Hormonal Control of Gastrointestinal Motility (1).pptx
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This document summarizes several hormones that control gastrointestinal motility: - Gastrin is secreted by stomach cells in response to food ingestion and stimulates gastric acid and mucosa growth. - Cholecystokinin is secreted by small intestine cells in response to fat and stimulates gallbladder contraction and inhibits stomach contraction and appetite. - Secretin is secreted by small intestine cells in response to acid and stimulates pancreatic bicarbonate secretion to neutralize acid. - Motilin is secreted by the stomach and duodenum during fasting and stimulates gastrointestinal motility in cycles.
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Follow Atifa Ambreen:
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCVTn-4KeMtXKy1h3_9JbVmw
Facebook: https://www.facebook.com/atifaambreen786/
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/atifa.ambreen/
https://www.instagram.com/invites/contact/?i=1qo1my1nb2qfx&utm_content=kbo8bi7
Snapchat: https://www.snapchat.com/add/atifa.ambreen
Twitter: https://twitter.com/atifa_ambreen
SUBSCRIBE ...
.
Email for inquiries: atifa.ambreen@gmail.com
Git motility
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Lec32
The document discusses the hormones that regulate digestive activity in the gastrointestinal tract. It describes that gastrointestinal hormones are peptides secreted by enteroendocrine cells located along the mucosa. These hormones support the function of the organs that release them and enter the circulatory system rather than the GI lumen. Some hormones exhibit potentiation, where a combined action is greater than the individual effects. Specific hormones discussed include gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, and motilin.
Physiology of stomach
The document summarizes the physiology of the stomach. It discusses the stomach's secretory and motor functions, including production of acid, pepsin, mucus and hormones. It describes the structure and functions of gastric glands and cells. It also explains acid secretion mechanisms, pepsinogen and intrinsic factor secretion, as well as gastric hormones like gastrin, somatostatin and ghrelin. Finally, it discusses gastric motility, including storage, mixing, grinding and emptying functions of the stomach.
PHYSIOLOGY OF STOMACH.pdf
The cardia is the first part of the stomach below the esophagus. It
contains the cardiac sphincter, which is a thin ring of muscle that
helps to prevent stomach contents from going back up into the
esophagus.
• The fundus is the rounded area that lies to the left of the cardia and
below the diaphragm.
• The body is the largest and main part of the stomach. This is where
food is mixed and starts to break down
NU GUT Hormones 2016 APRIL.pptx
This document summarizes gastrointestinal hormones. It describes that GI hormones are secreted from endocrine cells in the stomach and small intestine. They are broadly divided into 3 categories: the gastrin family including gastrin and CCK; the secretin family including secretin, VIP, and GIP; and other polypeptides like motilin, neurotensin, substance P, somatostatin, ghrelin, guanylin, and PYY. For each hormone, it provides information on source, structure, functions, mechanisms, and factors that regulate their secretion.
2022 GIT Biochemistry.pptx
The document provides information on biochemistry of the gastrointestinal system, including:
- Digestion and absorption of macronutrients and micronutrients
- The effect of gastrointestinal hormones on fuel metabolism such as ghrelin, GLP-1, and GIP
- Liver metabolism including carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, detoxification, and production of clotting factors
Gastrointestinal hormones ( Gastrin , secretin and cholecystokinin)
This document discusses the functions and hormones of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. It begins by outlining the main functions of the GI tract, including ingestion, digestion, absorption, excretion, and movement. It then lists the major organs of the digestive system. The document primarily focuses on describing several important GI hormones, including their sites of secretion, targets, actions, and regulatory mechanisms. Specifically discussed are gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, vasoactive intestinal peptide, and somatostatin.
Gi hormone
The classical GI hormones are secreted by epithelial cells lining the lumen of the stomach and small intestine. These hormone-secreting cells - endocrinocytes - are interspersed among a much larger number of epithelial cells that secrete their products (acid, mucus, etc.) into the lumen or take up nutrients from the lumen. GI hormones are secreted into blood, and hence circulate systemically, where they affect function of other parts of the digestive tube, liver, pancreas, brain and a variety of other targets.
Git hormones-control-
The document discusses several intestinal hormones and their functions. It begins by defining hormones and their roles in the body. It then discusses over two dozen hormones identified in the gastrointestinal system, many of which are peptides. Important gut hormones discussed include gastrin, cholecystokinin, secretin, ghrelin, and their roles in stimulating gastric acid secretion, facilitating digestion, neutralizing acid in the small intestine, and stimulating growth hormone secretion and appetite, respectively. The document provides details on the structure, control of secretion, physiological effects, and some disease states related to deficiencies or excess of these important intestinal hormones.
22. digestive system-2-08-09
The stomach is divided into three parts and contains gastric glands that secrete hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes like pepsin. The gastric juice contains hydrochloric acid which kills bacteria and activates pepsin. Pepsin breaks down proteins into smaller fragments. Gastric secretion is regulated by nerves, hormones, and feedback mechanisms and occurs in several phases including cephalic, gastric, and intestinal phases in response to eating. The pancreas contains acini that secrete digestive enzymes and bicarbonate into the small intestine to break down proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids to aid in absorption.
digestive system-2
The stomach has four layers and is divided into three parts: the fundus, body, and pylorus. It contains gastric glands that secrete hydrochloric acid, intrinsic factor, and the enzymes pepsinogen and pepsin. Gastric secretion is regulated through neural and hormonal mechanisms. Parasympathetic stimulation increases secretion, while somatostatin and prostaglandins decrease it. There are four phases of gastric secretion: cephalic, gastric, intestinal, and interdigestive. The cephalic phase begins before eating, while the others are stimulated by the presence of food in the stomach and small intestine.
Gut satiety control corrected
Short term satiety is regulated by mechano- and chemoreceptors in the stomach and small intestine that signal fullness after eating. Hormones like CCK, GLP-1, PYY are also involved in short term regulation by being released from the gut in response to food intake. Long term satiety is regulated by hormones like leptin released by adipose tissue and signals fullness over longer periods based on fat stores. Both short term gut signals and long term adipose signals need to work together to properly regulate long term energy balance and food intake.
Gastrointestinal peptides
Gastrointestinal peptides are signaling molecules released from enteroendocrine cells or gastrointestinal neurons that regulate processes like electrolyte and enzyme secretion, smooth muscle contraction and relaxation, and the release of other hormones. They can act as hormones, paracrines, or neurocrines. Major gastrointestinal hormones include secretin, gastrin, cholecystokinin, gastric inhibitory peptide, and motilin. These hormones are released in response to stimuli in the GI tract and circulate through the bloodstream to target organs to regulate digestion and motility.
Similar to Hormonal Control of Gastrointestinal Motility (1).pptx (20)
Gastrointestinal hormones ( Gastrin , secretin and cholecystokinin)
Gastrointestinal hormones ( Gastrin , secretin and cholecystokinin)
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BLOOD COMPOSITION.pptx
Blood is composed of plasma and three types of cells - red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Red blood cells contain hemoglobin and transport oxygen throughout the body, while white blood cells help fight infection through phagocytosis. Platelets help the blood clot to stop bleeding. The plasma portion of blood contains water, proteins, nutrients, wastes, gases, and electrolytes. Overall, blood performs critical functions like respiration, regulation of pH and temperature, nutrient transport, waste removal, protection from infection, and coagulation.
ACTION POTENTIAL IN NERVE.pptx
An action potential occurs when a stimulus causes the membrane of a neuron to depolarize, reversing the electrical charge from negative to positive. Normally, sodium levels are higher outside the cell and potassium levels are higher inside. When depolarization occurs, sodium rushes into the cell, making the outside more negative. This action potential then automatically propagates along the axon from node to node in myelinated fibers or point to point in unmyelinated fibers.
CARDIAC MUSCLE (1).pptx
Cardiac muscle is a unique type of muscle found only in the heart. It is an involuntary muscle that contracts rhythmically and continuously to pump blood throughout the body via the circulatory system. Cardiac muscle cells are joined together by intercalated discs allowing for coordinated contractions that efficiently circulate blood without rest.
Smooth muscle contraction.pptx
Smooth muscle comes in two types - single-unit and multi-unit fibers. Single-unit fibers contract as a syncytium in response to hormonal stimuli and form gap junctions. Multi-unit fibers contract independently in response to nerve signals. Smooth muscle lacks striations and uses calcium and calmodulin instead of troponin for contraction. It exhibits prolonged tonic contractions via a latch mechanism even after stimuli cease. Contraction is initiated by calcium influx through membrane channels or sarcoplasmic reticulum release.
NERVE_MUSCLE_PHYSIOLOGY-PART 2.ppt
This document discusses the physiology of nerves and muscles. It describes the different types of neuroglial cells that support the nervous system, including astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes, and schwann cells. It also discusses the classification and functions of different nerve fibers, including their conduction velocities and susceptibility to factors like hypoxia, pressure, and local anesthetics.
NERVE_MUSCLE_PHYSIOLOGY
The document discusses the anatomy and physiology of neurons and the nervous system. It describes the main parts of neurons including the cell body (soma), axon, myelin sheath, nodes of Ranvier, and synapse. It classifies neurons based on their number of poles, functions, and length of axon. The functions of motor neurons, sensory neurons, and associative neurons are explained. The properties of Nissl bodies and the cells involved in myelination of peripheral nerves are also covered.
ERYTHROPOIESIS.pptx
Red blood cells are produced through erythropoiesis in the bone marrow. This process takes about 7 days and involves the differentiation of multipotential stem cells into proerythroblasts, normoblasts, reticulocytes, and then mature erythrocytes. Erythropoietin, produced mainly in the kidneys in response to tissue hypoxia, stimulates red blood cell production. Iron is essential for hemoglobin synthesis and a deficiency can lead to microcytic anemia. Vitamin B12 and folic acid are also required for red blood cell maturation and deficiencies can cause megaloblastic anemia.
HAEMOGLOBIN PHYSIOLOGY
Hemoglobin is the main protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissues and returns carbon dioxide back to the lungs. It is composed of four globin chains, including two alpha and two beta chains, that bind to an iron-containing heme group. Hemoglobin synthesis begins in early red blood cells and continues through their maturation. In adults, each red blood cell contains over 600 million hemoglobin molecules to carry oxygen throughout the body before the cells are broken down after around 120 days. Alterations in hemoglobin structure can cause serious diseases like sickle cell anemia.
Anemia.pptx
Anemia is a condition where the blood has a lower than normal number of red blood cells or hemoglobin. There are over 400 types of anemia divided into 3 main categories based on cause: blood loss, decreased red blood cell production, and red blood cell destruction. Common types include iron deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, and pernicious anemia. Symptoms include fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, and headaches. Anemia can be mild and easily treated but some severe types require medical intervention.
Skeletal muscle.pptx
Skeletal muscle fibers produce ATP through three main pathways: (1) from creatine phosphate for quick bursts, (2) anaerobic glycolysis for moderate activity, and (3) aerobic respiration for sustained activity. A twitch contraction involves all fibers in a motor unit contracting briefly in response to a single neuron firing, while a myogram records the activity of a muscle contraction.
functional system of the cell
1. The document discusses the functional systems of the cell, including diffusion, endocytosis, pinocytosis, and phagocytosis which allow cells to obtain nutrients and remove waste.
2. It also describes how lysosomes digest materials brought into the cell and how ATP is produced through glycolysis and the citric acid cycle in the mitochondria, providing energy for cellular transport, synthesis, and mechanical work.
3. ATP acts as the "energy currency" of the cell, storing and transferring chemical energy from its phosphate bonds to power essential cellular functions.
cytoplasm and its organelles
The cytoplasm contains organelles and particles suspended in cytosol. Five important organelles are the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, mitochondria, and peroxisomes. The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes proteins and lipids, and transports substances to the Golgi apparatus. The Golgi processes and packages substances into vesicles. Lysosomes digest unwanted material. Mitochondria generate energy. Peroxisomes break down fatty acids and detoxify alcohol. A cell membrane and nucleus provide structure and control cell activities.
the cell and its functions
The cell membrane envelops the cell and is composed of a lipid bilayer with embedded and attached proteins and carbohydrates. It regulates what enters and exits the cell. The nucleus houses the genetic material and is separated from the cytoplasm by the nuclear membrane. Organelles such as the mitochondria and endoplasmic reticulum are enclosed by their own membranes and perform specialized functions to keep the cell functioning.
functional organization of the human body
The document discusses the key concepts of physiology including:
1. Physiology seeks to explain the mechanisms of life from the cellular to organ system levels.
2. The human body functions through the coordinated interactions of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems to maintain homeostasis.
3. The circulatory system transports extracellular fluid, nutrients, gases, and waste throughout the body via the blood in order to support cellular function and life.
Locomotion of cells
Ameboid movement allows cells like white blood cells and fibroblasts to move through tissues. It involves the formation of pseudopodia through which the cell pulls itself forward in a crawling motion. Chemotaxis guides ameboid movement, with cells moving toward higher concentrations of chemical signals.
Ciliary movement involves the whiplike beating of cilia, which are short projections on cell surfaces. Cilia contain microtubules and dynein proteins that allow coordinated movement through ATP hydrolysis. Cells with cilia, like those in the respiratory and reproductive tracts, use ciliary movement to transport fluids and particles.
GENETIC CONTROL OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, CELL FUNCTION.pptx
The document discusses genetic control of protein synthesis, cell function, and cell reproduction. It explains that genes located in cell nuclei control protein synthesis through transcription and translation. Transcription copies DNA's genetic code into mRNA in the nucleus. Translation then uses mRNA to assemble specific protein sequences in ribosomes located in the cytoplasm. The genetic code is made up of triplets of nucleotides called codons, which correspond to transfer RNA anticodons and the amino acids used to build proteins. Different types of RNA, including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA, facilitate moving genetic information from DNA and synthesizing proteins. The document also briefly discusses cell mitosis, where a cell divides into two identical daughter cells, and apoptosis, the process of programmed cell
muscle lec 2.pptx
Muscles contract through a cyclical process involving myosin cross-bridges and actin filaments. When calcium ions bind to the troponin-tropomyosin complex, it exposes active sites on actin for the myosin heads to attach. The myosin heads then power a power stroke that pulls the actin filaments, shortening the muscle. ATP hydrolysis drives this cycle as ATP cleavage causes the myosin heads to detach from actin.
muscle lec
1. There are three types of muscle in the body: skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle. Skeletal muscle makes up about 40% of body mass.
2. Muscles are classified based on their structure and control. Skeletal and cardiac muscles are striated due to cross-striations and voluntary, while smooth muscle is non-striated and involuntary.
3. Each muscle fiber contains myofibrils which are made up of repeating sarcomere units consisting of actin and myosin filaments that overlap to enable contraction.
MITOSIS.pptx
Mitosis is the process of cell division into two daughter cells. It is preceded by interphase, where the cell grows and DNA is replicated. DNA replication results in two identical copies of the DNA. There is then a period of DNA proofreading to repair any errors before mitosis. The chromosomes, which are DNA packaged with proteins, are replicated as well. During mitosis, the nuclear envelope breaks down and microtubules attach to the chromatids and pull them to opposite ends of the cell before it divides into two daughter cells.
mitosis
Mitosis is the process where a cell divides into two daughter cells. It follows interphase, where the cell grows and DNA is replicated. Key events in mitosis include the formation of the mitotic apparatus using centrioles, which organize microtubules. The microtubules then attach to chromatids and pull them apart, separating the chromosomes and dividing the cell.
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GENETIC CONTROL OF PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, CELL FUNCTION.pptx
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It's based on the first part of this research paper:
The cost of information acquisition by natural selection
Ryan Seamus McGee, Olivia Kosterlitz, Artem Kaznatcheev, Benjamin Kerr, Carl T. Bergstrom
bioRxiv 2022.07.02.498577; doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.07.02.498577
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学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(salfor毕业证书)索尔福德大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
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Immersive Learning That Works: Research Grounding and Paths Forward
We will metaverse into the essence of immersive learning, into its three dimensions and conceptual models. This approach encompasses elements from teaching methodologies to social involvement, through organizational concerns and technologies. Challenging the perception of learning as knowledge transfer, we introduce a 'Uses, Practices & Strategies' model operationalized by the 'Immersive Learning Brain' and ‘Immersion Cube’ frameworks. This approach offers a comprehensive guide through the intricacies of immersive educational experiences and spotlighting research frontiers, along the immersion dimensions of system, narrative, and agency. Our discourse extends to stakeholders beyond the academic sphere, addressing the interests of technologists, instructional designers, and policymakers. We span various contexts, from formal education to organizational transformation to the new horizon of an AI-pervasive society. This keynote aims to unite the iLRN community in a collaborative journey towards a future where immersive learning research and practice coalesce, paving the way for innovative educational research and practice landscapes.
Sexuality - Issues, Attitude and Behaviour - Applied Social Psychology - Psyc...
A proprietary approach developed by bringing together the best of learning theories from Psychology, design principles from the world of visualization, and pedagogical methods from over a decade of training experience, that enables you to: Learn better, faster!
SDSS1335+0728: The awakening of a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole⋆
Context. The early-type galaxy SDSS J133519.91+072807.4 (hereafter SDSS1335+0728), which had exhibited no prior optical variations during the preceding two decades, began showing significant nuclear variability in the Zwicky Transient Facility (ZTF) alert stream from December 2019 (as ZTF19acnskyy). This variability behaviour, coupled with the host-galaxy properties, suggests that SDSS1335+0728 hosts a ∼ 106M⊙ black hole (BH) that is currently in the process of ‘turning on’. Aims. We present a multi-wavelength photometric analysis and spectroscopic follow-up performed with the aim of better understanding the origin of the nuclear variations detected in SDSS1335+0728. Methods. We used archival photometry (from WISE, 2MASS, SDSS, GALEX, eROSITA) and spectroscopic data (from SDSS and LAMOST) to study the state of SDSS1335+0728 prior to December 2019, and new observations from Swift, SOAR/Goodman, VLT/X-shooter, and Keck/LRIS taken after its turn-on to characterise its current state. We analysed the variability of SDSS1335+0728 in the X-ray/UV/optical/mid-infrared range, modelled its spectral energy distribution prior to and after December 2019, and studied the evolution of its UV/optical spectra. Results. From our multi-wavelength photometric analysis, we find that: (a) since 2021, the UV flux (from Swift/UVOT observations) is four times brighter than the flux reported by GALEX in 2004; (b) since June 2022, the mid-infrared flux has risen more than two times, and the W1−W2 WISE colour has become redder; and (c) since February 2024, the source has begun showing X-ray emission. From our spectroscopic follow-up, we see that (i) the narrow emission line ratios are now consistent with a more energetic ionising continuum; (ii) broad emission lines are not detected; and (iii) the [OIII] line increased its flux ∼ 3.6 years after the first ZTF alert, which implies a relatively compact narrow-line-emitting region. Conclusions. We conclude that the variations observed in SDSS1335+0728 could be either explained by a ∼ 106M⊙ AGN that is just turning on or by an exotic tidal disruption event (TDE). If the former is true, SDSS1335+0728 is one of the strongest cases of an AGNobserved in the process of activating. If the latter were found to be the case, it would correspond to the longest and faintest TDE ever observed (or another class of still unknown nuclear transient). Future observations of SDSS1335+0728 are crucial to further understand its behaviour. Key words. galaxies: active– accretion, accretion discs– galaxies: individual: SDSS J133519.91+072807.4
Describing and Interpreting an Immersive Learning Case with the Immersion Cub...
Current descriptions of immersive learning cases are often difficult or impossible to compare. This is due to a myriad of different options on what details to include, which aspects are relevant, and on the descriptive approaches employed. Also, these aspects often combine very specific details with more general guidelines or indicate intents and rationales without clarifying their implementation. In this paper we provide a method to describe immersive learning cases that is structured to enable comparisons, yet flexible enough to allow researchers and practitioners to decide which aspects to include. This method leverages a taxonomy that classifies educational aspects at three levels (uses, practices, and strategies) and then utilizes two frameworks, the Immersive Learning Brain and the Immersion Cube, to enable a structured description and interpretation of immersive learning cases. The method is then demonstrated on a published immersive learning case on training for wind turbine maintenance using virtual reality. Applying the method results in a structured artifact, the Immersive Learning Case Sheet, that tags the case with its proximal uses, practices, and strategies, and refines the free text case description to ensure that matching details are included. This contribution is thus a case description method in support of future comparative research of immersive learning cases. We then discuss how the resulting description and interpretation can be leveraged to change immersion learning cases, by enriching them (considering low-effort changes or additions) or innovating (exploring more challenging avenues of transformation). The method holds significant promise to support better-grounded research in immersive learning.
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Presentation in the Science Coffee of the Advanced Concepts Team of the European Space Agency on the 07.06.2024.
Speaker: Diego Blas (IFAE/ICREA)
Title: Gravitational wave detection with orbital motion of Moon and artificial
Abstract:
In this talk I will describe some recent ideas to find gravitational waves from supermassive black holes or of primordial origin by studying their secular effect on the orbital motion of the Moon or satellites that are laser ranged.MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...
MICROBIAL INTERACTION PPT/ MICROBIAL INTERACTION AND THEIR TYPES // PLANT MIC...ABHISHEK SONI NIMT INSTITUTE OF MEDICAL AND PARAMEDCIAL SCIENCES , GOVT PG COLLEGE NOIDA
Microbial interaction
Microorganisms interacts with each other and can be physically associated with another organisms in a variety of ways.
One organism can be located on the surface of another organism as an ectobiont or located within another organism as endobiont.
Microbial interaction may be positive such as mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism or may be negative such as parasitism, predation or competition
Types of microbial interaction
Positive interaction: mutualism, proto-cooperation, commensalism
Negative interaction: Ammensalism (antagonism), parasitism, predation, competition
I. Mutualism:
It is defined as the relationship in which each organism in interaction gets benefits from association. It is an obligatory relationship in which mutualist and host are metabolically dependent on each other.
Mutualistic relationship is very specific where one member of association cannot be replaced by another species.
Mutualism require close physical contact between interacting organisms.
Relationship of mutualism allows organisms to exist in habitat that could not occupied by either species alone.
Mutualistic relationship between organisms allows them to act as a single organism.
Examples of mutualism:
i. Lichens:
Lichens are excellent example of mutualism.
They are the association of specific fungi and certain genus of algae. In lichen, fungal partner is called mycobiont and algal partner is called
II. Syntrophism:
It is an association in which the growth of one organism either depends on or improved by the substrate provided by another organism.
In syntrophism both organism in association gets benefits.
Compound A
Utilized by population 1
Compound B
Utilized by population 2
Compound C
utilized by both Population 1+2
Products
In this theoretical example of syntrophism, population 1 is able to utilize and metabolize compound A, forming compound B but cannot metabolize beyond compound B without co-operation of population 2. Population 2is unable to utilize compound A but it can metabolize compound B forming compound C. Then both population 1 and 2 are able to carry out metabolic reaction which leads to formation of end product that neither population could produce alone.
Examples of syntrophism:
i. Methanogenic ecosystem in sludge digester
Methane produced by methanogenic bacteria depends upon interspecies hydrogen transfer by other fermentative bacteria.
Anaerobic fermentative bacteria generate CO2 and H2 utilizing carbohydrates which is then utilized by methanogenic bacteria (Methanobacter) to produce methane.
ii. Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis:
In the minimal media, Lactobacillus arobinosus and Enterococcus faecalis are able to grow together but not alone.
The synergistic relationship between E. faecalis and L. arobinosus occurs in which E. faecalis require folic acid
Candidate young stellar objects in the S-cluster: Kinematic analysis of a sub...
Context. The observation of several L-band emission sources in the S cluster has led to a rich discussion of their nature. However, a definitive answer to the classification of the dusty objects requires an explanation for the detection of compact Doppler-shifted Brγ emission. The ionized hydrogen in combination with the observation of mid-infrared L-band continuum emission suggests that most of these sources are embedded in a dusty envelope. These embedded sources are part of the S-cluster, and their relationship to the S-stars is still under debate. To date, the question of the origin of these two populations has been vague, although all explanations favor migration processes for the individual cluster members. Aims. This work revisits the S-cluster and its dusty members orbiting the supermassive black hole SgrA* on bound Keplerian orbits from a kinematic perspective. The aim is to explore the Keplerian parameters for patterns that might imply a nonrandom distribution of the sample. Additionally, various analytical aspects are considered to address the nature of the dusty sources. Methods. Based on the photometric analysis, we estimated the individual H−K and K−L colors for the source sample and compared the results to known cluster members. The classification revealed a noticeable contrast between the S-stars and the dusty sources. To fit the flux-density distribution, we utilized the radiative transfer code HYPERION and implemented a young stellar object Class I model. We obtained the position angle from the Keplerian fit results; additionally, we analyzed the distribution of the inclinations and the longitudes of the ascending node. Results. The colors of the dusty sources suggest a stellar nature consistent with the spectral energy distribution in the near and midinfrared domains. Furthermore, the evaporation timescales of dusty and gaseous clumps in the vicinity of SgrA* are much shorter ( 2yr) than the epochs covered by the observations (≈15yr). In addition to the strong evidence for the stellar classification of the D-sources, we also find a clear disk-like pattern following the arrangements of S-stars proposed in the literature. Furthermore, we find a global intrinsic inclination for all dusty sources of 60 ± 20◦, implying a common formation process. Conclusions. The pattern of the dusty sources manifested in the distribution of the position angles, inclinations, and longitudes of the ascending node strongly suggests two different scenarios: the main-sequence stars and the dusty stellar S-cluster sources share a common formation history or migrated with a similar formation channel in the vicinity of SgrA*. Alternatively, the gravitational influence of SgrA* in combination with a massive perturber, such as a putative intermediate mass black hole in the IRS 13 cluster, forces the dusty objects and S-stars to follow a particular orbital arrangement. Key words. stars: black holes– stars: formation– Galaxy: center– galaxies: star formation
JAMES WEBB STUDY THE MASSIVE BLACK HOLE SEEDS
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- 1. Hormonal Control of Gastrointestinal Motility Prepared by Fatima sundus
- 4. Gastrin is secreted by the “G” cells of the antrum of the stomach
- 5. Gastrin is secreted in response to stimuli associated with 1. Ingestion of a meal 2. distention of the stomach 3. the products of proteins, 4. gastrin releasing peptide(GIP), which is released by the nerves of the gastric mucosa during vagal stimulation.
- 7. The primary actions of gastrin are (1) stimulation of gastric acid (HCL) secretion (2) stimulation of growth of the gastric mucosa
- 9. Cholecystokinin (CCK) is secreted by “I” cells in the mucosa of the duodenum and jejunum
- 10. CCK secreted mainly in response to digestive products of fat, fatty acids, and monoglycerides in the intestinal contents.
- 11. 1.This hormone strongly contracts the gallbladder, expelling bile into the small intestine, where the bile in turn plays important roles in emulsifying fatty substances 2.CCK also inhibits stomach contraction moderately. 3.CCK also inhibits appetite to prevent overeating during meals by stimulating 4.sensory afferent nerve fibers in the duodenum; these fibers, in turn, send signals by way of the vagus nerve to inhibit feeding centers in the brain
- 15. Secretin was the first gastrointestinal hormone discovered secretin is secreted by the “S” cells in the mucosa of the duodenum
- 16. Secretin is secreted in response to acidic gastric juice emptying into the duodenum from the pylorus of the stomach.
- 17. Secretin has a mild effect on motility of the gastrointestinal tract and acts to promote pancreatic secretion of bicarbonate, which in turn helps to neutralize the acid in the small intestine
- 20. Gastric inhibitory peptide (GIP) is secreted by the mucosa of the upper small intestine • mainly in response to fatty acids and amino acids but to a lesser extent in response to carbohydrate. • It has a mild effect in decreasing motor activity of the stomach and therefore slows emptying of gastric contents into the duodenum when the upper small intestine is already overloaded with food products. • GIP, at blood levels even lower than those needed to inhibit gastric motility, also stimulates insulin secretion and for this reason is also known as glucose dependent insulinotropic peptide
- 23. Motilin is secreted by the stomach and upper duodenum during fasting The only known function of this hormone is to increase gastrointestinal motility. Motilin is released cyclically and stimulates waves of gastrointestinal motility called interdigestive myoelectric complexes that move through the stomach and small intestine every 90 minutes in a fasted person Motilin secretion is inhibited after ingestion