Predators and parasitoids go through several steps in host-seeking behaviour: host habitat location, host location within the habitat, host acceptance if suitable stimuli are present, and host suitability. Host habitat location involves cues like attractants that guide insects to areas likely containing hosts, while host location relies on senses like smell and touch to find hosts. Hosts can be rejected if too young/old, wrong size, diseased, or already parasitized. Even accepted hosts may not support development if nutritionally or physically unsuitable.
Here I would like to inform you in host selection process by the parasitiods.I hope It would increase your understanding on the steps involved n the host selection process.............................
Here I would like to inform you in host selection process by the parasitiods.I hope It would increase your understanding on the steps involved n the host selection process.............................
Release of large numbers of insectary reared natural enemies with the goal of “augmenting” natural enemy populations or “inundating” pest populations with natural enemies.
The successful management of a pest by means of another living organism (parasitoids, predators and pathogens) that are encouraged and disseminated by man is called biological
control. In such programme the natural enemies are introduced, encouraged, multiplied by artificial means and disseminated by the man with his own efforts instead of leaving it to nature.
Biological control (from the ecological viewpoint) is, “the action of parasites, predators, or pathogens in maintaining another organism's population density at a lower average than would occur in their absence.”
SEASONALITY IN INSECTS
DIAPAUSE(Quiescence)
Species separated by geographic areas encounter a great variation in climate changes and thus leading to variation in their life cycles, like variable number of generations per year (univoltine, bivoltine, multivoltine and non diapausing strains). This phenomenon was first reported in Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (USSR).
Diapause vs. Quiescence
Dormancy is a generic term for any state of naturally occurring ecological or evolutionary adaptations of arrested development, and usually accompanied with metabolic suppression. Diapause and quiescence form two different types of dormancies in insects. In general, insects commonly confront two types of major environmental stresses
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
Advances in artificial diets for mass rearing of natural enemiesPrudhiviVijayBabu
Hello there! Here in this ppt you can get the recent information related to the artificial diets which are used in the mass rearing of natural enemies. Hope it helps.
Release of large numbers of insectary reared natural enemies with the goal of “augmenting” natural enemy populations or “inundating” pest populations with natural enemies.
The successful management of a pest by means of another living organism (parasitoids, predators and pathogens) that are encouraged and disseminated by man is called biological
control. In such programme the natural enemies are introduced, encouraged, multiplied by artificial means and disseminated by the man with his own efforts instead of leaving it to nature.
Biological control (from the ecological viewpoint) is, “the action of parasites, predators, or pathogens in maintaining another organism's population density at a lower average than would occur in their absence.”
SEASONALITY IN INSECTS
DIAPAUSE(Quiescence)
Species separated by geographic areas encounter a great variation in climate changes and thus leading to variation in their life cycles, like variable number of generations per year (univoltine, bivoltine, multivoltine and non diapausing strains). This phenomenon was first reported in Union of Soviet
Socialist Republics (USSR).
Diapause vs. Quiescence
Dormancy is a generic term for any state of naturally occurring ecological or evolutionary adaptations of arrested development, and usually accompanied with metabolic suppression. Diapause and quiescence form two different types of dormancies in insects. In general, insects commonly confront two types of major environmental stresses
Parasitoids and Predators, their attributes.Bhumika Kapoor
Insect parasitoids have an immature life stage that develops on or within a single insect host, ultimately killing the host, hence the value of parasitoids as natural enemies. Adult parasitoids are free-living and may be predaceous. Parasitoids are often called parasites, but the term parasitoid is more technically correct. Most beneficial insect parasitoids are wasps or flies, although some rove beetles (see Predators) and other insects may have life stages that are parasitoids.
where as the Major characteristics of arthropod predators includes adults and immatures are often generalists rather than specialists, they generally are larger than their prey, they kill or consume many prey males, females, immatures, and adults may be predatory and they attack immature and adult prey.
Advances in artificial diets for mass rearing of natural enemiesPrudhiviVijayBabu
Hello there! Here in this ppt you can get the recent information related to the artificial diets which are used in the mass rearing of natural enemies. Hope it helps.
In the BIOCOMES project 27 partners work together to produce 11 novel biological control products to control plant pests and diseases.
One of these pests are aphids.
Watch the following slides to learn more about our activities to find and mass rear species of parasitoids to control aphids in fruit orchards.
Towards development of a parasitoid cottage industry in the Sahel for biologi...ICRISAT
To develop technologies for controlling the MHM, with intentions to significantly decrease the devastating losses that it can inflict (often ranging from 40-85 percent) on millet yields. Improved management of this key pest will result in increased pearl millet productivity and greater income and food security among millet farmers.
Farming for Beneficial Insects - Conservation on Native Pollinators, Predators & Parasitoids; Gardening Guidebook for South Carolina www.scribd.com/doc/239851313 ~ Xerces Society, For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/239851214 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/239851079 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239851159 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/239851348 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/239850440 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/239850233 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools, Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/23985111 ~
Pollinator Conservation on Small Farms by Nancy Adamson at CFSA12 on 26-28 Oc...Nancy Adamson
Pollinator Conservation on Small Farms
Presenter Nancy Lee Adamson, Pollinator Conservation Specialist of the Xerces Society & NRCS East National Technology Support Center (at CFSA12)
This workshop highlights the role of native bees in fruit and vegetable crop pollination, a few of the most common crop pollinators, and ways to support bees and other beneficial insects on farms. The key components of supporting pollinators are providing nectar and pollen through the growing season, nesting sites, and protection from pesticides. Organic growers prize diversity; enhancing plant diversity for pollinators is an effective way to meet National Organic Program requirements to improve natural diversity. Common bee crop pollinators will be on display throughout the conference in the exhibit area.
NANCY LEE ADAMSON studied native bee crop pollinators in Virginia while earning a doctorate in entomology. Nancy has long been involved in ecological restoration, propagating native plants, and promoting ecologically-minded landscaping in the mid-Atlantic US. The Xerces Society for Invertebrate Conservation works closely with the NRCS to support pollinators and other beneficial insects by promot- ing “farming for bees.” Nancy supports farmers and others interested in pollinator conservation through planting habitat, minimizing pesticide use, and increasing awareness of the importance of native bees in crop pollination.
Honey Production, Grading, Processing, Packaging and Commercial MarketingAjjay Kumar Gupta
Honey is the most popular natural sweetener in the world and the global trade in bee products is worth millions of dollars every year. Due to its diverse use, the worldwide consumption of honey is so huge that supply can barely cope with demand.
Bee products are used in various foods and also enjoy extensive use in several industries including medicine, food processing, industrial manufacturing and natural healing.
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significance of apiculture and its application in this slide i also provide history and several types of apiculture methods, its very use ful for students who want take seminar on this topic
Mass production of bio pesticides and bio agents. balram2424
Detail Mass production of....
Trichoderma viride
Corcyra cephalonica
cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Trichogramma chilonis
Zygogramma bicolarata
Nuclear polyhydrosis virus of Helicoverpa armigera
Nuclear polyhydrosis virus of Spodoptera litura.
in this ppt you will get all detail mass production procedure of all mentioned above bio pesticides and bio agents.
Pest control refers to the regulation or management of a species defined as a pest, usually because it is perceived to be detrimental to a person's health, the ecology or the economy.
The principal objective of a pest control is to protect crops by maintaining the attack of the pests and diseases at an acceptable level.
There are various methods of pest control
they are basically non chemical methods and chemical methods
Predators are one of the most important aspects of biologial control of crop pests. The predators may be insects or mites or nematodes or any other living organisms. Like the parasitoids, predators also follow a typical prey selection strategy. It includes Prey Habitat Selection, Prey Finding, Prey Acceptance and Prey Suitability. Prey Habitat Selection can be obtained by different plant odors or prey odors (like- honeydew, prey frass etc) or herbivore induced plant volatiles (HIPV). The HIPV is the most of important and reliable one to select the prey species by the predators. Actually when a plant is attacked by the pest species, the defense system is activated and it includes production of de novo or phytoalexins or secondary plant metabolites of various odors which actually attract the predators. Like- the bean plants attacked by Tetranychid mites, are attracted by the predatory Phytoseiid mites. Besides plants attacked under pests, release Methyl Salicylate like molecules which also attracts predators like Chrysopa spp. After habitat finding, the predators forage for suitable prey and if initial inspection of the habitat leads to evidence of prey in the local area, the predator is likely to engage in Intensified Local Search (ILS). ILS includes frequent turning, sinous search paths and slower walking. Theere are a number of factors which influence the efficiency of ILS. These include- Host Plant Architecture, Surface Texture of Plants, Hunger Status of Predators, Visual Cues, Patch Quality and Prey Products. Like- Larvae of some ladybirds foage less frequently for aphids on highly branched varieties than on normal branched varieties of crops. Similarly waxy surfaces can reduce their foragig efficiency and some of the predators are entrapped and died within the trichomes. Native adults of Harmonia axyridis are more attracted to yellow colour as compared to green colour. They are also attracted to the surface treated with prey products like honeydew to search for the preys while there are lots of exceptions regarding this. After a prey has been contacted, the age and experience of the predator, size of the prey and prey's defensive actions can influence the success of attack. The acceptance of prey depends on certain features like- food habit of the prey, chemical composition of prey cuticle, warning colourations and gregarious nature of prey species. After the acceptance, the suitability of prey is important to determine. This depends on- whether it supports both developement and reproduction or only developement or unpalatable. Suitability of prey for immature stages of predators depends on the survivorship of them, developemental time and adult body weight. Indexing prey suitability for mature adults depends mainly on the reproductive capability, high fecundity and viability. If predators feed on diseased or paralyzed hosts, it may induce low body weight, low immunity and survivorship. This understanding helps in successful IPM bio-control
Organism living in or on another living organism, obtaining its nutrition from that host organism and causing some degree of measurable damage to the host.
Plays a role in ecology and evolution.
The ppt covers Introduction
Feeding habits in –, Phytophagous insects, Mycetophagous insects, Predaceous insects, Parasitic mode of nutrition ,Sensory organs associated with feeding, Sensilla on the mouthparts, Food selection by phytophagous insects, Prey specificity and selection by predators
Host- finding by blood- sucking and parasitic insects
Significance of food preferences
Ingestion by phytophagous, blood-sucking, predaceous and, venomous insects, Regulation of feeding, timing associated and food- storage in insects.
Evolution of plant animal interaction via receiver biasUASB and ICAR IIHR
Evolutionary adaptation of plant traits to interact with animals innate behavioral responses leading to either mutual or antagonistic interactions benefiting plants in acquiring food, easing the job of pollination and seed dispersal and also in defense against biotic enemies.
Instructions for Submissions thorugh G- Classroom.pptxJheel Barad
This presentation provides a briefing on how to upload submissions and documents in Google Classroom. It was prepared as part of an orientation for new Sainik School in-service teacher trainees. As a training officer, my goal is to ensure that you are comfortable and proficient with this essential tool for managing assignments and fostering student engagement.
Acetabularia Information For Class 9 .docxvaibhavrinwa19
Acetabularia acetabulum is a single-celled green alga that in its vegetative state is morphologically differentiated into a basal rhizoid and an axially elongated stalk, which bears whorls of branching hairs. The single diploid nucleus resides in the rhizoid.
Introduction to AI for Nonprofits with Tapp NetworkTechSoup
Dive into the world of AI! Experts Jon Hill and Tareq Monaur will guide you through AI's role in enhancing nonprofit websites and basic marketing strategies, making it easy to understand and apply.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
"Protectable subject matters, Protection in biotechnology, Protection of othe...
Host seeking behaviour
1. HOST SEEKING BEHAVIOUR OF
PREDATORY AND PARASITOID GROUP
OF INSECTS
PramodKumar Kulkarni
2010-11-150
2. Predator : An organism that feeds on its prey one
prey to compete its life cycle
Parasitoid : Insect parasite of an arthropod which is
parasitic in immature stages and adults are free living.
4. Host habitat location
Process of finding a likely habitat that will include
appropriate prey
Parasites and predators initially and fundamentally
seek a certain environment, and they do this
irrespective of the presence of hosts
Two important types of cues
Attractant stimuli
Arrestant stimuli
5. Attractant stimuli
Induce a change in forager behaviour that results in
orientation to areas that either contain host or are likely to
contain host.
Arrestant stimuli
Act by eliciting a reduction in distance or area covered per
unit time by forager within such areas
6.
7. Larvae of the green lacewing Chrysoperla carnea
feed primarily on aphids, many of which occur on
cotton plants. Caryophyllene is a volatile chemical
released from cotton that attracts C. carnea adults
9. Host location
The process of actually finding suitable prey within
the appropriate habitat
The most commonly reported senses used in
detecting the host are tactile and olfactory (for
parasitoids)
Inferring
behaviour from morphology
Kairomones
10. Ex. Adultlacewings orient to the honeydew
excretion of aphids because such sites
likely have suitable prey for their offspring
11. Inferring behaviour from morphology
A predator or parasitoid may locate its prey is to pay
close attention to insect morphology
Ex. Pipunculid flies
12. Kairomones
Contact chemicals
Chemicals released by one insect that induces a
response in another insect which is advantageous to
recipient
Ex. Potato tuber moth
13. Host acceptance
Parasite/ predator actually finds or contacts a suitable
host/ prey, it still may not attack if the proper stimuli are
lacking
Thisstep is truly host selection and is clearly a matter
of innate behaviour of a parasitic / predacious species
14.
15. Hosts may be rejected because they are:
Too young or old
Wrong size
Diseased or Unhealthy
Already parasitized (by the same or another
species)
Have been used for host feeding
Do not exhibit the correct reactions when
investigated by the parasitoid
16. Host suitability
Even though a parasite / predator has found the
potential host / prey in its habitat and selected it for
attack, the host/parasite or prey/predator relationship
may still not succeed if the potential host individual is
immune or otherwise unsuitable
Nutritional and physical characteristics of the prey are
involved
Ex.Diseased prey may be acceptable to a generalist
predator but be rejected by a specialist
