Role of Synergists in Resistance ManagementJayantyadav94
Any chemical which in itself is not toxic to insects as dosages used, but when combined with an insecticide greatly enhances the toxicity of insecticide is known as synergist. Process of activation is synergism. Helps in penetration and stabilization of insecticides, and prevents the detoxification of insecticides
Here I would like to inform you in host selection process by the parasitiods.I hope It would increase your understanding on the steps involved n the host selection process.............................
insect population estimation, nature of sampling , stage to be counted, collection methods , models used for sampling, methods of samples, sample size, nature of samples
Embryology is the branch of biology which deals with the growth and development of an embryo of
an organism, commencing with the union of male and female gametes.
Embryology includes the development of the fertilized egg and embryo and the growth of the organ
system.
Development of an insect from egg to adult can be divided into two parts
a.Early embryonic development - takes place inside the egg and
b. Post embryonic development – occurring outside the egg.
Evolution of plant animal interaction via receiver biasUASB and ICAR IIHR
Evolutionary adaptation of plant traits to interact with animals innate behavioral responses leading to either mutual or antagonistic interactions benefiting plants in acquiring food, easing the job of pollination and seed dispersal and also in defense against biotic enemies.
Role of Synergists in Resistance ManagementJayantyadav94
Any chemical which in itself is not toxic to insects as dosages used, but when combined with an insecticide greatly enhances the toxicity of insecticide is known as synergist. Process of activation is synergism. Helps in penetration and stabilization of insecticides, and prevents the detoxification of insecticides
Here I would like to inform you in host selection process by the parasitiods.I hope It would increase your understanding on the steps involved n the host selection process.............................
insect population estimation, nature of sampling , stage to be counted, collection methods , models used for sampling, methods of samples, sample size, nature of samples
Embryology is the branch of biology which deals with the growth and development of an embryo of
an organism, commencing with the union of male and female gametes.
Embryology includes the development of the fertilized egg and embryo and the growth of the organ
system.
Development of an insect from egg to adult can be divided into two parts
a.Early embryonic development - takes place inside the egg and
b. Post embryonic development – occurring outside the egg.
Evolution of plant animal interaction via receiver biasUASB and ICAR IIHR
Evolutionary adaptation of plant traits to interact with animals innate behavioral responses leading to either mutual or antagonistic interactions benefiting plants in acquiring food, easing the job of pollination and seed dispersal and also in defense against biotic enemies.
Presentation during the Bureau of Agricultural Research (BAR) Seminar Series on November 29, 2018 at RDMIC Bldg., cor. Visayas Ave., Elliptical Rd., Diliman, Quezon City
Predators are one of the most important aspects of biologial control of crop pests. The predators may be insects or mites or nematodes or any other living organisms. Like the parasitoids, predators also follow a typical prey selection strategy. It includes Prey Habitat Selection, Prey Finding, Prey Acceptance and Prey Suitability. Prey Habitat Selection can be obtained by different plant odors or prey odors (like- honeydew, prey frass etc) or herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPV). The HIPV is the most of important and reliable one to select the prey species by the predators. Actually when a plant is attacked by the pest species, the defense system is activated and it includes production of de novo or phytoalexins or secondary plant metabolites of various odors which actually attract the predators. Like- the bean plants attacked by Tetranychid mites, are attracted by the predatory Phytoseiid mites. Besides plants attacked under pests, release Methyl Salicylate like molecules which also attracts predators like Chrysopa spp. After habitat finding, the predators forage for suitable prey and if initial inspection of the habitat leads to evidence of prey in the local area, the predator is likely to engage in Intensified Local Search (ILS). ILS includes frequent turning, sinous search paths and slower walking. Theere are a number of factors which influence the efficiency of ILS. These include- Host Plant Architecture, Surface Texture of Plants, Hunger Status of Predators, Visual Cues, Patch Quality and Prey Products. Like- Larvae of some ladybirds foage less frequently for aphids on highly branched varieties than on normal branched varieties of crops. Similarly waxy surfaces can reduce their foragig efficiency and some of the predators are entrapped and died within the trichomes. Native adults of Harmonia axyridis are more attracted to yellow colour as compared to green colour. They are also attracted to the surface treated with prey products like honeydew to search for the preys while there are lots of exceptions regarding this. After a prey has been contacted, the age and experience of the predator, size of the prey and prey's defensive actions can influence the success of attack. The acceptance of prey depends on certain features like- food habit of the prey, chemical composition of prey cuticle, warning colourations and gregarious nature of prey species. After the acceptance, the suitability of prey is important to determine. This depends on- whether it supports both developement and reproduction or only developement or unpalatable. Suitability of prey for immature stages of predators depends on the survivorship of them, developemental time and adult body weight. Indexing prey suitability for mature adults depends mainly on the reproductive capability, high fecundity and viability. If predators feed on diseased or paralyzed hosts, it may induce low body weight, low immunity and survivorship. This understanding helps in successful IPM bio-control
“We have designed our pest problems into our current system of agriculture, so we can also design them out...if we understand ecology better. Thirty plus years of INTEGRATING farmscaping with other farm activities, strategies and resources will be featured, not just a rote list of plants and bugs. Many of the best farmscaping plants are flowers, medicinal herbs, and spices that can supplement and add value to your main crops and can be sold alongside them, like pickling spices (dill, garlic, grape leaves, etc.) for cucumbers. Bring your plant samples, questions, bug samples, or other farmscaping questions...no holds barred! Learn how to work backwards from your pest problems to the beneficials that attack your pests, to the plants and resources that YOUR beneficials need for control, and how these fit more neatly into your production program(s). Work smarter, not harder! Join longtime producer Patryk Battle and entomologist Richard “DrMcBug” McDonald in a lively, FUN, information filled session that will give you new insight into approaches for the NEW and OLD pests we face now. Yes, Carolina, farmscaping can be FUN!”
Principle of Ethology with special reference to pattern of behaviorDIPJYOTIBORAH3
1. Introduction
a. What is Ethology?
b. Origin & History of Ethology.
2. Principles of Ethology.
3. Some Special Reference of Ethology.
4. Patterns and Behaviour.
5. Conclusion.
6. Reference.
Order Neuroptera
Haseeb Kamran | Mphil Wildlife and Ecology GIS & Remote Sensing Lab | University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore (Ravi Campus).
00923486311164
This is PowerPoint Presentation published in Elsevier Journal.
Link here: https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals/book-companion/9780128498859/presentation
This Presentation is all about Ecdysone Receptor Agonists. All points are explained by diagrammatically. If you need any help about this topic, then mail me on mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
This Presentation is all about Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) Competitive Modulators (Agonists). All points are explained by diagrammatically. If you need any help about this topic, then mail me on mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
This Presentation is all about "Effectiveness and safety of some essential oils of
aromatic plants on the growth and silk production
of the silkworm Bombyx mori". This is a Research Paper and I Represent it as class presentation.
This presentation about Wild Locust (Migratory Locust).
This PPT discuss the topic about Taxonomy, Life Stages, Life History, Damage and Controls
Contact Email: mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
THE IMPORTANCE OF MARTIAN ATMOSPHERE SAMPLE RETURN.Sérgio Sacani
The return of a sample of near-surface atmosphere from Mars would facilitate answers to several first-order science questions surrounding the formation and evolution of the planet. One of the important aspects of terrestrial planet formation in general is the role that primary atmospheres played in influencing the chemistry and structure of the planets and their antecedents. Studies of the martian atmosphere can be used to investigate the role of a primary atmosphere in its history. Atmosphere samples would also inform our understanding of the near-surface chemistry of the planet, and ultimately the prospects for life. High-precision isotopic analyses of constituent gases are needed to address these questions, requiring that the analyses are made on returned samples rather than in situ.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
1. Host Finding Behaviour of Different Insects
&
Role of Learning , Kairomonal Signals and Sensory
Physiology in Host Finding Behaviour
Department of Agriculture Entomology Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan
2. What is behavior … ?
What animals do.
• Organisms adjusts and interacts with its total environment
• Any action that an individual carries out in response to a stimulus or its
environment.
Insect Behavior
• How an insect takes information from its environment, processes that
information, and acts. (Hoy, M. A. 2013)
3. Host Finding Behaviour
• All the movement of insects for the finding of something.
• Movements of insects are considered as searching activities.
Objects needed
by Insects
Food
Medium for
oviposition
Find a mate
Shelter
4. • Depends on the internal and external condition of insects.
State of hunger
Maturation of ovaries
• For finding, powers of movement and perception are necessary (Laing, J.1997).
Questions arise in this topic are
How does the parasite find the area in which the host occur?
How does the parasite find the host when both are within the same limited
area?
5. Persistent change in behavior that occurs as a result of experience.
Two types of learning
i. Learned
ii. Innate
Learned
Acquires new skills and knowledge through trial and error, observation
of other individuals, or memory of past events.
Learning
6. Example
• The parasitic wasp Trogus pennator attacks larva of two genera of
Papilionidae, Eurytides and Papilio on plants.
• T. pennator females showed no preferences when offered either a choice
between two food plants or a choice between a food plant and a plant not
used for food by Papilionidae.
• After experience with hosts in the presence of a
particular food plant, however, wasps preferred
that plant. (Sime, 2002 )
Sime, K.R. 2005
7. Innate behavior
• Controlled by genes with little or no environmental effect.
• Occur naturally in all members of a species
• Experience during the immature stage affect adult behavior and habitat
selection.
• First behaviors entirely innate.
• Newborn nymph or larva has no prior experience Adult actively seeks the
habitat that it has experienced as a young.
• This phenomenon has also been called hopkin’s host selection principle.
8. Example
• Polyphagous Spodoptera littoralis were reared on different host plants.
• After pupation, the oviposition preference of the emerging females was
tested.
• In four of the five plants tested, females prefer to feed on the diet
which they were fed at larval stage. (Thoming et al. 2013).
9. Interspecific chemical communication substances that benefit the receiver but
disadvantage the producer.
Example 1
• Aphid alarm pheromone (E)- 𝛽-farnesene (EBF) also used by natural
enemies as a host finding.
• Cues from aphids are most reliable, compared to host plants, they are often
hard to detect. (Stephan, 1996)
Role of Kairomones in Host Finding Behaviour
10. • Most aphid species respond to EBF dosages less than 20 ng.
• Natural enemies are attracted to EBF amounts higher than 1 μg.
• More than 50 times higher than the detection for most aphid species (Vosteen,
2016).
http://bioplanet.eu/392/
John E. Aphids on Minnesota trees and
shrubs. University of Minnesota.
11. Example 2
• Hyssopus pallidus, a larval parasitoid of Cydia pomonella.
• Wasp enters into the infested apples through the tunnel
made by the host larvae and parasitize them.
• Host frass contains a host location kairomone (Mattiacci, 1999).
12. Role of Induced Plant Volatiles in Host Finding
• Herbivore-induced plant volatiles (HIPV) are involved in plant
communication with natural enemies of the herbivores, neighboring plants,
and different parts of the damaged plant.
• HIPVs are released from leaves, flowers, and fruits into the air or soil from
roots in response to herbivore attack.
Aartsma, Y. 2017. Herbivore‐induced plant volatiles and
tritrophic interactions across spatial scales. New
Phytologist. Volume 216, 1054-1063
13. Example 1
• Corn seedlings release large amounts of terpenoid volatiles after fed by
Spodoptera exigua.
• Females of the parasitic wasp Cotesia marginiventris take advantage of plant
produced volatiles to locate hosts.
• The terpenoids may be produced in defense against herbivores but may
also serve a secondary function in attracting the natural enemies. (Turlings, 1991)
Example 2
• Damage by corn rootworm, Diabrotica virgifera larvae in maize roots induces
the release of (E)-β- caryophyllene, which attracts the nematode,
Heterorhabditis megidis that feed on the larvae of D. virgifera. (Rashid, 2011)
14. Role of Olfaction in Host Seeking Behaviour
• Host seeking behavior of blood feeding insects find host from a distance.
• For short distance, body temperature and moisture are important.
• At greater distance, visual and olfactory cues are involved.
• Almost all hematophagous insect respond CO2.
• Specific CO2 receptors located on the maxillary palps and lactic acid
sensitive receptor on the antennae of Ae. Aegypti. (Takken, W. 1991)
15. Zwiebel, L.J. 2006 Antennal sensilla of two female Anopheline
sibling species with differing host ranges Article. Malaria
Journal
16. • The best odorous products are present in human sweat produced by eccrine
sudoriferous glands distributed over the entire body surface.
• Most abundant on the palms of the hands, the soles of the feet and the
forehead.
• 1-octen-3-ol is also attractive for several species of mosquitoes that feed
on animals such as cattle and deer.
• Urine contains diphenols and steroids to which mosquitoes are attracted.
17. Vision
Role of Vision in Host Finding Behaviour
• Ability to perceive spatial patterns and true image formation.
• In insects, this is possible only in the compound eyes.
• Ocelli, found in moths, are poor image formers.
Only have the ability to detect light and dark expanses.
• Moths are nocturnal and locomotory activity may change by the change in
light intensity
• Low intensity and short wavelengths of light reflected from the field act
as stimuli for moths to attract them for oviposition or feed.
18. Example
• In the day-flying hummingbird hawkmoth, Hemaris sp., egg-laying
females are attracted by the colour green, visit yellow as well, but neglect
bluish green.
Example
• In the case of night fliers, Helicoverpa zea approached areas on the
oviposition substrate with shorter wavelength light.
• Wavelengths of 365 nm and 480-575 nm may be the most effective light
stimuli for H. zea and Heliothis virescens. (Ramaswamy, 1988)
19. • In a study of a night flier, Trichoplusia ni females preferred to approach
and lay more eggs on yellow than on other colours. (Shorey, 1964)
• Eoreuma loftini laid more eggs on vertical rather than horizontal leaves.
(Van Leerdam, 1984)
20. References
Hoy, M.A. 2013 Molecular Genetics of Insect Behavior, Insect Molecular Genetics. 3rd Edition
Laing, J. 1997. Host-Finding by Insect Parasites. Journal of Animal Ecology, Vol. 6, pp. 298-317
Sime, K.R. 2002 . Experimental Studies of The Host-finding Behavior of Trogus Pennator, A Parasitoid of Swallowtail Butterflies. Journal
of chemical ecology, vol. 28
Thoming et al. 2013. Comparison of Plant Preference Hierarchies of Male and Female Moths and The Impact of Larval Rearing Hosts.
Ecological Society of America. Vol. 8, pp. 1744–1752
Vosteen, I. 2016. Is There any Evidence That Aphid Alarm Pheromones Work As Prey and Host Finding Kairomones for Natural
Enemies?. Ecological Entomology. 41, 1–12
Stephan G. 1996. Aphid Alarm Pheromone (E)-p-farnesene: A Host Finding Kairomone for The Aphid Primary Parasitoid Aphidius
Uzbekistanicus (Hymenoptera: Aphidiinae). Chemoecology Vol. 7:132-139
21. Mattiacci, L., 1999. Host Location of Hyssopus pallidus, a Larval Parasitoid of the Codling Moth, Cydia pomonella. Institute of Plant
Science/Applied Entomology, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology 15, 241–251
Takken, W. 1991. The Role of Olfaction In Host-seeking of Mosquitoes: A Review. Insect Sci. Applic. Vol. 12, No. 1/2/3, pp. 287-295
Ramaswamy S.B, 1988. Host Finding By Moths: Sensory Modalities and Behaviours. Insect Physiology. Vol. 34, pp. 235-249.
Leerdam M. B., 1984. ) Effects of substrate physical characteristics and orientation on oviposition by Eoreuma loftini (Lepidoptera:
Pyralidae). Environmental Entomology. 13, 500-802
Turlings, T.C. 1991. Larval-damaged plants: source of volatile synomones that guide the parasitoid Cotesia marginiventris to the
micro-habitat of its hosts. Entomol. exp. appl. 58: 75-82, Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in Belgium.
Warab, A.R. 2011. Herbivore induced plant volatiles: Their role in plant defence for pest management. Plant Signaling &
Behavior, 6:12, 1973-1978