This document discusses grafting and budding techniques in horticulture. It defines grafting as joining parts of two plants together so they unite and function as one plant. The key parts of a graft are the scion, which provides the shoot system, and the rootstock, which forms the root system. Successful grafting requires bringing the cambium layers of the scion and rootstock together. Several grafting methods are described, including whip grafting, cleft grafting, and approach grafting. The formation of the graft union and callus tissue bridging the scion and rootstock are also explained.

1. Practical 4
To study propagation methods through grafting and budding.
PRODUCTION TECHNOLOGY OF FRUIT AND PLANTATION CROPS
HRT341

2. Easy to Root type: Cutting & Layering
Hard to root type: Grafting & budding
Asexual Reproduction in Plants

3. ⦿Vegetative propagation in which shoot of a
superior plant is attached to root stock of
an inferior plant to multiply the superior
plant.
⦿The small piece of shoot which contribute
the upper part of the graft is called scion.
⦿ The plant that offers the lower part of
the graft is known as root stock.

4. GRAFTING
• Joining parts of two plants together in such a
manner that they unite and function as one
plant
•A graft has two parts, Scion and Stock.
SCION
• Upper part of graft combination which is
taken from the desired plant having superior
qualities - becomes the shoot system of the
graft.

5. GRAFTING…
STOCK (Root stock, Under stock )
• Part of the graft that forms the root system of
the grafted plant.
• In most cases, stock is raised from seeds
• The plant selected as a stock should be healthy
and vigorously growing
• Should be compatible with Scion
• Age , preferably 1 year
• Should be locally adapted, highly resistant and
with good efficiency for absorption of water and
minerals.

6. Important things
1. Cambial contact
2. Compatibility
3. Significance
4. Success rate

7. FORMATION OF GRAFT UNION
1. Adhesion of the root stock and scion
• Stock and Scion should be held together
firmly by wrapping, tying etc. so that the
parts will not move about.
• Success of grafting involves bringing the
cambium of the stock and scion together
and no graft union takes place unless it is
achieved.

8. FORMATION OF GRAFT UNION…
2. Proliferation of callus at the graft interface Formation of
callus (Parenchyma cells) by the cambium of stock and scion
– proliferate in 1
• -7 days.
3.Intermingling and interlocking of parenchyma cells of callus
of both graft components
• Fills the space between scion and stock

9. FORMATION OF GRAFT UNION…
4. Formation of vascular cambium
Differentiation of certain parenchyma cells to
form the vascular cambium.
5. Formation of new vascular tissues by the new
cambium – making contact between the
vascular tissues of the stock and scion –
nutrients
and metabolites between
permits translocation of water,
the stock and
scion.

10. ⦿APPROACH OR INARCHING GRAFTING
⦿WHIP OR TONGUE GRAFTING
⦿CLEFT GRAFTING
⦿TOP GRAFTING
⦿VENEER GRAFTING
⦿EPICOTYL GRAFTING
⦿BUD GRAFTING (OR) BUDDING

11. Season: Veneer grafting should be performed in the month of September to
October
After Care
● Grafted plants / seedlings are kept humid and moist condition.
● Scion shoot starts sprouting in about 3 to 4 weeks.
● Polythene strip should be removed after the success of graft.
● Grafts ready for planting in 3 months. Success rate is 75 to 80 %.
Veneer Grafting

12. Stone Grafting
Selection of Scion: Scion sticks with 7 to 8 cm long from
current year growth from healthy mother plants should be
selected.
Procedure
●Stone grafting operation should be performed in July- August
months.
●Vertical cut of 3 to 4 cm is given on the rootstock and a
corresponding wedge shaped cut is given on the scion.
●Wedge shaped cut on scion is matched with the cut on rootstock
and then tied firmly with a polythene strip.

13. Stone Grafting
After Care
● Remove the growing shoots from root stock and inflorescence from
grafted scion immediately after emergence.
● Remove the polythene strip when union is formed and protect the graft
from hot sun, pest and disease attack.
Advantages
● Survival Success is more than 80 to 90 %, Requires less time and this
Method is very suitable for coastal region.

15. 5. Grafted Scion 6. Successful Grafts
1. Selection of bud sticks 2. wedge shaped Cut on
Scion
3. Vertical Cut on Rootstock
4. Grafting and Polystriping

16. Inarch Grafting
Selection of Scion and Rootstock:
● Select one year old at least two feet long and healthy rootstock
grown in pots / polythene bags.
● Root stock plant and scion stock plant sticks should have equal
thickness. It should be from current year growth and from
healthy mother plant
Season
● August-September is best season for Inarch Grafting.

17. Procedure:
●Arrange the root stocks and scion tree on some platform or
mandapam and Mark the grafting locations on stock and scion.
●Remove 5 cm long, 1 to 2 cm wide & about 0.2 cm deep slice
of bark along with wooden part from stock and scion branches.
●Bring the cut surfaces together, cover the joint with a banana leaf
sheath and tie them together with soft threads and cover joint part
with cow dung plaster to protect from rain water.
Inarch Grafting

18. After care
●Water the plants as and when required. Cut the scion from the
parent tree after 2 to 3 months when the wound has healed.
●One week after separating the plant from root stock, the part of
the rootstock above the graft is cut off.
●Keep the graft in semi shading area to harden the graft before
transplanting into the main field.
Inarch Grafting

19. Grafting Methods
Bench grafting
Field methods
Container or field methods
Repair grafting

20. Bench grafting
Whip-and-tonguegraft
Saddle graft

21. Whip-and-tongue grafting
useful for small (
1
/
4
-
1
/
2in.) material,
double w
orking(interstocks), root
grafting, and benchgrafting
splice grafting(the tongue isnot
made)
bothstock andscion are dormant

22. Whip and Tongue Grafting
Cut a shallow angle

24. Whip and Tongue Grafting
Use the pith as center and split the stem. Note finger position!

25. Look at that
finger
position
again!
Please don’t cut
yourself!

26. Whip and Tongue Grafting
Repeat the same
cuts with the scion
wood except cut
the bottom of the
scion.

27. Whip and Tongue Grafting
Push rootstock and scion together with cambium lined up on one side.

28. Whip and Tongue Grafting

29. Whip and Tongue Grafting
Wrap the whole graft and also the tip of scion.

30. Healed Graft

33. Figure 1 Figure 3A (left), FigurFeig3uBre(ri2gAht()top), Figure 2B (bottom)

34. Saddle grafting
• useful for machine grafting, bench grafting of grape and Rhododendron
• scion and stock should be the same size grafting is done when stock and
scion are
• dormant, then the completed graft is stored in a grafting case until the graft un
has healed

36. Field methods
C left graft
Wedge graft
Bark graft

37. Cleft grafting
• useful for topworking fruit trees, crown-grafting gra
• the best time is early spring, before active growth
• wedge grafting allows 1 more scion per stock

40. Bark grafting
Two types (rind and inlay-bark grafts)
differ only in prep of stock’s bark, which
should be slipping
often used in lieu of cleft graft later in the
season

41. FiguF
re
ig2
u3
re 25 Figure 24
6

42. Container or field methods
Side grafts
Approach grafts

43. Side grafting
defn: (smaller) scion inserted into the side
of a (larger) stock
Types
■side-stub: nursery trees too large for whip-and-
tongue, not large enough for cleft
■side-tongue: useful for broad- and narrow-
leaved evergreens (e.g., oriental arbovitae)
■side-veneer: useful for small potted plants, e.g.,
upright junipers

46. Approach grafting
two independent plants are grafted
together
after union, the top of the stock and
the base of the scion are removed
used when other methods are
unsuccessful (e.g., Camellia)
often done on plants in containers
three methods: spliced-, tongued-,
and inlay-approach grafting

48. Repair grafting
Inarching
Bridge grafting

49. Inarching
used for repairing damaged roots of
a full-grown tree.
seedlings are planted around the
tree during the dormant season,
grafting is done in the spring.

51. Bridge grafting
used for repairing a damaged
trunk
early spring (with the bark
slipping) is the best time
(dormant) scion wood should be
1/4 to 1/2 in. diam.

54. Technique
Bark grafting
Date
Mid-April through mid-May
Use
Establish a pollinating variety on a limb of a tree or
to completely topwork a tree.
Bridge grafting Mid-April through mid-May Repair trees girdled above the ground line.
Cleft grafting Late February and March Establish a pollinating variety on a limb of a tree or
to completely topwork a tree. Limbs should be 1
inch or more in diameter.
Inarch grafting Mid-April through mid-May Repair trees girdled at or below the ground line.
Also used if a root disease is suspected or feared.
Saw-kerf grafting February and March On peaches, nectarines and plums to completely
topwork a tree.
Whip grafting February and early March Propagate 1-year-old rootstocks. May also be used
to establish a pollinating limb on a young,
established tree.

55. The Biology of Grafting
● Natural grafting
◦ Bracing of limbs in commercial orchards to
support weight of fruit
◦ Root grafting in woods is prevalent (CHO’s of
upper canopy trees provide support for
understory trees). This grafts only occur
between trees of the same species
◦ Problems with root grafting include:
transmission of fungi, bacteria and viruses
between plants (Dutch Elm Disease spreads this
way)

57. The Biology of Grafting
● Formation of the graft union
◦ A “de novo” formed meristematic area
must develop between scion and rootstock
for a successful graft union
● 3 events
◦ 1) adhesion of the rootstock & scion
◦ 2) proliferation of callus at the graft
interface = callus bridge
◦ 3) vascular differentiation across the graft
interface

59. The Biology of Grafting
● Steps in graft union formation
◦ 1.) lining up of the vascular cambium of rootstock and
scion. Held together with wrap, tape, staples, nails or
wedged together
◦ 2.) wound response
Necrotic layer 1 cell deep forms on both scion and stock
Undifferentiated callus tissue is produced from uninjured
parenchyma cells below the necrotic layer
Callus forms a wound periderm (outer “bark”) which becomes
suberized to prevent entry of pathogens
Necrotic layer dissolves

60. The Biology of Grafting
◦ 3.) callus bridge formation
Callus proliferates for 1 - 7 days
Callus mostly comes from scion (due to
basal movement of auxins and CHO’s, etc.)
An exception to this is on established
rootstock which can develop more callus
than that from the scion.
Adhesion of scion and stock cells with a mix
of pectins, CHO’s and proteins. Probably
secreted by dictyosomes which are part of
the Golgi bodies in cells.

62. The Biology of Grafting
◦ 4.) Wound-repair :
First the xylem and then the phloem is
repaired
Occurs through differentiation of vascular
cambium across the callus bridge
Process takes 2 - 3 weeks in woody plants
◦ 5.) Production of 2º xylem and phloem
from new vascular cambium in the callus
bridge
Important that this stage be completed before
much new leaf development on scion or else
the leaves will wilt and the scion may die

63. The Biology of Grafting
Some water can be translocated through
callus cells but not enough to support leaves
Cell-to-cell transport via plasmodesmata =
symplastic transport (links cells membranes)
Apoplastic transport is between adhering
cells

65. Graft Incompatibility
●Compatibility = ability of two
different plants grafted together to
produce a successful union and
continue to develop satisfactorily
●Graft failure: caused by anatomical
mismatching/poor craftmanship,
adverse environment, disease and
graft incompatibility

66. Graft Incompatibility
● Graft incompatibility from:
◦ Adverse physiological responses
between grafting partners
◦ Virus transmission
◦ Anatomical abnormalities of the
vascular tissue in the callus bridge

67. Graft Incompatibility
● External symptoms of incompatibility
◦ Failure of successful graft or bud union in
high percentages
◦ Early yellowing or defoliation in fall
◦ Shoot die-back and ill-health
◦ Premature death
◦ Marked differences in growth rate of scion
and stock
Overgrowth at, above or below the graft union
Suckering of rootstock
Breakage at the graft union

68. Graft Incompatibility
●Anatomical flaws leading to
incompatibility
◦ Poor vascular differentiation
◦ Phloem compression and vascular
discontinuity
◦ Delayed incompatibility may take 20 years
to show up (often in conifers and oaks)

69. Graft Incompatibility
● Physiological and Pathogen-Induced
Incompatibility
◦ Non-translocatable = localized. Problem is fixed
by using mutually compatible interstock(no
direct contact between scion and stock)
◦ Translocatable = spreads. Interstock does not
solve the problem. Some mobile chemical
causes phloem degradation. Ex: cyanogenic
glucosides like prunasin is converted to
hydrocyanic acid (from Quince to pear)

70. Graft Incompatibility
◦ Pathogen-induced virus of phytoplasma
induced
◦ Tristeza = viral disease of budded sweet
orange that is grafted onto infected
sour orange rootstock

71. Graft Incompatibility
●Correcting incompatible
combinations
◦ Generally not cost-effective. Remove
and top-work the rootstock
◦ Bridge graft with a mutually compatible
rootstock
◦ Inarch with a seedling of compatible
rootstock

74. TECHNIQUES (METHODS) OF GRAFTING
I. Detached Scion Grafting
Apical grafting Side grafting Bark grafting Root grafting
• Whip (Splice) Side – stub Bark (Rind)
• Whip & Tongue
• Cleft(Split)
• Wedge
Side – tongue
Side – Veneer
Inlay Bark

75. WHIP (SPLICE) GRAFTING
Image:https://content.ces.ncsu.edu/

76. WHIP (SPLICE) GRAFTING…
• Stock and scion of the same thickness are
selected.
• A slanting cut of about 3 – 5cm long is made
on the stock and a similar cut is made on the
scion.
• These two cut surfaces are placed together
and tightly tied with polyethylene grafting
type , which is removed when the graft
union is complete. (Apple, Pear, Cherry )

77. WHIP AND TONGUE GRAFTING
Image:http://rfcarchives.org.au/

78. WHIP AND TONGUE GRAFTING…
• The stock and scion should be of equal
diameter
• A slanting cut of about 3 -5 cm long is made
at the top of the root stock and a similar cut
is made at the bottom of the scion.
• On each of these cut surfaces , a reverse cut
is made beginning at a point about 1/3 of the
distance from the tip and should be about
1/2 the length of the first cut.

79. WHIP AND TONGUE GRAFTING…
• The scion is then slipped into the stock so
that the tongues interlock and the cambium
of the stock and scion are in close contact.
These portions are then tied and wrapped
with grafting tape.

80. CLEFT GRAFTING (SPLIT GRAFTING)

81. CLEFT GRAFTING (SPLIT GRAFTING)…
• Useful for grafting older plants with thick
stem
• The stock is cut at an appropriate height
• A vertical split for a distance of 7 – 9 cm
down the centre of the stock is made.
• This vertical split is kept open with the help
of a screw driver/ chisel etc.
• The scion should be made from dormant, 1
year old wood.

82. CLEFT GRAFTING (SPLIT GRAFTING)…
• Scions, 8 to 10 cm long, having 2 -3 buds are
selected.
• Basal end of each scion should be cut into a
sloping wedge (about 5 cm long).
• Scions are inserted in the sides of the vertical
split so that the cambium layer of the stock
matches with the scion and secured tightly with
waxed cloth.

83. WEDGE GRAFTING

84. WEDGE GRAFTING…
• Done in late winter or early spring before the
bark begins to slip.
• A 5 cm long “V” shaped wedge is cut on the
side of the stock (5-10 cm) – 2 or 3 such cuts can
be made depending on the diameter of the
stock – the cut can be made open with a screw
driver.
• The scion should be about 10 -13 cm long , 10-
12mm thick and with 2 or 3 healthy vegetative
buds.

85. WEDGE GRAFTING…
• The basal ends of the scion should be cut into
a “V” shaped wedge , matching the opening
in the stock
• The scion is inserted into the “V” shaped
opening in the stock in such a way that the
cambium of the stock and scion are closely
matched .
• All the cut surfaces are covered with grafting
wax.

86. SIDE GRAFTING
• The scion is inserted into the side of the root
stock, which is larger in diameter than the
scion.
Side – stub grafting (Side – wedge grafting)
• Simplest and most effective method
• Useful in branches of trees that are too large
for whip & tongue graft
• Root stocks - branches of about 2.5 cm

87. Side – stub grafting (Side – wedge grafting)
Image:http://himachalfruits.com/

88. Side – stub grafting (Side – wedge grafting)…
• An oblique , 2.5 cm deep cut in the stock at
an angle of 20 ° to 30°.
• Scion- 7.5 cm long, thin, with 2 or 3 buds.
• Base of the scion is cut into a narrow thin
wedge.
• The root stock is then gently bent away from
its side cut so that it opens sufficiently
• The scion is inserted – cambial layer should
match with that of the stock.

89. Side – stub grafting (Side – wedge grafting)…
• The graft is tightly tied with polyethylene
tape to seal the entire area.
• The entire graft union must be completely
covered with grafting wax.
• After the graft is completed, the root stock
may be cut off , just above the union.

90. SIDE – TONGUE GRAFTING
Image:https://etc.usf.edu/

91. SIDE – TONGUE GRAFTING…
• Useful for small plants.
• The diameter of the scion should be slightly smaller
than that of root stock.
• A sloping cut is made at the base of the scion. A
second cut is made under the first forming a thin
tongue.
• A cut of similar length is made on the root stock. A
reverse cut is made downward , starting one –third of
the distance from the top of the cut. The second cut
in the root stock should be of the same length as the
reverse cut in the scion.

92. SIDE – TONGUE GRAFTING…
• The scion is inserted into the cut in the root
stock – the two tongues interlocking & the
cambium layers matching along the side.
• The graft is wrapped with plastic tape and
waxed.
• After the graft union is complete, cut the top
of the root stock just above the scion.

93. SIDE - VENEER GRAFTING
Image:http://www.fao.org/

94. SIDE - VENEER GRAFTING…
• The thickness of the stock is usually more than
the scion.
• A long shallow cut of 2 – 3 cm long is made on
one side of the stem of root stock.
• A second , short downward cut is made at the
base of the first to remove a piece of bark and a
little wood.
• A long shallow cut is made on one side of the
stem of scion. A second very short cut is made at
the base of the scion on the opposite side.

95. SIDE - VENEER GRAFTING…
• The cuts on the stock and scion should be of
the same length and width.
• The scion is inserted into the stock – the
cambium of stock & scion should match at
least along one side
• Tie with polyethylene tape.
• After the union is complete, the root stock is
cut back, leaving the scion to grow.

96. BARK GRAFTING

97. BARK GRAFTING…
• Done when bark slips readily.
• Stock is larger than scion – sometimes 2 or 3 scions
are placed on large stocks
• Cut stock and the bark is split downwards
from the apex about 5cm long.
• Scion , 12 – 15 cm long and 6 – 12.5 cm thick ,
containing 2 or 3 buds.
• First , a long cut is made on the scion . A second
shorter cut is made on the side opposite to the first
cut , making the basal end of the scion to a wedge
shape
• Insert scion between the bark and wood of the root
stock , placing the longer cut of the scion against the
wood – tie and apply grafting wax on the graft joint.

98. INLAY BARK GRAFT

99. INLAY BARK GRAFT…
• Suitable for thick –barked trees (e.g. Walnut)
where insertion of the scion under bark is not
feasible.
• 2 parallel vertical cuts , 2.5 – 5 cm long are
made through the bark of the root stock down
to the wood. The distance between the 2 cuts
should be equal to the width of the scion
• Terminal two –thirds of this bark is lifted and cut
off, leaving a small flap at the bottom.

100. INLAY BARK GRAFT…
• A 5 cm long slanting cut is made on one side
at the basal end of the scion and a shorter
cut is made on the opposite side forming a
wedge at the base of the scion.
• Scion is inserted into the slot made by the
removal of the bark.
• Secure the graft in position and apply grafting
wax.

101. ROOT GRAFTING

102. ROOT GRAFTING…
• Roots are used as root stock & the scion
stem is grafted to it.
1. Whole root graft- whole root system is used
for grafting
2. Piece root graft - small pieces of roots are
used as stocks
Egs : Apple, Pear

103. ROOT GRAFTING…
• Root stock plants are dug and stored under
cool ( 1.5 to 4.5 C °) and moist conditions.
Root pieces should be 7.5 – 15 cm long
• Scion should be of the same length with 2 -4
buds. Usually the scion wood is collected and
stored.

104. ROOT GRAFTING…
• Grafting (Whip & Tongue type is commonly
used) is performed indoors with dormant
scions and root stocks at benches (Hence,
also known as Bench grafting).
• After the grafts are made and properly tied,
they are bundled together in groups of 50 –
100 and stored for callusing in damp sand or
other packing material.

105. II. APPROACH GRAFTING
• Two independent plants are grafted together.
• After the grafting union, the top of the root
stock plant is removed above the graft and
the base of the scion plant is removed below
the graft gradually to prevent the sudden
shock of separation.
Egs: Mango, Sapota, Litchi

106. SPLICED APPROACH GRAFTING

107. SPLICED APPROACH GRAFTING…

108. SPLICED APPROACH GRAFTING…
• Both stock and scion should be of equal
thickness.
• The pot containing the root stock is placed
near the scion desired to be propagated
• A thin slice of bark and wood about 60 – 70
mm long is removed from the stock at a
height of about 25 – 30 cm from the soil
surface.
• A similar cut is made on the scion shoot.

109. SPLICED APPROACH GRAFTING…
• The stock and the scion are held together in
such a way that the cut position fits closely
without any gap between them.
• Tied firmly with jute fibre or wax tape.
• Grafting wax is applied at the graft joint to
prevent the wilting of tissues.
• The union will be completed in about 40 -60
days – After the union ,scion is cut below the
union and the stock above the union, resulting a
new plant consisting of a root stock and a
grafted top.

110. TONGUED APPROACH GRAFTING

111. TONGUED APPROACH GRAFTING…
• Same as the spliced approach grafting except
that after the first cut is made in each stem to
be joined, a second cut – downward on the
stock and upward on the scion is made , thus
providing a thin tongue on each.
• By interlocking these tongues, a very tight ,
closely fitting graft union can be observed.

112. III. REPAIR GRAFTING
INARCHING
• Similar to approach grafting
• Used to replace damaged roots
• Seedlings planted beside the damaged tree
are grafted into the trunk of the tree to
provide a new root system

113. REPAIR GRAFTING – BRIDGE GRAFTING

114. REPAIR GRAFTING – BRIDGE GRAFTING…

115. REPAIR GRAFTING – BRIDGE GRAFTING…
• Used when there is injury to the trunk.
• Done when active growth of the tree occurs
and the bark is easily slipping.
• The torn or dead bark is removed.
• A scion is inserted every 5 to 7.5 cm around
the injured section and attached at both
upper and lower ends into live undamaged
bark – cut surfaces covered with grafting
wax.

116. BUDDING
• A form
vegetative bud is taken
of grafting in which
from
a single
one plant
(scion) and inserted into the stem tissue of
another (root stock) so that the two will
unite and grow together. The inserted bud
develop into new shoot.

117. AIMS/ OBJECTIVES OF BUDDING
• To perpetuate the clone that can not be
readily reproduced by other methods of
propagation.
• To obtain the good qualities of certain root
stocks – for cold hardiness, disease
resistance, salt tolerance etc.
• For changing the cultivars of established
plants(top – working)
• For hastening the growth of seedling.

118. A method of grafting in
which a root stock from
poted plant is grafted
with the scion from an
adult tree in sidewise
position.
It is very useful in
propagation of Mango
and Sapota.

119. ⦿A grafting in which
tongue shaped cut
is made both scion
and root stock for
proper joining.

120. ⦿It is a grafting method
where a wedge shaped
cut is made at the scion,
a cleft is made on the
stock and the scion is
inserted on the stock.
⦿Eg: Mango, Sapota, Jack.

121. ⦿ It is a grafting where the
scion are grafted on the
top of large stock.
⦿ It is also known as top
working or crown
grafting.

122. ⦿Grafting in which the scion
is inserted into the root
stock in lateral position.
⦿ Here both scion and root
stock are taken from
mature tree.
⦿It is also used for
decorating flowering trees
by adding twigs from
different varieties.

123. ⦿Grafting in which
epicotyl portion of root
stock seedling is replaced
by a young shoot tip .
⦿It is used the
propagation of fruits
such as Mango,
Cashew.

124. ⦿Plants like mango &sapota which cannot be propagated by
cutting,can be propagated by grafting.
⦿High yielding varities are multiplied by grafting.
⦿Disease resistant vsrieties are produced by grafting.
⦿Undesirabe variety can be changed into desirable
variety by grafting.

125. ⦿Vegetative propagation in which a bud is inserted on
to the root stock plant is called budding.
⦿Also known as bud grafting.
⦿Bud is incorporated into the root stock and allowed to
grow further while the buds of the root stock are
removed.There fore, inserted bud alone to produce
the shoot systems.
⦿Bud is used as Scion & it should superior
desired trait.
⦿Parent plant provide root system for survival of scion –
Root stock plant

126. TYPES OF BUDDING
T- BUDDING (SHIELD BUDDING)

127. T- BUDDING (SHIELD BUDDING)…

128. T- BUDDING…
• Done when the stock plant is in active growth
and the cambial cells are actively dividing so
that the bark separates easily from the wood-
slipping
• Shield budding – shield like appearance of
the bud piece from the scion.

129. T- BUDDING - Procedure
• Select stock & scion (bud stick)
• Select a suitable internodal smooth bark (15
-20 cm from the ground level)
• Give a vertical cut , 2.5 – 3.7 cm (bark only)
• At the top of the vertical cut, give another
horizontal cut T –shaped incision.
• Lift the bark piece on either side of the
vertical cut for insertion of bud.

130. T- BUDDING – Procedure…
• The scion bud is removed in the form of a
shield.
• Insert the bud between the flaps of bark on
the stock
• Wrap the bud and stock firmly in such a way
that the bud is fully exposed.

131. INVERTED T - BUDDING

132. INVERTED T – BUDDING…
• Similar to T – budding except that the
horizontal cut is made at the bottom of the
vertical cut.
• Used to prevent the possible entry of water
from the top of the T- cut which may cause
rotting of the shield piece.

134. PATCH BUDDING

135. PATCH BUDDING…
• Done during the period when the bark of
stock and scion slip easily.
• A rectangular patch of bark is completely
removed from the stock – on the stock plant
give 2 transverse cuts – width 1 to 2.5 cm
( only bark deep) parallel to each other and
with a distance of about 2.5 to 3.75 cm
between them.

136. PATCH BUDDING…
• Join the transverse cuts at their ends by two
vertical cuts and remove the patch of bark.
• On the scion, give 2 transverse cuts and
vertical cuts of similar dimension as above
and remove the bark patch with the bud.
• Insert the bud patch on the stock
• Wrap the bud joint with budding tape,
exposing the bud.

137. I - BUDDING
Image: https://www.ndsu.edu/

138. I – BUDDING…
• Make 2 transverse cuts through the bark of the
root stock
• Join these cuts at their centre by a single
vertical cut → I – shaped incision .
• Cut the bud patch in the form of a rectangle or
square.
• Raise the 2 flaps of bark and insert the bud
patch inside the flaps.
• Tie with budding tape, exposing the bud.
Remove the budding tape when the union is
complete.

139. CHIP BUDDING
Image:https://simpson.ca.uky.edu/

140. CHIP BUDDING…
CHIP BUDDING

141. CHIP BUDDING IN APPLE
Image: https://www.rhs.org.uk/

142. CHIP BUDDING…
• Done when the bark does not slip well.
• A chip of bark , 2.5 – 3 cm long is removed from
a smooth portion of internode of the stock.
• Another chip of the same size and shape with a
bud is removed from the scion and placed on
the stock.
• Wrap it exposing the bud .
• Stock is cut back when the union is complete
and the bud starts growing .
• Used in Citrus, Apple etc.

143. RING (ANNULAR ) BUDDING

144. RING (ANNULAR ) BUDDING

145. RING (ANNULAR ) BUDDING…
• Done when the bark slips easily.
• Stock and scion should be of the same diameter
• A ring of bark (1.25 – 2.5 cm) with a bud is
loosened from the scion and slipped off from
one end of the branch.
• The stock is cut back to a height where the
budding is to be done – a portion of the bark is
peeled off and the scion is slipped down over
the stock.
• Wrap with a budding tape , exposing the bud.

146. FLUTE BUDDING

147. FLUTE BUDDING…
• Done when the bark slips easily
• Remove the bark encircling the root stock
almost completely , leaving a narrow strip of
bark – on the stock plant, give 2 vertical cuts
(2.5 – 3.75 cm) , parallel to each other and
with a distance of 1/8 of the circumference
of the stock plant .

148. FLUTE BUDDING…
• Joint the ends of these two vertical cuts by 2
parallel horizontal cuts and remove the bark
piece
• Similar cuts are also given in the bud sticks
and remove the bark piece with bud.
• Insert the scion on the stock
• Wrap with budding tape , exposing the bud.
• After the union and the bud starts to grow ,
remove the tape and cut the top of the stock

149. FORKERT BUDDING(FLAP
BUDDING)
• A transverse cut and two vertical cuts joining the transverse cuts
given on the stock and the bark is carefully peeled along these
but remain attached on the lower side in the form of a flap.
• The scion bud of the size corresponding to the cut made on the
stock is removed
• The bud patch is fitted into the exposed portion of the stock .
• The flap of the bark of stock is used to cover the inserted bud p
and remove a little portion to expose the bud and wrapped
budding tape.

150. FORKERT BUDDING…
• When the union is complete, the budding
tape is removed and the flap is cutoff.
• When the bud starts growing, cut the top of
the stock
e.g. Rubber, Teak etc.

151. ⦿T –budding
⦿Patch budding
⦿Chip budding
⦿Flap budding
⦿Ring budding
⦿Flute budding

152. ⦿Vegetatve propagation in
which a bud is inserted
into t shaped incision
made in the root stock .
⦿Scion appear as shield so
that this method is known
as shield budding.
⦿Oranges, rose, plums,
peaches.

153. ⦿Method of bud grafting in
which a patch of bark with a
bud is inserted into a similar
depatched root stock.
⦿Citrus , mango,
rubber
,annona,wal nut, etc .

154. ⦿The method of bud
grafting in which bud
along with a piece of
wood is inserted in a root
stock .
⦿Grapes.

155. ⦿Bud grafting in which a bud
is inserted into the flap of
bark lifted from rootstock.
⦿Also called forkert budding
since the bark of the
rootstock is gently lifted for
inserting the scion bud.

156. ⦿Bud grating in which a
bud along with a ring of
bark from bud wood is
inserted into the
rootstock .
⦿Ex; chincona

157. ADVANTAGES
 It is an effective means of propagating species that usually do not root easily by
cuttings as in mango, kumquat, filberts and litchi.
 It is the best method of propagation of plants, which reproduce naturally by
layering e.g., black berries, black raspberries, etc.
 It does not require precise control on water, relative humidity or temperature as is
required for other methods of propagation.
 It is easy to perform and does not require much facility.
 It is possible to produce large sized plant with layering within a short time.
 Layering is useful for producing relatively a smaller number of plants of good
size with minimum propagation facilities.

158. DISADVANTAGES
 It is a costlier technique in areas where labour availability is problem.
 It is not possible to produce large number of plants within short time.
 The plants produced through layering have usually small and brittle roots.
 In layering, the beneficial effects of rootstocks on the scion cultivar can’t
be exploited.
 The mortality rate in layers (particularly air layers) is usually high.