This document discusses various vegetative propagation techniques used in horticulture, including cutting, layering, grafting and budding. It describes different types of cuttings like stem cuttings, leaf cuttings and root cuttings. It also explains different layering techniques like simple layering, air layering, mound layering and trench layering. Rooting hormones and rooting media used for vegetative propagation are also discussed in detail.
Orchids are a diverse family of flowering plants with unique characteristics. They can be divided into types based on growth patterns (monopodial vs sympodial) and growing conditions (epiphytic, lithophytic, terrestrial). Common orchid genera include Cattleya, Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Phalaenopsis, and Paphiopedilum. Orchids can be propagated through various methods including cutting, offshoots/keikis, aerial shoots, seed, and tissue culture. Proper care involves providing appropriate light, temperature, humidity, water, nutrients, and propagation based on the specific orchid type.
Plant propagation structures in plant nursery.pptPudhuvai Baveesh
Plant propagation structures like greenhouses, polyhouses, net houses, plastic tunnels, mist chambers and hot beds play an important role in nursery production. They help maintain optimal climate conditions for seed germination and rooting cuttings. Greenhouses allow year-round production and offer precise environmental control. Polyhouses, net houses and plastic tunnels are also used for off-season propagation. Mist chambers maintain high humidity needed for rooting cuttings. Hot beds provide early seedling starts using supplemental heat. These structures enhance nursery productivity and quality through customized growing environments.
Seed dormancy allows seeds to remain dormant during unfavorable conditions until conditions become suitable for germination. There are two main types of dormancy - primary and secondary. Primary dormancy occurs due to internal factors like hormones, while secondary dormancy is caused by external factors like temperature. Dormancy can be overcome through methods like scarification, stratification, hormone treatment, and photoperiod manipulation. Seed dormancy provides important biological benefits like survival during drought or frost and dispersal to new areas.
This document discusses various budding and grafting methods used in horticulture. It defines budding and grafting, lists their benefits, and describes several common techniques. Budding methods covered include shield budding, patch budding, chip budding, ring budding, and modified ring budding. Grafting methods discussed are veneer grafting, whip grafting, tongue grafting, cleft grafting, wedge grafting, and bridge grafting. The document also addresses factors like budwood selection and season that influence budding and grafting success. A case study example demonstrates how grafting can boost plant growth, increase stress tolerance, and provide resistance to pathogens.
Taining and pruning in horticultural cropslovelynagra
This document discusses training and pruning techniques for horticultural crops. It describes three common training systems: central leader, open center, and modified leader. Central leader features a main trunk with side branches, but trees can grow too tall. Open center removes the main trunk to allow more sunlight, but trees are weaker. Modified leader combines aspects of the first two systems. The document also covers pruning types like heading back and thinning cuts, goals of training and pruning like productivity and quality, and principles and objectives like controlling growth. Tools and impacts on growth, hormones, fruiting and more are also summarized.
Layering is a method of vegetative propagation where a stem is induced to root while still attached to the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple layering, where a stem is bent to the ground and covered with soil, and air layering, where a stem is girdled and surrounded with moist moss to promote root formation. Layering has advantages over other propagation methods as it prevents water and carbohydrate stress on the new plant and ensures a high success rate. Factors like wounding, moisture, and growth regulators can influence the rooting of layers.
Layering is a plant propagation technique where a stem or root of a plant forms roots while still attached to the parent plant. When root formation is complete, the layered portion is then removed from the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple, trench, serpentine, stool/mound, tip, and air layering. Air layering is a technique where a portion of the stem is girdled and wrapped in moist sphagnum moss to induce root formation, without burying the stem in soil. It has the advantages of being relatively simple and usually very successful, but requires more time and effort than other layering methods.
This document discusses grafting and budding techniques in horticulture. It defines grafting as joining parts of two plants together so they unite and function as one plant. The key parts of a graft are the scion, which provides the shoot system, and the rootstock, which forms the root system. Successful grafting requires bringing the cambium layers of the scion and rootstock together. Several grafting methods are described, including whip grafting, cleft grafting, and approach grafting. The formation of the graft union and callus tissue bridging the scion and rootstock are also explained.
Orchids are a diverse family of flowering plants with unique characteristics. They can be divided into types based on growth patterns (monopodial vs sympodial) and growing conditions (epiphytic, lithophytic, terrestrial). Common orchid genera include Cattleya, Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Phalaenopsis, and Paphiopedilum. Orchids can be propagated through various methods including cutting, offshoots/keikis, aerial shoots, seed, and tissue culture. Proper care involves providing appropriate light, temperature, humidity, water, nutrients, and propagation based on the specific orchid type.
Plant propagation structures in plant nursery.pptPudhuvai Baveesh
Plant propagation structures like greenhouses, polyhouses, net houses, plastic tunnels, mist chambers and hot beds play an important role in nursery production. They help maintain optimal climate conditions for seed germination and rooting cuttings. Greenhouses allow year-round production and offer precise environmental control. Polyhouses, net houses and plastic tunnels are also used for off-season propagation. Mist chambers maintain high humidity needed for rooting cuttings. Hot beds provide early seedling starts using supplemental heat. These structures enhance nursery productivity and quality through customized growing environments.
Seed dormancy allows seeds to remain dormant during unfavorable conditions until conditions become suitable for germination. There are two main types of dormancy - primary and secondary. Primary dormancy occurs due to internal factors like hormones, while secondary dormancy is caused by external factors like temperature. Dormancy can be overcome through methods like scarification, stratification, hormone treatment, and photoperiod manipulation. Seed dormancy provides important biological benefits like survival during drought or frost and dispersal to new areas.
This document discusses various budding and grafting methods used in horticulture. It defines budding and grafting, lists their benefits, and describes several common techniques. Budding methods covered include shield budding, patch budding, chip budding, ring budding, and modified ring budding. Grafting methods discussed are veneer grafting, whip grafting, tongue grafting, cleft grafting, wedge grafting, and bridge grafting. The document also addresses factors like budwood selection and season that influence budding and grafting success. A case study example demonstrates how grafting can boost plant growth, increase stress tolerance, and provide resistance to pathogens.
Taining and pruning in horticultural cropslovelynagra
This document discusses training and pruning techniques for horticultural crops. It describes three common training systems: central leader, open center, and modified leader. Central leader features a main trunk with side branches, but trees can grow too tall. Open center removes the main trunk to allow more sunlight, but trees are weaker. Modified leader combines aspects of the first two systems. The document also covers pruning types like heading back and thinning cuts, goals of training and pruning like productivity and quality, and principles and objectives like controlling growth. Tools and impacts on growth, hormones, fruiting and more are also summarized.
Layering is a method of vegetative propagation where a stem is induced to root while still attached to the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple layering, where a stem is bent to the ground and covered with soil, and air layering, where a stem is girdled and surrounded with moist moss to promote root formation. Layering has advantages over other propagation methods as it prevents water and carbohydrate stress on the new plant and ensures a high success rate. Factors like wounding, moisture, and growth regulators can influence the rooting of layers.
Layering is a plant propagation technique where a stem or root of a plant forms roots while still attached to the parent plant. When root formation is complete, the layered portion is then removed from the parent plant. There are several types of layering including simple, trench, serpentine, stool/mound, tip, and air layering. Air layering is a technique where a portion of the stem is girdled and wrapped in moist sphagnum moss to induce root formation, without burying the stem in soil. It has the advantages of being relatively simple and usually very successful, but requires more time and effort than other layering methods.
This document discusses grafting and budding techniques in horticulture. It defines grafting as joining parts of two plants together so they unite and function as one plant. The key parts of a graft are the scion, which provides the shoot system, and the rootstock, which forms the root system. Successful grafting requires bringing the cambium layers of the scion and rootstock together. Several grafting methods are described, including whip grafting, cleft grafting, and approach grafting. The formation of the graft union and callus tissue bridging the scion and rootstock are also explained.
This document discusses various methods of vegetative propagation, specifically grafting. It defines grafting as attaching the shoot of a superior plant to the root stock of an inferior plant to multiply the superior plant. Several types of grafting are described, including approach grafting, whip grafting, cleft grafting, top grafting, veneer grafting, epicotyl grafting, and budding. Budding is defined as a form of grafting where a bud is inserted into the rootstock and allowed to grow. Different budding techniques like T-budding, patch budding, chip budding, flap budding, and ring budding are also outlined.
This document provides information on unfruitfulness in fruit crops. It discusses internal and external factors that can cause unfruitfulness. Internal factors include sterility from impotence, incompatibility, and embryo abortion, which can be due to evolutionary tendencies, genetic influences, or physiological factors. External factors include environmental conditions like temperature, rainfall, wind; nutrient supply; rootstocks; pruning; age and vigor of the plant; locality; and insect pests and diseases. The document provides detailed explanations and examples for many of the factors that can lead to unfruitfulness in different fruit crops.
This document describes the floral biology and different parts of flowers and inflorescences. It defines the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium, and describes their structures and types. It then explains different types of inflorescences including racemose inflorescences like racemes, corymbs, and umbels, and cymose inflorescences. It also covers mixed, compound, and special inflorescences like heads, spadices, catkins and others. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the different floral and inflorescence structures.
The document provides details about plant grafting, including different types of grafting techniques and steps for performing cleft grafting. It describes cleft grafting as one of the simplest and most popular forms of grafting where one or more scions are inserted into a vertical slit made in the rootstock. The key steps for cleft grafting include preparing the rootstock and scions, inserting the tapered scions into the cleft with cambium layers aligned, and sealing the graft with wax or paint.
Stem cuttings are the most common method of vegetative plant propagation. A stem cutting is a portion of a stem that includes at least one node and is rooted to form a new plant. There are several types of stem cuttings including softwood, semi-hardwood, and hardwood cuttings. Softwood cuttings are taken from new, succulent growth while hardwood cuttings are taken from dormant, mature stems. Leaf cuttings can also be used to propagate some plants by rooting leaf blades or sections. Proper environmental conditions and sometimes treatment with rooting hormones helps promote root formation on cuttings.
seed is scientifically the mature embryo.
these powerpoint slides include the basic concepts of seed,its importance, parts of seed, composition,seed structure, seed development and embryogenesis.
The document discusses training and pruning of fruit trees. It provides details on:
1) The objectives of training include improving plant structure, facilitating cultural practices and harvest, and balancing vegetative and reproductive growth. Common training systems described include central leader, open center, and modified center.
2) Pruning aims to control plant size and yield, remove diseased or damaged wood, and balance vegetative and reproductive growth. Techniques include heading, thinning, and girdling. Proper timing and tools are important.
3) Factors like bud differentiation timing and wood age influence appropriate pruning times. Temperate trees are pruned dormant in winter while evergreens are rarely pruned except for thinning.
This document discusses plant propagation techniques for orchard crops. It defines plant propagation as the art and science of multiplying plants through sexual or asexual means. The two main types of propagation are sexual propagation using seeds, and asexual propagation methods like cuttings, budding, grafting, layering, and separation/division of specialized structures. Several specific asexual propagation techniques are described in detail such as stem cuttings, budding methods, grafting styles, and types of layering.
Seed quality is determined by physical, physiological, genetic, and storability attributes. Physiological attributes include germination percentage and vigor. Genetic attributes ensure the seed is the correct variety and adapted to local conditions. Seed can be classified as breeder's, pre-basic, basic, or certified based on generation and quality controls. Germination occurs through epigeal or hypogeal modes and requires water, air, temperature, and sometimes light.
This document provides information on breeding of orchids. It begins with the classification, origin, and description of orchids. It then discusses the vegetative growth, floral biology, and important orchid species. The objectives and methods of orchid breeding are outlined, including hybridization, mutation breeding, polyploidy breeding, and biotechnology. Specific hybrids resulting from these methods are presented for various orchid genera. International ruling varieties are also listed.
This document discusses fruit development and factors that influence fruit size. It explains that fruits develop from ovaries and accessory tissues, and can have different structures depending on flower anatomy. Fruit development involves cell division, cell expansion, and ripening. The size of fruits is influenced by the number of cells formed in the division phase, the number of leaves per fruit providing photosynthates, competition between fruits for resources, and seed formation which stimulates growth. Horticulturists can increase fruit size by thinning fruits early in development to reduce competition during cell division.
Floriculture is important from an economic, aesthetic, and social point of view in India. Economically, flower crops provide high returns and short gestation periods. The sale of loose flowers is a thriving business in South India. Aesthetically, flowers are used in Japanese flower arranging and horticultural therapy. Socially, flowers are used to express feelings and are integral to social functions and celebrations like weddings. India has a favorable climate, skilled labor, proximity to markets, and tissue culture facilities that provide scope for the floriculture industry to grow.
This document provides information on French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). It discusses the botanical details of French bean, its origin in Southern Mexico and Central America, different species, economic benefits, climate and soil requirements, cropping seasons, cultivation practices including land preparation, sowing, irrigation, nutrition, plant protection, and harvesting. It also describes the characteristics and yield of popular French bean varieties grown in India such as Arka Anoop, Arka Arjun, Arka Komal, Arka Sharath, Arka Sukomal, and Arka Suvidha.
Growth and developmental analysis indices in crop productionSOUVIKGANGULY11
This document discusses growth and development in plants. It begins with an introduction to growth, including definitions of growth, stages of cellular growth, and types of growth. It then discusses growth analysis parameters such as crop growth rate, relative growth rate, absolute growth rate, and net assimilation rate. The document also covers measurement of growth, growth curves, and developmental stages in plants from germination to maturity. Key growth analysis parameters like leaf area index and leaf area duration are also defined. Finally, the similarities and differences between growth stages and developmental stages are highlighted.
The radish (Raphanus sativus) is an edible root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family that was domesticated in Europe in pre-Roman times. They are grown and consumed throughout the world. Radishes have numerous varieties, varying in size, color and duration of required cultivation time. There are some radishes that are grown for their seeds; oilseed radishes are grown, as the name implies, for oil production.
This document discusses different types of greenhouses. It classifies greenhouses based on their working principles as either passive or active. It also categorizes greenhouses by their construction cost and technology level as low, medium or high-tech. Additionally, the document describes various greenhouse types based on their structure, covering material and shape. Common structure types include wooden framed, pipe framed and truss framed. Common covering materials are glass, plastic films and rigid panels. Common greenhouse shapes mentioned are solarium, quonset, gable and connected styles.
Sugarcane is a major cash crop and source of sugar production in India. It is grown between 35 degrees north and south latitude. The top three sugarcane producing countries are India, Brazil, and Cuba. Sugarcane requires tropical or subtropical conditions with temperatures between 26-32 degrees Celsius and annual rainfall of 75-120 cm. Proper soil preparation, variety selection, fertilizer and irrigation management are needed to optimize yields. Diseases like red rot and smut and insect pests like early shoot borer require control. Harvesting is done when lower leaves wither and sugar content peaks in March. Ratooning of the stubble can provide additional yields.
Physiological, anatomical and biochemical aspects of rootAsish Benny
Cuttings are a common method of vegetative propagation where a detached part of a plant is placed in a rooting medium to form adventitious roots and shoots. Adventitious root formation is a complex process involving biochemical, physiological and anatomical changes. Key factors that influence rooting include the physiological condition and maturity of the mother plant, presence of leaves and buds, type of wood, season, and treatment of cuttings with growth regulators, minerals, and wounding. Proper treatment of cuttings can optimize root initiation and development.
Avocado cultivation is common in parts of India like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Maharashtra. The document discusses avocado varieties commonly cultivated in India, appropriate growing conditions, fertilizer schedules, pests/diseases, pruning practices, and harvest timing. Pruning avocado trees requires care to minimize removal of fruit-producing foliage and maintain a balanced canopy structure. Light, frequent pruning is preferable to heavy cuts, which can reduce yields.
This document discusses various methods of vegetative propagation, specifically grafting. It defines grafting as attaching the shoot of a superior plant to the root stock of an inferior plant to multiply the superior plant. Several types of grafting are described, including approach grafting, whip grafting, cleft grafting, top grafting, veneer grafting, epicotyl grafting, and budding. Budding is defined as a form of grafting where a bud is inserted into the rootstock and allowed to grow. Different budding techniques like T-budding, patch budding, chip budding, flap budding, and ring budding are also outlined.
This document provides information on unfruitfulness in fruit crops. It discusses internal and external factors that can cause unfruitfulness. Internal factors include sterility from impotence, incompatibility, and embryo abortion, which can be due to evolutionary tendencies, genetic influences, or physiological factors. External factors include environmental conditions like temperature, rainfall, wind; nutrient supply; rootstocks; pruning; age and vigor of the plant; locality; and insect pests and diseases. The document provides detailed explanations and examples for many of the factors that can lead to unfruitfulness in different fruit crops.
This document describes the floral biology and different parts of flowers and inflorescences. It defines the calyx, corolla, androecium, and gynoecium, and describes their structures and types. It then explains different types of inflorescences including racemose inflorescences like racemes, corymbs, and umbels, and cymose inflorescences. It also covers mixed, compound, and special inflorescences like heads, spadices, catkins and others. Diagrams are provided to illustrate the different floral and inflorescence structures.
The document provides details about plant grafting, including different types of grafting techniques and steps for performing cleft grafting. It describes cleft grafting as one of the simplest and most popular forms of grafting where one or more scions are inserted into a vertical slit made in the rootstock. The key steps for cleft grafting include preparing the rootstock and scions, inserting the tapered scions into the cleft with cambium layers aligned, and sealing the graft with wax or paint.
Stem cuttings are the most common method of vegetative plant propagation. A stem cutting is a portion of a stem that includes at least one node and is rooted to form a new plant. There are several types of stem cuttings including softwood, semi-hardwood, and hardwood cuttings. Softwood cuttings are taken from new, succulent growth while hardwood cuttings are taken from dormant, mature stems. Leaf cuttings can also be used to propagate some plants by rooting leaf blades or sections. Proper environmental conditions and sometimes treatment with rooting hormones helps promote root formation on cuttings.
seed is scientifically the mature embryo.
these powerpoint slides include the basic concepts of seed,its importance, parts of seed, composition,seed structure, seed development and embryogenesis.
The document discusses training and pruning of fruit trees. It provides details on:
1) The objectives of training include improving plant structure, facilitating cultural practices and harvest, and balancing vegetative and reproductive growth. Common training systems described include central leader, open center, and modified center.
2) Pruning aims to control plant size and yield, remove diseased or damaged wood, and balance vegetative and reproductive growth. Techniques include heading, thinning, and girdling. Proper timing and tools are important.
3) Factors like bud differentiation timing and wood age influence appropriate pruning times. Temperate trees are pruned dormant in winter while evergreens are rarely pruned except for thinning.
This document discusses plant propagation techniques for orchard crops. It defines plant propagation as the art and science of multiplying plants through sexual or asexual means. The two main types of propagation are sexual propagation using seeds, and asexual propagation methods like cuttings, budding, grafting, layering, and separation/division of specialized structures. Several specific asexual propagation techniques are described in detail such as stem cuttings, budding methods, grafting styles, and types of layering.
Seed quality is determined by physical, physiological, genetic, and storability attributes. Physiological attributes include germination percentage and vigor. Genetic attributes ensure the seed is the correct variety and adapted to local conditions. Seed can be classified as breeder's, pre-basic, basic, or certified based on generation and quality controls. Germination occurs through epigeal or hypogeal modes and requires water, air, temperature, and sometimes light.
This document provides information on breeding of orchids. It begins with the classification, origin, and description of orchids. It then discusses the vegetative growth, floral biology, and important orchid species. The objectives and methods of orchid breeding are outlined, including hybridization, mutation breeding, polyploidy breeding, and biotechnology. Specific hybrids resulting from these methods are presented for various orchid genera. International ruling varieties are also listed.
This document discusses fruit development and factors that influence fruit size. It explains that fruits develop from ovaries and accessory tissues, and can have different structures depending on flower anatomy. Fruit development involves cell division, cell expansion, and ripening. The size of fruits is influenced by the number of cells formed in the division phase, the number of leaves per fruit providing photosynthates, competition between fruits for resources, and seed formation which stimulates growth. Horticulturists can increase fruit size by thinning fruits early in development to reduce competition during cell division.
Floriculture is important from an economic, aesthetic, and social point of view in India. Economically, flower crops provide high returns and short gestation periods. The sale of loose flowers is a thriving business in South India. Aesthetically, flowers are used in Japanese flower arranging and horticultural therapy. Socially, flowers are used to express feelings and are integral to social functions and celebrations like weddings. India has a favorable climate, skilled labor, proximity to markets, and tissue culture facilities that provide scope for the floriculture industry to grow.
This document provides information on French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris). It discusses the botanical details of French bean, its origin in Southern Mexico and Central America, different species, economic benefits, climate and soil requirements, cropping seasons, cultivation practices including land preparation, sowing, irrigation, nutrition, plant protection, and harvesting. It also describes the characteristics and yield of popular French bean varieties grown in India such as Arka Anoop, Arka Arjun, Arka Komal, Arka Sharath, Arka Sukomal, and Arka Suvidha.
Growth and developmental analysis indices in crop productionSOUVIKGANGULY11
This document discusses growth and development in plants. It begins with an introduction to growth, including definitions of growth, stages of cellular growth, and types of growth. It then discusses growth analysis parameters such as crop growth rate, relative growth rate, absolute growth rate, and net assimilation rate. The document also covers measurement of growth, growth curves, and developmental stages in plants from germination to maturity. Key growth analysis parameters like leaf area index and leaf area duration are also defined. Finally, the similarities and differences between growth stages and developmental stages are highlighted.
The radish (Raphanus sativus) is an edible root vegetable of the Brassicaceae family that was domesticated in Europe in pre-Roman times. They are grown and consumed throughout the world. Radishes have numerous varieties, varying in size, color and duration of required cultivation time. There are some radishes that are grown for their seeds; oilseed radishes are grown, as the name implies, for oil production.
This document discusses different types of greenhouses. It classifies greenhouses based on their working principles as either passive or active. It also categorizes greenhouses by their construction cost and technology level as low, medium or high-tech. Additionally, the document describes various greenhouse types based on their structure, covering material and shape. Common structure types include wooden framed, pipe framed and truss framed. Common covering materials are glass, plastic films and rigid panels. Common greenhouse shapes mentioned are solarium, quonset, gable and connected styles.
Sugarcane is a major cash crop and source of sugar production in India. It is grown between 35 degrees north and south latitude. The top three sugarcane producing countries are India, Brazil, and Cuba. Sugarcane requires tropical or subtropical conditions with temperatures between 26-32 degrees Celsius and annual rainfall of 75-120 cm. Proper soil preparation, variety selection, fertilizer and irrigation management are needed to optimize yields. Diseases like red rot and smut and insect pests like early shoot borer require control. Harvesting is done when lower leaves wither and sugar content peaks in March. Ratooning of the stubble can provide additional yields.
Physiological, anatomical and biochemical aspects of rootAsish Benny
Cuttings are a common method of vegetative propagation where a detached part of a plant is placed in a rooting medium to form adventitious roots and shoots. Adventitious root formation is a complex process involving biochemical, physiological and anatomical changes. Key factors that influence rooting include the physiological condition and maturity of the mother plant, presence of leaves and buds, type of wood, season, and treatment of cuttings with growth regulators, minerals, and wounding. Proper treatment of cuttings can optimize root initiation and development.
Avocado cultivation is common in parts of India like Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and Maharashtra. The document discusses avocado varieties commonly cultivated in India, appropriate growing conditions, fertilizer schedules, pests/diseases, pruning practices, and harvest timing. Pruning avocado trees requires care to minimize removal of fruit-producing foliage and maintain a balanced canopy structure. Light, frequent pruning is preferable to heavy cuts, which can reduce yields.
Rejuvenation techniques like pruning, manuring, thinning shoots, and controlling pests and diseases can help restore productivity and vitality to old orchards. Top working methods such as cleft grafting and wedge grafting involve grafting desirable scions or shoots onto the branches or trunks of existing trees to convert them to more profitable varieties. Bridge grafting can repair tree injuries by grafting scions between the damaged section and healthy crown to restore nutrient transport.
The document discusses various vegetative propagation methods including cuttings, division, layering, and grafting. It provides details on taking stem, leaf, and root cuttings as well as creating the proper rooting environment with the right humidity, light, and temperature levels. A variety of rooting media are also described that balance moisture retention, aeration, and drainage to successfully develop new roots on cuttings.
1) Peaches originate from China and are a popular stone fruit grown in warm temperate and subtropical regions.
2) Peaches are a good source of sugars, vitamins, and minerals. The fruit and kernel contain various beneficial compounds.
3) Peaches require winter chilling, prefer sandy well-drained soils, and are propagated through budding and grafting in most commercial orchards. Proper training, pruning, fertilization, and pest management are required.
This document discusses various methods of planting and propagating trees. It describes two main methods of planting - direct seeding, where seeds are planted directly in the soil, and indirect seeding, where seedlings are transferred to their permanent location. For propagation, it outlines sexual propagation using seeds and asexual propagation techniques like cutting, grafting, layering, marcotting, and propagation through runners, suckers, bulbs, rhizomes, tubers and more. It provides details on taking care of seedlings and sources for obtaining fruit-bearing trees.
This document discusses various plant propagation methods including sexual and asexual reproduction. Sexual reproduction involves seeds while asexual reproduction multiplies plants vegetatively using plant structures like stems, leaves, and roots. Some common asexual propagation methods described are bulbs/corms, cuttings, layering, grafting, budding, and micropropagation or tissue culture. Each method has advantages like cloning desirable traits or multiplying plants quickly, as well as disadvantages like transmitting diseases or lacking genetic variation.
This document provides information on maintaining nursery facilities and propagating plants through various asexual and sexual methods. It discusses seedbed preparation, shade requirements, size and age of seedlings, cropping patterns, irrigation techniques, and plant propagation methods like stem cuttings, grafting, layering and tissue culture. Different types of grafting are described, including cleft grafting, bark graft, and whip and tongue graft. The advantages of grafting include inducing dwarfness, ease of propagation, and shortening breeding programs.
Asparagus and dracaena - Species and varieties - Production technologyDr. M. Kumaresan Hort.
FOLIAGE FILLERS - Asparagus and Dracaena - introduction and uses – varieties – propagation - planting systems and methods – nutrition and water management - role of growth regulators- harvest index and yield
This document discusses several plant propagation methods including grafting, budding, cuttings, and layering. Grafting and budding involve joining two genetically distinct plants so that they unite and continue growing as a single plant. Cuttings are pieces of plant tissue placed under suitable conditions to regenerate a new plant. Layering is the development of roots on a stem while still attached to the parent plant. The document provides detailed descriptions and illustrations of techniques for each propagation method.
This document discusses several plant propagation methods including grafting, budding, cuttings, and layering. Grafting and budding involve joining two genetically distinct plants so that they unite and continue growing as a single plant. Cuttings are pieces of plant tissue placed under suitable conditions to regenerate a new plant. Layering is the development of roots on a stem while still attached to the parent plant. The document provides detailed descriptions and illustrations of techniques for each propagation method.
This document discusses various techniques for asexual plant propagation, including cutting, layering, budding, and grafting. Cuttings involve rooting a severed piece of the parent plant. Layering involves rooting a part of the parent plant while still attached, then severing it. Budding and grafting join plant parts from different varieties. Specific methods like stem cuttings, root cuttings, leaf cuttings, air layering, and approaches to budding and grafting are described. Asexual propagation has advantages like perpetuating cultivars that do not breed true from seed and transferring desirable traits to offspring that are clones of the parent.
Rhs level 2 certificate year 1 session 14 overview 2019vikkis
This document discusses vegetative reproduction through cuttings. It defines vegetative reproduction and explains the physiological process by which cuttings form roots and new plants. Various types of cuttings are described, including softwood, semi-ripe, hardwood, root, leaf petiole, and leaf blade cuttings. Environmental and physical factors that influence the success of rooting cuttings are outlined. Specific plant examples are provided for each type of cutting. The learning outcomes and term dates are also stated.
CANPOY CLASSIFICATION AND CANOPY MANAGEMENT THROUGH ROOTSTOCK AND SCIONAmanDohre
CANPOY CLASSIFICATION AND CANOPY MANAGEMENT THROUGH ROOTSTOCK AND SCION
Canopy classification and management through rootstock and scion selection play pivotal roles in optimizing fruit production. Canopies are categorized based on their architecture, density, and growth habits, aiding in tailored management approaches. Rootstock and scion interactions influence canopy development, with rootstocks impacting vigor, size, and adaptability, while scions dictate fruit characteristics. Through strategic rootstock and scion pairing, canopy vigor, fruit quality, and yield can be regulated. This method allows for customized canopy management, including canopy shaping, pruning, and thinning, optimizing light exposure, airflow, and resource allocation. The synergy between rootstock and scion ensures efficient canopy management, enhancing overall orchard productivity.
Canopy management & pruning of fruits treesshafi seddeqi
This document provides information on training courses for canopy management and pruning of fruit trees. It discusses the objectives of canopy management, which includes controlling plant growth, increasing production and quality. Canopy management deals with developing and maintaining the structure of fruit trees in relation to size and shape for maximum yield. It also discusses different canopy shapes including pyramid, vase, conical, and horizontal. Methods for creating dwarf trees include using rootstocks, growth regulators, and pruning. The document outlines various pruning systems and the purposes of pruning, including balancing vegetative and productive growth and developing desired tree shapes.
Cuttings are pieces of plant material like stems, leaves, or roots that are used to propagate new plants. These cuttings are placed in conditions with appropriate temperature, humidity, light, and nutrients to develop roots and grow into full plants. There are different types of cuttings including stem tip cuttings, stem section cuttings, leaf cuttings, and root cuttings. Stem section cuttings can be further categorized as softwood cuttings taken from new, succulent growth, semi-hardwood cuttings from partially woody shoots, and hardwood cuttings from mature, woody stems. Proper tools and environment are needed for successful rooting of each cutting type.
This document provides information on citrus agronomy. It discusses the botany of citrus plants, including their flowers, leaves, fruits, and roots. It also covers citrus distribution, propagation through budding, and orchard establishment and management practices like pruning, irrigation, fertilization, and pest control. Common citrus pests include rust mites, scale insects, aphids, and fruit flies. Chemical and biological controls are outlined for each pest.
Advances in propagation techniques of subtropical and temperate cropAjaykumarKarna
This document discusses propagation techniques for subtropical and temperate fruit crops. It describes sexual propagation using seeds and asexual propagation methods including cuttings, budding, grafting, and layering. Specific propagation methods are outlined for apple, pear, and peach crops. Apple is commonly propagated using whip and tongue grafting. Pear is propagated using T-budding or tongue grafting, and micropropagation is also described. Peach is propagated using T-budding and cleft grafting, with the timing of techniques varying by region.
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Similar to HORTICULTURAL PRACTICES : CUTTING, LAYERING, GRAFTING & BUDDING SMG (20)
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ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, and GDPR: Best Practices for Implementation and...PECB
Denis is a dynamic and results-driven Chief Information Officer (CIO) with a distinguished career spanning information systems analysis and technical project management. With a proven track record of spearheading the design and delivery of cutting-edge Information Management solutions, he has consistently elevated business operations, streamlined reporting functions, and maximized process efficiency.
Certified as an ISO/IEC 27001: Information Security Management Systems (ISMS) Lead Implementer, Data Protection Officer, and Cyber Risks Analyst, Denis brings a heightened focus on data security, privacy, and cyber resilience to every endeavor.
His expertise extends across a diverse spectrum of reporting, database, and web development applications, underpinned by an exceptional grasp of data storage and virtualization technologies. His proficiency in application testing, database administration, and data cleansing ensures seamless execution of complex projects.
What sets Denis apart is his comprehensive understanding of Business and Systems Analysis technologies, honed through involvement in all phases of the Software Development Lifecycle (SDLC). From meticulous requirements gathering to precise analysis, innovative design, rigorous development, thorough testing, and successful implementation, he has consistently delivered exceptional results.
Throughout his career, he has taken on multifaceted roles, from leading technical project management teams to owning solutions that drive operational excellence. His conscientious and proactive approach is unwavering, whether he is working independently or collaboratively within a team. His ability to connect with colleagues on a personal level underscores his commitment to fostering a harmonious and productive workplace environment.
Date: May 29, 2024
Tags: Information Security, ISO/IEC 27001, ISO/IEC 42001, Artificial Intelligence, GDPR
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Physiology and chemistry of skin and pigmentation, hairs, scalp, lips and nail, Cleansing cream, Lotions, Face powders, Face packs, Lipsticks, Bath products, soaps and baby product,
Preparation and standardization of the following : Tonic, Bleaches, Dentifrices and Mouth washes & Tooth Pastes, Cosmetics for Nails.
Thinking of getting a dog? Be aware that breeds like Pit Bulls, Rottweilers, and German Shepherds can be loyal and dangerous. Proper training and socialization are crucial to preventing aggressive behaviors. Ensure safety by understanding their needs and always supervising interactions. Stay safe, and enjoy your furry friends!
2. HORTICULTURAL PRACTICES
Horticulture – The science of cultivating,
processing and marketing of
• Fruits (Pomology)
• Vegetables (Olericullture)
• Ornamental plants(Floriculture)
3. VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION IN
HORTICULTURE
• A form of asexual reproduction
• Vegetative parts – stem, leaf, root etc. are the
propagules.
• Goal (Objective) - Production of clones –
identical in genotype to a single source plant
METHODS
1.Natural – rhizome, bulbs, corms, runners,
suckers, offsets, bulbils etc.
2. Artificial – cutting, grafting, budding, layering
etc.
4. CUTTING
• A part of the plant which will produce roots and
eventually a new plant.
• Easy, convenient method
• Most commonly used method in Horticulture.
TYPES
• Stem cutting, leaf cutting, root cutting
5. STEM CUTTINGS
i) Stem – tip cutting
• 3 inches long leafy stem tip is used –
Lantana, Duranta, Phyllanthus
7. STEM CUTTINGS…
ii) Stem- section cutting
• pieces of stems with at least one bud is used
– Rose, Hibiscus, Tapioca, Croton, Coleus.
Stem cuttings - Herbaceous cuttings, Softwood
cuttings, Semi – hardwood cuttings,
hardwood cuttings
8. HERBACEOUS CUTTINGS
• 7.5 – 12.5 cm long terminal leafy portion of
vigorous shoots of herbaceous plants.
• Leaves are removed from the basal portion
• Soft, tender, succulent.
• Cuttings should be prepared just before they
are placed in the rooting medium
e.g. Coleus , Sweet potato, Dahlia
9. SOFT – WOOD CUTTINGS
• Cuttings are made from soft, succulent, non –
lignified new growth of some woody plants.
• 10 -15 cm long terminal portion with terminal
buds is cut.
• Some leaves should be retained.
• Treatment with auxins IBA or NAA is beneficial.
10. SEMI-HARDWOOD CUTTINGS
• 7.5 to 15 cm long cuttings are taken from
growing terminal shoots -partially matured ,
slightly woody .
• Leaves from the basal portion should be
removed , but the terminal leaves are
retained.
• Treating cuttings with auxins before planting
is beneficial.
• Shade and humidity are essential for rooting.
11. HARDWOOD CUTTINGS
• Cuttings made from past season’s growth or
wood – mature, lignified .
• If rooting is easy, this is the cheapest and
easiest method.
• 1 year old shoot is preferred , but in some
cases 2 year old wood is used.
• Cuttings may be 10 – 30 cm , diameter – 1 to
2.5 cm
E.g. –Pomegranate, Mulberry, Fig, Gooseberry.
12. TYPES OF HARDWOOD CUTTINGS
1. Straight cutting- does not include any
older wood at the base.
Most commonly used type.
2. Heel cutting - A small piece of older wood
is retained.
3. Mallet cutting - A small section of the
branch of an older wood is retained.
19. Sansevieria
• Leaf sections - 5 to 10 cm long leaf sections
• New plants may develop within a month at
the base of the leaf cutting.
Image:ourhouseplants.com
20. LEAF BUD CUTTINGS
• Consists of a leaf blade, petiole and a small
piece of stem (1 to 1.5 cm )containing a
dormant axillary bud.
• Well developed leaves from current season’s
growth are used.
• This method is valuable in cases where
propagating materials are scarce.
e.g. Lemon, Camelia.
25. ROOT CUTTINGS
• Easy method
• Root cuttings are taken in early or late winter
or early spring when the roots are well
supplied with reserve carbohydrates.
• In root cuttings, adventitious shoots are
regenerated.
E.g. Guava, Apple, Pear, Bread fruit tree.
28. ROOT INITIATION IN CUTTINGS
• The primary regenerative process required –
adventitious root formation.
• Plants with preformed root initials( Latent root
initials) root rapidly. (Latent root initials -
develop naturally on stems while they are still
attached to the parent plant , remain dormant
until cuttings are made and placed in suitable
rooting medium . In old trees of apple cultivars,
preformed latent roots cause swelling called
burr knots )
29. ROOT INITIATION IN CUTTINGS…
• Wound – induced roots – adventitious roots
develop in response to wounting after the
cutting is made.
• The roots are formed de novo .
30. Factors influencing regeneration of
adventitious roots
• Carbohydrate reserve- Cuttings from well
nourished plants with carbohydrate reserve-
more successful.
• A high C/N ratio favour rooting
• Optimum moisture conditions
• Loose, well drained rooting medium with
plenty of Oxygen content.
• Diffuse sunlight
31. Factors influencing regeneration of
adventitious roots…
• Age of the plant from where the cutting is made
– cuttings from young plants root in higher
percentages than cuttings taken from older,
mature plants.
• Cuttings taken from lateral shoots often root
better than cuttings from terminal shoots.
• Delicate stems and more mature cuttings root
only poorly.
• Seasons – rooting vary during different seasons.
32. Factors influencing regeneration of
adventitious roots…
• Auxin level in plants – treating cuttings with auxins
increase rooting.
• IBA – most effective, non- toxic over a wide
concentration range.
• NAA
• IAA
• Mixture of auxins – more beneficial –IBA & IAA; IBA &
NAA.
Cuttings from woody, difficult –to- root species should
be treated with higher auxin concentration.
Tender, succulent and easily rooted species should be
treated with lower – strength formulations.
33. ROOTING HORMONES
• Powder
• Concentrated liquid formulations
Examples:
Indian Gardening All Purpose Root hormone
Sterling Rootomax
Fast Roots
Dip ‘N’Grow
The Garden store RooTer.
34.
35. METHODS OF APPLICATION OF
ROOTING HORMONES
1. Quick dip method (Concentrated solution dip –
500 – 10,000 ppm) – 0.05 – 1.0 % for 3-5 sec.
2. Prolong dip method(Dilute solution soaking
method) – 20 ppm for easily rooting cuttings
200 ppm for more difficult – to- root cuttings.
Basal part , 2.5cm – 1 inch of cuttings is soaked
in a dilute solution of the material for about 24
hours just before they are inserted into the
rooting medium. Not favoured commercially.
36. METHODS OF APPLICATION OF
ROOTING HORMONES…
3. Powder (Talc) Method – Fresh cuts are made
at the base of the cuttings shortly before
they are dipped into the powder. Tap the
cuttings to remove excess hormone.
4. Paste method – Take freshly prepared
cuttings and apply a small quantity of paste
at the cut end.
37. METHODS OF APPLICATION OF
ROOTING HORMONES…
• Insert the cuttings 1/3 to ½ their length to a
suitable medium for rooting.
• Avoid direct sunlight
• Keep the rooting medium moist until the
cuttings have rooted.
• When cuttings have developed several strong
roots, they can be transplanted into soil.
38. ROOTING MEDIA
• Coarse sand
• Vermiculite- hydrated mineral , Aluminium- Iron-
Magnesium silicates.
Increases water and nutrients retention
Aerates the soil.
• Perlite – Glassy silicate (SiO2) of volcanic origin –
used as non-organic additive to aerate the
medium
• Any other material.
41. LAYERING
eg. Guava, Litchi, Apple, Sapota, Cashew plant
• Stem is induced to root while it is still
attached to the parent plant.
• Rooted stem - a layer.
• Layers removed from the parent plant and
used for propagation.
• Oldest technique – used to propagate many
woody shrub and tree species.
• Reliable and easy method - in species which
are difficult - to - root on cuttings
42. ROOT FORMATION IN LAYERING
• Root formation is stimulated by various stem
treatments –
• Girdling
• Incision and bending of the stem
This cause an interruption in the downward
translocation of organic substances –
carbohydrates, auxins and other growth factors
from the leaves and shoot tips. These materials
accumulate near the point of treatment and
rooting occurs at the point of interruption.
44. ROOT FORMATION IN LAYERING…
• Application of root – promoting substances –
IBA – profuse rooting – applied as a
powder/paste/solution.
• Light exclusion in the rooting zone – in hard –
to- root clones.
• Covering the growing shoots by the rooting
medium produces etiolation - the greatest
stimulus to root induction.
45. ETIOLATION
Exclusion of light – as a part of propagation
process
promotes adventitious root initiation in stem
tissues – reduces the photodecomposition of
naturally occurring auxins which favours root
initiation process.
• Reduction in mechanical tissues
• Reduction in lignification
47. LAYERING…
• When root formation is complete, the layers
are cut from the mother plant and are potted
in suitable containers
• Keep them in a cool, humid place for further
growth.
49. SIMPLE LAYERING
• Easiest and most efficient method
• Select a healthy, dormant, one year old, flexible branch
towards the base of the plant ,nearer to the ground , 50 – 60
cm.
• Bend the branch at a location 15 -20 cm from the tip forming
a “U”
• Bending, twisting, cutting or girdling at the bottom of the
“U” stimulates rooting at the location – interrupts the
downward movement of metabolites from leaves – results in
accumulation of carbohydrates and hormones above the
notch or girdle or ring – stimulates root formation.
• Cover the rooting region with soil , leaving the tip exposed.
50. SIMPLE LAYERING…
• Water the layered portion regularly till root
initiation
• In most plants, rooting is complete within 4-8
weeks
• Rooted layer is cut from the parent plant
• Keep in a pot in a nursery for about 1 year
before planting.
53. COMPOUND OR SERPENTINE
LAYERING…
• Used for propagation of plants that have
long, flexible shoots – Jasminum, Clematis
• A branch is alternately covered and exposed
along its length.
• Select a healthy, flexible, long branch( 100-
250 cm ) ,near the ground.
• Give sharp, slanting invert cut passing
through the node at 30 cm, 60 cm, 90 cm and
150 cm from the tip.
54. COMPOUND OR SERPENTINE
LAYERING…
• Bend the shoot gently to the ground and
insert the cut portions of the stem alternately
into the soil and cover the rooting region
with soil.
• Keep a stone on the covered soil to keep the
branch in place.
• Water the layered portion regularly till
rooted layer is separated.
60. AIR LAYERING…
• Usually done in Spring or in Monsoon
• Long, 1 – 2 year old shoots are used.
• Leaves are removed from the base of the
shoot to be layered
• Stem is girdled by removing a ring of bark
about 2 – 3 cm wide at its base.
• Scrape the exposed surface to ensure the
complete removal of phloem and cambium to
avoid premature healing.
61. AIR LAYERING…
Girdling
• Reduces water conductivity
• Helps in accumulation of carbohydrates and hormones
which are necessary for easy and profuse rooting.
Application of IBA to the exposed area is beneficial.
The girdled area is covered with moist soil / Sphagnum
moss and wrapped with polyethylene sheet (high
permeability to gases, low transmission of water vapour)
Two ends are then tied.
Rooting takes place within 4 – 8 weeks.
After observing the fully developed roots through the
transparent polyethylene sheet , separate the layered
shoot from the parent plant by a gradual cut.
62. AIR LAYERING…
• The rooted layer is separated from the parent
plant in two or three stages to reduce the
shock of sudden separation
• First a ‘V’ – shaped cut is made below 2.5 cm
from the point of root emergence.
• After a week, the cut is deepened
• A few days later, the final cut is given and the
layer is separated from the parent plant and
is used for propagation.
64. MOUND LAYERING…
• Plant is cut 2.5 cm from the ground level
during dormant season
• When the newly developed shoots have
grown 7-15 cm tall, moist soil is heaped
around the base of the newly developing
shoots to half of its height – causes etiolation
–encourages root formation.
• When the roots have grown 20 -25 cm , add
soil to half of the shoot.
65. MOUND LAYERING…
• Add soil again when the shoots have grown to a
height of 35 – 45 cm
• Water the heaped soil regularly
• Allow sufficient time for rooting (2- 3 months)
Sometimes, to encourage root development,
ringing or girdling at the base of the young
shoots and application of root promoting
substances are practised.
• Cut the rooted shoots close to their base and
can be used for propagation
e.g. Apple, Goose berry, Hydrangia etc.
67. TRENCH OR CONTINUOUS LAYERING…
• Mother plants are established in a slopping
position horizontally such that the shoots can
be layered horizontally in the base of a
trench.
• Soil, bark, sawdust or other rooting material
is filled in around the new shoots –
etiolation.
• Used for most difficult - to – root clones –
Cherry, Apple, Mulberry, Walnut etc.
68. TRENCH OR CONTINUOUS LAYERING…
Establishing the Layer bed
• 1 year old plants are planted at an angle of 30
to 45 ° in the row
• By the end of growing season , a shallow
trench of 5 x 23 cm is dug down the row.
• The plants are brought down to a horizontal
level and “pegged” carefully so that they are
flat on the bottom of the trench along with
strong lateral branches.
69. TRENCH OR CONTINUOUS LAYERING…
Second year
• Buds are covered with about 2.5 cm soil
• Rooting medium such as saw dust are added
periodically to etiolate 5 -7.5 cm of the
developing shoots- final depth should be 15 –
19 cm - Successful layering depends upon
etiolation.
70. TRENCH OR CONTINUOUS LAYERING…
• Rooting should takes place at the end of the
season – saw dust is removed & rooted layers
are cut off close to the original branch leaving
a small stub for next year’s growth.
• The process is repeated in subsequent years
• A well cared mother bed should last for 15 to
20 years.
71. GRAFTING
• Joining parts of two plants together in such a
manner that they unite and function as one
plant
• A graft has two parts, Scion and Stock.
SCION
• Upper part of graft combination which is
taken from the desired plant having superior
qualities - becomes the shoot system of the
graft.
72. GRAFTING…
STOCK (Root stock, Under stock )
• Part of the graft that forms the root system of
the grafted plant.
• In most cases, stock is raised from seeds
• The plant selected as a stock should be healthy
and vigorously growing
• Should be compatible with Scion
• Age , preferably 1 year
• Should be locally adapted, highly resistant and
with good efficiency for absorption of water and
minerals.
73. FORMATION OF GRAFT UNION
1. Adhesion of the root stock and scion
• Stock and Scion should be held together
firmly by wrapping, tying etc. so that the
parts will not move about.
• Success of grafting involves bringing the
cambium of the stock and scion together
and no graft union takes place unless it is
achieved.
74. FORMATION OF GRAFT UNION…
2. Proliferation of callus at the graft interface
Formation of callus (Parenchyma cells) by the
cambium of stock and scion – proliferate in 1
-7 days.
3.Intermingling and interlocking of parenchyma
cells of callus of both graft components
• Fills the space between scion and stock
75. FORMATION OF GRAFT UNION…
4. Formation of vascular cambium
Differentiation of certain parenchyma cells
to form the vascular cambium.
5. Formation of new vascular tissues by the
new cambium – making contact between
the vascular tissues of the stock and scion –
permits translocation of water, nutrients
and metabolites between the stock and
scion.
76. TECHNIQUES (METHODS) OF
GRAFTING
I. Detached Scion Grafting
Apical grafting Side grafting Bark grafting Root grafting
• Whip (Splice) Side – stub Bark (Rind)
• Whip & Tongue Side – tongue Inlay Bark
• Cleft(Split) Side – Veneer
• Wedge
78. WHIP (SPLICE) GRAFTING…
• Stock and scion of the same thickness are
selected.
• A slanting cut of about 3 – 5cm long is made
on the stock and a similar cut is made on the
scion.
• These two cut surfaces are placed together
and tightly tied with polyethylene grafting
type , which is removed when the graft
union is complete. (Apple, Pear, Cherry )
80. WHIP AND TONGUE GRAFTING…
• The stock and scion should be of equal
diameter
• A slanting cut of about 3 -5 cm long is made
at the top of the root stock and a similar cut
is made at the bottom of the scion.
• On each of these cut surfaces , a reverse cut
is made beginning at a point about 1/3 of the
distance from the tip and should be about
1/2 the length of the first cut.
81. WHIP AND TONGUE GRAFTING…
• The scion is then slipped into the stock so
that the tongues interlock and the cambium
of the stock and scion are in close contact.
These portions are then tied and wrapped
with grafting tape.
83. CLEFT GRAFTING (SPLIT GRAFTING)…
• Useful for grafting older plants with thick
stem
• The stock is cut at an appropriate height
• A vertical split for a distance of 7 – 9 cm
down the centre of the stock is made.
• This vertical split is kept open with the help
of a screw driver/ chisel etc.
• The scion should be made from dormant, 1
year old wood.
84. CLEFT GRAFTING (SPLIT GRAFTING)…
• Scions, 8 to 10 cm long, having 2 -3 buds are
selected.
• Basal end of each scion should be cut into a
sloping wedge (about 5 cm long).
• Scions are inserted in the sides of the vertical
split so that the cambium layer of the stock
matches with the scion and secured tightly with
waxed cloth.
86. WEDGE GRAFTING…
• Done in late winter or early spring before the
bark begins to slip.
• A 5 cm long “V” shaped wedge is cut on the
side of the stock (5-10 cm) – 2 or 3 such cuts can
be made depending on the diameter of the
stock – the cut can be made open with a screw
driver.
• The scion should be about 10 -13 cm long , 10-
12mm thick and with 2 or 3 healthy vegetative
buds.
87. WEDGE GRAFTING…
• The basal ends of the scion should be cut into
a “V” shaped wedge , matching the opening
in the stock
• The scion is inserted into the “V” shaped
opening in the stock in such a way that the
cambium of the stock and scion are closely
matched .
• All the cut surfaces are covered with grafting
wax.
88. SIDE GRAFTING
• The scion is inserted into the side of the root
stock, which is larger in diameter than the
scion.
Side – stub grafting (Side – wedge grafting)
• Simplest and most effective method
• Useful in branches of trees that are too large
for whip & tongue graft
• Root stocks - branches of about 2.5 cm
89. Side – stub grafting
(Side – wedge grafting)
Image:http://himachalfruits.com/
90. Side – stub grafting
(Side – wedge grafting)…
• An oblique , 2.5 cm deep cut in the stock at
an angle of 20 ° to 30°.
• Scion- 7.5 cm long, thin, with 2 or 3 buds.
• Base of the scion is cut into a narrow thin
wedge.
• The root stock is then gently bent away from
its side cut so that it opens sufficiently
• The scion is inserted – cambial layer should
match with that of the stock.
91. Side – stub grafting
(Side – wedge grafting)…
• The graft is tightly tied with polyethylene
tape to seal the entire area.
• The entire graft union must be completely
covered with grafting wax.
• After the graft is completed, the root stock
may be cut off , just above the union.
93. SIDE – TONGUE GRAFTING…
• Useful for small plants.
• The diameter of the scion should be slightly smaller
than that of root stock.
• A sloping cut is made at the base of the scion. A
second cut is made under the first forming a thin
tongue.
• A cut of similar length is made on the root stock. A
reverse cut is made downward , starting one –third of
the distance from the top of the cut. The second cut
in the root stock should be of the same length as the
reverse cut in the scion.
94. SIDE – TONGUE GRAFTING…
• The scion is inserted into the cut in the root
stock – the two tongues interlocking & the
cambium layers matching along the side.
• The graft is wrapped with plastic tape and
waxed.
• After the graft union is complete, cut the top
of the root stock just above the scion.
96. SIDE - VENEER GRAFTING…
• The thickness of the stock is usually more than
the scion.
• A long shallow cut of 2 – 3 cm long is made on
one side of the stem of root stock.
• A second , short downward cut is made at the
base of the first to remove a piece of bark and a
little wood.
• A long shallow cut is made on one side of the
stem of scion. A second very short cut is made at
the base of the scion on the opposite side.
97. SIDE - VENEER GRAFTING…
• The cuts on the stock and scion should be of
the same length and width.
• The scion is inserted into the stock – the
cambium of stock & scion should match at
least along one side
• Tie with polyethylene tape.
• After the union is complete, the root stock is
cut back, leaving the scion to grow.
99. BARK GRAFTING…
• Done when bark slips readily.
• Stock is larger than scion – sometimes 2 or 3 scions
are placed on large stocks
• Cut stock and the bark is split downwards
from the apex about 5cm long.
• Scion , 12 – 15 cm long and 6 – 12.5 cm thick ,
containing 2 or 3 buds.
• First , a long cut is made on the scion . A second
shorter cut is made on the side opposite to the first
cut , making the basal end of the scion to a wedge
shape
• Insert scion between the bark and wood of the root
stock , placing the longer cut of the scion against the
wood – tie and apply grafting wax on the graft joint.
101. INLAY BARK GRAFT…
• Suitable for thick –barked trees (e.g. Walnut)
where insertion of the scion under bark is not
feasible.
• 2 parallel vertical cuts , 2.5 – 5 cm long are
made through the bark of the root stock down
to the wood. The distance between the 2 cuts
should be equal to the width of the scion
• Terminal two –thirds of this bark is lifted and cut
off, leaving a small flap at the bottom.
102. INLAY BARK GRAFT…
• A 5 cm long slanting cut is made on one side
at the basal end of the scion and a shorter
cut is made on the opposite side forming a
wedge at the base of the scion.
• Scion is inserted into the slot made by the
removal of the bark.
• Secure the graft in position and apply grafting
wax.
104. ROOT GRAFTING…
• Roots are used as root stock & the scion
stem is grafted to it.
1. Whole root graft- whole root system is used
for grafting
2. Piece root graft - small pieces of roots are
used as stocks
Egs : Apple, Pear
105. ROOT GRAFTING…
• Root stock plants are dug and stored under
cool ( 1.5 to 4.5 C °) and moist conditions.
Root pieces should be 7.5 – 15 cm long
• Scion should be of the same length with 2 -4
buds. Usually the scion wood is collected and
stored.
106. ROOT GRAFTING…
• Grafting (Whip & Tongue type is commonly
used) is performed indoors with dormant
scions and root stocks at benches (Hence,
also known as Bench grafting).
• After the grafts are made and properly tied,
they are bundled together in groups of 50 –
100 and stored for callusing in damp sand or
other packing material.
107. II. APPROACH GRAFTING
• Two independent plants are grafted together.
• After the grafting union, the top of the root
stock plant is removed above the graft and
the base of the scion plant is removed below
the graft gradually to prevent the sudden
shock of separation.
Egs: Mango, Sapota, Litchi
110. SPLICED APPROACH GRAFTING…
• Both stock and scion should be of equal
thickness.
• The pot containing the root stock is placed
near the scion desired to be propagated
• A thin slice of bark and wood about 60 – 70
mm long is removed from the stock at a
height of about 25 – 30 cm from the soil
surface.
• A similar cut is made on the scion shoot.
111. SPLICED APPROACH GRAFTING…
• The stock and the scion are held together in
such a way that the cut position fits closely
without any gap between them.
• Tied firmly with jute fibre or wax tape.
• Grafting wax is applied at the graft joint to
prevent the wilting of tissues.
• The union will be completed in about 40 -60
days – After the union ,scion is cut below the
union and the stock above the union, resulting a
new plant consisting of a root stock and a
grafted top.
113. TONGUED APPROACH GRAFTING…
• Same as the spliced approach grafting except
that after the first cut is made in each stem to
be joined, a second cut – downward on the
stock and upward on the scion is made , thus
providing a thin tongue on each.
• By interlocking these tongues, a very tight ,
closely fitting graft union can be observed.
114. III. REPAIR GRAFTING
INARCHING
• Similar to approach grafting
• Used to replace damaged roots
• Seedlings planted beside the damaged tree
are grafted into the trunk of the tree to
provide a new root system
117. REPAIR GRAFTING – BRIDGE
GRAFTING…
• Used when there is injury to the trunk.
• Done when active growth of the tree occurs
and the bark is easily slipping.
• The torn or dead bark is removed.
• A scion is inserted every 5 to 7.5 cm around
the injured section and attached at both
upper and lower ends into live undamaged
bark – cut surfaces covered with grafting
wax.
118. BUDDING
• A form of grafting in which a single
vegetative bud is taken from one plant
(scion) and inserted into the stem tissue of
another (root stock) so that the two will
unite and grow together. The inserted bud
develop into new shoot.
119. AIMS/ OBJECTIVES OF BUDDING
• To perpetuate the clone that can not be
readily reproduced by other methods of
propagation.
• To obtain the good qualities of certain root
stocks – for cold hardiness, disease
resistance, salt tolerance etc.
• For changing the cultivars of established
plants(top – working)
• For hastening the growth of seedling.
122. T- BUDDING…
• Done when the stock plant is in active growth
and the cambial cells are actively dividing so
that the bark separates easily from the wood-
slipping
• Shield budding – shield like appearance of
the bud piece from the scion.
123. T- BUDDING - Procedure
• Select stock & scion (bud stick)
• Select a suitable internodal smooth bark (15
-20 cm from the ground level)
• Give a vertical cut , 2.5 – 3.7 cm (bark only)
• At the top of the vertical cut, give another
horizontal cut T –shaped incision.
• Lift the bark piece on either side of the
vertical cut for insertion of bud.
124. T- BUDDING – Procedure…
• The scion bud is removed in the form of a
shield.
• Insert the bud between the flaps of bark on
the stock
• Wrap the bud and stock firmly in such a way
that the bud is fully exposed.
126. INVERTED T – BUDDING…
• Similar to T – budding except that the
horizontal cut is made at the bottom of the
vertical cut.
• Used to prevent the possible entry of water
from the top of the T- cut which may cause
rotting of the shield piece.
129. PATCH BUDDING…
• Done during the period when the bark of
stock and scion slip easily.
• A rectangular patch of bark is completely
removed from the stock – on the stock plant
give 2 transverse cuts – width 1 to 2.5 cm
( only bark deep) parallel to each other and
with a distance of about 2.5 to 3.75 cm
between them.
130. PATCH BUDDING…
• Join the transverse cuts at their ends by two
vertical cuts and remove the patch of bark.
• On the scion, give 2 transverse cuts and
vertical cuts of similar dimension as above
and remove the bark patch with the bud.
• Insert the bud patch on the stock
• Wrap the bud joint with budding tape,
exposing the bud.
132. I – BUDDING…
• Make 2 transverse cuts through the bark of the
root stock
• Join these cuts at their centre by a single
vertical cut → I – shaped incision .
• Cut the bud patch in the form of a rectangle or
square.
• Raise the 2 flaps of bark and insert the bud
patch inside the flaps.
• Tie with budding tape, exposing the bud.
Remove the budding tape when the union is
complete.
136. CHIP BUDDING…
• Done when the bark does not slip well.
• A chip of bark , 2.5 – 3 cm long is removed from
a smooth portion of internode of the stock.
• Another chip of the same size and shape with a
bud is removed from the scion and placed on
the stock.
• Wrap it exposing the bud .
• Stock is cut back when the union is complete
and the bud starts growing .
• Used in Citrus, Apple etc.
139. RING (ANNULAR ) BUDDING…
• Done when the bark slips easily.
• Stock and scion should be of the same diameter
• A ring of bark (1.25 – 2.5 cm) with a bud is
loosened from the scion and slipped off from
one end of the branch.
• The stock is cut back to a height where the
budding is to be done – a portion of the bark is
peeled off and the scion is slipped down over
the stock.
• Wrap with a budding tape , exposing the bud.
141. FLUTE BUDDING…
• Done when the bark slips easily
• Remove the bark encircling the root stock
almost completely , leaving a narrow strip of
bark – on the stock plant, give 2 vertical cuts
(2.5 – 3.75 cm) , parallel to each other and
with a distance of 1/8 of the circumference
of the stock plant .
142. FLUTE BUDDING…
• Joint the ends of these two vertical cuts by 2
parallel horizontal cuts and remove the bark
piece
• Similar cuts are also given in the bud sticks
and remove the bark piece with bud.
• Insert the scion on the stock
• Wrap with budding tape , exposing the bud.
• After the union and the bud starts to grow ,
remove the tape and cut the top of the stock
143. FORKERT BUDDING(FLAP BUDDING)
• A transverse cut and two vertical cuts joining the
transverse cuts are given on the stock and the bark is
carefully peeled along these cuts, but remain
attached on the lower side in the form of a flap.
• The scion bud of the size corresponding to the cut
made on the stock is removed
• The bud patch is fitted into the exposed portion of
the stock .
• The flap of the bark of stock is used to cover the
inserted bud patch and remove a little portion to
expose the bud and wrapped with budding tape.
144. FORKERT BUDDING…
• When the union is complete, the budding
tape is removed and the flap is cutoff.
• When the bud starts growing, cut the top of
the stock
e.g. Rubber, Teak etc.