, water, and services.
Comperative Study about optimum and malthusian theory of population
This document summarizes a comparative study between Malthusian and Optimum theories of population. It includes sections on Malthusian theory, its features and criticisms, and a summary stating that population increases geometrically while food supply increases arithmetically, resulting in imbalance. The Optimum theory section explains that population is neither under nor over at the optimum level, and compares it to Malthusian theory by noting it is more optimistic and scientific by considering population control and national resources. Photos and bibliography sections are also included.
Human population growth
This document discusses human population growth trends over time. It notes that the global human population reached 1 billion in 1830, 2 billion in 1930, 3 billion in 1960, 4 billion in 1975, 5 billion in 1987, 6 billion in 1999, and 7 billion in 2011. It also provides estimates of current birth and death rates worldwide. The document then discusses factors that have allowed unprecedented human population growth, such as advances in agriculture, medicine, and public health. It examines some potential problems associated with high population growth, especially in developing countries, including environmental degradation and resource scarcity. Finally, it outlines the demographic transition process and considers predictions for future global population size and stability.
3.1 human population dynamics notes
This document provides information about human population dynamics from the IB syllabus topics 3.1.1 through 3.1.4. It includes definitions of terms like crude birth rate, death rate, doubling time, and total fertility rate. It also discusses factors that affect population growth, such as development level and mortality rates. Graphs and charts show population growth trends in developed and developing countries over time. The document compares population structures and growth potentials of countries using age-sex pyramids.
Human population and environment
Overpopulation is a growing issue as world population continues to rise. There are several reasons for overpopulation, including increased birth rates and declining mortality rates due to medical advances. Two theories explain population growth trends: Malthus' theory states that population grows exponentially while food production grows arithmetically, eventually outstripping resources and causing famine. Environmental degradation results from population growth and stresses natural resources. Countries address overpopulation through education, incentives, and family planning programs to control growth rates. A country's population structure is characterized by metrics like birth rate, death rate, sex ratio, and age distribution.
Lesson 2 Theories For The Relationship Between Population And Resources
There are differing theories on the relationship between population growth and resources. Thomas Malthus predicted a population catastrophe as population grows geometrically while food supply only increases arithmetically. Neo-Malthusians like the Club of Rome warned of limits to growth in the 1970s. However, Ester Boserup argued that population growth triggers innovation that allows food supply to increase through technologies like irrigation and better farming techniques.
Human population and environment chapter 2
Human population and environment chapter 2, variations in population growth, air borne diseases, HIV/AIDS, television, radio, news paper, internet, computer, cancer
Population dynamics
Population size is determined by a balance between birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration. Population change is measured as the difference in population size between the beginning and end of a time period, usually one year. The crude birth rate and crude death rate measure live births and deaths per 1,000 people respectively, and natural population change is calculated as births minus deaths. Actual population change also takes into account net migration. Factors like fertility rates, mortality rates, and life expectancy provide more detail on changes in birth and death rates over time.
Principles of population education
Rev. Thomas Malthus was an English clergyman who published "An Essay on the Principle of Population" in 1798, providing the first major contribution to the study of population. He argued that human population grows exponentially while the food supply only grows arithmetically, so without controls like famine, disease or war, population will outpace food production. His theories helped explain the population growth that has occurred since the agricultural and industrial revolutions enabled steady increases in the human population and its associated environmental impacts like climate change, water scarcity, and biodiversity loss.
Population dynamics
A population is a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area. There are three characteristics of populations: geographical area, density, and growth rate. Population growth is determined by birth rate, death rate, and migration. Exponential growth occurs under ideal conditions with no limits, but logistic growth occurs when limiting factors cause the population to level off at the carrying capacity. Limiting factors can be density-dependent, affecting large populations through competition and predation, or density-independent like natural disasters.
AS Level Human Geography - Population Dynamics
In this chapter, you will learn about how the human population change over the centuries and why those changes occur. You will also discuss the arguments regarding population and resources - the ideas of Thomas Malthus and Ester Boserup.
Malthus population theory
This is a powerpoint showing Malthusian theory of population and the Demographic Transition Model
This video adds a lot to the lesson as a whole
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAkW_i0bDpQ&feature=em-subs_digest
Ch13ecology
The document discusses the history and growth of the human population over time. It notes that population was originally controlled by factors like starvation, disease, and predation, but the development of agriculture allowed populations to grow steadily. The industrial revolution further increased food supply and living standards, contributing to continued population growth. Advances in germ theory and medical technologies in the late 19th/early 20th century decreased death rates. The document also examines challenges posed by overpopulation, such as greater demands on resources, space, and the environment. It notes that controlling population size is complex due to ethical, cultural, and economic factors.
Population growth and climate change
this presentation is aimed to describe either population growth is a major factor in environmental change or somethings else is underlying in this phenomenon?
Population 9 - Intro To Population And Resources
The document discusses different perspectives on the relationship between population growth and resources. It describes Thomas Malthus' view that population grows exponentially while resources only grow arithmetically, eventually exceeding resources and resulting in checks like famine. Later, Esther Boserup argued that population pressure drives innovation to more productively use resources. Paul Ehrlich warned of overpopulation risks while Julian Simon believed human ingenuity allows indefinite resource growth. Their famous bet showed resource prices generally decreased by 1990, supporting Simon's view. Debates continue between those prioritizing resource limits versus those believing in human adaptation.
Population
1) The human population has grown rapidly from 1 billion people in the early 19th century to over 7 billion today due to declining death rates and continued high birth rates.
2) Population growth rates vary globally, with developing nations experiencing higher growth rates than developed nations. Some experts project that at current growth rates, the global population will double within 58 years.
3) Unchecked population growth puts pressure on the environment and risks depleting resources, as human activity already uses up to 1/3 of the planet's net primary production. Empowering women through education and access to family planning has been shown to reduce population growth rates.
Population & environment
Population density and distribution are influenced by various environmental factors. Mountains provide more suitable living conditions than low-lying plains due to cooler temperatures at higher altitudes. As a result, many large cities have developed in mountainous areas.
Solutions for controlling population growth include increasing access to education, family planning services, and raising the status of women. Providing employment opportunities, especially for women, and improving standards of living can encourage smaller family sizes. Legislative actions around marriage age, child labor, and reproductive health can also help slow rapid population growth.
The Human Development Index is a statistic used to rank countries based on indicators of life expectancy, education, and income levels. Countries score higher on human development when citizens can expect
Theories on population
The document discusses the population theories of Thomas Malthus and Esther Boserup. Malthus believed population would grow exponentially while food production grew arithmetically, eventually leading to famine. Boserup argued population growth would stimulate agricultural and technological advances to increase food supply. The document applies each theory to Uganda, with disease and poverty supporting Malthus, and to China, where prosperity contradicts Malthus but aligns with Boserup's view of technological responses to growth. Both theories may be correct depending on a population's ability to overcome limits through advancement.
Global Population Growth :Variations Among Nations
The document discusses global population growth and its variations among different nations. It notes that while some nations have very high growth rates above 3%, others have stable or even declining populations. The world population reached 7 billion in 2011 according to the UN and is projected to reach over 10 billion by 2050 if current growth trends continue. Rapid population growth puts pressure on natural resources and can degrade the environment if demands for food, water and energy are not met sustainably.
Malthus
The document summarizes the ideas of several influential population thinkers:
1) Thomas Malthus believed that population would grow exponentially while food production increased arithmetically, leading to periodic famines that halted population growth.
2) Paul Ehrlich warned that overpopulation would cause hundreds of millions to starve due to environmental damage from population explosion.
3) The Club of Rome predicted that increased pollution and decreased resources would lead to population collapse in the mid-21st century based on computer simulations.
Genetically modified organisms
This document discusses genetically modified foods (GM foods). It defines GM foods as organisms that have been genetically engineered by altering their DNA through transgenic technology. The document outlines differences between GM and traditional selective breeding methods. Benefits of GM cited include increased nutrients, drought/pest resistance, and vaccines in foods. Risks discussed include possible human/environmental health impacts, reduced biodiversity, and corporate control of the food system. The document provides a local example of GM canola production and examines regulation of GM foods in Canada.
Local food systems
This document provides a comprehensive overview of local food systems in the United States. It explores definitions of local food, estimates the size and growth of local food markets, describes characteristics of local food producers and consumers, examines government programs and policies supporting local foods, and analyzes the limited evidence on economic and health impacts. Key findings include:
- There is no consensus definition of "local," but definitions often consider geographic distance from production to sale or direct marketing arrangements.
- Local food markets account for a small but growing share of U.S. agricultural sales, with direct-to-consumer sales reaching $1.2 billion in 2007.
- Production of local foods is more common on small farms located near metropolitan areas.
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Human population and environment
The document discusses various topics related to population studies including:
1. Definitions of population and population density.
2. Environmental factors like climate, soils, and water supply that influence population distribution and settlement patterns.
3. Overpopulation occurring when population exceeds the carrying capacity of the habitat. Reasons for overpopulation include increased birth rates and decreased mortality rates.
4. Effects of population explosion including overstress of natural resources and increased demand for food, water, and services.
Comperative Study about optimum and malthusian theory of population
This document summarizes a comparative study between Malthusian and Optimum theories of population. It includes sections on Malthusian theory, its features and criticisms, and a summary stating that population increases geometrically while food supply increases arithmetically, resulting in imbalance. The Optimum theory section explains that population is neither under nor over at the optimum level, and compares it to Malthusian theory by noting it is more optimistic and scientific by considering population control and national resources. Photos and bibliography sections are also included.
Human population growth
This document discusses human population growth trends over time. It notes that the global human population reached 1 billion in 1830, 2 billion in 1930, 3 billion in 1960, 4 billion in 1975, 5 billion in 1987, 6 billion in 1999, and 7 billion in 2011. It also provides estimates of current birth and death rates worldwide. The document then discusses factors that have allowed unprecedented human population growth, such as advances in agriculture, medicine, and public health. It examines some potential problems associated with high population growth, especially in developing countries, including environmental degradation and resource scarcity. Finally, it outlines the demographic transition process and considers predictions for future global population size and stability.
3.1 human population dynamics notes
This document provides information about human population dynamics from the IB syllabus topics 3.1.1 through 3.1.4. It includes definitions of terms like crude birth rate, death rate, doubling time, and total fertility rate. It also discusses factors that affect population growth, such as development level and mortality rates. Graphs and charts show population growth trends in developed and developing countries over time. The document compares population structures and growth potentials of countries using age-sex pyramids.
Human population and environment
Overpopulation is a growing issue as world population continues to rise. There are several reasons for overpopulation, including increased birth rates and declining mortality rates due to medical advances. Two theories explain population growth trends: Malthus' theory states that population grows exponentially while food production grows arithmetically, eventually outstripping resources and causing famine. Environmental degradation results from population growth and stresses natural resources. Countries address overpopulation through education, incentives, and family planning programs to control growth rates. A country's population structure is characterized by metrics like birth rate, death rate, sex ratio, and age distribution.
Lesson 2 Theories For The Relationship Between Population And Resources
There are differing theories on the relationship between population growth and resources. Thomas Malthus predicted a population catastrophe as population grows geometrically while food supply only increases arithmetically. Neo-Malthusians like the Club of Rome warned of limits to growth in the 1970s. However, Ester Boserup argued that population growth triggers innovation that allows food supply to increase through technologies like irrigation and better farming techniques.
Human population and environment chapter 2
Human population and environment chapter 2, variations in population growth, air borne diseases, HIV/AIDS, television, radio, news paper, internet, computer, cancer
Population dynamics
Population size is determined by a balance between birth rates, death rates, immigration, and emigration. Population change is measured as the difference in population size between the beginning and end of a time period, usually one year. The crude birth rate and crude death rate measure live births and deaths per 1,000 people respectively, and natural population change is calculated as births minus deaths. Actual population change also takes into account net migration. Factors like fertility rates, mortality rates, and life expectancy provide more detail on changes in birth and death rates over time.
Principles of population education
Rev. Thomas Malthus was an English clergyman who published "An Essay on the Principle of Population" in 1798, providing the first major contribution to the study of population. He argued that human population grows exponentially while the food supply only grows arithmetically, so without controls like famine, disease or war, population will outpace food production. His theories helped explain the population growth that has occurred since the agricultural and industrial revolutions enabled steady increases in the human population and its associated environmental impacts like climate change, water scarcity, and biodiversity loss.
Population dynamics
A population is a group of organisms of the same species that live in the same area. There are three characteristics of populations: geographical area, density, and growth rate. Population growth is determined by birth rate, death rate, and migration. Exponential growth occurs under ideal conditions with no limits, but logistic growth occurs when limiting factors cause the population to level off at the carrying capacity. Limiting factors can be density-dependent, affecting large populations through competition and predation, or density-independent like natural disasters.
AS Level Human Geography - Population Dynamics
In this chapter, you will learn about how the human population change over the centuries and why those changes occur. You will also discuss the arguments regarding population and resources - the ideas of Thomas Malthus and Ester Boserup.
Malthus population theory
This is a powerpoint showing Malthusian theory of population and the Demographic Transition Model
This video adds a lot to the lesson as a whole
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QAkW_i0bDpQ&feature=em-subs_digest
Ch13ecology
The document discusses the history and growth of the human population over time. It notes that population was originally controlled by factors like starvation, disease, and predation, but the development of agriculture allowed populations to grow steadily. The industrial revolution further increased food supply and living standards, contributing to continued population growth. Advances in germ theory and medical technologies in the late 19th/early 20th century decreased death rates. The document also examines challenges posed by overpopulation, such as greater demands on resources, space, and the environment. It notes that controlling population size is complex due to ethical, cultural, and economic factors.
Population growth and climate change
this presentation is aimed to describe either population growth is a major factor in environmental change or somethings else is underlying in this phenomenon?
Population 9 - Intro To Population And Resources
The document discusses different perspectives on the relationship between population growth and resources. It describes Thomas Malthus' view that population grows exponentially while resources only grow arithmetically, eventually exceeding resources and resulting in checks like famine. Later, Esther Boserup argued that population pressure drives innovation to more productively use resources. Paul Ehrlich warned of overpopulation risks while Julian Simon believed human ingenuity allows indefinite resource growth. Their famous bet showed resource prices generally decreased by 1990, supporting Simon's view. Debates continue between those prioritizing resource limits versus those believing in human adaptation.
Population
1) The human population has grown rapidly from 1 billion people in the early 19th century to over 7 billion today due to declining death rates and continued high birth rates.
2) Population growth rates vary globally, with developing nations experiencing higher growth rates than developed nations. Some experts project that at current growth rates, the global population will double within 58 years.
3) Unchecked population growth puts pressure on the environment and risks depleting resources, as human activity already uses up to 1/3 of the planet's net primary production. Empowering women through education and access to family planning has been shown to reduce population growth rates.
Population & environment
Population density and distribution are influenced by various environmental factors. Mountains provide more suitable living conditions than low-lying plains due to cooler temperatures at higher altitudes. As a result, many large cities have developed in mountainous areas.
Solutions for controlling population growth include increasing access to education, family planning services, and raising the status of women. Providing employment opportunities, especially for women, and improving standards of living can encourage smaller family sizes. Legislative actions around marriage age, child labor, and reproductive health can also help slow rapid population growth.
The Human Development Index is a statistic used to rank countries based on indicators of life expectancy, education, and income levels. Countries score higher on human development when citizens can expect
Theories on population
The document discusses the population theories of Thomas Malthus and Esther Boserup. Malthus believed population would grow exponentially while food production grew arithmetically, eventually leading to famine. Boserup argued population growth would stimulate agricultural and technological advances to increase food supply. The document applies each theory to Uganda, with disease and poverty supporting Malthus, and to China, where prosperity contradicts Malthus but aligns with Boserup's view of technological responses to growth. Both theories may be correct depending on a population's ability to overcome limits through advancement.
Global Population Growth :Variations Among Nations
The document discusses global population growth and its variations among different nations. It notes that while some nations have very high growth rates above 3%, others have stable or even declining populations. The world population reached 7 billion in 2011 according to the UN and is projected to reach over 10 billion by 2050 if current growth trends continue. Rapid population growth puts pressure on natural resources and can degrade the environment if demands for food, water and energy are not met sustainably.
Malthus
The document summarizes the ideas of several influential population thinkers:
1) Thomas Malthus believed that population would grow exponentially while food production increased arithmetically, leading to periodic famines that halted population growth.
2) Paul Ehrlich warned that overpopulation would cause hundreds of millions to starve due to environmental damage from population explosion.
3) The Club of Rome predicted that increased pollution and decreased resources would lead to population collapse in the mid-21st century based on computer simulations.
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Comperative Study about optimum and malthusian theory of population
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This document provides a comprehensive overview of local food systems in the United States. It explores definitions of local food, estimates the size and growth of local food markets, describes characteristics of local food producers and consumers, examines government programs and policies supporting local foods, and analyzes the limited evidence on economic and health impacts. Key findings include:
- There is no consensus definition of "local," but definitions often consider geographic distance from production to sale or direct marketing arrangements.
- Local food markets account for a small but growing share of U.S. agricultural sales, with direct-to-consumer sales reaching $1.2 billion in 2007.
- Production of local foods is more common on small farms located near metropolitan areas.
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3) The boundaries are meant to avoid crossing critical global thresholds beyond which Earth system processes could be irreversibly altered at the planetary scale, significantly reducing the resilience of the biosphere.
The local food movement
The document summarizes the local food movement and efforts to promote it in a community. It discusses the benefits of eating local food for communities, the environment, economics, and health. It then outlines the activities and development of a local Food Initiatives Group, including action teams, surveys of local producers and consumers, and partnerships with other organizations to support local food systems through education, market development, and policy.
Agroecosystems
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Deforestation presentation
This document summarizes the main causes and reasons for deforestation globally and in Turkey specifically. The key drivers of deforestation discussed are population growth, agriculture expansion, logging, fuel needs, and grazing. Deforestation results in declines in habitats, biodiversity, and forest resources. While forest management practices could help mitigate deforestation, many developing countries lack strong forestry institutions and local cooperation is sometimes lacking. The document also provides a brief overview of Turkey's forestation policies and goals to increase forest coverage from its current level of around 27% of land.
Robinson sustainable agriculture green
The document discusses sustainable agriculture and its goals. It notes that industrialized farming has led to various negative environmental and social impacts. Sustainable agriculture aims to minimize these impacts while maintaining production levels over the long term. It does this through practices like crop rotation, integrated pest management, and soil and water conservation techniques. While similar to organic farming, sustainable agriculture does not necessarily exclude all synthetic inputs.
Agroforestry agroecosystem analysis
The document discusses agroecosystems, which involve the biological, physical, and socioeconomic components of farming systems, and provides checklists of factors to consider when analyzing agroecosystems, such as management practices, biophysical structures and processes, and social organization. It also outlines approaches for studying agroecosystems, including participatory rural appraisal, prototyping integrated farming systems, and identifying key relationships and decisions through agroecosystem analysis tools.
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The document discusses organic versus conventional food production. It covers the USDA organic standards, levels of pesticides, nitrates, and E. coli in organic and conventional foods, with varying and sometimes conflicting results. Antibiotic use in livestock is also examined. In the end, the document concludes there is no scientific evidence that organic foods are more nutritious or safer than conventional foods. Both organic and conventional foods can be part of a healthy diet.
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The document discusses human population growth and its environmental impacts. It notes that the world population grew from 300 billion in AD 1 to over 6 billion in 2000 and is projected to reach over 9 billion by 2050. This rapid growth is called a population explosion. The explosion is driven by decreased mortality rates due to improvements in food production, public health, and medicine. Effects of the explosion include overstressing natural resources, increased pollution, food shortages, and unemployment. Air and water pollution increase as industries and vehicles grow to serve larger populations, which also leads to deforestation for new lands. Managing this explosion will be a major challenge going forward.
Randy OlsonNational GeographicSuperStockLearning Objecti.docx
Randy Olson/National Geographic/SuperStock
Learning Objectives
After studying this chapter, you should be able to:
• Explain what the field of demography and demographics is about and how demographers use concepts
like birth rates, death rates, and fertility rates to study changes in population over time.
• Discuss the range of population forecasts for the decades ahead and the factors that help explain the
variation in those forecasts.
• Explain the I 5 PAT concept and how it shifts the focus of the population-environment debate from one
solely focused on human numbers to a broader discussion of the role of affluence and technology in
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• Discuss the ways in which the combination of increased family planning services and improvement in
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Human Population
Dynamics 2
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Pre-Test
1. Which stage is characterized with an equal birth rate and death rate in developing
countries?
a. Pre-industrial stage
b. Transitional stage
c. Industrial stage
d. Post-industrial stage
2. Which country has the fastest growing amount of carbon emissions from fossil fuels?
a. united States
b. Africa
c. England
d. china
3. Living standards and rates of consumption in much of Africa are very low, and yet
some demographers and environmental scientists are concerned about the future
environmental impacts of population on that continent. Based on the I 5 PAT formula
this is because Africa has
a. a declining A factor.
b. a rising T factor.
c. a rising A factor.
d. a rising P factor.
4. Beyond the availability of family planning and contraceptive services, demographers
know that better education and opportunities for young girls and women can have a
powerful impact on fertility rates. This is because
a. well-educated women tend to have more children.
b. well-educated women tend to have fewer children.
c. well-educated women tend not to get married.
d. well-educated women can read the instructions on contraceptive packages.
Answers
1. d. Post-industrial stage. The answer can be found in section 2.1.
2. d. china. The answer can be found in section 2.2.
3. d. a rising P factor. The answer can be found in section 2.3.
4. b. well-educated women tend to have fewer children. The answer can be found in section 2.4.
Introduction
During Paleolithic, or stone tool, times humans had relatively little advantage over other ani-
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But humans were smart. Tribal bonds became strong, people learned to cooperate for the
common good, and we survived those perilous times.
Then, about 50,000 years ago, tool technology began to show rapid improvements. Light,
sharp, streamlined spear points replace ...
GEOGRAPHY IGCSE: POPULATION DYNAMICS
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The human population has grown from under 250 million in the early 19th century to over 7 billion currently due to decreasing mortality rates. Population is projected to reach 8-10.5 billion by 2050. Rapid urbanization and population growth are straining resources and causing environmental damage. Proposed solutions include expanding access to contraception and education, implementing population policies, and developing space colonization.
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The human population has grown rapidly over time, doubling approximately every 12 years to reach over 7 billion currently. Population growth is slowing but projections estimate the population will reach around 9-10.5 billion by 2100. Many factors influence population growth, including decreasing death rates, increasing life expectancy, access to resources, and cultural factors like access to education and family planning. Rapid population growth can strain resources, but population growth tends to stabilize as countries develop economically and culturally.
HumanPopulationUpdated.ppt
The human population has grown rapidly over time, doubling approximately every 12 years to reach over 7 billion currently. Population growth is slowing but projections estimate the population will reach around 9-10 billion by 2100. Factors driving population growth include increased food production, healthcare improvements, and higher standards of living. Sustaining future population growth will depend on continued economic development, access to family planning and women's empowerment, and reducing global poverty.
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The document discusses how increasing human population is putting pressure on the environment and economy. It notes that the world population is growing by 90 million people per year and will soon reach 6 billion people, posing challenges around food production and housing. Rapid population growth coincides with improved health and productivity, but questions whether agriculture can sustainably feed more people, especially with exponential growth. Technology has increased yields but may not keep pace with rising demand from population and diet changes. Overall human overpopulation is negatively impacting the environment, resources and economy.
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This document provides an outline of key topics in human population growth, including:
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2. Demographic factors like population size, growth, structure, and changes impact many aspects of life from housing to healthcare.
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Soc 2113 ch 20 2017
This document discusses several topics related to population, urbanization, and the environment. It begins by describing the process of fracking and some of its environmental risks, such as large water usage, potential groundwater pollution, and induced seismic activity. However, fracking also provides economic benefits like job creation and access to untapped energy reserves. The document then discusses trends in global population growth, noting that populations are growing most rapidly in developing countries with high fertility rates. It also outlines the stages of demographic transition and projects population changes for different world regions over the 21st century. The document further examines the process of urbanization, including the growth of cities and suburbs, and some challenges faced by urban and suburban areas like pollution, sprawl
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The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.
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Water polluted by dyestuffs compounds is a global threat to health and the environment; accordingly, we prepared a green novel sorbent chemical and Physical system from an algae, chitosan and chitosan nanoparticle and impregnated with algae with chitosan nanocomposite for the sorption of Malachite green dye from water. The algae with chitosan nanocomposite by a simple method and used as a recyclable and effective adsorbent for the removal of malachite green dye from aqueous solutions. Algae, chitosan, chitosan nanoparticle and algae with chitosan nanocomposite were characterized using different physicochemical methods. The functional groups and chemical compounds found in algae, chitosan, chitosan algae, chitosan nanoparticle, and chitosan nanoparticle with algae were identified using FTIR, SEM, and TGADTA/DTG techniques. The optimal adsorption conditions, different dosages, pH and Temperature the amount of algae with chitosan nanocomposite were determined. At optimized conditions and the batch equilibrium studies more than 99% of the dye was removed. The adsorption process data matched well kinetics showed that the reaction order for dye varied with pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order. Furthermore, the maximum adsorption capacity of the algae with chitosan nanocomposite toward malachite green dye reached as high as 15.5mg/g, respectively. Finally, multiple times reusing of algae with chitosan nanocomposite and removing dye from a real wastewater has made it a promising and attractive option for further practical applications.
按照学校原版(UAL文凭证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证快速办理
挂科购买【(UAL毕业证书)伦敦艺术大学毕业证】【176555708微信号】留学假毕业证成绩单、外壳、offer、留信学历认证（永久存档真实可查）采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【我们承诺采用的是学校原版纸张（纸质、底色、纹路），我们拥有全套进口原装设备，特殊工艺都是采用不同机器制作，仿真度基本可以达到100%，所有工艺效果都可提前给客户展示，不满意可以根据客户要求进行调整，直到满意为止！】
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三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
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1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
留信网服务项目：
1、留学生专业人才库服务（留信分析）
2、国（境）学习人员提供就业推荐信服务
3、留学人员区块链存储服务
→ 【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
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一比一原版西澳大学毕业证学历证书如何办理
原版定制【微信:741003700】《西澳大学毕业证学位证成绩单》【微信:741003700】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份毕业证【Q微信741003700】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【Q微信741003700】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
原版制作(Manitoba毕业证书)曼尼托巴大学毕业证学位证一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Manitoba毕业证书)曼尼托巴大学毕业证学位证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...
The incorporation of a 3DCSM and completion of HRSC provided a tool for enhanced, data-driven, decisions to support a change in remediation closure strategies. Currently, an approved pilot study has been obtained to shut-down the remediation systems (ISCO, P&T) and conduct a hydraulic study under non-pumping conditions. A separate micro-biological bench scale treatability study was competed that yielded positive results for an emerging innovative technology. As a result, a field pilot study has commenced with results expected in nine-twelve months. With the results of the hydraulic study, field pilot studies and an updated risk assessment leading site monitoring optimization cost lifecycle savings upwards of $15MM towards an alternatively evolved best available technology remediation closure strategy.
Optimizing Post Remediation Groundwater Performance with Enhanced Microbiolog...
Results of geophysics and pneumatic injection pilot tests during 2003 – 2007 yielded significant positive results for injection delivery design and contaminant mass treatment, resulting in permanent shut-down of an existing groundwater Pump & Treat system.
Accessible source areas were subsequently removed (2011) by soil excavation and treated with the placement of Emulsified Vegetable Oil EVO and zero-valent iron ZVI to accelerate treatment of impacted groundwater in overburden and weathered fractured bedrock. Post pilot test and post remediation groundwater monitoring has included analyses of CVOCs, organic fatty acids, dissolved gases and QuantArray® -Chlor to quantify key microorganisms (e.g., Dehalococcoides, Dehalobacter, etc.) and functional genes (e.g., vinyl chloride reductase, methane monooxygenase, etc.) to assess potential for reductive dechlorination and aerobic cometabolism of CVOCs.
In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
Lessons from operationalizing integrated landscape approaches
Presented by James Reed at "9th Landscape Sustainability Science Forum" on 11 May 2024
原版制作(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证在读证明一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）
四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
◇回国时间很长，忘记办理；
◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
学校原版(unuk学位证书)英国牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证硕士文凭原版一模一样
原版定制【微信:bwp0011】《(unuk学位证书)英国牛津布鲁克斯大学毕业证硕士文凭》【微信:bwp0011】成绩单 、雅思、外壳、留信学历认证永久存档查询，采用学校原版纸张、特殊工艺完全按照原版一比一制作（包括：隐形水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠，文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感，复印防伪）行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备，十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，业务范围有加拿大、英国、澳洲、韩国、美国、新加坡，新西兰等学历材料，包您满意。
【业务选择办理准则】
一、工作未确定，回国需先给父母、亲戚朋友看下文凭的情况，办理一份就读学校的毕业证【微信bwp0011】文凭即可
二、回国进私企、外企、自己做生意的情况，这些单位是不查询毕业证真伪的，而且国内没有渠道去查询国外文凭的真假，也不需要提供真实教育部认证。鉴于此，办理一份毕业证【微信bwp0011】即可
三、进国企，银行，事业单位，考公务员等等，这些单位是必需要提供真实教育部认证的，办理教育部认证所需资料众多且烦琐，所有材料您都必须提供原件，我们凭借丰富的经验，快捷的绿色通道帮您快速整合材料，让您少走弯路。
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
6:个人职称评审加20分
7:个人信誉贷款加10分
8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才
【关于价格问题（保证一手价格）】
我们所定的价格是非常合理的，而且我们现在做得单子大多数都是代理和回头客户介绍的所以一般现在有新的单子 我给客户的都是第一手的代理价格，因为我想坦诚对待大家 不想跟大家在价格方面浪费时间
对于老客户或者被老客户介绍过来的朋友，我们都会适当给一些优惠。
在线办理(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书一模一样
学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(lboro毕业证书)拉夫堡大学毕业证学历证书》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700
【主营项目】
一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！
二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
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BASIC CONCEPT OF ENVIRONMENT AND DIFFERENT CONSTITUTENET OF ENVIRONMENT
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Human population
- 2. • Since the early 1800s, human population has been growing exponentially. • Current world population estimate is: 6,972,832,932 people as of 20:55 UTC (EST+5) Nov. 04, 2011 (see http://www.census.gov/mai n/www/popclock.html) Current Human Population http://www.sustainablescale.org/areasofconcern/population/populati onandscale/quickfacts.aspx
- 4. • Population change by region = (births + immigration) – (deaths + immigration) • The overall rate of population growth depends on the number of births and deaths, but also on the length of generations – the age at which women have their first baby. • For example, if all women had three kids with a 15-year average generation time, the rate of population growth would be 2.7%. If the average spacing were 30 years, the growth would drop in half to 1.35%. Population Growth
- 5. • Birth/Death Rates- When a substantial proportion of a country's population is young, high population growth rates in a country are to be expected, even if the average total fertility rate is modest. Population Growth
- 6. • Total fertility rate (TFR) - estimate of the average number of children a woman will have during childbearing years (usually considered to be the ages of 15-49). Fertility Rates http://www.who.int/healthinfo/statistics/maps_graphsdemosocio/en/index.html
- 7. • Replacement fertility is the total fertility rate at which newborn girls would have an average of exactly one daughter over their lifetimes. That is, women have just enough female babies to replace themselves (or, equivalently, adults have just enough total babies to replace themselves). • If there were no mortality in the female population until the end of the childbearing years then the replacement level of TFR would be very close to 2.0 (actually slightly higher because of the excess of boy over girl births in human populations). • However, the replacement level is also affected by mortality, especially childhood mortality. • The replacement fertility rate is roughly 2.1 births per woman for most industrialized countries, but ranges from 2.5 to 3.3 in developing countries because of higher mortality rates. Replacement Rates
- 8. • Personal hygiene and improved methods of sanitation have played a major role and preceded the impact of modern medicine and, in particular, the development of antibiotics capable of reducing death due to infection. http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/huma n_pop/human_pop.html Mortality Rates
- 9. • According to the latest United Nations projections, the most likely scenario for population in 2050 will be around 8.9 billion, and will peak out slightly above 10 billion after 2200. Population Projections
- 10. Carrying capacity • Is there a Carrying Capacity for humans? • Experience with other species tells us that, ultimately, resource limitations and/or habitat degradation will force the human population curves to approach an upper limit or asymptote - the carrying capacity, often symbolized as " K" by ecologists. • It is very natural to ask : – does humanity have a carrying capacity and, – if so, what is it - and when will we reach or overshoot this limit? adapted from: http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/human_pop/human_pop.html#Past
- 11. Carrying capacity • One strand of thought discards the notion of a human carrying capacity altogether, claiming that the additional people will provide sufficient creativity and innovation to break through any possible natural barriers to human population growth. • Most of the serious estimates of K for humans, however, lie in the range 10 -20 billion people. • Potential solutions: – Make a bigger pie: Increase human productive capacities through technology and innovation – Put fewer forks on the table: Reduce numbers and expectations of people through such means as family planning adapted from: http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/human_pop/human_pop.html#Past
- 12. Carrying capcity • Is there a Carrying Capacity for Homo sapiens? • As we have seen, the human population growth curve is currently following an exponential curve or a "J-shape" (fig. 1). Common sense tells us that such growth cannot continue - otherwise within a few hundred years every square foot of the Earth's surface would be taken up by a