Population density and distribution are influenced by various environmental factors. Mountains provide more suitable living conditions than low-lying plains due to cooler temperatures at higher altitudes. As a result, many large cities have developed in mountainous areas. Solutions for controlling population growth include increasing access to education, family planning services, and raising the status of women. Providing employment opportunities, especially for women, and improving standards of living can encourage smaller family sizes. Legislative actions around marriage age, child labor, and reproductive health can also help slow rapid population growth. The Human Development Index is a statistic used to rank countries based on indicators of life expectancy, education, and income levels. Countries score higher on human development when citizens can expect

6. Population density person per unit area

8. Staszewski study reveals:
56 % lives within 200 m & 80 % within 500 m (MSL)

9. • Low latitude areas are hot & less favourable, while
high altitude provides suitable conditions for human
habitation.
• Mountains in Africa & Latin America are much
healthier than plains, and large cities have sprung up
at high altitude.
La Paz (Bolivia Capital), the highest city in the world (3,640 m)

10. Mountains Less Population
Plains More Population

11. Circars Coast
Assam Valley

12. Cold Desert Hot Desert

13. Alaska Siberia
Java Amazon

14. Alluvial Volcanic
Chernozems Podsols

15. Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta

16. River Valley

17. Gulf
Kalgoorlie

18. Agriculture Industries
Labour

20. Designated as urban (400 persons per sq km)
Kolkata, Chennai, Greater Mumbai, Hyderabad, Delhi & Chandigarh
(over 6,000 persons per sq km)
Varanasi
Vatican City Jerusalem
Mumbai

21. Ganga River
Nile river Huang He & Chang Jiang Rivers

23. Reasons for J – Shaped curve / Drastic growth of world population
1. Independence for 61 countries (1919 – 1985): Ceasing of freedom struggle, death, killing, riots, violences.
2. Constitution: Law, Justice, Provision, Social Development, etc.
3. War: (World II Ended - 1945) Small wars (1898 – 1994)
4. Medical advances: Smallpox vaccine - 1899, Insulin – 1922, Penicillin – 1942, Polio - 1955, Chemotherapy – 1956.
5. Agriculture development: Scientific research, Universities, Invention, New topics – Genetics, Agronomy (1900 – TT)
6. Industrial development: Revolution – Expansion – Globalization.
7. Economic development: New ideas, management methods, supply – demand ratio balance, Green-White revolution.
8. Settled Life: Proper education, medical, transport, security, food, clothing, shelter, etc.
9. Transportation: Flight (1903), Automobiles (1939 – 1945), Spaceflight (1950), High Speed Rail - Japan (1964) in Asia.
10. Communication: More than 20 inventions (1920 – 1990), 9 inventions (21st Century)

24. About the World’s Population:
 World’s population is now 7.6 billion, will be 11.2 billion in 2100. (50.4 % male & 49.6 % is female)
 80 years aged persons projected: from 137 million (2017) to 425 million (2050) & 909 million (2100)
 10 – 24 years aged are 1.8 billion, with 90 % of them live in developing countries.
 Under 15 years aged are ¼ (26 %), 9 % under age 5 years.
 41 % of India's population is (less than 20 years) compared to 24 % of the world's young population.
 2.4 % of the world's land area, India 17 % (132 Cr) of the world population 2nd largest after China.
 By 2024, India will overtake China.
 Urban shift of people in millions by 2050: (70 %) Tokyo - 37, Delhi – 29, Shanghai – 26.

25.  Global fertility reduced from 2.5 children per woman (2010 – 2015) to 2.0 (2095 – 2100)
 20 % Women in poorest countries have the least access to sexual and reproductive health services.
 56 million abortions worldwide / year are unsafe, leading to the deaths of 22,800 women / year.
 Globally 800 women die / day due to pregnancy-related complications & 20 % from India.
 Globally 46 % & in India 47 % of girls are married before the age of 18.
 Globally 30 % of population growth in the world is due to unwanted & accidentals pregnancies.
 Global maternal mortality rate declined by 44 %, in India by 83 %.

27. Cause of growth:
1. Rise in Birth Rate: Nutritional – Agricultural – Medical Science development, boost birth rate in human
beings.
2. Reduced Mortality Rates: Improved medical technology (vaccines and antibiotics), cures fatal diseases.
3. Fertility Treatment: Improved fertility treatments have made it possible for more people to have
children.
4. Lack of Education: Illiteracy fails to make understand the need to prevent excessive growth of
population.
5. Child Labor: UNICEF (150 million children) no law countries. Seen as source of income by poor families.
6. Immigration: Unchecked immigration into countries may lead to overpopulation (Rohingyas)

28. Effects of Overpopulation:
1. Depletion of Natural Resources: Forest, Wildlife, Pollution, Water & Food Scarcity.
2. Degradation of Environment: Overuse of coal oil & natural gas, global warming,
climate change, rise in sea level.
3. Conflicts & Wars: Resource use & Water War.
4. Starvation: Huge issue facing the world & the mortality rate for children is being
fuelled by it.
5. Rise in Unemployment: Fewer jobs to support large number of people. Crime,
Corruption, Harassment.
6. High Cost of Living: Demand Vs Supply will expand, rise in price food, shelter &
Medical.
7. Poverty & famine: Politics, Unequal distribution of food, leads socio-eco inequality,
lack of democracy & civil war.
8. Impact on the environment (I) = PAT [Size of the Population (P), Consumption Level
(A) & Technology used (T)].
9. Migration: Economic Disparity, badly paid labour & low standard of living.

29. 10. Lack of Water: More demand on freshwater supply, Roughly 1% available &
accessible.
11. Lower Life Expectancy: High life expectancy in HDC, low in less developed
nations.
12. Extinction: Demand for land = Destruction of forest, 50% of wildlife species at
risk.
13. Resource Consumption: Food, water & fossils consumed & demanded at
record rates.
14. Intensive Farming: Damage to local ecosystems, climate change by machines.
15. Climate Change: US, China & India largest contributors to emissions in the
world.

30. World

31. Solutions to control growth of population:
1. Education: Need to have 1 / 2 children with best lifestyle. Men delay marriage & so small family.
Women becomes health conscious & avoid frequent pregnancies.
2. Sex Education: Parents & teachers should complete information. Otherwise teenagers may seek
wrong information and fail to learn about proper behavior.
3. Family Planning: To know various safe sex techniques & contraceptives to prevent unwanted
pregnancy. “Hurry for the first child, Delay the second child & avoid the third.”
4. Tax Benefits & Incentives: Govt. policies to exempt tax or provide incentives in health, discounted
education or finance to married couples having 1 / 2 kids can curb population growth.
5. Child mortality & fertility: Child mortality & fertility are directly proportional to each other, so
reducing mortality can reduce fertility. Assures & give confidence of child survival for long term.

32. 6. Marriage age: India minimum age for marriage is 21 years for men & 18 years for women fixed by law.
7. Raising the Status of Women: Education & equality to develop good social & economical life.
8. Adoption: Adopt orphan children. It will be beneficial to orphan children & childless couples. Ex live
9. Change in Social Outlook: Marriage is not about only child birth. Women a machine to reproduce.
10. Social Security: Dependency on others in the event of old age, sickness, unemployment etc. be reduced.
11. Employment: Avenues in rural & urban areas. Employed persons will work & less child growth.
12. Development of Agriculture & Industry: Large people get employment – income increased – improve
standard of living - adopt small family norms.
13. Standard of Living: To maintain their higher standard of living people prefer to have a small family.
(A. K. Das Gupta) Rs. 100 / month = 3.4 reproduction rate, Rs. 300 = 2.8

33. 14. Urbanisation: People in urban areas have low birth rate than in rural areas.
15. Self Control: It is an ideal & healthy approach should be provided to follow.
16. Recreational Facilities: Cinema; theatre, sports & dance etc. are available to the people.
17. Publicity: T.V., radio, newspaper means to propagate about the planned family to the mass.
18. Employment to Woman: Provide employment to women to give services in different fields.
19. Medical Facilities: Availability of good hospitals / doctors can result in survival of kids.
20. Legislative Actions: Stop child marriage, child labor, child sex, beggary & slavery.
21. Eradicate Poverty: Most poor countries have highest population growth not rich ones.
22. Easy & Cheap Contraceptives: Use of condoms & contraceptives must be advertised &
promoted, it controls population & prevents sexually transmitted diseases & AIDS.

36. • HDI is a statistic composite index of life expectancy, education & per capita income
indicators, which are used to rank countries human development.
• A country scores a higher HDI when lifespan is higher, education level is higher &
GDP per capita is higher.
• The HDI was developed by Pakistani economist Mahbub ul Haq, used to measure
the country's development by the United Nations Development Program (UNDP).
• The index is based in terms of whether people are able to "be" and "do" desirable
things in life. Examples include—Being: well fed, sheltered, healthy; Doings: work,
education, voting, participating in community life. The freedom of choice is
central—someone choosing to be hungry (as during a religious fast) is quite
different to someone who is hungry because they cannot afford to buy food.

37. The following three indices are used:
1. Life Expectancy Index (LEI)
LEI is 1 when Life expectancy at birth is 85 and 0 when Life expectancy at birth is 20.
2. Education Index (EI)
Mean Years of Schooling Index (MYSI) (i.e. years that a person aged 25 or older has spent in
formal education)
Fifteen is the projected maximum of this indicator for 2025.
Expected Years of Schooling Index (EYSI) (i.e. total expected years of schooling for children
under 18 years of age)
Eighteen is equivalent to achieving a master's degree in most countries.
3. Income Index (II)
II is 1 when GNI per capita is $75,000 and 0 when GNI per capita is $100.
Finally, the HDI is the geometric mean of the previous three normalized indices:

41. Question Bank – Unit III
1. Factors affecting Population Density – 15 m
2. Drastic Growth of World Population – 05 m
3. Facts of World Population – 05 m
4. Causes of Population Growth – 15 m
5. Effects of Population Growth – 15 m
6. Measures to Control Population Growth – 15 m
7. Human Development Index – 15 m