The document discusses different types of fruiting bodies produced by fungi. It defines fruiting bodies as multicellular structures that produce spores. Some key fruiting bodies mentioned include ascocarps, which contain asci and are produced by ascomycete fungi. Perithecia and cleistothecia are types of ascocarps that have different structures enclosing the asci. Apothecia are cup-shaped fruiting bodies with exposed asci. Synnemata are erect, fused conidiophores bearing conidia. Each fruiting body has a distinct morphology and mechanism for dispersing spores.

1. Muhammad Zeeshan Nazar
M.Phil Agriculture Entomology
mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com

2.  Fruiting body is a multicellular structure in which
spores are produced.
 In fungi, the sporocarp (also known as fruiting body or
fruit body) is a multicellular structure on which spore
producing structures, such as asci, are borne.
 The fruiting body of an ascomycete is known as
ascocarp.
 In Ascomycota the asci are found protected inside the
fruit body known as ascocarp.

3.  The main body of fungus is made up of fine thread
like structures these thread like structures are
known as hyphae that group together to form
mycelium.
 In response to sexual act, the neighboring
vegetative hyphae and those growing from the sex
organs grow rapidly to become interwoven into a
plectenchymatous mass. This mass surrounds the
developing asci. The whole structure i.e. the asci
and the mass of protective vegetative hyphae
develops into an ascocarp.

4.  The fruiting body is part of the sexual phase of a
fungal life cycle, with the rest of the life cycle being
characterized by vegetative mycelial growth and
asexual spore production.
 Fruit bodies are just like the fruit of fungus as apples
are the fruits of apple tree.
 Spores produced inside the fruiting body are just like
the seeds.

5.  Fruiting bodies are termed as epigeous if they
grow on the ground. which grow underground
are hypogenous fruiting bodies.
 Some fungi produce club shaped some produce
ball shaped some produce brackets and some
produce star shaped fruiting body.
 Fruits bodies are also produced in different
colors.

6.  Spores are the reproductive unit of fungi, analogous
to plant seeds. Spores are often the dusty, colored part
of a fungus that is easily moved in the wind or in
water. Fruiting bodies are fungal structures that
contain spores.
 These basically protect the seed
 Spores are microscopic
 Spores are released from fungus body by air wind
and rain
 when spore falls on suitable surface it germinates

8.  A cleistothecium is a globose, completely closed fruit
body with no special opening to the outside.
 The asci found inside the ascocarp are found usually
scattered i.e. irregular as in Eurotium or arising in tufts
from the basal region of ascocarp as in Erysiphe.
 The asci are usually globose, broadly oval or pear
shaped and are nearly sessile i.e. without a distinct
stipe.
 Most clistothecia contain asci that are incapable of
shooting their ascospores, known as non-ballistic asci,
tightly enclose their ascospores and are club shaped to
spherical.

9.  At maturity their walls dissolve, releasing the spores
into the cavity of cleistothecium. e.g. Specie of
Aphanoascus .
•Gymnoascus
•Eurotium(Imperfect state Aspergillus)
•Talaromyces(imperfect state penicillium)
Examples:
• Erysiphe

10.  This is flask shaped structure
opening by a pore known as ostiole.
The pore may be lined with hair
like structures known as periphyses.
 There is well defined wall. Asci are
released through a pore. These asci
are generally unitunicate (uni=one
Tunica= layer).

11.  In Sordaria humana specie the asci are
produced at the base of perithecium and are
oriented upward toward ostiole.
 In others perithecium is larger and the asci
line in the bottom and the sides of inner walls.

12.  Apothecium are cup or dish shaped structures
bearing a layer of asci. At maturity the asci
become broadly exposed to the environment and
are able to discharge their ascospores directly
into the air. Some apothecia can be a centimeter
or more in diameter and have the ability to shoot
their spores at a considerable distance.

13.  In some species a small burst of air such as
blowing gently to will cause a visible smoke of
ascospores to be released.
 Unitunicate-operculate asci are found in this
fruiting body. Unitunicate asci have a single wall
and have a built in lid that opens at maturity.

14.  An ascocarp resembling a
perithecium but whose asci are not
regularly organised into a
hymenium and are bitunicate,
having a double wall which
expands when it takes up water
and shoots the enclosed spores out
suddenly to disperse them.

15.  It resembles to perithecium but its
asci are not arranged into
hymenium and are bitunicate
means they have a double layer.
 Its wall expands when it takes up
water and shoots the enclosed
spores out suddenly to disperse
them.

17.  An acervulus is a small asexual fruiting body that
erepts through the epidermis of host plants
parasitized by mitosporeric fungi. It has the form of
small cushion at the bottom of which short crowded
conidophores are formed. The spores are escaped
through an opening at the top.

18.  In this masses of conidia are formed under the
skin of host plant and then erupt through the
surface and allows the spores to be distributed
by wind and rain. Under this roof of host
material, fungal hyphae aggregate and form a
flat fertile layer of short conidiophores that
produce many conidia. The pressure of
accumulating conidia, and often of accessory
mucilage, eventually splits the host epidermis
and allows the conidia to escape.

19.  It is a flask shaped fruiting body bearing
conidiophores and conidia on the
interior and it occurs in various
imperfect fungi of ascomycetes.It is
spherical or inversely pear shaped and
its internal cavity is lined with
conidiophores. When ripe an opening
generally appears at the top through
which the pycinidiospores escape.

20.  A sporodocium is a small
compact stroma(mass of hyphae)
usually formed on host plant
parasitized by mitosporic fungi.
 This stroma bears the
conidiophores on which the
asexual spores or conidia are
formed.


21.  A synnema (plural synnemata, derivation: "Threads
together") is a large, erect reproductive structure
borne by some fungi, bearing compact conidiophores
which fuse together to form a strand resembling a
stalk of wheat, with conidia at the end or on the
edges.

22.  The genus Graphium is characterized by the
formation of synnemata which consist of a more or
less compact group of erect conidiophores that are
cemented together, usually splaying out and bearing
conidia at the apex.
 Synnemata are darkly pigmented, erect and occur
solitary or in clusters.