1) The document discusses six major issues related to population growth and quality of life in developing countries, including whether rapid population growth will allow countries to improve living standards and expand education and healthcare.
2) It explains concepts like demographic transition, population growth rates, and drivers of population change over time. The global population has grown from 1 billion in the 1800s to over 7 billion currently.
3) Population growth is influenced by factors like birth rates, death rates, age structure, fertility rates, and income levels. Countries generally move from high birth/death rates to low birth/death rates as they develop.
Lewis theory, Rani-Fie-Lewis Theory on unlimited supplies of Labour and Todaro Model of Rural Urban Migration are famous theories on Rural_Urban Migration in Development economics
Lewis theory, Rani-Fie-Lewis Theory on unlimited supplies of Labour and Todaro Model of Rural Urban Migration are famous theories on Rural_Urban Migration in Development economics
Population and development are interlinked. It is not easy to distinguish cause and effect relationship between these two. However, they may reinforce each other and may provide some synergistic role.
Human capital: Education and health in economic development egpShivani Baghel
A brief study on the economic development of health and education in India in the present scenario.
It talks about joint investment in both the sectors considering their rate of return, while dealing with questions like why increasing income is not sufficient? It also briefs about child labor and gender gap.
The classical growth theory argues that economic growth will decrease or end because of an increasing population and limited resources Classical growth theory economists believed that temporary increases in real GDP per person would cause a population explosion that would consequently decrease real GDP.
The classical theory of Economic DevelopmentSharin1234
The Classical theory of economic development is the sum total of all theories of classical economists. The views of Adam Smith, Malthus, and Mill on Economic development form the crux of the classical theory of development. Though they differ on a number of development issues, the essence of the classical approach to development is the same.
Causes and Consequences of Rapid Population GrowthUnica Chiara
Well, I'm not used of using too much words in my slides instead I used more pictures for clearer representation and just its title. I just emphasize those important details. And I hope this could help you out! Good luck! :)
Population and development are interlinked. It is not easy to distinguish cause and effect relationship between these two. However, they may reinforce each other and may provide some synergistic role.
Human capital: Education and health in economic development egpShivani Baghel
A brief study on the economic development of health and education in India in the present scenario.
It talks about joint investment in both the sectors considering their rate of return, while dealing with questions like why increasing income is not sufficient? It also briefs about child labor and gender gap.
The classical growth theory argues that economic growth will decrease or end because of an increasing population and limited resources Classical growth theory economists believed that temporary increases in real GDP per person would cause a population explosion that would consequently decrease real GDP.
The classical theory of Economic DevelopmentSharin1234
The Classical theory of economic development is the sum total of all theories of classical economists. The views of Adam Smith, Malthus, and Mill on Economic development form the crux of the classical theory of development. Though they differ on a number of development issues, the essence of the classical approach to development is the same.
Causes and Consequences of Rapid Population GrowthUnica Chiara
Well, I'm not used of using too much words in my slides instead I used more pictures for clearer representation and just its title. I just emphasize those important details. And I hope this could help you out! Good luck! :)
Made by Wannaphong Durongkaveroj, Student at Chiang Mai University, Thailand.
This ppt benefit everyone who interests in the social problems about poverty and income inequality in Asia.
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Demographic analysis, the statistical description of human populations, is a tool used by government agencies, political parties, and manufacturers of consumer goods. Polls conducted on every topic imaginable, from age to toothpaste preference, give the government and corporations an idea of who the public is and what it needs and wants.
Population growth and economic development of pakistan - Myths and Facts - Population:
Population of an area is the total number of all individuals alive in a particular point in time. (Thomas Frejka, 1973)
Birth Rate is the total number of births per 1000 of a population each year.
Mortality Rate is the total Number of deaths per 1000 individual per year.
Total fertility rate (TFR) is the average number of children that would be born to a woman over her lifetime.
High Birthrate
Low Death rate
Migration
Emigration
Immigration
Many countries like Germany, Japan and China are facing aging population or negative/slow population growth.
Rapid Population growth does not impedes development. A country's most important resource is its people.
Although, population control, at first there are fewer children to feed, clothe, and educate.
However, Population aging also depresses the growth of government revenues.
A country's most important resource is its people, knowledge pool and skills
All natural resources have been getting more available rather than more scarce, as shown by their falling prices over the decades and centuries.
The structure of a population can have a big impact on the wealth and economy of a country.
References:
http://www.indexmundi.com/pakistan/age_structure.html
The Global Baby Bust, Phillip Longman http://nyti.ms/1vlqVaI
No Babies? http://nyti.ms/Tc2MmI
The coming population bust http://nyti.ms/1ncz8YK
The Coming Demographic Crisis http://hvr.co/1zhHOA1
Population Bomb? So Wrong - How electricity, development, and TV reduce fertility http://bit.ly/S79fy6
More people, greater wealth, more resources, healthier environment, Julian Simon http://bit.ly/1aoVXH5
how to sell pi coins on Bitmart crypto exchangeDOT TECH
Yes. Pi network coins can be exchanged but not on bitmart exchange. Because pi network is still in the enclosed mainnet. The only way pioneers are able to trade pi coins is by reselling the pi coins to pi verified merchants.
A verified merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell it to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
BYD SWOT Analysis and In-Depth Insights 2024.pptxmikemetalprod
Indepth analysis of the BYD 2024
BYD (Build Your Dreams) is a Chinese automaker and battery manufacturer that has snowballed over the past two decades to become a significant player in electric vehicles and global clean energy technology.
This SWOT analysis examines BYD's strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats as it competes in the fast-changing automotive and energy storage industries.
Founded in 1995 and headquartered in Shenzhen, BYD started as a battery company before expanding into automobiles in the early 2000s.
Initially manufacturing gasoline-powered vehicles, BYD focused on plug-in hybrid and fully electric vehicles, leveraging its expertise in battery technology.
Today, BYD is the world’s largest electric vehicle manufacturer, delivering over 1.2 million electric cars globally. The company also produces electric buses, trucks, forklifts, and rail transit.
On the energy side, BYD is a major supplier of rechargeable batteries for cell phones, laptops, electric vehicles, and energy storage systems.
How to get verified on Coinbase Account?_.docxBuy bitget
t's important to note that buying verified Coinbase accounts is not recommended and may violate Coinbase's terms of service. Instead of searching to "buy verified Coinbase accounts," follow the proper steps to verify your own account to ensure compliance and security.
What price will pi network be listed on exchangesDOT TECH
The rate at which pi will be listed is practically unknown. But due to speculations surrounding it the predicted rate is tends to be from 30$ — 50$.
So if you are interested in selling your pi network coins at a high rate tho. Or you can't wait till the mainnet launch in 2026. You can easily trade your pi coins with a merchant.
A merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive quantities till mainnet launch.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
The Evolution of Non-Banking Financial Companies (NBFCs) in India: Challenges...beulahfernandes8
Role in Financial System
NBFCs are critical in bridging the financial inclusion gap.
They provide specialized financial services that cater to segments often neglected by traditional banks.
Economic Impact
NBFCs contribute significantly to India's GDP.
They support sectors like micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs), housing finance, and personal loans.
where can I find a legit pi merchant onlineDOT TECH
Yes. This is very easy what you need is a recommendation from someone who has successfully traded pi coins before with a merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold thousands of pi coins before the open mainnet.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with
@Pi_vendor_247
how to swap pi coins to foreign currency withdrawable.DOT TECH
As of my last update, Pi is still in the testing phase and is not tradable on any exchanges.
However, Pi Network has announced plans to launch its Testnet and Mainnet in the future, which may include listing Pi on exchanges.
The current method for selling pi coins involves exchanging them with a pi vendor who purchases pi coins for investment reasons.
If you want to sell your pi coins, reach out to a pi vendor and sell them to anyone looking to sell pi coins from any country around the globe.
Below is the contact information for my personal pi vendor.
Telegram: @Pi_vendor_247
The European Unemployment Puzzle: implications from population agingGRAPE
We study the link between the evolving age structure of the working population and unemployment. We build a large new Keynesian OLG model with a realistic age structure, labor market frictions, sticky prices, and aggregate shocks. Once calibrated to the European economy, we quantify the extent to which demographic changes over the last three decades have contributed to the decline of the unemployment rate. Our findings yield important implications for the future evolution of unemployment given the anticipated further aging of the working population in Europe. We also quantify the implications for optimal monetary policy: lowering inflation volatility becomes less costly in terms of GDP and unemployment volatility, which hints that optimal monetary policy may be more hawkish in an aging society. Finally, our results also propose a partial reversal of the European-US unemployment puzzle due to the fact that the share of young workers is expected to remain robust in the US.
how to sell pi coins in all Africa Countries.DOT TECH
Yes. You can sell your pi network for other cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin, usdt , Ethereum and other currencies And this is done easily with the help from a pi merchant.
What is a pi merchant ?
Since pi is not launched yet in any exchange. The only way you can sell right now is through merchants.
A verified Pi merchant is someone who buys pi network coins from miners and resell them to investors looking forward to hold massive quantities of pi coins before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade with.
@Pi_vendor_247
when will pi network coin be available on crypto exchange.DOT TECH
There is no set date for when Pi coins will enter the market.
However, the developers are working hard to get them released as soon as possible.
Once they are available, users will be able to exchange other cryptocurrencies for Pi coins on designated exchanges.
But for now the only way to sell your pi coins is through verified pi vendor.
Here is the telegram contact of my personal pi vendor
@Pi_vendor_247
how can i use my minded pi coins I need some funds.DOT TECH
If you are interested in selling your pi coins, i have a verified pi merchant, who buys pi coins and resell them to exchanges looking forward to hold till mainnet launch.
Because the core team has announced that pi network will not be doing any pre-sale. The only way exchanges like huobi, bitmart and hotbit can get pi is by buying from miners.
Now a merchant stands in between these exchanges and the miners. As a link to make transactions smooth. Because right now in the enclosed mainnet you can't sell pi coins your self. You need the help of a merchant,
i will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant below. 👇 I and my friends has traded more than 3000pi coins with him successfully.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the best method to sell pi coins in 2024DOT TECH
The best way to sell your pi coins safely is trading with an exchange..but since pi is not launched in any exchange, and second option is through a VERIFIED pi merchant.
Who is a pi merchant?
A pi merchant is someone who buys pi coins from miners and pioneers and resell them to Investors looking forward to hold massive amounts before mainnet launch in 2026.
I will leave the telegram contact of my personal pi merchant to trade pi coins with.
@Pi_vendor_247
what is the future of Pi Network currency.DOT TECH
The future of the Pi cryptocurrency is uncertain, and its success will depend on several factors. Pi is a relatively new cryptocurrency that aims to be user-friendly and accessible to a wide audience. Here are a few key considerations for its future:
Message: @Pi_vendor_247 on telegram if u want to sell PI COINS.
1. Mainnet Launch: As of my last knowledge update in January 2022, Pi was still in the testnet phase. Its success will depend on a successful transition to a mainnet, where actual transactions can take place.
2. User Adoption: Pi's success will be closely tied to user adoption. The more users who join the network and actively participate, the stronger the ecosystem can become.
3. Utility and Use Cases: For a cryptocurrency to thrive, it must offer utility and practical use cases. The Pi team has talked about various applications, including peer-to-peer transactions, smart contracts, and more. The development and implementation of these features will be essential.
4. Regulatory Environment: The regulatory environment for cryptocurrencies is evolving globally. How Pi navigates and complies with regulations in various jurisdictions will significantly impact its future.
5. Technology Development: The Pi network must continue to develop and improve its technology, security, and scalability to compete with established cryptocurrencies.
6. Community Engagement: The Pi community plays a critical role in its future. Engaged users can help build trust and grow the network.
7. Monetization and Sustainability: The Pi team's monetization strategy, such as fees, partnerships, or other revenue sources, will affect its long-term sustainability.
It's essential to approach Pi or any new cryptocurrency with caution and conduct due diligence. Cryptocurrency investments involve risks, and potential rewards can be uncertain. The success and future of Pi will depend on the collective efforts of its team, community, and the broader cryptocurrency market dynamics. It's advisable to stay updated on Pi's development and follow any updates from the official Pi Network website or announcements from the team.
2. The Basic Issue: Population Growth and Quality of Life
• Six major issues:
1)Will developing countries be able
to improve levels of living given
anticipated population growth?
2)How will developing countries deal
with the vast increases in their
labor forces?
3)How will higher population growth
rates affect poverty?
2
4)Will developing countries be able to
extend the coverage and improve the
quality of health care and education in
the face of rapid population growth?
5)Is there a relationship between
poverty and family size?
6)How does affluence in the developed
world affect the ability of developing
countries to provide for their people?
3. Population over time and the demographic transition
• The growth rate of the population:
3
gt = 100* (pt – pt-1)/pt-1
•The global population growth rate increased steadily from 1800s to the 1960s,
peaking at about 2%. Since then it has decreased, to around 1.5% now.
• A possible explanation is that countries are undergoing a demographic transition:
A shift from high birth and high mortality rates to low birth and low mortality rates.
•World population reached its 1st billion around the 1800s. Today it stands at
roughly 7 billion people. About every 4 days, the world pop increases by 1 million.
•In the last 60 years, the largest population increases have been taking place in
developing countries, especially in Asia and Africa.
•Demographers expect the world population to stabilize at around 8 billion.
•What are the key determinants that drive the demographic transition?
4. 4
Population Growth: Past, Present, and Future
Year Estimated
population
Estimated annual increase in
the intervening period
Doubling time
(year)
10,000 B.C.E. 5
1 C.E. 250 0.04 1733
1650 545 0.04 1733
1750 728 0.29 239
1800 906 0.45 154
1850 1171 0.53 130
1900 1608 0.65 106
1950 2576 0.91 76
1970 3698 2.09 33
1980 4448 1.76 39
1990 5292 1.73 40
2000 6090 1.48 47
2010 6892 1.22 57
2050 9200 0.675 103
6. World Population Distribution by Region, 2010 and 2050
• Geographic region
• Fertility and Mortality Trends
• Rate of population increase
6
Factors of distribution
• Birth rates, death rates , Total fertility rates
• Age Structure and dependency burdens
7. 7
The determinants of population growth
•Total fertility rate is the average number of children born to a woman of childbearing
age (15-44). Mortality rate is the number of deaths among population (group of pop) per
a period of time
• The birth rate is number of babies born each year per 1000 inhabitants.
• The death rate is number of deaths each year per 1000 inhabitants.
• Both the fertility and death rate can be computed age-specific.
•The population growth rate is the difference between the birth rate and the death rate
(expressed per 1000 habitants, divided by 10 to get percentage growth rate).
•The net migration rate is the difference between the number of persons entering and
leaving a country per 1000 inhabitants.
•The birth, death, and fertility rates depend on the age distribution defined as the
percentage of the population belonging to different age groups.
8. distribution.
8
Age Distribution and Population Growth
•Population pyramids are often used to show the age distribution within a country.
•A stationary population is defined as having zero growth over time (i.e., stable fertility
and mortality rates).
•Even temporary fertility shocks to a stationary population creates inertia, leading to
growth long after the shock (e.g., U.S. baby boom and baby boom echo).
•Therefore, family planning policies tend to have a delayed effect. This must be taken into
account when evaluating their effectiveness.
•There is usually a high proportion of young people in developing countries, while there is
a usually a high proportion of elderly people in developed countries. Even where mortality
and fertility rates are the same the age distribution significantly affects population
growth.
• Table below shows an example of the effect on population growth of differences in age
9. The Effects of Age Distribution.
100 population grows 0%the next period and die.
9
• Country A: 70 young & 30 old
• Country B : 50 young & 50 old
• 50% male and 50% female in each
• Today’s young will become old in
• The mortality rate is 10%. Fertility rate is 2.2.
• A’s pop in next period = 2.2*(70/2)+(70*.9) =
140 population grows 40%
• B’s pop in next period = 2.2*(50/2)+(50*.9) =
10. Fertility Rate for Selected Countries, 1970 and 2009
• The Hidden Momentum of Population Growth
– High birth rates cannot be altered overnight
– Age structure of developing country populations
10
12. The Demographic Transition
• Stage I: High birthrates and death rates
• Stage II: Continued high birthrates, declining death rates
• Stage III: Falling birthrates and death rates, eventually stabilizing
Demographic Transition in Western Europe
12
14. The Malthusian and household models
• The Malthusian Population Trap
– The idea that rising population and diminishing returns to fixed factors
result in a low levels of living (population trap)
The Malthusian Population Trap
14
15. 15
• Malthusian Model did not take into account the
following
–Impact of technological progress
– Microeconomics of family size
–So far no evidence of growth in population and fall in
levels of per capita income (in the data)
Criticisms of the Malthusian Model
16. How technological and social progress allows nations to avoid the
population trap
16
17. 17
The Causes of High Fertility in Developing Countries: The
Malthusian and Household Models
• The Microeconomic Household Theory of Fertility
• The Demand for Children in Developing Countries
– First two or three as “consumer goods”
– Additional children as “investment goods”:
– Work on family farm, microenterprise
– Old age security motivation
20. Microeconomic Theory of Fertility: An Illustration
• If there is an upward shift in income, it’s possible to afford both more
children and consumer goods
• Typically, poor families have more children that rich families. Are
children inferior goods?
•The opportunity cost of having children, especially for
women, increases with economic development.
•There is a quantity-quality trade off. At higher levels of
development, parents choose to invest more time and
money per child.
20
As Y ↑, the OC of time also ↑ and parent prefer to invest in child quality rather than in child
quantity. It implies that they spend more time and money on a smaller number of children.
21. •Ashift in preferences is another possible
explanation for fertility choices.
•The change in the relative benefits of having
children translates into a change in the shape of
indifference curves between consumption and
children.
•Preference can change for noneconomic
reasons, especially social norms.
•Areduction in benefits will result in fewer
children and more consumption of goods and
services.
•The benefits of having children are at least
partly related to the differences in institutions
across countries.
21
The change in preference are related to the
development of pension programs,
urbanization that eliminate the need to have
children who will ultimately have to care for
aging parents.
Reduction in the Benefits of Having Children
22. 22
In societies with no social security, children may represent an investment for
retirement and a source of financial security. Therefore, poor parents tend to
have more offspring where:
• Infant and childhood mortality are high.
• Children tend to be less educated, because they may potentially be less
productive.
• Because of extreme poverty children move away from their parents.
• In advanced economies, parents can use the promise of inheritance as an
incentive to make sure their children take good care of them.
• In the absence of economic incentives, however, you often find that poor
countries enforce parental support through cultural and social values.
Fertility Choices and Institutions
23. Cd f (Y , Pc, Px,tx), x 1,...,n
Where
Cd is the demand for surviving children
Y is the level of household income
Pc is the “net” price of children
Px is price of all other goods
tx is the tastes for goods relative to children
Demand for Children Equation
Under neoclassical conditions,
we would expect:
0
Y
Cd
0
Cd
Pc
0
23
Px
Cd
0
Cd
tx
24. 24
•Changes in fertility usually happen gradually as people take time to adapt to the evolving
economic and social trends. In the different stages of the demographic transition the costs
and benefits of having children change.
•Improved income, medical technologies, education, urbanization, pension systems, and
opportunities for women outside the home all have pushed fertility rates down.
• Social norms evolve or disappear.
•Contrary to Malthusian predictions, the global population is likely to stabilize as a result
of declining fertility in developing countries.
• But populations of developing nations are aging.
•The old-age dependency ratio is defined as the ratio of retired people (over 65) over the
active population (16-64).
Fertility Choices and the Demographic Transition
25. • Implications. Fertility lower if
– Raise women’s education, role,
and status
– More female nonagricultural wage
employment
– Rise in family income levels
– Reduction in infant mortality
– Development of old-age and
social security
– Expanded schooling opportunities
The Consequences of High Fertility:
Some Conflicting Perspectives
• Population growth: “It’s Not a Real
Problem”:
– The real problem is not population
growth but the following,
• Underdevelopment
• World resource depletion and
environmental destruction
• Population Distribution
• Subordination of women
• Overpopulation is a Deliberately
Contrived False Issue
• Population Growth is a Desirable
Phenomenon
25
Some empirical evidence
26. The Consequences of High Fertility...
• “Population Growth Is a Real
Problem”
–Extremist arguments
–Theoretical arguments
–Empirical arguments
• Lower economic growth
• Poverty
• Adverse impact on education
• Adverse impact on health
• Food issues
• Impact on the environment
• Frictions over international
migration
Goals and Objectives: Toward a Consensus
• Despite the conflicting opinions, there is some
common ground on the following:
Population is not the primary cause of lower living
levels, but may be one factor
Population growth is more a consequence than a
cause of underdevelopment
It’s not numbers but quality of life
Market failures: potential negative social externalities
Voluntary decreases in fertility is generally desirable
for most developing countries with still-expanding
populations
26
27. 27
–Attend to underlying socioeconomic conditions that impact
development
–Family planning programs should provide education and technological
means to regulate fertility
–Developed countries have responsibilities too
6 Some Policy Approaches
28. • What Developing Countries Can Do
– Persuasion through education
– Family planning programs
– Address incentives and disincentives for
having children through the principal
variables influencing D for children
– Coercion is not a good option
– Raise the socioeconomic status of women
– Increase employment opportunities for
women (increases opportunity cost of
having more children, as in
microeconomic household theory)
• What the Developed Countries Can Do
28
Generally
- Address resources use inequities
- More open migration policies
• How Developed Countries Can Help
• Developing Countries with Their •
Population Programs
-Research into technology of
fertility control
-Financial assistance for family
planning programs
29. 29
To speed up the demographic transition, governments often intervene with policies
directed at lowering fertility.
• The “one child” policy implemented in China in the late 1970s is an extreme example of
population growth control.
• Recently, the gender imbalance has made it difficult for men to find wives.
• Similar extreme policies were enacted in India during the 1960s-1970s. These included,
for example, forced sterilization.
• More recent policies aimed at reducing fertility include improving education and
increased access to contraceptives.
• Does there exist an imperfect market for contraceptives?
Family Planning Policies
30. 30
The economic justifications of family planning are often based on the existence of
externalities. In this case, while it is rational for a family to have many children, this
decision may impose negative impacts on others and society as a whole.
What are negative/positive externalities of having more/less children?
• The strain on natural resources are an example of a negative externality.
• Another example is the congestion (increased demand) in the provision of public
services, especially education.
• Population pressure in low-growing developing countries can induce people to
emigrate to developed nations.
• However, an influx of immigrants may be beneficial for developed nations, especially
in the case of an aging population (i.e., immigrants contribute to the workforce).
Externalities and the Economics of Family Planning
31. 31
Concepts for Review
•Birth rate
• Death rate
• Demographic transition
• Doubling time
• Family-planning programs
• Fertility rate
•Hidden momentum of population
growth
• Life expectancy at birth
• Malthusian population trap
• Microeconomic theory of fertility
• Mortality rate
• Natural increase
• Net international migration
• Population-poverty cycle
• Population pyramid
• Rate of population increase
• Reproductive choice
• Total fertility rate (TFR)
• Under-5 mortality rate
• Youth dependency ratio