This document provides information about various behaviors and characteristics of ants, honey bees, dragonflies, monarch butterflies, and grasshoppers. It discusses how ants communicate using pheromones and sound, how they defend territories and nests, and how honey bees communicate through dance. It also describes monarch butterfly migration, dragonfly flight speeds and motion camouflage techniques, and grasshopper defense through camouflage, mimicry, and stridulation.

3. Presented to:
Dr. Shoaib Fareed

4. Group members
Hafiz Naeem ahmad
Asad Iftikhar
Waqar Akhter
Shoaib Jahangir
Junaid Hayat
Mohammad Shahbaz

5. Territory
The pattern of behaviour in organisms that defines
and defend a territory.
OR
Territory is an area defended by an organism or a
group of similar organisms for such purposes as
mating, nesting, roosting, or feeding.

6. ANTS

7. Non-verbal communication
Ants communicate with each other using pheromones ,sounds and
touch.The use of pheromones as chemical signals is more developed in
ants, such as the red harvester ant, than in other hymenopteran groups.
Like other insects, ants perceive smells with their long, thin, and mobile
antennae. The paired antennae provide information about the direction
and intensity of scents. Since most ants live on the ground, they use the
soil surface to leave pheromone trails that may be followed by other
ants. In species that forage in groups, a forager that finds food marks a
trail on the way back to the colony, this trail is followed by other ants.

8. Red Harvester Ant

9. DEFENCING
• Ants attack and defend themselves by biting and, in many species, by
stinging, often injecting or spraying chemicals, such as formic acid
• Bullet ants (Paraponera), located in Central and South America, are
considered to have the most painful sting of any insect, although it is
usually not fatal to humans.
• The sting of jack jumper ants can be fatal,and an antivenom has been
developed for it.

10. Bullet ant Jack jumper ant

11. LEARNING
• Many organisms can learn behaviours by imitation, but ants may be
the only group apart from other organisms where interactive teaching
has been observed. A knowledgeable forager of rock ant Temnothorax
albipennis will lead a naive nest-mate to newly discovered food by the
process of tandem running.
• The follower obtains knowledge through its leading tutor. The leader
is acutely sensitive to the progress of the follower and slows down
when the follower lags and speeds up when the follower gets too
close.
• Tandem running also used to find and choose better,new site to
which the colony can emerge.

12. Tendem running

13. Conti..

14. Conti..

15. Nest construction
• Complex nests are built by many ant species. Ants may form
subterranean nests or build them on trees.
• These nests may be found in the ground, under stones or logs,
inside logs, hollow stems, or even acorns.
• They build nests inside wood consisting of galleries chewed out
with their mandibles, preferably in dead, damp wood.

16. Conti..
• They do not consume the wood, however, unlike termites. Sometimes,
carpenter ants hollow out sections of trees.
• They also commonly infest wooden buildings and structures, and are a
widespread nuisance and major cause of structural damage.
• The rock ants Temnothorax albipennis will avoid sites with dead ants,
as these may indicate the presence of pests or disease.

17. Carpenter ants

18. Conti..

19. Conti..
• Weaver ant (Oecophylla spp.) workers build nests in trees by
attaching leaves together, first pulling them together with
bridges of workers and then inducing their larvae to produce
silk as they are moved along the leaf edges.

20. Weaver ants

21. Conti..

22. competition
• Some species Pavement ant( Tetramorium caespitum) attack
over neighbouring ant colonies. Others are less expansionist,
but just as aggressive; they invade colonies to steal eggs or
larvae, which they either eat or raise as workers or slaves.

23. Pavement ants

24. Conti..

25. HONEY BEE

26. Nuptial flight
• Nuptial flight is an important phase in the reproduction of
bee species.During the flight, virgin queens mate with males and then
land to start a new colony, or, in the case of honey bees, continue the
succession of an existing hived colony.

27. Nuptial flight

28. DEFENCE
• honey bees live in colonies where the workers sting intruders as a
form of defense, and alarmed bees release a pheromone that
stimulates the attack response in other bees.
• Defense can vary based on the habitat of the bee. In the case of those
honey bee species with open combs (e.g., A. dorsata), would-be
predators are given a warning signal that takes the form of a
"Mexican wave" that spreads as a ripple across a layer of bees
densely packed on the surface of the comb when a threat is
perceived, and consists of bees momentarily arching their bodies and
flicking their wings.

29. Maxican waves

30. Competition
With an increased number of honey bees
in a specific area due to beekeeping,
domesticated bees and native wild bees
often have to compete for the limited
habitat and food sources available.
e.g Competition between honey bees
and bumblebees.

31. COMMUNICATION
• Honey bees are known to communicate through many
different chemicals and odors, as is common in insects. They
also rely on a sophisticated dance language that conveys
information about the distance and direction to a specific
location (typically a nutritional source, e.g., flowers or water).
The dance language is also used during the process of
reproductive fission, or swarming, when scouts communicate
the location and quality of nesting sites.

32. DANCE

33. Dragon Fly

34. Feeding
• Dragonflies and damselflies are predatory both in the
aquatic nymphal and adult stages. Nymphs feed on a
range of freshwater invertebrates and larger ones can
prey on tadpoles and small fish. Adults capture insect
prey in the air, making use of their acute vision and
highly controlled flight. A dragonfly may consume as
much as a fifth of its body weight in prey per day.

35. Conti..

36. Conti..

37. Motion camouflage
• High-speed territorial battles between male Australian
emperors (Hemianax papuensis), the fighting dragonflies adjust their
flight paths to appear stationary to their rivals, minimizing the chance
of being detected as they approach. To achieve the effect, the
attacking dragonfly flies towards his rival, choosing his path to remain
on a line between the rival and the start of his attack path. The
attacker thus looms larger as he closes on the rival, but does not
otherwise appear to move. Researchers found that six of 15
encounters involved motion camouflage.

38. Conti..

39. Flight speed
• Flight speed
• Old and unreliable claims are made that dragonflies such as
the southern giant darner can fly up to 60 miles per hour
(97 km/h). However, the greatest reliable flight speed records are for
other types of insects. In general, large dragonflies like the hawkers
have a maximum speed of 10–15 metres per second (22–
34 mph.Dragonflies can fly at 100 body-lengths per second, and three
lengths per second backwards.

40. Southern giant darner

41. Hawker dragonfly

42. Monarch Butterfly

43. MONARCH BUUTERFLY
• HABITAE
• Overwintering, roosting butterflies have been seen on basswoods,
elms, sumacs, locusts, oaks, osage-oranges, mulberries, pecans,
willows, cottonwoods, and mesquites.[45] While breeding, monarch
habitats can be found in agricultural fields, pasture land, prairie
remnants, urban and suburban residential areas, gardens, trees, and
roadsides – anywhere where there is access to larval host plants.[46]

44. Monarch Butterfly

45. Migration
• In North America, monarchs migrate both north and south on an
annual basis.The population east of the Rocky Mountains migrates to
the sanctuaries of the Mariposa Monarca Biosphere Reserve in
Mexico and parts of Florida. The western population overwinters in
various coastal sites in central and southern California. The
overwintered population of those east of the Rockies may reach as far
north as Texas and Oklahoma during the spring migration. The
second, third and fourth generations return to their northern
locations in the United States and Canada in the spring. Captive-
raised monarchs appear capable of migrating to overwintering sites in
Mexico, though they have a much lower migratory success rate than
wild monarchs do.

46. Migration of Monarch Butterfly

47. DEFENCE AGINST PREDATOR
• Jerking
• larvae are able to avoid wasp predation by dropping from the plant
or by jerking their bodies.
• Aposematism
• Aposematic colouration is a term used to describe colours or
patterns that act as a warning to predators that a potential prey
species is unpalatable, toxic or dangerous. Since many birds attack
the wings of the butterfly, having three times the cardiac glycosides in
the wings leaves predators with a very foul taste and may prevent
them from ever ingesting the body of the butterfly.

48. jerking

49. jerking

50. Aposematism

51. False head
• Butterfly have a false head consisting of eyespots and small tails
(false antennae) to deflect attack from the more vital head region.
These may also cause ambush predators such as spiders to approach
from the wrong end, enabling the butterflies to detect attacks
promptly. Many butterflies have eyespots on the wings; these too
may deflect attacks, or may serve to attract mates.

52. FALSE HEAD

53. •GRASSHOPPER

54. Stridulation
• Grasshoppers spend much of the day stridulating, singing more
actively under optimal conditions and being more subdued when
conditions are adverse; females also stridulate, but their efforts are
insignificant when compared to the males. Late-stage male nymphs
can sometimes be seen making stridulatory movements, although they
lack the equipment to make sounds, demonstrating the importance of
this behavioural trait. The songs are a means of communication; the
male stridulation seems to express reproductive maturity,

56. Anti-predator defence
• Grasshoppers are often camouflaged to avoid detection by predators
that hunt by sight; some species can change their coloration to suit
their surroundings.
• Several species such as the hooded leaf grasshopper are
detailed mimics of leaves.
• Stick grasshoppers (Proscopiidae) mimic wooden sticks in form and
colouration.

57. camouflaged

58. Mimics

59. Hooded leaf grasshopper