swingle, tanaka, hodgson, and ranjit singh classification of citrus and also description of acid group, orange group, pummelo and grapefruit group and mandarin group, acidlime, sweet orange, mandarins, lime and lemon.
swingle, tanaka, hodgson, and ranjit singh classification of citrus and also description of acid group, orange group, pummelo and grapefruit group and mandarin group, acidlime, sweet orange, mandarins, lime and lemon.
“Advances in breeding of guava ”
Advances breeding of Guava, breeding of guava by gangaram rana, breeding of guava in igkv, cultivation of guava, new technology of guava breeding, poly ploide breeding of guava, mutation breeding of guava
Pract no. 9 (a) floral biology of bananatusharamodugu
Botanical name : Musa paradisiaca L. (Fruit variety)
Musa sapientum (Vegetable variety)
Common Name : Banana, Kela
Chromosome number : 2n = 3x = 33
Banana is one of the oldest fruits and second largest growing fruit crop in the world. It is also known as “Adams Fig “and “Apple of Paradise.”
Importance :
It is widely used as a fresh fruit.
The central core of the pseudostem is used as a vegetable.
The banana pseudostem is also used for manufacturing paper and boards.
For over coming the problem of unproductive and uneconomic orchards existing in abundance, large scale uprooting and replacement with new plantations (rehabilitation) will be a long term and expensive strategy. Therefore research efforts were initiated to standardise a technology for restoring the production potential of existing plantations by a technique called Rejuvenation.
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
“Advances in breeding of guava ”
Advances breeding of Guava, breeding of guava by gangaram rana, breeding of guava in igkv, cultivation of guava, new technology of guava breeding, poly ploide breeding of guava, mutation breeding of guava
Pract no. 9 (a) floral biology of bananatusharamodugu
Botanical name : Musa paradisiaca L. (Fruit variety)
Musa sapientum (Vegetable variety)
Common Name : Banana, Kela
Chromosome number : 2n = 3x = 33
Banana is one of the oldest fruits and second largest growing fruit crop in the world. It is also known as “Adams Fig “and “Apple of Paradise.”
Importance :
It is widely used as a fresh fruit.
The central core of the pseudostem is used as a vegetable.
The banana pseudostem is also used for manufacturing paper and boards.
For over coming the problem of unproductive and uneconomic orchards existing in abundance, large scale uprooting and replacement with new plantations (rehabilitation) will be a long term and expensive strategy. Therefore research efforts were initiated to standardise a technology for restoring the production potential of existing plantations by a technique called Rejuvenation.
Since litchi originated in China and it has been under cultivation there for more than 2200 years, more than 200 litchi varieties exist in China.
The variation in climatic factors, sometimes leads to greater fluctuation in yield of a litchi orchard.
Therefore, a right variety should be selected for plantation at a particular area though, all the litchi varieties have a wide range of adaptability; yield, fruit quality and acceptability may be region or location specific.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
2. • Common Name- Avocado/Butter Fruit
• Country of Origin- Central America (Mexico)
• Area of Commercial cultivation in India- Kerala,
Tamil Nadu, Karnataka and Maharashtra.
• Scientific Name-Persea americana
• Family –Lauraceae
• Varieties- Bacon, Fuerte, Pinkerton, Pollock,
Purple Hybrid, Hass, Lamb Hass, ,Reed, Zutano.
• Commercially Cultivated Varieties in
India/Kerala –Fuerte, Purple Hybrid, Pollock
3. • Cultivation Practices
• Propagation Materials-Seedling plants from selected
mother plants or grafted plants. Yielding time is less in
grafted plants where as the fruits/tree will be higher in
seedling plants.
• Growing geography-Hills and Plains
• Soil Type- Fertile, well drained acidic soil with 5 to 7pH.
• Planting Time- Before onset of Monsoon April-May
• Planting Pit Size- 90x 90cm
• Planting Spacing-8-10 Meters
• Base Application-5 kilo Organic Manure
•
4. Manure Application Schedule
Age of Tree
Quantity/Tree/Year
Organic Urea Raj Phos M.O.P
Kg Gram Gram Gram
1-3 year 25 85 100 60
4-6 year 35 160 175 100
7-10 year 40 320 175 210
Over 10 year 50 435 225 275
5. • Chemical fertilizers-Two splits during April-
May and September-October
• If pH is more than 7 Iron deficiency is noted .In
such cases 30-35 gram Iron chelate need to be
applied.
• Drought Management
• Young plants require shading and mulching
during summer.
• Drip Irrigation can be done.
6. • Upkeep
• Pruning is required in case of profusely branching varieties.
• Scale Insect and Mealy bug is the common pest found in Avocado.
Bio control agents like Verticcillium lecanni can be used.
• Fungal and root rot diseases seen in Avocado can be treated with
Carbandazim (1gram/Liter)
•
• Yielding Time-4-8 Years
• Flowering Time-November/December
• Fruit set-April May
• Fruits will be edible after 10 -15 days of ripening.
• Yield/tree-300-400 Fruits//Year.
7. • Pruning Avocado trees
• Most avocados don't need a lot of pruning. However, pruning avocado trees can be
beneficial in some cases. Pruning these trees is different than pruning other trees,
so there are a few things you should know beforehand. In general, avocado trees
require an abundance of healthy foliage to assure high yields. In most cases such
abundance is best achieved by pruning only when absolutely necessary.
• Since avocado trees grow irregularly and different varieties have different growth
habits, pruning methods will vary. Trees which tend to develop spreading canopies
do best with a minimum of pruning. Tall, upright varieties, which become veritable
"beanpoles" producing fruit high above the ground, can benefit from judicious
training (heading cuts), especially during the first years of the tree's life. To prevent
the upward growth of the main leader, the terminal buds should be removed. This
stimulates the growth of lateral branches forcing the tree to spread out and become
more compact.
•
• Danger of breakage from wind is reduced and the fruit will be borne on limbs closer
to the ground where it can be picked more easily. Excessive pruning of young trees
will slow their growth since food producing foliage (food is manufactures in the
leaves) necessary to the tree is removed.
• The yield of bearing avocado trees is in direct proportion to the amount of healthy
wood and foliage on the tree. Heavy pruning does not increase fruit production but
reduces it by stimulating new vegetative growth at the expense of fruit production.
8. • Heading Cut
• Preventive Pruning
• The shock of pruning can be lessened by selective removal of growing tips which gets rid of
unwanted branches before they are formed. This might be termed "preventive" pruning and
results in the loss of a minimum of food producing foliage.
• Since heavy cutting lowers yield and stimulates new growth, a better way to control size may
be by frequent light pruning (Thinning cuts) whereby new growing points are pinched or cut
out. The frequency and amount of pruning needed will depend on the variety and vigor of
the tree and upon the environmental characteristics of different avocado growing areas.
• Year 1 - 1st Thinning cuts made Year 2 – New growth and new Thinning
cuts
• Pruning to control the height of avocado trees requires constant follow-up. Regrowth after
topping is vigorous and rapid and the trees soon regain their original height unless the new
growth is thinned and cut back. In hand pruning, cuts are made as close to lateral branches as
possible to reduce new sprouting. Mechanical pruning does not do this and two or three
shoots develop from around the end of each cut branch.
• When to Prune Avocados
• Timing plays an important role in pruning avocado trees. Light trimming can be done at any
time of the year because avocado trees are evergreen. However, if you want to do heavy
trimming on the tree, you should only do it in late winter or early spring. These are the best
times to prune the trees heavily.
9. • Pruning in early spring gives a greater stimulus to vegetative growth than pruning
during mid-summer, while pruning in late summer or fall will cause re-growth
which may not harden off and is more susceptible to frost injury.
• Again, cutting should be kept to a minimum since the removal of large branches
will cause more growth higher on the tree.
• Pruning for Balance
• Balance is one of the most important things you need to know about pruning
• avocado trees. Many people buy trees from a nursery that has had the roots cut.
You will need to trim the top of the tree since most of the root system has been
removed. If you don't trim the top of the tree to restore the balance, the tree may
grow weakly.
• Pruning for Sun Exposure
• Avocado trees grow thickly, so it is sometimes necessary to prune the tree
(Thinning cuts) to allow sunlight to reach the lower branches. When pruning
avocado trees for this reason, you need to make sure you don't create too many
open areas in the tree. This will expose major branches to heavy sunlight that
could damage them.
•
• Pruning Twigs
• Many people make the mistake of cutting off terminal twigs when they're pruning
avocado trees. However (like mangoes and longans) these trees grow fruit at the
end of these branches (terminal fruiting). If you cut these twigs off when pruning
avocado trees, a lot of fruit won't be produced when the tree blooms again.
