Plant viruses are transmitted from plant to plant in a number of ways.
Transmission of viruses by vegetative propagation.
Mechanical transmission of viruses through sap.
Transmission of viruses by seed.
Transmission of viruses by Pollen.
Transmission of viruses by dodder.
Transmission by vectors.
Plant viruses are transmitted from plant to plant in a number of ways.
Transmission of viruses by vegetative propagation.
Mechanical transmission of viruses through sap.
Transmission of viruses by seed.
Transmission of viruses by Pollen.
Transmission of viruses by dodder.
Transmission by vectors.
Papaya ring spot virus is a very important disease of papaya infecting the most popular variety, Red Lady. This presentation will help in identification of disease under field conditions and strategies used for management of PRSV in papaya. This presentation deals with the economic impact, distribution, favourable conditions, diagnostic symptoms and management of Papaya ring spot
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
Papaya ring spot virus is a very important disease of papaya infecting the most popular variety, Red Lady. This presentation will help in identification of disease under field conditions and strategies used for management of PRSV in papaya. This presentation deals with the economic impact, distribution, favourable conditions, diagnostic symptoms and management of Papaya ring spot
This ppt will help Agricultural professionals to diagnose banana diseases and the management strategies. This is a compilation of important diseases of banana prevalent in India which contains some of my own photographs and others collected from Web. This is intended only for educating students and other agricultural field staff.
The Integrated Disease Management (IDM) involves the need based use of pesticide only when the disease incidence reach economic threshold levels and this will promote the build up of many bio-control agent in the crop ecosystems.
Thus IDM, a greener alternative to the conventional use of chemicals, is an attempt to promote natural, economic and sociological farming methods through the most effective combination of farming techniques and judicious and limited use of fungicide.
In other words, IDM programme implies all the available disease management approaches including cultural, biological and chemical control with the main objective to keep the disease incidence below economic threshold level.
This is PowerPoint Presentation published in Elsevier Journal.
Link here: https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals/book-companion/9780128498859/presentation
This Presentation is all about Ecdysone Receptor Agonists. All points are explained by diagrammatically. If you need any help about this topic, then mail me on mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
This Presentation is all about Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) Competitive Modulators (Agonists). All points are explained by diagrammatically. If you need any help about this topic, then mail me on mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
This Presentation is all about "Effectiveness and safety of some essential oils of
aromatic plants on the growth and silk production
of the silkworm Bombyx mori". This is a Research Paper and I Represent it as class presentation.
This presentation about Wild Locust (Migratory Locust).
This PPT discuss the topic about Taxonomy, Life Stages, Life History, Damage and Controls
Contact Email: mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
The increased availability of biomedical data, particularly in the public domain, offers the opportunity to better understand human health and to develop effective therapeutics for a wide range of unmet medical needs. However, data scientists remain stymied by the fact that data remain hard to find and to productively reuse because data and their metadata i) are wholly inaccessible, ii) are in non-standard or incompatible representations, iii) do not conform to community standards, and iv) have unclear or highly restricted terms and conditions that preclude legitimate reuse. These limitations require a rethink on data can be made machine and AI-ready - the key motivation behind the FAIR Guiding Principles. Concurrently, while recent efforts have explored the use of deep learning to fuse disparate data into predictive models for a wide range of biomedical applications, these models often fail even when the correct answer is already known, and fail to explain individual predictions in terms that data scientists can appreciate. These limitations suggest that new methods to produce practical artificial intelligence are still needed.
In this talk, I will discuss our work in (1) building an integrative knowledge infrastructure to prepare FAIR and "AI-ready" data and services along with (2) neurosymbolic AI methods to improve the quality of predictions and to generate plausible explanations. Attention is given to standards, platforms, and methods to wrangle knowledge into simple, but effective semantic and latent representations, and to make these available into standards-compliant and discoverable interfaces that can be used in model building, validation, and explanation. Our work, and those of others in the field, creates a baseline for building trustworthy and easy to deploy AI models in biomedicine.
Bio
Dr. Michel Dumontier is the Distinguished Professor of Data Science at Maastricht University, founder and executive director of the Institute of Data Science, and co-founder of the FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable and Reusable) data principles. His research explores socio-technological approaches for responsible discovery science, which includes collaborative multi-modal knowledge graphs, privacy-preserving distributed data mining, and AI methods for drug discovery and personalized medicine. His work is supported through the Dutch National Research Agenda, the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research, Horizon Europe, the European Open Science Cloud, the US National Institutes of Health, and a Marie-Curie Innovative Training Network. He is the editor-in-chief for the journal Data Science and is internationally recognized for his contributions in bioinformatics, biomedical informatics, and semantic technologies including ontologies and linked data.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
Thanks...!
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
1. Department of Agriculture Entomology Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan
Viral Diseases of Plants
By
Muhammad Zeeshan Nazar
B.Sc (Hons.) Agriculture Science
Department of Entomology
mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
2. Distribution
Apple mosaic virus is one of the oldest known and most widespread apple
viruses.
Occur in Bangladesh, Japan, Turkey, Africa, North and South America and
many European countries.
Host Range:
65 woody and herbaceous species in 19 families
Apple mosaic Virus (Chestnut mosaic)
3. Symptoms
• Infected trees develop pale to bright cream spots, bandings or patterns on
leaves.
• These spots may become necrotic after exposure
to summer sun and heat.
• Premature defoliation may occur when infection is severe.
• Except in severe cases, infected trees can still produce
a crop, with yield reductions from no reduction to 50%.
4. Transmission
• Virus is transmitted by grafting, budding and by vegetative propagated
rootstocks.
• No reported insect vectors for the virus.
Management
• Use healthy propagated material
• For inactivating the virus, cuttings, heat therapy
• Heat treatment at 36OC for 3 to 10 weeks
• Cross protection
5. Apple ringspot
Distribution
This disease has been known in New Zealand in 1935.
Disease first described in 1954.
Disease occurs only sporadically, so its economic importance is slight
Host Range:
Malus pumila, Chenopodium quinoa (Seed)
6. Symptoms
• Small yellow spots, sometimes chlorotic rings on the leaves
• Darker green spots or irregular rings on the fruits
• The skin around the lesions light green or yellow color
• In ripening fruit, the surface of the spots become
rough and rusty.
• No internal fruit symptoms.
• Flavor and storage properties of the fruits are not affected.
• The spots decrease their marketability
7. Transmission
• Virus is transmitted by grafting, budding and by vegetative propagated
rootstocks.
Management
• Use healthy propagated material
• Removal of infected trees
8. Distribution
• Widely distributed and best known of virus disease
• Initially reports in Java in 1892
• Now occur in India, North and South America and many Pacific and Atlantic islands.
Host range
• Its host range is very wide.
• Sugarcane, Maize, Sorghum, elephant grass etc.
Mosaic of Sugarcane
9. • Symptoms
• First symptom appear about 6 weeks after planting
• Primary and critical symptom is appearance of pale patches or blotches in
green tissue of leaves
• Patches are oval or elongated lying parallel to midrib
• Tillers become erect, stiff and crinkled
• Mottling of stem also occur lead to death of cells
10. Transmission
Transmission by disease cane sets used as seed.
About 7 species of aphid are involved in virus transmission
Control measures
• Use of selected healthy sets for seed
• Heat therapy is effective against certain strains
• Elimination of the grass hosts
• Use resistant or tolerant varieties.
11. Apple flat virus
Distribution
This disease has been known in Spain, New York, America, Eastern Washington
and Hood River Oregon.
Host Range:
Malus pumila and Cherry
12. Symptoms
• This may cause cell death at the graft union
• The resulting symptoms are those of decline, collapse, or tree breakage.
• Fruits are smaller, flatter, and show a tendency for the calyx end to be open.
Management
•Plant virus-indexed trees.
•If replanting in virus-infected areas of the orchard, use both rootstocks and
scions that are tolerant of the virus.
13. Causative organisms and Transmission
• These diseases are caused by Flat Apple Virus.
• This virus is transmitted by nematodes, Xiphinema americanum.
• Management
• Use virus-tested certified material.
• Use a disinfectant on contaminated pruning or cutting equipment.
• Temperature therapy of infected stock
14. Distribution
CTV is one of the well known and most widespread citrus virus.
Occur in Spain, France, Japan, Florida, Australia and US
Host Range:
CTV infects several species of the plant genus, Citrus, orange ,sweet
orange, grapefruit, lime and Seville.
Citrus Tristeza Virus
15. Symptoms
• CTV symptoms are associated with viral disruption
of phloem and its function.
• There are three distinct syndromes of CTV infection:
quick decline, stem pitting, and seedling yellows.
• Affects the cambium layer below the bud union and
prevents the normal development of cambium cells
• In severe case, leaving fruit shriveled on the tree and leaves brown and
dehydrated.
16. Transmission
• Citrus tristeza virus (CTV) is transmitted by several aphid species in a semi-
persistent manner
Management
• Use tolerant scion varieties for stem pitting.
• Avoid illegally import citrus material.
• Infected trees must be removed immediately
17. Distribution
Occur in India, Congo, Kerala State, Irian Jaya, Indonesia,
Host Range:
BBTV infects several species of the plant genus, Citrus, orange ,sweet
orange, grapefruit, lime and Seville.
Banana Bunchy Top
18. Symptoms
• Disease may become apparent at any stage
• Symptoms appear in the second leaf to emerge after inoculation
• Few dark-green streaks or dots on the minor veins on the
lower portion of the lamina.
• The leaf display whitish streaks along the secondary veins.
• These streaks become dark green.
• Leaves become smaller, both in length and
in width of the lamina
• Abnormal shape of fruit produced.
19. Transmission
• Virus is transmitted by banana aphid Pentalonia nigronervosa.
Management
• Eradication of diseased plants
• Spraying with power kerosene or parathion to control aphid population,
vector of bunchy top.
20. Distribution
This virus is spread worldwide, particularly in Europe
Host range
• Its host range is very wide.
• Bean, melon, cucumber, tulip
Tobacco Necrosis Virus
21. Symptoms
• Brown necrotic spots appear near the veins, they may be coalescing.
• Occasionally young seedlings die.
• dark sunken lesions formed on
• On mature plants, the symptoms are mainly
located on the lower leaves.
22. Transmission
• TNV is transmitted by zoo spores of the fungus .
• The vector properties of the fungus can be attributed to absorption of
virus particles to the membrane of zoo spore.
Control measures
• Sterilization of soil if herbaceous host are grown in green house.
23. Distribution
• reported in India, Canada, Russia, South Africa and all over the world.
• it causes 16 to 64% losses in tuber yield
Host range
• Potato and also attack on tomato but no economically
Leaf roll of Potato
24. Symptoms
• The leaflets of infected plant roll up along margin
• In infected seed tubers, Rolling of leaves starts in the lower leaves and
progresses upward
• Rolled leaflets become stiff, rigid, thick and leathery.
• Internodes are shorts resulting in dwarfing or
stunting of entire plant,
• Necrosis occur in primary phloem
25. Transmission
Infected seed tubers and some aphid species
Control measures
• Use of selected healthy seed tubers for seed
• Heat therapy is effective against certain strains
• Use resistant or tolerant varieties.
26. Distribution
• In Asia and Africa the major disease of cotton is caused by the Cotton leaf curl
• This virus devastated the Pakistan cotton industry in early 1990s where it
caused an estimated yield reduction of 30-35%.
Host range
Tomato, pepper, eggplant, okra, tobacco, beans, cotton and cucurbits
Cotton Leaf Curl Virus
27. Symptoms
• Upward or downward curling of leaf.
• Vein thickening is shown by the leaves
• Infected plants become dark green in color.
• Plants become stunted in growth with no proper yield
• Petioles become twisted or deform
28. Transmission
This disease is transmitted by whitefly
Control measures
• Use resistant or tolerant cultivars
• Protect seedlings from whiteflies
• Immediately remove infected-looking plants and bury them
• Do not plant cotton near tomato or other crops susceptible to whiteflies
• Use acephate at every seven days.
• Practice crop rotation by planting crops that are not susceptible to whitefly
30. Symptoms
• Affected fruit bears small circular spots near the calyx end of the fruit.
• As the fruit matures, the spots enlarge and the spots increase
• In severe case of scar skin, the circular patches become brown and necrotic
appear on the fruit.
• The affected fruit is smaller than fruit of unaffected trees.
31. Causative organisms and Transmission
• These diseases are caused by Apple scar skin viroid.
• Virus can be transmitted from wooly plant by grafting and budding
• Management
Use virus-tested certified material.
Use a disinfectant on contaminated pruning or cutting equipment.
Temperature therapy of infected stock
32. References
• Ong, ca. And Y. Dool . 1988. Virus Diseases of Malaysian Fruit Trees. Seminar on
ttopicalfmitscultivation and pest & disease management, Kota
• Niyeogere, c. 2012. Occurrence and Distribution of Banana Bunchy Top Disease. Tree
and Forestry Science and Biotechnology
• Adsuar, J. 1950. On the Physiacal properties of Sugarcane mosaic virus. Phytopathology
40: 214-215
• Singh, R.G. Plant disease 9th edition
• Naimat, M. Virus Disease of Plants