anatomy of stomach,functions of stomach, location, shape position and parts of stomach,orifices of stomach, curvature of stomach, relations of stomach, blood supply, innervation, lymphatic drainage, clinical relation , GERD, peptic ulcer,
Medical Physiology of the GIT:
Mucosa, principles of GIT function, afferent sensory innervation, GI reflexes, motility throughout the GI system, control of stomach emptying, coordination of motility, GI secretions, Gastric events following ingestion of a meal......
anatomy of stomach,functions of stomach, location, shape position and parts of stomach,orifices of stomach, curvature of stomach, relations of stomach, blood supply, innervation, lymphatic drainage, clinical relation , GERD, peptic ulcer,
Medical Physiology of the GIT:
Mucosa, principles of GIT function, afferent sensory innervation, GI reflexes, motility throughout the GI system, control of stomach emptying, coordination of motility, GI secretions, Gastric events following ingestion of a meal......
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
These simplified slides by Dr. Sidra Arshad present an overview of the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract.
Learning objectives:
1. Enlist the non-respiratory functions of the respiratory tract
2. Briefly explain how these functions are carried out
3. Discuss the significance of dead space
4. Differentiate between minute ventilation and alveolar ventilation
5. Describe the cough and sneeze reflexes
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 39, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 34, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 17, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
4. Non-respiratory functions of the lungs https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/13/3/98/278874
Flu Vaccine Alert in Bangalore Karnatakaaddon Scans
As flu season approaches, health officials in Bangalore, Karnataka, are urging residents to get their flu vaccinations. The seasonal flu, while common, can lead to severe health complications, particularly for vulnerable populations such as young children, the elderly, and those with underlying health conditions.
Dr. Vidisha Kumari, a leading epidemiologist in Bangalore, emphasizes the importance of getting vaccinated. "The flu vaccine is our best defense against the influenza virus. It not only protects individuals but also helps prevent the spread of the virus in our communities," he says.
This year, the flu season is expected to coincide with a potential increase in other respiratory illnesses. The Karnataka Health Department has launched an awareness campaign highlighting the significance of flu vaccinations. They have set up multiple vaccination centers across Bangalore, making it convenient for residents to receive their shots.
To encourage widespread vaccination, the government is also collaborating with local schools, workplaces, and community centers to facilitate vaccination drives. Special attention is being given to ensuring that the vaccine is accessible to all, including marginalized communities who may have limited access to healthcare.
Residents are reminded that the flu vaccine is safe and effective. Common side effects are mild and may include soreness at the injection site, mild fever, or muscle aches. These side effects are generally short-lived and far less severe than the flu itself.
Healthcare providers are also stressing the importance of continuing COVID-19 precautions. Wearing masks, practicing good hand hygiene, and maintaining social distancing are still crucial, especially in crowded places.
Protect yourself and your loved ones by getting vaccinated. Together, we can help keep Bangalore healthy and safe this flu season. For more information on vaccination centers and schedules, residents can visit the Karnataka Health Department’s official website or follow their social media pages.
Stay informed, stay safe, and get your flu shot today!
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Pulmonary Thromboembolism - etilogy, types, medical- Surgical and nursing man...VarunMahajani
Disruption of blood supply to lung alveoli due to blockage of one or more pulmonary blood vessels is called as Pulmonary thromboembolism. In this presentation we will discuss its causes, types and its management in depth.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
3. Functions of Stomach
A. Secretory functions
Production of acid,
Pepsin,
Intrinsic factor,
Mucus,
GI hormones.
4. Functions of Stomach
B. Motor functions
Food storage (receptive relaxation and accommodation),
Grinding and mixing,
Controlled emptying of ingested food, and
7. Cell type Major Function
Surface foveolar mucous cell Mucous layer
Mucous neck cell Progeniter of all cell types,
mucous, pepsinogen I and II
Oxyntic cell (parietal) HCl, IF, HCO3
Chief cell Pepsinogen, lipase
Cardiopyloric mucous cell Mucous, pepsinogen II
9. 1. Acid Secretion
Hastens both the physical and the biochemical breakdown
of ingested food.
Inhibits the proliferation of ingested pathogens.
10. APPLIED!
Long-term acid suppression with proton
pump inhibitors (PPIs) has been associated
with an increased risk of community
acquired Clostridium difficile colitis and
other gastroenteritis.
11. Parietal cells
The cells are packed with
mitochondria that supply energy
to drive the apical H+,K+-ATPase,
that moves H+ ions out of the
parietal cell against a
concentration gradient of more
than a million-fold.
12. At rest, the proton pumps are sequestered within the parietal cell in a series of membrane
compartments known as tubulovesicles.
When the parietal cell begins to secrete, on the other hand, these vesicles fuse with
invaginations of the apical membrane.
15. a. Cephalic or Vagal Phase
Cephalic or Vagal Phase (30%)
Thought, sight, smell, and/or taste of food.
Cortical and Hypothalamic centers
ECL cells + parietal cells.
Ach
Vagus
16. b. Gastric Phase
60%
When food reaches the stomach
Gastrin Vagovagal reflex arc Gastrin
Ac
Parietal cells + ECL cells
Amino acids and small peptides Proximal Gastric Distention Antral distention
Truncal
/
HSV
18. Basal Acid Secretion
Inter-prandial basal acid secretion is 2 to 5 mEq hydrochloric acid per
hour.
It is greater at night.
Basal acid secretion is reduced 75% to 90% by vagotomy or H2
receptor blockade.
20. 2. Pepsinogen Secretion
Pepsinogen I is produced by chief cells.
Pepsinogen II is produced in both acid producing and gastrin producing (i.e.,
antral) glands.
Pepsinogen HCL (1.8 to 3.5) Pepsin
Pepsin functions as an active proteolytic enzyme in a highly acid medium.
21. 3. Intrinsic Factor
Secreted by parietal cells.
Intrinsic factor binds to luminal
vitamin B12, and the complex is
absorbed in the terminal ileum via
mucosal receptors.
22. Applied!
Patients with total gastrectomy or pernicious anemia require B12
supplementation by a non-enteric route.
23. 4. Gastric Hormones
A. Gastrin is produced by antral G cells
Molecular forms
Big gastrin (34 amino acids; G34),
Little gastrin (17 amino acids; G17)
[main]
Mini-gastrin (14 amino acids; G14).
Main stimulants : Luminal peptides
and amino acids.
24. Applied!
Important causes of hyper-gastrinemia include
Pernicious anemia
• Acid-suppressive medication
• Gastrinoma,
• Retained antrum following distal gastrectomy
and Billroth II surgery,
• Vagotomy.
25. B. Somatostatin
Produced by D cells located
throughout the gastric mucosa.
The major stimulus for
somatostatin release is antral
acidification; acetylcholine from
vagal nerve fibers inhibits its
release.
Somatostatin inhibits acid, gastrin
and ECL release..
26. C. Gastrin-Releasing Peptide
In the antrum, GRP stimulates both gastrin and somatostatin
release.
GRP is a mediator of gastroprotective increased mucosal blood
flow in response to luminal irritants.
27. D. Leptin
Leptin is a protein primarily
synthesized in adipocytes.
It is also made by chief cells in the
stomach.
Leptin is a satiety signal hormone.
28. E. Ghrelin
Ghrelin is a potent secretagogue
of pituitary growth hormone.
Ghrelin appears to be an
orexigenic regulator of appetite.
Many reseaches show dec ghrelin
levels after gastric bypass and
sleeve gastrectomy.
30. Functions of Gastric Motility
Inter-prandial motor activity clears the stomach of undigested
debris, sloughed cells, and mucus.
When feeding begins, the stomach relaxes to accommodate the
meal (receptive relaxation).
Regulated motor activity then breaks down the food into small
particles and controls the output into the duodenum.
31. Intrinsic Gastric Innervation
The intrinsic innervation consists of
ganglia and nerves that constitute the
enteric nervous system.
Excitatory NTs: Acetylcholine, the
tachykinins, substance P, and
neurokinin A.
inhibitory NTs: nitric oxide (NO) and
vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP).
32. Physiological Parts of the Stomach
Orad
Comprising about the first two thirds
of the body
Caudad
Comprising the remainder of the
body plus the antrum
33. 1. Storage Function
When food is ingested orad/ proximal stomach relaxes by two vagovagal reflexes
Receptive relaxation
Reduction in proximal gastric tone associated with the act of swallowing. This occurs
before the food reaches the stomach.
Gastric accommodation
Proximal gastric relaxation associated with distention of the stomach.
Accommodation is mediated through stretch receptors in the gastric wall.
34. Applied!
Receptive relaxation and accommodation
reflexes are significantly altered by truncal
and highly selective vagotomy resulting in
decrease compliance and increased intra
gastric pressure.
35. 2. Mixing and Grinding
As long as food is in the stomach, weak peristaltic constrictor waves, called mixing
waves, begin in the mid to upper portions of the stomach.
As the constrictor waves progress from the body of the stomach into the antrum,
they become more intense.
As each peristaltic wave approaches the pylorus, the pyloric muscle itself often
contracts, facilitating retropulsion of the solid food bolus back into the body of
the stomach for additional breakdown.
36. Migrating Motor Complex (MMC)
During fasting, distal gastric motor activity is controlled by the
migrating motor complex (MMC).
Function: sweep along any undigested food, debris etc.
37. Phases
Phase I: period of relative motor
inactivity.
Phase II : irregular, high-amplitude,
generally non-propulsive contractions.
Phase III, a period of intense, regular
propulsive contractions. (motilin
regulated; produced by duodenum)
Phase IV: is a transition period.
38. Applied!
1. Vagotomy abolishes phase II of the gastric
MMC.
2. Resection of the duodenum abolishes distal
gastric phase III in dogs, and resection of the
duodenum in humans (e.g., with
pancreaticoduodenectomy, the Whipple
procedure) commonly results in early
postoperative delayed gastric emptying.
39. Gastric Emptying
Strong Antral contractions along with relaxation of pylorus under
neuro-hormonal control.
40. Gastric Emptying
Inc Emptying Dec. Emptying
Inc . Food volume Duodenal distension
liquids Hyperosmolar food in duodenum
Proteins in stomach Breakdown products of proteins and
fats in duodenum
Gastrin CCK, secretin, somatostatin
Motilins Cold food
prokinetics Inc. acidic chyme in duodenum
