This document provides information on citrus, including its origin, classification, distinguishing features of genera, hybrids, soil requirements, climate needs, propagation techniques, planting methods, fertilizer application, irrigation practices, pruning, physiological disorders, and pests and diseases. It discusses key citrus producing species and the taxonomy of the citrus genus. Major sections are devoted to describing the three citrus genera, their distinguishing characteristics, and important commercial citrus species.
Peach is the temperate region fruit crops.The cultivation of peach requires some specific climatic conditions. It requires some chilling hours to break the dormancy and to become fruit ful. In this presentation, you will get the detail information of ideal peach cultivation, high density planting in peach and much more.
Peach is the temperate region fruit crops.The cultivation of peach requires some specific climatic conditions. It requires some chilling hours to break the dormancy and to become fruit ful. In this presentation, you will get the detail information of ideal peach cultivation, high density planting in peach and much more.
Carrots that are rich in vitamin A is a great source of dietary supplement .It can be cultivated very easily at temperate regions by following the proper cultivation techniques.
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
Apple (Malus pumila) is an important temperate fruit. Apples are mostly consumed fresh but a small part of the production is processed in to juices, jellies, canned slices and other items.
In India, Apple is primarily cultivated in Jammu & Kashmir; Himachal Pradesh; hills of Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal. It is also cultivated to a small extent in Arunachal Pradesh; Nagaland; Punjab and Sikkim.
Climate
The apple is a temperate fruit crop. However, in India the apple growing areas do not fall in temperate zone but the prevailing temperate climate of the region is due to the Himalayan ranges and high altitudes. The average summer temperature should be around 21-24oC during active growth period. Apple succeeds best in regions where the trees experience uninterrupted rest in winter and abundant sunshine for good colour development. It can be grown at an altitude of 1500- 2700 m above the sea level. Well-distributed rainfall of 1000-1250 mm throughout the growing season is most favourable for optimum growth and fruitfulness of apple trees.
Varieties
Jammu and Kashmir : Golden Delicious (Late Season), Lal Ambri, Mollies Delicious, Starkrimson, Red June, Irish Peach, Benoni and Tydeman’s Early
Himachal Pradesh : Golden Delicious (Late Season), Red Delicious (Mid season), McIntosh
Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh : McIntosh, Chaubattia Anupam
Tamil Nadu : Irish Peach and Zouches Pipin (Early); KKL 1, Carrington and Winterstein (Mid -season); Rome Beauty and Parlin’s Beauty (late)
Soil
Apples grow best on a well-drained, loam soils having a depth of 45 cm and a pH range of pH 5.5-6.5. The soil should be free from hard substrata and water-logged conditions. Soils with heavy clay or compact subsoil are to be avoided.
Propagation
Grafting : Apples are propagated by several methods viz.; whip, tongue, cleft and roots grafting. Tongue and cleft grafting at 10-15 cm above the collar during February-March gives the best results. Usually grafting is done at the end of winter.
Budding : Apples are mostly propagated by shield budding, which gives a high percentage of success. In shield budding a single bud along with a shield piece of stem is cut along with the scion and inserted beneath the rind of the rootstock through a 'T' shaped incision during active growth period. Budding is done when the buds are fully formed during summer. The optimum time of budding is September in Kashmir Valley, Kumaon hills of Uttaranchal, high hills of Himachal Pradesh and June in mid hills of Himachal Pradesh.
Rootstocks : Most of the apple plants are grafted or budded on seedling of wild crab apple. The seedling rootstocks obtained from the seeds of diploid cultivars like Golden Delicious, Yellow Newton, Wealthy, Macintosh and Granny Smith also can be used. High density planting is done using dwarfing rootstocks (M9, M4, M7 and M106).
Carrots that are rich in vitamin A is a great source of dietary supplement .It can be cultivated very easily at temperate regions by following the proper cultivation techniques.
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
Apple (Malus pumila) is an important temperate fruit. Apples are mostly consumed fresh but a small part of the production is processed in to juices, jellies, canned slices and other items.
In India, Apple is primarily cultivated in Jammu & Kashmir; Himachal Pradesh; hills of Uttar Pradesh and Uttaranchal. It is also cultivated to a small extent in Arunachal Pradesh; Nagaland; Punjab and Sikkim.
Climate
The apple is a temperate fruit crop. However, in India the apple growing areas do not fall in temperate zone but the prevailing temperate climate of the region is due to the Himalayan ranges and high altitudes. The average summer temperature should be around 21-24oC during active growth period. Apple succeeds best in regions where the trees experience uninterrupted rest in winter and abundant sunshine for good colour development. It can be grown at an altitude of 1500- 2700 m above the sea level. Well-distributed rainfall of 1000-1250 mm throughout the growing season is most favourable for optimum growth and fruitfulness of apple trees.
Varieties
Jammu and Kashmir : Golden Delicious (Late Season), Lal Ambri, Mollies Delicious, Starkrimson, Red June, Irish Peach, Benoni and Tydeman’s Early
Himachal Pradesh : Golden Delicious (Late Season), Red Delicious (Mid season), McIntosh
Uttarakhand, Uttar Pradesh : McIntosh, Chaubattia Anupam
Tamil Nadu : Irish Peach and Zouches Pipin (Early); KKL 1, Carrington and Winterstein (Mid -season); Rome Beauty and Parlin’s Beauty (late)
Soil
Apples grow best on a well-drained, loam soils having a depth of 45 cm and a pH range of pH 5.5-6.5. The soil should be free from hard substrata and water-logged conditions. Soils with heavy clay or compact subsoil are to be avoided.
Propagation
Grafting : Apples are propagated by several methods viz.; whip, tongue, cleft and roots grafting. Tongue and cleft grafting at 10-15 cm above the collar during February-March gives the best results. Usually grafting is done at the end of winter.
Budding : Apples are mostly propagated by shield budding, which gives a high percentage of success. In shield budding a single bud along with a shield piece of stem is cut along with the scion and inserted beneath the rind of the rootstock through a 'T' shaped incision during active growth period. Budding is done when the buds are fully formed during summer. The optimum time of budding is September in Kashmir Valley, Kumaon hills of Uttaranchal, high hills of Himachal Pradesh and June in mid hills of Himachal Pradesh.
Rootstocks : Most of the apple plants are grafted or budded on seedling of wild crab apple. The seedling rootstocks obtained from the seeds of diploid cultivars like Golden Delicious, Yellow Newton, Wealthy, Macintosh and Granny Smith also can be used. High density planting is done using dwarfing rootstocks (M9, M4, M7 and M106).
Slides include production technology of loquat, its origin and distribution in Pakistan, plant description, environmental and cultural requirements etc..
This presentation is done by 2010/2011 batch of Export Agriculture students of Uva Wellassa University of Sri Lanka as a requirement for the subject which is “Rice & Field Crop Production”. Note that the information included here is relevant to Sri Lankan condition.
This is PowerPoint Presentation published in Elsevier Journal.
Link here: https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals/book-companion/9780128498859/presentation
This Presentation is all about Ecdysone Receptor Agonists. All points are explained by diagrammatically. If you need any help about this topic, then mail me on mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
This Presentation is all about Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) Competitive Modulators (Agonists). All points are explained by diagrammatically. If you need any help about this topic, then mail me on mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
This Presentation is all about "Effectiveness and safety of some essential oils of
aromatic plants on the growth and silk production
of the silkworm Bombyx mori". This is a Research Paper and I Represent it as class presentation.
This presentation about Wild Locust (Migratory Locust).
This PPT discuss the topic about Taxonomy, Life Stages, Life History, Damage and Controls
Contact Email: mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
Introduction:
RNA interference (RNAi) or Post-Transcriptional Gene Silencing (PTGS) is an important biological process for modulating eukaryotic gene expression.
It is highly conserved process of posttranscriptional gene silencing by which double stranded RNA (dsRNA) causes sequence-specific degradation of mRNA sequences.
dsRNA-induced gene silencing (RNAi) is reported in a wide range of eukaryotes ranging from worms, insects, mammals and plants.
This process mediates resistance to both endogenous parasitic and exogenous pathogenic nucleic acids, and regulates the expression of protein-coding genes.
What are small ncRNAs?
micro RNA (miRNA)
short interfering RNA (siRNA)
Properties of small non-coding RNA:
Involved in silencing mRNA transcripts.
Called “small” because they are usually only about 21-24 nucleotides long.
Synthesized by first cutting up longer precursor sequences (like the 61nt one that Lee discovered).
Silence an mRNA by base pairing with some sequence on the mRNA.
Discovery of siRNA?
The first small RNA:
In 1993 Rosalind Lee (Victor Ambros lab) was studying a non- coding gene in C. elegans, lin-4, that was involved in silencing of another gene, lin-14, at the appropriate time in the
development of the worm C. elegans.
Two small transcripts of lin-4 (22nt and 61nt) were found to be complementary to a sequence in the 3' UTR of lin-14.
Because lin-4 encoded no protein, she deduced that it must be these transcripts that are causing the silencing by RNA-RNA interactions.
Types of RNAi ( non coding RNA)
MiRNA
Length (23-25 nt)
Trans acting
Binds with target MRNA in mismatch
Translation inhibition
Si RNA
Length 21 nt.
Cis acting
Bind with target Mrna in perfect complementary sequence
Piwi-RNA
Length ; 25 to 36 nt.
Expressed in Germ Cells
Regulates trnasposomes activity
MECHANISM OF RNAI:
First the double-stranded RNA teams up with a protein complex named Dicer, which cuts the long RNA into short pieces.
Then another protein complex called RISC (RNA-induced silencing complex) discards one of the two RNA strands.
The RISC-docked, single-stranded RNA then pairs with the homologous mRNA and destroys it.
THE RISC COMPLEX:
RISC is large(>500kD) RNA multi- protein Binding complex which triggers MRNA degradation in response to MRNA
Unwinding of double stranded Si RNA by ATP independent Helicase
Active component of RISC is Ago proteins( ENDONUCLEASE) which cleave target MRNA.
DICER: endonuclease (RNase Family III)
Argonaute: Central Component of the RNA-Induced Silencing Complex (RISC)
One strand of the dsRNA produced by Dicer is retained in the RISC complex in association with Argonaute
ARGONAUTE PROTEIN :
1.PAZ(PIWI/Argonaute/ Zwille)- Recognition of target MRNA
2.PIWI (p-element induced wimpy Testis)- breaks Phosphodiester bond of mRNA.)RNAse H activity.
MiRNA:
The Double-stranded RNAs are naturally produced in eukaryotic cells during development, and they have a key role in regulating gene expression .
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
What is greenhouse gasses and how many gasses are there to affect the Earth.moosaasad1975
What are greenhouse gasses how they affect the earth and its environment what is the future of the environment and earth how the weather and the climate effects.
2. Introduction
• Origin: South East Asia
• Family: Rutaceae
• A prized fruit of Pakistan
• Ranks 1st among all fruits
• Shares 34% in total fruit production
• Shares one-third of total value of fruit’s exports
• 95 % kinnow Produced in Punjab
3. Classification
• Swingle (1943) divided the genus citrus into 3
independent genera:
1. Citrus included 16 species
2. Poncirus include 1 species
3. Fortunella include 4 species
• Hodgson (1961) divided citrus into 36 species.
• Mostly Swingle classification is followed with some
modifications suggested by Hodgson.
4. • Family: Rutaceae
• Sub Family: Aurantioideae
• Sub family consists of 2 tribes:
• Clausenae and Citreae
• Citreae has 33 genera including
• Citrus (Sweet orange, mandarin, grapefruit, lime and lemons)
• Poncirus (kumquat)
• Fortunella (trifoliate orange)
5. Distinguishing features of 3 genera
Genus Citrus:
• Unifoliate
• Ovary has 8 or more cells
• Evergreen trees and shrubs
• Spiny with thick, leathery leaves and winged petioles
• Flowers are white or in some species pink on the outside, Pentamerous, axillary
and scented.
• They have small calyxes, hard sepals and thick petals with densely spaced oil
cells.
• The stamens are numerous (15-60) and the ovary superior with 8-15 carpels
containing few to several ovules
• Fruit has thick leathery rind, botanically it is a special type of berry called a
hesperidium.
• Fruit is globose, sub-globose or elliptical filled with juice sacs or vesicles.
• Fruit contain few to many white or light green seeds, which are generally
polyembryonic.
6.
7. Distinguishing features of 3 genera
Genus Citrus: is divided into two sub-genera
1. Eucitrus: all edible citrus species
2. Papeda: contain acrid oil droplets in the juice vesicles
and are inedible
8. Distinguishing features of 3 genera
Few important commercial citrus species are:
Citrus sinensis (L) Osbeck----Sweet Orange
Citrus reticulate Blance----Mandarin
Citrus paradisi Macf. Grapefruit----(Pomelo)
Citrus grandis (L) Osbeck Chakotra---(Pummelo)
Citrus limettioides Tan.----Sweet lime
Citrus aurantifolia Swing----Kaghzi Lime
Citrus limonia (L)----Lemon
Citrus medica (L)----Citron
Citrus aurantium (L)----Sour orange
Citrus jambheri Lush----Rough Lemon
9. Distinguishing features of 3 genera
Genus Poncirus:
• It has only one species P. trifoliate Raf.,
• Compound leaves with three leaflets
• Deciduous
• Tree is small and spiny
• Flowers are sessile, and borne on previous-year wood in
the axils of spines. They open wide and flat and are creamy
white.
• The inedible, pubescent fruit has 6-8 segments, is filled
with smooth seeds and is orange-yellow at maturity.
• Poncirus is generally used as a rootstock in colder regions
and for growing dwarf trees.
10. Distinguishing features of 3 genera
Genus Fortunella:
• It has four species, of which the commercially important
ones are F. margarita Swing. (oval kumquat) and F. japonica
Swing. (round kumquat).
• The trees are small with small green leaves paler on the
other side.
• The flowers are white and smaller than those of citrus
• Fruit is small, orange colored, 3-6 celled, acidic and juicy but
with a sweet and edible rind. The other species are F.
crassifolia Swing and F. hindsii Swing.
12. Soil
• Deep sandy loam, loam and clay loam
• pH: 5.5-8.5
• Subsoil should be free from hard pan, sticky clay and
water logged conditions
• Poor soils with high pH are not suitable
• Soil requirements depend upon the type of rootstock
used for various species and varieties.
• Rough lemon is a good rootstock for dry, sandy loam
soils of Punjab, whereas sour orange performs better
on the moist and heavy soil of NWFP.
13. Climate
• Tropical and Sub Tropical
• Up to 450-750m elevation
• Temperature is an important factor. In cool regions,
vegetative growth is less, fruit growth is slow, ripening is
delayed and fruit is acidic. In colder regions, pigmented
cultivars like Red Blood sweet orange develop excellent
quality.
• Temperature range: 13-40°C
• Can endure 0-2°C without injury, depending on the cultivar
and duration of cold period.
• Grapefruit is the high temperature resistant citrus sp.
• Extreme cold and frost can burn flowers and young twigs.
14. Climate
• Species appear to resist frost in the following
descending manner
• Mandarin, sour orange, sweet orange, chakotra, grape
fruit, sweet lime, lemon, kaghzi lime and citron.
• In hotter regions, trees produce more growth and fruit
grows faster and ripens earlier but fruit may suffer
from sunburn
• In Pakistan, the central divisions of Punjab– Sargodha,
Faisalabad, Lahore and Multan---produce excellent
citrus.
• In NWFP, Peshawar, D.I. Khan and Dir are important
citrus producing areas.
15. Temperature Requirement
• Seed Germination:
15-30°C
• Vegetative Growth:
Optimum shoot growth: 25-31°C
Optimum root growth: 25-26 °C
16. Flowering
• Season:
February- March
• Lemon:
Throughout year, when growing in coastal
regions with mild winter
Spring, when growing in dry areas with hot
summer and cold winter
17. Fruit Set
• Optimum Temperature for pollen viability:
15-20°C
• Pollen tube growth is temperature dependent
• High temperature causes poor fruit set
20. Citrus Nursery
• Extraction of seeds
• August- September
• Storage of seeds
• Preparation of seed bed
Length 5-6 ft
Width 3 ft
Height 6-9 inch
Distance from seed to seed 4-6 inch
Use fungicides and depth of seed should be 1 cm
21. • Transplantation of seedling:
• Seedling should be transplanted after 6-12 month
• Plant to plant distance 6-9 inch
• Row to row distance same as plant to plant distance
• Please left some space empty after four lines
• Care of seedlings
• Budding and grafting of seedlings
• Selection of scion wood, preparation of rootstock
• Aftercare of budded/grafted plants
23. Time of Fertilizer Application
Nutrients and Doses Time of Application
FYM Dec-January
1/3 N + P + K (full dose) Before flowering (Feb)
1/3 N At pea stage
1/3 N In August
Micronutrients Foliar application in Feb
24. Planting Geometry
• Square System
Planting distance: 22´ to 25´
64-90 plants/acre
• High Density Plantation
R×R: 10 ft
P×P: 10 ft
25. Intercropping
• From 1-6 yrs of age: short stature crops with
shallow root system are allowed to grow
Mung, Mash, Masoor, Peas
• Exhaustive crops with deep root system are
not allowed to grow
Sugarcane, Cotton, Wheat
• Afterwards clean cultivation is recommended
• No hoeing or cultivation except once in a year
to kill the weeds.
26. Irrigation
Over irrigation is more injurious than under
irrigation in citrus
• Surface irrigation
1. Basin system
2. Modified basin system
3. Flood irrigation
• Sprinkler irrigation
• Drip irrigation
27. Irrigation Schedule
Season/Month Irrigation Frequency
Spring (Feb-March) Once a month
Summer (April-July) Twice a month
Monsoon (August) Subject to rainfall
Autumn (Sept-Oct) No irrigation
Winter (Nov-Jan) Once a month
28. Precautions in Applying Irrigation
• Irrigation water may not be allowed to touch
directly to the stem of citrus tree
• Field and water channels should be precisely
leveled
• Stop irrigation at flowering time
• Stop irrigation two weeks before harvesting
• Restrict irrigation in Oct-Nov
• Light irrigation during frosty nights
31. Pruning
• For establishment of strong well balanced framework
• Facilitate management practices like spraying, picking
etc.
• To ensure balance between vegetative vigor and
fruitfulness
• To improve penetration and increase the set of inferior
fruit
• Increase soluble solids and improve rind color
• To produce new and productive wood
• Tree age 70-100 years California due to pruning
33. For disease there is some specific causal
organism and which can be corrected
It is very hard and difficult to correct/control
the physiological disorder
34. Alternate Bearing
Nutritional imbalance
Varietal character
Mandarin Kinnow , Wilking
Sweet orange V.late, W. Navel
Grape fruti Mardh seedless,
1. Heavy manuring during off year
2. Fruit thinning during on year
3. Delayed harvesting during off year
4. Early harvesting during on year
35. Unfruitfulness
Physiological or genetic causes
Involve hormonal or nutritional imbalances
Climatic factors
• Genetic or physiological
• Incompatibility
• Heterostyly
• Ovule abortion
36. Involve hormonal or nutritional imbalances
• General weakness may be removed by an
appropriate fertilizer program
• While excessive vegetative growth
• Withholding nutrition
• Root pruning or ringing of main branches
• Climatic factors
• Certain varieties refused to produce in particular
environments e.g Washington navel
37. Fruit Drop
Start from blooming and continue up to harvest
1- Flower drop
Bloom heavily---- thousand of flowers
Usually 95% drop and 5% set fruit
Fruit set % range form 1-4%
Reasons:
1. Climatic conditions
2. Weak plant, deficiency of nutrients
3. Mutual flower competition
4. Heavy winds, or rain fall
38. Fruit Drop
2- Initial fruit drop
Fruit drop after fruit set
Due to nutritional imbalance
Weak trees
3- June drop
1. Occurs in month of May and June
2. Natural load sharing
3. Drop of poorly developing fruits
4. Around 96% young fruit drop occurs in Pineapple
orange
5. Around 75% drop ----- in Kinnow
39. Fruit Drop
4- Pre-harvest drop
1. This drop is at mature stage
2. It is a commercial loss to the grower
3. Failure in auxins synthesis due to abscission
layer
4. Attack of insects and disease
5. Controlled with application of hormones
6. GA and 2,4-D, NAA etc
40. Granulation/Raciness
•The condition is characterised by large, hardened and
apparently dry juice vesicles
•The stem end of fruit is more effected as compared to
styler end
•Some time one half, one third or under extreme cases
whole fruit is affected
•It cannot be identified externally, because there is no
external abnormality
1. The cell wall of granulated vesicles are thick
2. Sugar contents are reduced then normal
3. Mineral content are increased then the normal
41. Granulation/Raciness
Corrective measure
•Spot picking of larger fruits at earlier stage
•Large interval of irrigation
•Spraying of growth regulators
•Due to thick walls of fruit vesicles more minerals,
less sugar content it seems to be dry
•Granulation increase of harvesting is delayed
•Frequent irrigation or water standing in the root
zone for longer period of time may also increase
the incidence of granulation
44. Citrus Canker
1- Citrus Canker (Xanthomonas compestris)
Bacterial disease
Appear on leaves, branches, fruit
a- Symptoms
1. Small yellow spots are formed on upper epidermis, then on lower
epidermis
2. Later, spots become bigger, brown, raised
3. Diseased area die and leaving hole
4. Spots also appear on twigs and fruit drop
Example: K lime, Lemon, Grapefruit, Sweet lime, Sweet orange
b- Corrective measure
1. Selection of healthy nursery plants
2. Prune the affected part and spray with bacteriaside
47. Citrus Withertip
2- Citrus wither tip (Colletotricum gloeosporioids)
Fungal disease
a- Symptoms
1. All aerial part, leaves, braches and fruit are affected
2. Wilting from braches from top to bottom
3. Branches looks silvery grey leafless
4. Leaf fall is common
5. Pathogen kill the plant
b- Corrective measure
1. Improve growing conditions of the orchard
2. Spraying with cu based fungicides
50. Citrus Greening
• Causal organism was first considered as virus. Later evidenced as
mycoplasmal diseases and now classified as Ricketisa like organisms (RLO)
• Yellowing of veins and adjacent tissue
• Mottling of entire leaf
• Premature defoliation
• Die back of twigs and have shorter internodes
• Decay of feeder rootlets and lateral roots
• Decline and ultimate death of entire tree.
• Transmitted by grafting and Citrus psylla
• This disease is more severe on sweet oranges than on mandarin, acid lime
and grapefruit.
Control:
• Application of tetracycline-antibiotic
• Control of Citrus psylla
51.
52. Citrus Tristeza Virus
• Vein clearing in lime
• Bronzing of leaves
• Stem pitting
• Twig and root die back
• Leaf drop
• Foliage wilt
• Sudden death
• Tree debilitation
• Reduced fruit size
• Necrosis of cambial tissue
53. Citrus Tristeza Virus
Control:
• Aphid contol
• Use of tristeza tolerant rootstock
• Eradication of all infected trees
• Use of virus free buds employed for budding
57. Citrus Psylla
1- Citrus Psylla
Sucking types insect,
Adult are brown in colour, black antena,
Insect attack at the time of blooming
Attacked the fresh growth, which is important for fruiting in citrus
Corrective measure
Pre-bloom prophylactic spray of insecticides during January and February
59. Citrus Leaf Miner
1- Citrus leaf miner
Chewing types insect,
Small silvery white insect with black eyes and wings fringed with hairs,
It make the tunnels in the leaves, which looks silvery white, Attack on young
nursery plants more
Corrective measure
Spray with insecticides during leaf emerging
Avoid using citrus hedges around citrus orchards or nurseries
61. Causes of Low Production
• High pH
• Low organic matter
• Saline soils
• Uncertain weather conditions during flowering (fog, frost,
rains)
• Use of unfit tube well water
• Faulty intercropping
• Inadequate and imbalance fertilizer application
• Poor plant protection measures
• Non judicious irrigation
• Low grade nursery plants
• Mechanical injury to the plants during hoeing and
ploughing
62. Suggestions (short and long terms)
1. Surveys
• Periodical assessment of disease status
• New areas
• New diseases
• Identification of priorities
• Characterization of viruses
2. Nursery Improvement
• Registration
• Phyto-sanitation, production of virus free stock
• Adoption of recommended horticultural practices
63. 3. Production / Maintenance of High Quality
Nursery Plants
• Quarantine area
• Clean stock (mother trees, virus testing,
thermotherapy, indexing)
• Certification
• Economic evaluation
4. Improvement of Orchards
• Eradication of infected trees
• Horticultural practices
64. 5. Insect- Vector Relationships
• Identification of vectors
• Transmission of viruses
• Population dynamics of vectors
• Search for predators and parasites of citrus
psyllids
• Sound, viable IPM
65. Promising Varieties of Citrus
SWEET ORANGE
• Musambi
• Pineapple
• Jaffa
• Blood Red
• Hamlin
• Washington Navel
• Valencia Late
• Salustiana
• Torocco
• Moro
69. Research Centers/Inst.
• University of Agriculture, Faisalabad,
• Horticultural Research Center, Sahiwal,
• Orange Research Insitute Sargodha,
• Ayyub Agricultural Research Institute, Faisalabad,
• Barani Agricultural Research Institute, Chakwal,
• National Agriculture Research Center (NARC),
Isalamabad,
• Zarai Taraqati Bank Limited (ZTBL) Farm, Islamabad,
• Tarnab Agricultural Research Station, Peshawar
• Federal Seed Certification, Germplasm unit, Sherkhana,
Peshawar
70. Germplasm at Different Places in Pakistan
Total No. of Cultivars Scion Rootstock
210 156 56
Province Citrus Cultivars
Punjab 170
Federal Area 80
Khyber PK 46
Baluchistan 11
71. This number is a handsome to be used in our
citrus diversification program but still we have
failed to properly use this gene pool
information.
72. Citrus Cultivars at Different
Centers/Inst.
Centre/Institute Citrus Cultivars
Hort. Res. Station (Sahiwal) 170
U.A. Faisalabad 89
ZTBL Farm (Islamabad) 80
FSC Germplasm Unit Sher Khana, Peshawar 46
CRI (Sargodha) 43
AARI (FSD) 34
BARI (Chakwal) 23
Tarnab (Peshawar)
NARC, Islamabad
16
12
77. Grapefruit
1. Reed 2. Shamber
3. Frost Marsh 4. Marsh Jbc-430
5. Red Blush 6. Red Mexican Foster
7. O. P. Davis Seedling 8. Little River
9. Ruby Red 10. Foster
11. Marsh Seedless 12. Star Ruby
13. Rio Red 14. Flame Seedling
15. Frost Fresh 16. Duncan
78. Hybrids
1. Seminola 2. Minneola Tangelo
3. Orlando Tangelo 4. Pearl
5. Mepo Tangelo 6. Kinnow (4x) X Kinnow (2x)
7. Kinnow (2x) X Kinnow (4x) 8. Succari (2x) X Kinnow (4x)
9. Kinnow (4x) X Succari (2x) 10. Mosambi X Kinnow
11. Kinnow X Mosambi 12. Feutrell’s Early X Valencia Late
13. Washington Navel X Duncan 14. Valencia Late X Duncan
15. Valencia Late X Jaffa 16. Jaffa X Valencia Late
17. Kinnow X Ferutrell’s Early 18. Ferutrell’s Early X Kinnow
19. Valencia Late X Feutrell’s Early 20. Mosambi X Shamber
21. Shamber X Mosambi 22. AARI Pride(PineappleX Mosambi)
23. Hamlin X Kinnow 24. Orlando X Kinnow
25. Fair Child X Kinnow 26. Kinnow X Orlando
27. Orlando X Fair Child
83. Common Nursery Management
Practices
• No scientific/technical basis
• No phytosanitory measures
• Selection of low quality seed, rootstock, bud
wood (Not certified)
• Problem of to have a true to type plant
• No disinfection of tools
• Budding/grafting at low height
84. • Proper site selection (No one is taking care)
• Lack of growing Structures
• Suitability and propagation methods are the
other problems
• Faulty cultural practices
• Unregistered nurseries
• Lack of indexing facilities
85. Citrus Certification Programme
• A virus-Free citrus bud wood program for Texas in 1948 (Roistacher
and Graca 1996).
• Certification of citrus in Turkey in 1950 (Balogu 1998)
• Certification and registration program in Florida in 1953 (Youtsey
1992)
• Virus and virus-like diseases of citrus in Greece and certification in
1970 (Kyriakopoulou 1998).
• The citrus bud wood improvement program for Argentina in 1992
(Anderson 2001)
86. • National program for the production of certified citrus
plants in Tunisia in 1993 (Cherifmattson 1998)
• Texas virus-free citrus bud wood program development
in 1993 (Kahlke et al 2000)
• Sanitary status and certification of citrus in Egypt in
1998 (Abdel-Salam 1998)
• In Pakistan certification program was started in 2001 at
U.A.F.
87. Detection
• Biological indexing (Mexican lime in the green
house at 18oC - 25oC )
• Lab. indexing (ELISA, PCR, Electron
Microscopy)
89. Multiplication
• Foundation Trees (Indoor/outdoor)
• Seed Orchards (indoor/outdoor)
• Budwood increase (Preferred as a shadehouse
operation)
• Distribution/marketing of budwood
• Follow-up action by certification agency
90. Disease Free Nursery System
Followings are the main steps keeping in view the
successful establishment of certification model (Su,
1998):
• Micrografting for obtaining pathogen free citrus
foundation stocks.
• Scion- Propagation Parent Trees.
• Pathogen-free Citrus Seedlings.
• Citrus Growers.
91. FLOW CHART OF CITRUS BUDWOOD CERTIFICATION PROGRAMME
OVERSEAS IMPORTS
LOCAL SELECTIONS
BREEDING PROGRAMME
CANDIDATE TREES
THERMOHERAPY
32C0
SHOOT TIP GRAFTING
INDEXING
SOURCE TREE GREEN HOUSE
FOUNDATION BLOCK
INDEX AND ANNUALINSPECTION HORTICULTURAL EVALUATION
BUD & SEED
MULTIPLICATION
COMMERCIAL NURSERIES
CERTRIFIED TREES
COMMERCIAL PLANTINGS
92. Activities in Certification Program
• Survey for the incidence of CTV (Punjab, Khyber.
PK, Sindh and Baluchistan)
• Lab indexing followed by biological indexing
• Grafting of citrus plant from virus free budwood
• Establishment of foundation block
• Production of virus free plants through shoot tip
grafting
• Production of disease free (nematodes) through
container grown citrus nursery.
• Marketing of virus free budwood and plants for
the nurserymen
94. Suggestions
• Legislation in nursery industry should be made
• Govt. and private sector should be involved for
raising the certified plants on commercial level
• To make the disease free true to type progeny
plants, testing training should be extended from
government institutions
• Only certified plants should be recommended for
plantation and restrictions should be done for
such nurseries those do not follow it
• Quarantine measures should be observed strictly
• Enhancement and conservation of existed
Germplasm on more scientific basis