This Presentation is all about "Effectiveness and safety of some essential oils of
aromatic plants on the growth and silk production
of the silkworm Bombyx mori". This is a Research Paper and I Represent it as class presentation.
Effects of cytokinins and auxins on micropropagation of Musa spp. cv. YangambiAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The present study was conducted at Banana Tissue Culture lab of Regional Plant Resource Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha to obtain a standardized micropropagation protocol supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of cytokinins and auxins for Musa cv. Yangambi Km-5 (AAA) variety. Data collected for in vitro culture consists of the following parameters: days for bud initiation, rate of shoot proliferation (%), growth value (gm) and number of multiple shoot buds during multiplication stage. Remarkable effects of Cytokinins and Auxins were observed in Yangambi Km-5. Out of various treatments, best concentration for multiple shoot in short period of time for Yangambi Km-5 was found in mediums 3 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l IAA + 0.25 mg/l NAA + 100 mg/l ADS and 1.5 mg/l BAP + 1.5 mg/l KN + 1 mg/l IAA + 0.25 mg/l NAA + 100 mg/l ADS. Maximum growth value, rate of proliferation and number of shoot buds was obtained from explants culture medium 3 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l IAA + 0.25 mg/l NAA + 100 mg/l ADS.
Sclerotia production a way ahead to morchella CultivationDr. siddhant
Morchella, the true morels, belonging to Helvellaceae family of class
Ascomycetes, are amongst the most highly priced fungi in the world. Their
artificial production is still a challenge, even though patents for their
cultivation do exist. The tissue of Morchella sp. was transferred aseptically
to Potato Dextrose Agar medium (peeled, sliced and boiled potato, 200 g;
dextrose, 20 g; agar, 20 g L-1) to grow hyphae. The mycelium showed
fastest growth as compared to other edible mushrooms. It covered entire area
of Petri plate (90 mm) within 4-5 days with the growth rate of 18-
22.5mm/day. A unique growth pattern i.e., vertically oriented mycelia were
observed. Brown coloured pigmentation in the culture was also observed
during the study. The basal media for spawn (wheat grains; Glucose, 1%,
CaCO3, 2%; CaSO4, 1.5% and MgSO4, 1%) was aseptically inoculated with
the mushroom culture. The spawn substrate was colonized by mushroom
mycelium in 7-8 days. The sclerotia were formed in unused (old) spawn.
Wheat straw was used as a substrate for mushroom cultivation. It was
supplemented with wheat bran, 20%, Glucose (1%) and MgSO4 (1%). It
showed prolific growth when it was seeded by mushroom spawn using jar
method. Once substrate was fully covered with mushroom mycelium, casing
was applied. Sclerotia were successfully obtained after 14 days of incubation
in our experiment both in the substrate and casing soil but failed to give rise
to fruiting primordial. Further research is going on to domesticate this
species in our country.
Eight different kinds of papers, viz., glaze paper, brown paper, news paper, magazine paper, chart paper, kite paper, rough copy paper and A-4 size printing paper and two types of cardboards viz., corrugated cardboard and card board were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom Pleurotus florida Strain-P1. Among them news paper was later treated as a control. The mushroom utilized all the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. Majority of substrates took almost equal time for spawn run primordial development and fruit bodies maturation. The yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of sporophores varied among themselves. The crop of mushroom was harvested in three flushes where yield and biological efficiency ranged 190-495 gm, 38-99% for the substrate used. Magazine paper (450 gm; 90%) and card board (495 gm; 99%) produced significant (P=0.05) yield and biological efficiency over control. They also produced significant number of mushroom fruit bodies (56 and 64, respectively). Corrugated cardboard (10.29 gm) was found significant in terms of average weight per sporocarp. The percentage yield of different substrates was also evaluated. Among the substrates, card board contributed 14 % of total mushroom production followed by magazine paper (13%) and news paper (12%).
Characterization and In vitro antifungal potential of Rosmarinus officinalis ...Premier Publishers
Antifungal activities of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) essential oils evaluated, suppressed the mycelial growth of postharvest pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum sp. The result obtained with the Agar well diffusion method at 75% and 100% concentration of the essential oil were negligible, with the Agar incorporation method the essential oils had effect on the fungus. Eucalyptus essential oil having the highest inhibition of 100% on the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum sp followed by Rosemary essential oil which had 95.24% inhibition on the growth of the fungus Colletotrichum sp, The GC-MS analysis result of the essential oils shows that in Rosemary: Eucalyptol (1,8-Cineole) (32.83%) and Camphor (24.17%) are the main constituents and in Eucalyptus: Eucalyptol (1,8-Cineole) (26.67%) and Terpinen-4-ol (25.08%) are the main constituents, which could be responsible for the antifungal activities of the different essential oils. These essential oils could be used as possible biofungicides as an alternative to synthetic fungicides against pathogenic fungi on tomato fruits.
A Modified Approach in Substrate Preparation Technique for Small Scale Oyster...Dr. siddhant
Aims: Cultivation of oyster mushrooms has increased vastly in a global scale during last few
decades. Contaminants and indigenous microflora present in the substrate may led to the low
productivity of mushrooms. Keeping this in mind, the present study was under-taken with slight
modification in substrate preparation technique to eliminate dust particles from the substrate and to
assure contamination free mushroom production.
Study Design: Comparative evaluation between modified approach and control beds.
Place and Duration: The study was carried out in Shri Laxman Prasad Pyare Lal Agro Products,
Ayodhya during 2017.
Methodology: The wheat straw substrate was immersed in the drum containing tap water, mixing
properly and allowed to stand for 10-15 min to settle down the dust particle in the bottom of the
drum. After that, the floating substrate was transferred to the slant surface so that the extra water
was decanted off. This substrate was put in to the steam sterilised gunny bag and steeped in the
chemical solution consisting of Formaldehyde (500 ppm) and Bovistin (75 ppm) for 18 h. For the
Short Communication
Siddhant et al.; AJAHR, 2(2): 1-5, 2018; Article no.AJAHR.44907
2
control, fresh wheat straw was put in to the steam sterilised gunny bag and steeped directly in the
chemical solution as suggested above. After removal of excess water, the substrate was used for
spawning with inoculums of Pleurotus sajor-caju, Strain- Malaysia.
Results: Beds with modified approach showed a complete absence of contaminants during entire
crop cycle which showed the effectiveness of modified method while beds treated as control
showed little incidence of various contaminants viz., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus,
Curvularia sp., Penicillium sp., and Rhizopus stolonifer with 6.67-20.00 percent incidence.
Conclusion: The results revealed that the modified method should be considered to contamination
free mushroom production.
Effects of Phytochemicals in the Post Embryonic Development of the Lesser Mea...paperpublications3
Abstract: Coleopteran insects constitute the major insects causing havoc damage to the stored food grains both for human consumption and sowing. Lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) is considered as a minor pest causing damage to different stored grains especially in poorly maintained grain processing warehouses. Additionally it is an important pest of poultry houses where it lives in poultry droppings and litter. Its larvae and adults are also suspected to be health risk to humans as they are the vector of pathogens of many viruses, bacteria and protozoa causing serious diseases in birds. Synthetic insecticides are widely used for the control of stored grain coleopteran pests but development of pesticide resistance, accumulation of toxic residues in food and consequent health hazards creating more and more problems than resolving them due to indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum insecticides has been creating serious health hazards. These problems have led the scientists to introduce new insecticides that are equally lethal to the insects but very less harmful to the consumers. With a view to this objective the insecticidal efficacy of neem, eucalyptus oil, sesame oil and mustard oil have been tested to report their various physiological effects on A. diaperinus during post embryonic developmental stages. Adults are broadly-oval, moderately convex, black - 5.8 to 6.3 mm long in length. Eggs are about 1.5 mm in length, creamy white with slightly rounded ends. Their incubation period is 6-7 days. Larvae show 6 instars attaining 7 - 11 mm long at last instar. Pupae are creamy white to tan coloured, 6-8 mm long, with 6 days duration; the pharate adults appear brown that gradually become black. The larvae show decline in survivality; the size and weight gradually increase in successive instars. Treatment with different neem, eucalyptus oil, sesame oil and mustard oil depicted substantial decline in survival rate and sizes of larval instars starting from 4th instars. Increased duration of respective instars actually starts from third instars and increased duration of respective instars is maximum following nimbecidine treatment and minimum in mustard oil treatment.
RESIDUAL ESTIMATION OF ISOPROTURON, ATRAZINE AND GRAIN PROTECTANTS IN STORED ...ijabjournal
This study was carried out to see the occurrence and level of pesticide residues in stored wheat grain samples. Wheat grains were collected from different godowns located in Faisalabad district. Weedicide residues in wheat grains were analyzed by using thin plate liquid chromatography and validated high
performance liquid chromatography. On the basis of extent of inhibition of the Hill reaction, it was found that the level of atrazine was (0-0.028 ngkg-1) and the level of isopproturon was (0-0.024 ngkg-1) in test samples. The calculated values were below the Maximum Residue Limit (MEL) i.e. 100 ngkg-1 for atrazine and 2200 ngkg-1 for isoproturon. It was found that presence of herbicide residues in stored wheat was negligible. Further, on wheat grain samples placed in jars and treated with deltamethrin and cypermethrin @0.4 and 0.8% concentration. The persistency data was calculated after 1 hour, 7, 15 and 30 days of treatment. The grain protectants were continuously degraded with the passage of time and after the 30 days
the amount of residues of the grain protectants was found to be very small. It was concluded that the use of the grain protectants in the powder form in combination with other botanicals on stored wheat samples is feasible to reduce the insect pest in stored grains.
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the
substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165 gm, 33%) than egg shells (155 gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of
sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
Effects of cytokinins and auxins on micropropagation of Musa spp. cv. YangambiAgriculture Journal IJOEAR
Abstract— The present study was conducted at Banana Tissue Culture lab of Regional Plant Resource Centre, Bhubaneswar, Odisha to obtain a standardized micropropagation protocol supplemented with different concentrations and combinations of cytokinins and auxins for Musa cv. Yangambi Km-5 (AAA) variety. Data collected for in vitro culture consists of the following parameters: days for bud initiation, rate of shoot proliferation (%), growth value (gm) and number of multiple shoot buds during multiplication stage. Remarkable effects of Cytokinins and Auxins were observed in Yangambi Km-5. Out of various treatments, best concentration for multiple shoot in short period of time for Yangambi Km-5 was found in mediums 3 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l IAA + 0.25 mg/l NAA + 100 mg/l ADS and 1.5 mg/l BAP + 1.5 mg/l KN + 1 mg/l IAA + 0.25 mg/l NAA + 100 mg/l ADS. Maximum growth value, rate of proliferation and number of shoot buds was obtained from explants culture medium 3 mg/l BAP + 0.5 mg/l IAA + 0.25 mg/l NAA + 100 mg/l ADS.
Sclerotia production a way ahead to morchella CultivationDr. siddhant
Morchella, the true morels, belonging to Helvellaceae family of class
Ascomycetes, are amongst the most highly priced fungi in the world. Their
artificial production is still a challenge, even though patents for their
cultivation do exist. The tissue of Morchella sp. was transferred aseptically
to Potato Dextrose Agar medium (peeled, sliced and boiled potato, 200 g;
dextrose, 20 g; agar, 20 g L-1) to grow hyphae. The mycelium showed
fastest growth as compared to other edible mushrooms. It covered entire area
of Petri plate (90 mm) within 4-5 days with the growth rate of 18-
22.5mm/day. A unique growth pattern i.e., vertically oriented mycelia were
observed. Brown coloured pigmentation in the culture was also observed
during the study. The basal media for spawn (wheat grains; Glucose, 1%,
CaCO3, 2%; CaSO4, 1.5% and MgSO4, 1%) was aseptically inoculated with
the mushroom culture. The spawn substrate was colonized by mushroom
mycelium in 7-8 days. The sclerotia were formed in unused (old) spawn.
Wheat straw was used as a substrate for mushroom cultivation. It was
supplemented with wheat bran, 20%, Glucose (1%) and MgSO4 (1%). It
showed prolific growth when it was seeded by mushroom spawn using jar
method. Once substrate was fully covered with mushroom mycelium, casing
was applied. Sclerotia were successfully obtained after 14 days of incubation
in our experiment both in the substrate and casing soil but failed to give rise
to fruiting primordial. Further research is going on to domesticate this
species in our country.
Eight different kinds of papers, viz., glaze paper, brown paper, news paper, magazine paper, chart paper, kite paper, rough copy paper and A-4 size printing paper and two types of cardboards viz., corrugated cardboard and card board were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom Pleurotus florida Strain-P1. Among them news paper was later treated as a control. The mushroom utilized all the substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. Majority of substrates took almost equal time for spawn run primordial development and fruit bodies maturation. The yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of sporophores varied among themselves. The crop of mushroom was harvested in three flushes where yield and biological efficiency ranged 190-495 gm, 38-99% for the substrate used. Magazine paper (450 gm; 90%) and card board (495 gm; 99%) produced significant (P=0.05) yield and biological efficiency over control. They also produced significant number of mushroom fruit bodies (56 and 64, respectively). Corrugated cardboard (10.29 gm) was found significant in terms of average weight per sporocarp. The percentage yield of different substrates was also evaluated. Among the substrates, card board contributed 14 % of total mushroom production followed by magazine paper (13%) and news paper (12%).
Characterization and In vitro antifungal potential of Rosmarinus officinalis ...Premier Publishers
Antifungal activities of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) and Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus globulus) essential oils evaluated, suppressed the mycelial growth of postharvest pathogenic fungus Colletotrichum sp. The result obtained with the Agar well diffusion method at 75% and 100% concentration of the essential oil were negligible, with the Agar incorporation method the essential oils had effect on the fungus. Eucalyptus essential oil having the highest inhibition of 100% on the mycelial growth of Colletotrichum sp followed by Rosemary essential oil which had 95.24% inhibition on the growth of the fungus Colletotrichum sp, The GC-MS analysis result of the essential oils shows that in Rosemary: Eucalyptol (1,8-Cineole) (32.83%) and Camphor (24.17%) are the main constituents and in Eucalyptus: Eucalyptol (1,8-Cineole) (26.67%) and Terpinen-4-ol (25.08%) are the main constituents, which could be responsible for the antifungal activities of the different essential oils. These essential oils could be used as possible biofungicides as an alternative to synthetic fungicides against pathogenic fungi on tomato fruits.
A Modified Approach in Substrate Preparation Technique for Small Scale Oyster...Dr. siddhant
Aims: Cultivation of oyster mushrooms has increased vastly in a global scale during last few
decades. Contaminants and indigenous microflora present in the substrate may led to the low
productivity of mushrooms. Keeping this in mind, the present study was under-taken with slight
modification in substrate preparation technique to eliminate dust particles from the substrate and to
assure contamination free mushroom production.
Study Design: Comparative evaluation between modified approach and control beds.
Place and Duration: The study was carried out in Shri Laxman Prasad Pyare Lal Agro Products,
Ayodhya during 2017.
Methodology: The wheat straw substrate was immersed in the drum containing tap water, mixing
properly and allowed to stand for 10-15 min to settle down the dust particle in the bottom of the
drum. After that, the floating substrate was transferred to the slant surface so that the extra water
was decanted off. This substrate was put in to the steam sterilised gunny bag and steeped in the
chemical solution consisting of Formaldehyde (500 ppm) and Bovistin (75 ppm) for 18 h. For the
Short Communication
Siddhant et al.; AJAHR, 2(2): 1-5, 2018; Article no.AJAHR.44907
2
control, fresh wheat straw was put in to the steam sterilised gunny bag and steeped directly in the
chemical solution as suggested above. After removal of excess water, the substrate was used for
spawning with inoculums of Pleurotus sajor-caju, Strain- Malaysia.
Results: Beds with modified approach showed a complete absence of contaminants during entire
crop cycle which showed the effectiveness of modified method while beds treated as control
showed little incidence of various contaminants viz., Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus fumigatus,
Curvularia sp., Penicillium sp., and Rhizopus stolonifer with 6.67-20.00 percent incidence.
Conclusion: The results revealed that the modified method should be considered to contamination
free mushroom production.
Effects of Phytochemicals in the Post Embryonic Development of the Lesser Mea...paperpublications3
Abstract: Coleopteran insects constitute the major insects causing havoc damage to the stored food grains both for human consumption and sowing. Lesser mealworm (Alphitobius diaperinus) is considered as a minor pest causing damage to different stored grains especially in poorly maintained grain processing warehouses. Additionally it is an important pest of poultry houses where it lives in poultry droppings and litter. Its larvae and adults are also suspected to be health risk to humans as they are the vector of pathogens of many viruses, bacteria and protozoa causing serious diseases in birds. Synthetic insecticides are widely used for the control of stored grain coleopteran pests but development of pesticide resistance, accumulation of toxic residues in food and consequent health hazards creating more and more problems than resolving them due to indiscriminate use of broad-spectrum insecticides has been creating serious health hazards. These problems have led the scientists to introduce new insecticides that are equally lethal to the insects but very less harmful to the consumers. With a view to this objective the insecticidal efficacy of neem, eucalyptus oil, sesame oil and mustard oil have been tested to report their various physiological effects on A. diaperinus during post embryonic developmental stages. Adults are broadly-oval, moderately convex, black - 5.8 to 6.3 mm long in length. Eggs are about 1.5 mm in length, creamy white with slightly rounded ends. Their incubation period is 6-7 days. Larvae show 6 instars attaining 7 - 11 mm long at last instar. Pupae are creamy white to tan coloured, 6-8 mm long, with 6 days duration; the pharate adults appear brown that gradually become black. The larvae show decline in survivality; the size and weight gradually increase in successive instars. Treatment with different neem, eucalyptus oil, sesame oil and mustard oil depicted substantial decline in survival rate and sizes of larval instars starting from 4th instars. Increased duration of respective instars actually starts from third instars and increased duration of respective instars is maximum following nimbecidine treatment and minimum in mustard oil treatment.
RESIDUAL ESTIMATION OF ISOPROTURON, ATRAZINE AND GRAIN PROTECTANTS IN STORED ...ijabjournal
This study was carried out to see the occurrence and level of pesticide residues in stored wheat grain samples. Wheat grains were collected from different godowns located in Faisalabad district. Weedicide residues in wheat grains were analyzed by using thin plate liquid chromatography and validated high
performance liquid chromatography. On the basis of extent of inhibition of the Hill reaction, it was found that the level of atrazine was (0-0.028 ngkg-1) and the level of isopproturon was (0-0.024 ngkg-1) in test samples. The calculated values were below the Maximum Residue Limit (MEL) i.e. 100 ngkg-1 for atrazine and 2200 ngkg-1 for isoproturon. It was found that presence of herbicide residues in stored wheat was negligible. Further, on wheat grain samples placed in jars and treated with deltamethrin and cypermethrin @0.4 and 0.8% concentration. The persistency data was calculated after 1 hour, 7, 15 and 30 days of treatment. The grain protectants were continuously degraded with the passage of time and after the 30 days
the amount of residues of the grain protectants was found to be very small. It was concluded that the use of the grain protectants in the powder form in combination with other botanicals on stored wheat samples is feasible to reduce the insect pest in stored grains.
Comparison of Growth and Development of Pleurotus florida against Wastes from...Dr. siddhant
Two wastes from animal origin, viz., human hairs and egg shells were evaluated for different manifestations of white oyster mushroom, Pleurotus florida. The mushroom utilized both the
substrates for their growth and sporophore formation. The mycelial growth was significantly (P=0.05) faster on egg shell (18 days) as compared to human hair (23 days). The crop of mushroom was harvested in four flushes where human hairs showed higher yield and biological efficiency of mushroom (165 gm, 33%) than egg shells (155 gm, 31%), respectively. In respect of yield parameters such as yield, biological efficiency, number of mushroom fruit bodies and average weight of
sporophores, both the substrates were statistically at par to each other. Utilization of human hairs egg shells by P. florida reveals a new strategy for mycoremediation of these wastes.
Microbial Stimulation of Growth of LucerneIJERA Editor
From the soil samples outside the areas of intensive agriculture, were allocated 145 isolates: 80 cultures growing on medium nutrient agar, 28 – on 79 medium for fixing microorganisms and 37 isolates on MRS medium, by forming zones of hydrolysis of chalk. The influence of selected microorganisms were researched on seed germination and seedling growth of lucerne. Stimulation of the growth of lucerne by some cultures reached 35% (5, R11) - 45% (1, 9, R5, R28) compared with the control.
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
— Chemical termiticides are hazardous to biotic and abiotic factors in the environment and hence banned in US and European countries but are still in use in developing countries. They are applied in huge quantity reaching to potable water ways, food, and fodder and killing soil microbiological components. It has been observed from the study that these hazardous termiticides can be replaced by ecofriendly and cheap Biotermiticides made from the plant based oils. Four tree borne oils (CNSL(50-100%), Neemseed oil(10-25%), Karanj seed oil(10-25%) and Markingnut oil(10-25%) and three chemicals Chlorpyrifos(10-50%), Coppernaphthenate(10-50%) and (Boric acid(10-50%) were used in different proportions to formulate CNSL based termiticides. Specimen samples were treated and exposed to termites for 60 days. The mass loss after 60 days was noted and results were analyzed. Chlorpyrifos and Coppernaphthenate 100% have shown better termite control property than boric acid. Commercial termiticides their own might be effective against termite but except Chlorpyrifos and other two have shown not much promising results in CNSL based formulation when compared with the oil formulations. It was observed that CNSL(50-80%) + NO (10-25%) + BSL(10-25%) and CNSL(50-80%) + NO(10-25%) + KO(10-25%) formulations can act as an effective termiticides. All four oils if used 100% have shown good resistant against termites. Keywords— CNSL-Cashew nut shell liquid, NO-Neemseed oil, KO-Karanj oil, BSL-Bhilawan shell liquid.
The Antibiotic and Antixenotic Resistance of Some Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.)...IJRES Journal
Resistant varieties is one of the important components in integrated pest management. Studies of the Antixenotic and antibiotic resistance of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) varieties aims to obtain varieties resistant and suitable to be cultivated in the province of North Sulawesi. Research using factorial experiment, treatment peanut varieties: Local varieties (V1), Giraffe (V2), Bison (V3), Bima (V4), Elephant (V5) and Rabbit (V6). Organic fertilizer treatments: Without fertilization (P0) and Super Petroganik as much as 20 tonnes/ha (P1) with three replications. Application of organic fertilizer made one month before planting seeds. Antixenosis and antibiosis resistance research results at 30 days after planting (DAP), the highest stomata diameter contained in P1V1 treatment is 12.62 μm, the longest trichomes on P0V3 is 88.07 μm, the highest stem cotrtex on P1V2 is 88.30 μm, and the highest contained on P1V6 is 9.96 mg/g. The result of the 60 DAP is obtained that the highest yields diameter stomata, trichomes length and content of flavonoids in P1V6 each is 13.85 μm, 136.33 μm and 14:57 mg/g, being the highest cortex diameter on P1V5 is 158.80 μm. Based on the results of analysis of variance, flavonoid content peanut varieties 30 DAP and 60 DAP significantly different (P < 0.05), while the diameter of stomata, trichomes numbers and length number, and corticial stem not significant (P > 0.05). Resistance mechanisms developed peanut plants are antibiosis.
Antibacterial activity of aerial parts of thymus serphyllum linn against clin...IJSIT Editor
In the present research work in vitro antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of aerial parts of
Thymus serphyllum L. growing wild in Kashmir Himalaya was evaluated by agar well diffusion method and
broth dilution assay against nine human pathogenic bacterial strains, known to cause serious infections. The
extract was also screened for the presence of various bioactive phytoconstituents present in the plant. The
extract in the present study possess appreciable potential of inhibiting the growth of all the bacterial strains
at all tested concentrations (30, 60 and 90 mg/ml). The highest sensitivity was exhibited against
Staphylococcus epidermidis MTCC- 435 and Staphylococcus aureus with mean zones of inhibition 20.66 and 20
mm respectively at the concentration of 90 mg/ml. Salmonella typhi showed the least activity with mean zone
of inhibition of 10.00 mm at the concentration of 30 mg/ml. The MIC value ranged between 1.56 to 12.56
mg/ml. The phytochemical analysis of the crude extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids,
phenolics, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, terpenes, steroids and carbohydrates. Anthraquinone
glycosides were absent. The present study clearly indicate that the crude methanolic extract of Thymus
serphyllum from high altitude of Kashmir Himalaya (2350 m) shows significant antibacterial activity in
concentration dependent manner.
Effects of Sulfonylurea Herbicides on Protein Content and Antioxidants Activi...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Herbicides have been used in the crop field to increase the crop productivity and grain yield. But unfortunately since long back all research papers and articles showed the effect of this herbicide on the non-target organisms. The purpose of this study was to test the toxicity of two herbicides (Sekator and Zoom) on the biochemistry of hard wheat: Triticum durumDesf and common wheat: Triticumaestivum L. The herbicides were applied at tillering stage in the dose full recommendeddoses. After eight days of treatment leaves were collected to determine differentparametersof proteincontent and enzyme activity involved in the antioxidant system (ascorbate peroxidase: APX).The results validated by statistical analysis revealed that there was a highly significant decrease in proteincontent in plant samples treated with the herbicide Zoom in Hidhab variety. By contrast, exposure to the herbicide Sekator causes significant variation in APX activity. Peroxidase activity were significantly decreased in Waha variety but it was significantly increased in Hidhab (HD), and APX activity increased compared with controls in HD treated with Zoom herbicide.The decrease in protein content is an indication of reduction in the growth of the plants leading to a decrease in the yield, while increased level of peroxidase activity pointed to the occurrence of a scavenging mechanism.
ABSTRACT- Mechanical workshops release huge levels of used engine oil into the surroundings. Many mechanical
workshops do not have proper disposal mechanisms and eventually used engine oil reaches the surrounding soil. The
hydrocarbons present in used engine oil damage the environment and human health. There are microbes in nature which
have the ability to degrade the used engine oil. Such microbes can be isolated and used for the biodegradation of
hazardous and recalcitrant hydrocarbons occurring in used engine oil. The present study deals with the four used engine
oil degrading bacterial species isolated from oil contaminated sites of mechanical workshops. The bacterial species were
Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Micrococcus. The optimum pH and temperature on the oil degradation activity
of bacterial species were determined. In addition, effect of various amino acids on the oil degradation ability of these
bacterial species was studied and best amino acid for oil degrading activity was determined. All the four bacterial species
exhibited highest oil degrading activity at pH 7.0. The optimal temperature required for maximum oil degradation activity
by Bacillus and Acinetobacter species was 330C and 350C respectively. At 310C Pseudomonas and Micrococcus species
had shown maximum oil degradation activity. All the bacterial species had shown enhanced oil degradation activity in
methionine supplemented medium. Bacillus species was found to be efficient among all the four species.
Key-words- Mechanical workshops, Used engine oil, Oil degrading bacteria, Optimum, pH, Temperature, Amino acids
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF AQUEOUS AND PETROLEUM ETHER LEAF EXTRACTS OF JATRO...IJSIT Editor
The experiment was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial property of aqueous and Petroleum
ether leaf extracts of Jatrophacurcas against some gram positive micro-organisms: Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis and some gram negative micro-organisms: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi using
antibiotics; Gentamycin as control. The phytochemical screening of aqueous and petroleum ether extracts
showed the presences of cardiac glycosides, steroids and terpenes, tannins, phlobatannins, anthraguinones
and saponins. The disc diffusion techniques was used to test the sensitivity of the micro-organism to the
extracts of Jatrophacurcas the results obtained show mean zones of inhibition between (19 + 0.6mm) to (30 +
0.3mm) for aqueous extract and (24 + 0.5mm) to (35 + 0.8mm) for petroleum ether extract. Micro-organisms
showed sensitivity in the following order: E.coli;(17 + 0.3mm) and (25 + 0.8mm), S.aureus; (26 + 0.2mm) and
(28 + 0.6mm), B.subtilis; (16 + 0.1mm) and (20 + 0.7mm), and S.typhi (25 + 0.2mm) and (27 + 0.6mm) for
aqueous and petroleum ether extracts respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for both
extracts show that the extracts inhibited the growth of the entire test organism at concentration 0.6mg/ml.
This result thus suggests the potency of Jatrophacurcas as an antimicrobial agent especially at the
concentration employed.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF OILS AND THEIR UNSAPONIFIABLE F...EDITOR IJCRCPS
The main objective of the study was to assess the in vitro antifungal potency of the unsaponifiable fraction extracted
from coat and bark seeds oils of Citrullus colocynthis L against pathogenic fungal strains namely Aspergillus flavus,
Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium expansum and Fusarium oxysporum. In terms of the physico-chemical
characterization, oils under study showed evidence of quality standards relating to vegetable oils. Unsaponifiable
matter yield recorded was approximately 0.93% and 1.03%, for the seed coat oil and bark seed oil respectively.
Antifungal activity carried out by radial growth on solid medium (Potatoes Dextrose Agar acidified) revealed that the
oils and the corresponding unsaponifiable fractions exhibited complete inhibition of fungal growth. Maximal antifungal
index inhibition (IAF=100%) were recorded at 5% and 2.5% dilutions of each fraction tested. The results provided
evidence that the unsaponifiable oils fractions might indeed be potential sources of natural antifungal agents and
deserve further studies to characterize the biological compounds included in these fractions.
Keywords: Citrullus colocynthis seeds, seed coat, bark, oils, unsaponifiable fraction, antifungal activity.
Effect of Carom Seed Oil on the Antimicrobial, Physicochemical and Mechanical...IJEABJ
Packaging material is necessary in the preservation process. Edible films containing essential oils can be incorporated into the conventional food packaging systems with a dual purpose, edible and natural preservative, that can maintain quality, extend the shelf life and reduce the risk of pathogen growth specifically in unprocessed or minimally processed foods like fruits and vegetables. In present study, pumpkin-arrowroot starch based edible film incorporated with carom seed oil at 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% were prepared and studied for the antimicrobial properties. Film with 1.5% Carom seed oil showed exceedingly good antimicrobial activities against E. coli, Staphylococcus and Aspergillus. The films were further studied for physical, mechanical and water vapour transmission properties. The results indicated that the film with 1.5% carom seed oil did not alter the mechanical properties of the film significantly, compared to control film and is ideal for coating to extend the shelf life of food products.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Microbial Stimulation of Growth of LucerneIJERA Editor
From the soil samples outside the areas of intensive agriculture, were allocated 145 isolates: 80 cultures growing on medium nutrient agar, 28 – on 79 medium for fixing microorganisms and 37 isolates on MRS medium, by forming zones of hydrolysis of chalk. The influence of selected microorganisms were researched on seed germination and seedling growth of lucerne. Stimulation of the growth of lucerne by some cultures reached 35% (5, R11) - 45% (1, 9, R5, R28) compared with the control.
Synergetic effects of various plant extracts as bio-pesticide against wheat a...Muhammad Qasim
Human health and environment are greatly affected by extensive used of synthetic insecticide, which is why the alternative way of pesticides, such as botanical pesticide consumption increase with the passage of time to control of insect pests. The insecticidal impact of Moringa (Moringa oleifera), Neem (Azadirachta indica) and Euclyptus (Eucalyptus globules) leaves extracts were investigated on Diurophous noxia (Hemiptera: Aphididae). This study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of bio-pesticide instead of synthetic chemicals against D. noxia. Experimental results showed that the percentage of mortality fluctuate with the fluctuation of concentration with time intervals and have great impact on the population of D. noxia. Single, doubled and tripled combinations of leaves extract were tested at two different concentrations (25 and 50%). The results suggested and concluded that from all the application of single botanicals A. indica give better result as compared to other single application while application of double combination M. olerifera with A. indica give significance result instead of other double mixture, meanwhile the triple combination (M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules) performed excellent result as the others triple mixtures. The study revealed that combine used of M. olerifera, A. indica and E. globules leaves extract were very effective against D. noxia and surge as an alternative way of pesticides instead of synthetic chemicals.
— Chemical termiticides are hazardous to biotic and abiotic factors in the environment and hence banned in US and European countries but are still in use in developing countries. They are applied in huge quantity reaching to potable water ways, food, and fodder and killing soil microbiological components. It has been observed from the study that these hazardous termiticides can be replaced by ecofriendly and cheap Biotermiticides made from the plant based oils. Four tree borne oils (CNSL(50-100%), Neemseed oil(10-25%), Karanj seed oil(10-25%) and Markingnut oil(10-25%) and three chemicals Chlorpyrifos(10-50%), Coppernaphthenate(10-50%) and (Boric acid(10-50%) were used in different proportions to formulate CNSL based termiticides. Specimen samples were treated and exposed to termites for 60 days. The mass loss after 60 days was noted and results were analyzed. Chlorpyrifos and Coppernaphthenate 100% have shown better termite control property than boric acid. Commercial termiticides their own might be effective against termite but except Chlorpyrifos and other two have shown not much promising results in CNSL based formulation when compared with the oil formulations. It was observed that CNSL(50-80%) + NO (10-25%) + BSL(10-25%) and CNSL(50-80%) + NO(10-25%) + KO(10-25%) formulations can act as an effective termiticides. All four oils if used 100% have shown good resistant against termites. Keywords— CNSL-Cashew nut shell liquid, NO-Neemseed oil, KO-Karanj oil, BSL-Bhilawan shell liquid.
The Antibiotic and Antixenotic Resistance of Some Peanut (Arachis hypogea L.)...IJRES Journal
Resistant varieties is one of the important components in integrated pest management. Studies of the Antixenotic and antibiotic resistance of peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) varieties aims to obtain varieties resistant and suitable to be cultivated in the province of North Sulawesi. Research using factorial experiment, treatment peanut varieties: Local varieties (V1), Giraffe (V2), Bison (V3), Bima (V4), Elephant (V5) and Rabbit (V6). Organic fertilizer treatments: Without fertilization (P0) and Super Petroganik as much as 20 tonnes/ha (P1) with three replications. Application of organic fertilizer made one month before planting seeds. Antixenosis and antibiosis resistance research results at 30 days after planting (DAP), the highest stomata diameter contained in P1V1 treatment is 12.62 μm, the longest trichomes on P0V3 is 88.07 μm, the highest stem cotrtex on P1V2 is 88.30 μm, and the highest contained on P1V6 is 9.96 mg/g. The result of the 60 DAP is obtained that the highest yields diameter stomata, trichomes length and content of flavonoids in P1V6 each is 13.85 μm, 136.33 μm and 14:57 mg/g, being the highest cortex diameter on P1V5 is 158.80 μm. Based on the results of analysis of variance, flavonoid content peanut varieties 30 DAP and 60 DAP significantly different (P < 0.05), while the diameter of stomata, trichomes numbers and length number, and corticial stem not significant (P > 0.05). Resistance mechanisms developed peanut plants are antibiosis.
Antibacterial activity of aerial parts of thymus serphyllum linn against clin...IJSIT Editor
In the present research work in vitro antibacterial activity of methanolic extract of aerial parts of
Thymus serphyllum L. growing wild in Kashmir Himalaya was evaluated by agar well diffusion method and
broth dilution assay against nine human pathogenic bacterial strains, known to cause serious infections. The
extract was also screened for the presence of various bioactive phytoconstituents present in the plant. The
extract in the present study possess appreciable potential of inhibiting the growth of all the bacterial strains
at all tested concentrations (30, 60 and 90 mg/ml). The highest sensitivity was exhibited against
Staphylococcus epidermidis MTCC- 435 and Staphylococcus aureus with mean zones of inhibition 20.66 and 20
mm respectively at the concentration of 90 mg/ml. Salmonella typhi showed the least activity with mean zone
of inhibition of 10.00 mm at the concentration of 30 mg/ml. The MIC value ranged between 1.56 to 12.56
mg/ml. The phytochemical analysis of the crude extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids,
phenolics, saponins, tannins, cardiac glycosides, terpenes, steroids and carbohydrates. Anthraquinone
glycosides were absent. The present study clearly indicate that the crude methanolic extract of Thymus
serphyllum from high altitude of Kashmir Himalaya (2350 m) shows significant antibacterial activity in
concentration dependent manner.
Effects of Sulfonylurea Herbicides on Protein Content and Antioxidants Activi...INFOGAIN PUBLICATION
Herbicides have been used in the crop field to increase the crop productivity and grain yield. But unfortunately since long back all research papers and articles showed the effect of this herbicide on the non-target organisms. The purpose of this study was to test the toxicity of two herbicides (Sekator and Zoom) on the biochemistry of hard wheat: Triticum durumDesf and common wheat: Triticumaestivum L. The herbicides were applied at tillering stage in the dose full recommendeddoses. After eight days of treatment leaves were collected to determine differentparametersof proteincontent and enzyme activity involved in the antioxidant system (ascorbate peroxidase: APX).The results validated by statistical analysis revealed that there was a highly significant decrease in proteincontent in plant samples treated with the herbicide Zoom in Hidhab variety. By contrast, exposure to the herbicide Sekator causes significant variation in APX activity. Peroxidase activity were significantly decreased in Waha variety but it was significantly increased in Hidhab (HD), and APX activity increased compared with controls in HD treated with Zoom herbicide.The decrease in protein content is an indication of reduction in the growth of the plants leading to a decrease in the yield, while increased level of peroxidase activity pointed to the occurrence of a scavenging mechanism.
ABSTRACT- Mechanical workshops release huge levels of used engine oil into the surroundings. Many mechanical
workshops do not have proper disposal mechanisms and eventually used engine oil reaches the surrounding soil. The
hydrocarbons present in used engine oil damage the environment and human health. There are microbes in nature which
have the ability to degrade the used engine oil. Such microbes can be isolated and used for the biodegradation of
hazardous and recalcitrant hydrocarbons occurring in used engine oil. The present study deals with the four used engine
oil degrading bacterial species isolated from oil contaminated sites of mechanical workshops. The bacterial species were
Bacillus, Acinetobacter, Pseudomonas and Micrococcus. The optimum pH and temperature on the oil degradation activity
of bacterial species were determined. In addition, effect of various amino acids on the oil degradation ability of these
bacterial species was studied and best amino acid for oil degrading activity was determined. All the four bacterial species
exhibited highest oil degrading activity at pH 7.0. The optimal temperature required for maximum oil degradation activity
by Bacillus and Acinetobacter species was 330C and 350C respectively. At 310C Pseudomonas and Micrococcus species
had shown maximum oil degradation activity. All the bacterial species had shown enhanced oil degradation activity in
methionine supplemented medium. Bacillus species was found to be efficient among all the four species.
Key-words- Mechanical workshops, Used engine oil, Oil degrading bacteria, Optimum, pH, Temperature, Amino acids
ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTY OF AQUEOUS AND PETROLEUM ETHER LEAF EXTRACTS OF JATRO...IJSIT Editor
The experiment was carried out to investigate the antimicrobial property of aqueous and Petroleum
ether leaf extracts of Jatrophacurcas against some gram positive micro-organisms: Staphylococcus aureus,
Bacillus subtilis and some gram negative micro-organisms: Escherichia coli, Salmonella typhi using
antibiotics; Gentamycin as control. The phytochemical screening of aqueous and petroleum ether extracts
showed the presences of cardiac glycosides, steroids and terpenes, tannins, phlobatannins, anthraguinones
and saponins. The disc diffusion techniques was used to test the sensitivity of the micro-organism to the
extracts of Jatrophacurcas the results obtained show mean zones of inhibition between (19 + 0.6mm) to (30 +
0.3mm) for aqueous extract and (24 + 0.5mm) to (35 + 0.8mm) for petroleum ether extract. Micro-organisms
showed sensitivity in the following order: E.coli;(17 + 0.3mm) and (25 + 0.8mm), S.aureus; (26 + 0.2mm) and
(28 + 0.6mm), B.subtilis; (16 + 0.1mm) and (20 + 0.7mm), and S.typhi (25 + 0.2mm) and (27 + 0.6mm) for
aqueous and petroleum ether extracts respectively. The minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) for both
extracts show that the extracts inhibited the growth of the entire test organism at concentration 0.6mg/ml.
This result thus suggests the potency of Jatrophacurcas as an antimicrobial agent especially at the
concentration employed.
COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ANTIFUNGAL EFFECT OF OILS AND THEIR UNSAPONIFIABLE F...EDITOR IJCRCPS
The main objective of the study was to assess the in vitro antifungal potency of the unsaponifiable fraction extracted
from coat and bark seeds oils of Citrullus colocynthis L against pathogenic fungal strains namely Aspergillus flavus,
Aspergillus ochraceus, Penicillium expansum and Fusarium oxysporum. In terms of the physico-chemical
characterization, oils under study showed evidence of quality standards relating to vegetable oils. Unsaponifiable
matter yield recorded was approximately 0.93% and 1.03%, for the seed coat oil and bark seed oil respectively.
Antifungal activity carried out by radial growth on solid medium (Potatoes Dextrose Agar acidified) revealed that the
oils and the corresponding unsaponifiable fractions exhibited complete inhibition of fungal growth. Maximal antifungal
index inhibition (IAF=100%) were recorded at 5% and 2.5% dilutions of each fraction tested. The results provided
evidence that the unsaponifiable oils fractions might indeed be potential sources of natural antifungal agents and
deserve further studies to characterize the biological compounds included in these fractions.
Keywords: Citrullus colocynthis seeds, seed coat, bark, oils, unsaponifiable fraction, antifungal activity.
Effect of Carom Seed Oil on the Antimicrobial, Physicochemical and Mechanical...IJEABJ
Packaging material is necessary in the preservation process. Edible films containing essential oils can be incorporated into the conventional food packaging systems with a dual purpose, edible and natural preservative, that can maintain quality, extend the shelf life and reduce the risk of pathogen growth specifically in unprocessed or minimally processed foods like fruits and vegetables. In present study, pumpkin-arrowroot starch based edible film incorporated with carom seed oil at 0.5%, 1% and 1.5% were prepared and studied for the antimicrobial properties. Film with 1.5% Carom seed oil showed exceedingly good antimicrobial activities against E. coli, Staphylococcus and Aspergillus. The films were further studied for physical, mechanical and water vapour transmission properties. The results indicated that the film with 1.5% carom seed oil did not alter the mechanical properties of the film significantly, compared to control film and is ideal for coating to extend the shelf life of food products.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Pharmaceutical Science Invention (IJPSI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of Pahrmaceutical Science. IJPSI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
Microbiological Profile and Quality Assessment of Unbranded Groundnut Oil Mar...IJRTEMJOURNAL
This work was conducted to assess the microbial profile and quality attributes of unbranded
groundnut oil sold at Keffi. A total of 25 samples of unbranded groundnut oil were collected from different
locations and subjected to microbial and quality assessment. The total viable bacteria count ranged from 2.1–
7.2 × 105 cfu/ml, while the total faecal coliform count ranged from 2.2–6.2 × 105
cfu/ml. The
Salmonella/Shigella count ranged from 1.4–4.2 × 105
cfu/ml and the fungal count ranged from 3.6 – 8.2 × 105
cfu/ml. The microbial isolates obtained were Mucor spp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus spp.,
Penicillium spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., E. coli and
Salmonella spp. Anti-biogram of the bacterial isolates revealed a varying level of resistance/susceptibility to the
antibiotics tested. The result of mineral contents analysis showed that all samples had high detectable levels of
Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Cd and Pb. These results indicated values that exceeded the maximum limits set by regulatory
agencies, thereby making these oils unsafe for consumption. It can therefore be concluded that it is imperative
for the manufacturers of these products to adopt good manufacturing practices and ensure proper quality
assurance of their products.
Microbiological Profile and Quality Assessment of Unbranded Groundnut Oil Mar...journal ijrtem
This work was conducted to assess the microbial profile and quality attributes of unbranded
groundnut oil sold at Keffi. A total of 25 samples of unbranded groundnut oil were collected from different
locations and subjected to microbial and quality assessment. The total viable bacteria count ranged from 2.1–
7.2 × 105 cfu/ml, while the total faecal coliform count ranged from 2.2–6.2 × 105
cfu/ml. The
Salmonella/Shigella count ranged from 1.4–4.2 × 105
cfu/ml and the fungal count ranged from 3.6 – 8.2 × 105
cfu/ml. The microbial isolates obtained were Mucor spp., Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Rhizopus spp.,
Penicillium spp., Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacillus spp., Micrococcus spp., E. coli and
Salmonella spp. Anti-biogram of the bacterial isolates revealed a varying level of resistance/susceptibility to the
antibiotics tested. The result of mineral contents analysis showed that all samples had high detectable levels of
Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Cd and Pb. These results indicated values that exceeded the maximum limits set by regulatory
agencies, thereby making these oils unsafe for consumption. It can therefore be concluded that it is imperative
for the manufacturers of these products to adopt good manufacturing practices and ensure proper quality
assurance of their products.
Evaluation of the antimicrobial effect of Thymus capitatus Essential Oil (EO)...IIJSRJournal
Pathogenic bacteria recently turned to be increasingly resistant to the most commonly used antibiotics, thus it becomes an essential need to find another active component that participates in controlling pathogens harms. Thymus capitatus is an endemic aromatic medical plant wildly distributed in the Libyan Green Mountain; therefore, T. capitatus extracted essential oil was used to evaluate the antimicrobial activity. T. capitatus was chemically analyzed to determine the antimicrobial active components using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometric techniques (GC/MS). The plant represented twenty-one chemical compounds including Alpha-thujenes, Gamma-terpinen, Carvacrol, Thymol, Trans-caryophyllene, Aroma dendrene, Alpha-humulene, Ledene, Gamma cadinene, Delta-cadinene, (-)-spathulenol, Caryophullene oxid, Alpha cadinol, Iso aromadrene epoxide, Cis-alpha bisabolene, Vulgarol B, 2-ethyl-4-methyl anisole, Hexanoic acid, oct-3-en-zylester, Phenol l, 2, 3, 5, 6 tetramethyl and Anisole. The antimicrobial activity of T. capitatus aromatic essential oil (EO) was analyzed on several types of pathogens using serial aromatic oil dilutions including (50%, 25%, 13%, 6% and 3%). The results showed 50% oil dilution is the most effective concentration for all tested pathogens including Escherichia coli 7839 ATCC; Klebsiella pneumoniae 700603 ATCC; Staphylococcus aureus 12973 ATCC and Enterococcus faecalis 12697 ATCC with an average diameter of inhibition zone was 28 mm. The same oil concentration (50%) showed antimicrobial effect against pathogenic bacteria isolated from urinary tract infection including S. saprophyticus, E. faecalis, E. coli; and K pneumonia with an average diameter of inhibition zone was 26 mm. Our study may contribute to initial knowledge and would help to discover substances with potential therapeutic uses.
Chemical Composition And Acridicid Properties Of The Moroccan Tanacetum Annuu...inventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
Moringa is a plantfood of high nutritional value, ecologically and economically beneficial and readily available in the countries hardest hit by the food crisis. http://miracletrees.org/ http://moringatrees.org/
Mentha L. essential oils composition and in vitro antifungal activityiosrphr_editor
The essential oils isolated by hydro-distillation from the leaves of wild growing Mentha piperita and Mentha spicata (Lamiaceae) at the region of Mariovo, Republic of Macedonia were analyzed by gas chromatography with flame ionization detector (GC-FID) and gas chromatography wit mass selective detector (GC-MS). A total of forty six and thirty two different components were identified in the essential oils obtained from M. piperita and M. spicata, respectively, constituting approximately >99% (w/w) of the oils. The major components in the essential oil of M. piperita were menthol (34.3%), L-menthone (18.24%) and isomenthone (5.16%), neoisomenthol (3.48%), pulegone (3.03%) and menthyl acetate (3.01%). The major components in the essential oil of M. spicata were carvone (61.4%) ; limonene (11.87%) and 1, 8 – cineol (5.21%). The antifungal activity of the oils was tested by disc diffusion method and the micro-dilution broth method (MIC) against six plant pathogenic fungi: Alternaria alternata Alternaria solani, Aspergillus flavus, Aspergillus niger, Fusarium solani and Rhizopus solani. The results from the disc diffusion method followed by MIC indicated that M. spicata essential oil showed maximum antifungal activity with larger inhibition zone (20 – 29 mm) and the smallest MIC values (65.8 – 120.3 μg mL-1) against all the strains tested. M. piperita essential oil exhibited good antifungal activity with inhibition zone of 19 and 20 mm and MIC values of 120.3 and 115.4 μg mL- 1, respectively against Fusarium solani and Aspergilus flavus and excellent antifungal activity with inhibition zone of 28 and 30 mm and MIC values of 65.4 and 50.6 μg mL- 1, respectively against Aspergilus niger and Rhizopus solani.
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Scienceinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY AND PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENING OF NEEM LEAVES AND LEMON G...IAEME Publication
In this study, the antimicrobial activity and phytochemical constituents of neem
leaves and lemon grass oil extracts were evaluated. Oil extracts of neem leaves and
lemon grass were obtained by solvent extraction method using hexane and ethanol.
Antimicrobial activity screening of plants’ oil extracts were conducted using agar well
diffusion method and the oil extracts were tested against three gram negative bacteria
(Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Klebsiella specie, Escherichia coli), one gram positive
bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and two fungi (Candida albicans, Rhizopus specie).
Phytochemical components of the ethanolic oil extracts were anthocyanin and
betacyanin; quinones; terpenoids and acid for lemon grass. In addition to other
phytochemicals present in lemon grass ethanolic oil extract, neem ethanolic oil extracts
tested positive to flavonoids. Lemon grass oil extract shows high activity against
Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Candida albicans which are
representative of the three categories of microorganisms considered. Neem leaves oil
extracts have relatively low activity against most of the selected microorganisms.
This is PowerPoint Presentation published in Elsevier Journal.
Link here: https://www.elsevier.com/books-and-journals/book-companion/9780128498859/presentation
This Presentation is all about Ecdysone Receptor Agonists. All points are explained by diagrammatically. If you need any help about this topic, then mail me on mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
This Presentation is all about Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) Competitive Modulators (Agonists). All points are explained by diagrammatically. If you need any help about this topic, then mail me on mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
This presentation about Wild Locust (Migratory Locust).
This PPT discuss the topic about Taxonomy, Life Stages, Life History, Damage and Controls
Contact Email: mzeeshan_93@yahoo.com
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
This pdf is about the Schizophrenia.
For more details visit on YouTube; @SELF-EXPLANATORY;
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCAiarMZDNhe1A3Rnpr_WkzA/videos
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Richard's aventures in two entangled wonderlandsRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Comparing Evolved Extractive Text Summary Scores of Bidirectional Encoder Rep...University of Maribor
Slides from:
11th International Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering (IcETRAN), Niš, 3-6 June 2024
Track: Artificial Intelligence
https://www.etran.rs/2024/en/home-english/
Effectiveness and safety of some essential oils oon the growth and silk production of the silkworm
1. Effectiveness and safety of some essential oils of
aromatic plants on the growth and silk production
of the silkworm Bombyx mori L.
Youssef Dewer and Mona M. Mahmoud
Journal of Entomology and Zoology Studies
Presented By
Muhammad Zeeshan Nazar
2. i. Importance
Mulberry leaves play a key role in the production of silk industry as the
silkworms feed on it.
Introduction
The silkworm is an important economic insect.
Converts leaf proteins into the silk proteins
Sericulture industry depends not only on a high quantity but also on the
quality of leave (Tribhuwan S, Mathur SK. 1989).
3. ii. Pests of mulberry
Mulberry foliage is susceptible to various insect pests.
mealy bugs, armored scale insects, whiteflies and beetles
These pests not only reduce the yield but also alter the biochemical
components.
Generally, insecticide are not advisable for the mulberry.
Therefore, we apply botanicals for control of insect pests (Yamamoto M.
and Toda M. et al 2007).
4. iii. Essential oils
Essential oils (EOs) are volatile oil(s) that have strong aromatic components.
Commonly referred as plant secondary metabolites.
Functions
Attractants or repellents for the insects and protecting themselves from
heat and cold.
Sub-lethal effects including oviposition deterrence, anti-feedant activity
and repellent actions (Burt, 2004).
5. The aim of the present study was to identify the safety and efficacy
of EOs from Fennel and Caraway on the productivity and development
of silkworms.
Objective
6. i. Insects culture and rearing conditions
Silkworm eggs were obtained from the Sericulture Research Department,
Plant Protection Research Institute (PPRI), Agricultural Research Centre,
Giza, Egypt.
Materials and Methods
Larvae were reared in the laboratory at
25 ± 1.5 ºC
75 ± 5 % relative humidity
Newly hatched larvae were fed on fresh mulberry leaves (variety Romi)
until the 5th instar, which stage was used in our bioassays.
7. ii. Preparation of essential oils
• Essential oils were derived from two species of Mediterranean plants
Caraway (Carum carvi)
Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare)
9. iii. Insect Bioassay
A series of dilutions of 1, 2, 4, 6 and 8% of the extracted oils were used.
The dilutions were prepared from stock solutions of 50% by using distilled
water.
Fresh dilutions were made and used to test the silkworm.
Mulberry leaves were thoroughly washed with water and then dipped into
the test solution for around 1 min.
10. • Control leaves were dipped in distilled water with 0.1% Triton X-100.
• Both leaves were left to dry at room temperature.
• Both mulberry leaves were fed to the silkworm larvae (50 larvae/tray x 3
replicates x 10 treatments) up to cocoon formation.
• Mortality and survival were determined after 24 h of each exposure and
the numbers of dead larvae were counted cumulatively.
• Observations were also recorded on the cocoon parameters viz., cocoon
weight, pupae weight and shell weight.
11. iv. Experimental Measurements
• A sample of five mature experimented larvae was dissected and the silk
glands were drawn and weighed.
• The number of deposited and fertilized eggs per female moth was counted
and recorded.
v. Statistical analysis
The data as percentages were analyzed using methods described by Snedecor.
(Snedecor GW. 1956).
12. Results and Discussion
Results shows that :
The larval mortality percentage increased with increasing oil
concentrations.
14. 0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
1 2 4 6 8
Larvalweight(g)
Essential Oils Concentratiom (%)
Fennal
Caraway
Control
Fennel oil 3.064g at 1% Concentration
2.248g at 8% Concentration
Caraway 3.058g at 1% Concentration
1.919g at 8% Concentration
Control 3.077g
Larval weight
15. 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
1 2 4 6 8
Silkglandweight(g)
Essential Oils Concentration (%)
Fennel
Caraway
Control
Fennel oil 0.592g at 1% Concentration
0.307g at 8% Concentration
Caraway 0.574g at 1% Concentration
0.234g at 8% Concentration
Control 0.559g
Silk gland weight
16. Fennel oil 15.4% mortality at 1% Concentration
69.2% mortality at 8% Concentration
Caraway 18.5% mortality at 1% Concentration
76.9% mortality at 8% Concentration
Control 16.9%
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 2 4 6 8
LarvalMortality(%)
Essential Oils Concentration (%)
Fennel
Caraway
Control
Larval Mortality
17. 0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1 2 4 6 8
FecundityValue
Essential Oils Concentration (%)
Fennel
Caraway
Control
Fennel oil 370.4 at 1% Concentration
261 at 8% Concentration
Caraway 359.2 at 1% Concentration
254 at 8% Concentration
Control 359
Fecundity Value
18. • No negative effects on the development and silk production of
silkworm.
• It would be useful to gain insight into the efficiency of a safe
management process.
• Contribute to the IPM in silkworm-breeding industry.
Conclusion
19. Das PK, Vijaya Raghawan K, Jolly MS. Preliminary observation on the effect of feeding with washed and dusty
mulberry leaves on the performance of four races of silkworm, Bombyx mori (L.) National seminar on silk research
and development (Abstract) 1983; March 10-13, Bangalore. India p-111.
Yamamoto M, Toda M, Tanaka K, Sugita T, Sasaki S,
Uneyama C, Morikawa K. Study on usage of pesticides in various countries. Kokuritsu Iyakuhin Shokuhin Eisei
Kenkyusho Hokoku 2007; 125, 92-100.
Burt S. Essential oils: their antibacterial properties and potential applications in foods - a review, International
Journal of Food Microbiology 2004; 94, 223-253.
Snedecor GW. Statistical methods. 5th ed., lowa State University Press, lowa 1956; pp. 534.
Thangavelu K, Singh RN. Integrated pest management in tasar culture. Annals Entomology 1994; 9, 59-65.
Fournier A. Quantitative data on the Bombyx mori L. silkworm: a review. Biochimie 1979; 61, 283-320.
Hiratsuka Ε. Researches on the nutrition of the silkworm. Bulletin Series Experimental Station in Tokyo 1920; 1,
275 - 315.
Biram SNM, Tribhuwan S, Beera S. Occurrence of unfertilized eggs in the mulberry silkworm, Bombyx mori L.
(Lepidoptera: Bombycidae). International Journal of industrial Entomology 2009; 18, 1 - 7.
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