The document discusses genetic control of protein synthesis, cell function, and cell reproduction. It explains that genes located in cell nuclei control protein synthesis through transcription and translation. Transcription copies DNA's genetic code into mRNA in the nucleus. Translation then uses mRNA to assemble specific protein sequences in ribosomes located in the cytoplasm. The genetic code is made up of triplets of nucleotides called codons, which correspond to transfer RNA anticodons and the amino acids used to build proteins. Different types of RNA, including mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA, facilitate moving genetic information from DNA and synthesizing proteins. The document also briefly discusses cell mitosis, where a cell divides into two identical daughter cells, and apoptosis, the process of programmed cell

1. GENETIC CONTROL OF
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS, CELL
FUNCTION AND CELL
REPRODUCTION
PREPARED BY FATIMA SUNDUS

2. GENE
• A gene is the basic physical and functional unit of heredity
• The genes, which are located in the nuclei of all cells of the body, control heredity from parents
to children.
• Each gene, which is composed of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA
Gene expression:
the entire process, from transcription of the genetic code in the nucleus to translation of the RNA
code and the formation of proteins in the cell cytoplasm.

4. • there are approximately 30,000 different genes in each cell
• The total no. of different proteins produced by the various cell types in humans is
estimated to be at least 100,000.

6. Gene regions:
Exons: it is the coding region (expression sequence) of the gene (3% of human genome).
Introns: it is a non- coding region of the gene ( 97% of human genome).
Mnemonic → EXon are EXpressed, INtrons are Inactive
https://youtu.be/YtKoTOCJGt4

8. Genes in the Cell Nucleus control protein synthesis
In the cell nucleus, large numbers of genes are attached end on end in extremely long
double- stranded helical molecules of DNA having molecular weights measured in the
billions.

9. Basic Building Blocks of DNA
The basic chemical compounds involved in the formation of DNA. These compound
include
(1) phosphoric acid
(2) a sugar called deoxyribose
(3) four nitrogenous bases

10. PURINES: (double ring structure) have a six membered ring and a five membered ring.
e.g. Adenine and Guanine
PYRIMIDINES: ( single ring structure) have a only a six membered ring.
e.g. cytosine and thymine
NITROGENOUS BASES

12. Nucleoside:
combination of nitrogenous base with pentose sugar( deoxyribose or Ribose) is called
nucleoside.
Nucleotide:
combination of nucleoside with phosphoric acid, is called nucleotide.

14. • The phosphoric acid and deoxyribose form the two helical strands that are the
backbone of the DNA molecule
• the nitrogenous bases lie between the two strands and connect them

17. Nucleotides of DNA
1. deoxy-adenylic acid
2. Deoxy-guanylic acid
3. Deoxy-cytidylic acid
4. Deoxy-thymidylic acid
Nucleotides of RNA
1. Adenylic acid
2. Guanylic acid
3. Cytidylic acid
4. Uridylic acid

18. NUCLEIC ACID
Combination of many nucleotides ( polynucleotide) Is called nucleic acid
Types
DNA: deoxy-ribo nucleic acid. Pentose sugar is deoxy ribose.
RNA: ribo-nucleic acid. Pentose sugar is ribose.

19. DNA
DNA is a polynucleotide formed by combination of four types of nucleotides.
Structure:
 nucleotides are joined together to form a strand of DNA molecule.
 In DNA molecule, two such strands are held by loose bands b/w nitrogenous bases
While paralleling two strands, adenine binds with thymine(AT) and guanine binds with cytosine
(GC)
 Two strands are coiled into a helix.
 DNA is wrapped around a core of histone protein to form nucleosome. A series of
nucleosomes is sometimes called “beads on a string”
OR
 Nucleosome= DNA + histones.

23. • Ten pairs of nucleotides are present in each full turn of the helix in the DNA molecule

24. GENETIC CODE:
Is the successive “triplets” of bases called code word.
OR
Three successive bases in DNA molecule are called a genetic code.
Function:
Controls sequence of amino acids in protein molecule

27. 2 steps
1.TRANSCRIPTION: copied formation of mRNA from DNA is called transcription.
-During transcription genetic code of DNA (i.e. genetic information) is transferred to mRNA in form
of codon, which will determine sequence of amino acids in protein molecule.
-It occurs in nucleus.
2. TRANSLATION: formation of protein molecule (with specific amino acid sequence) in ribosome
with help of rRNA and tRNA is called translation.
- It occurs in cytoplasm.
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
https://youtu.be/gG7uCskUOrA

28. Transcription

29. Translation

31. Different Types of RNA:
1. Precursor messenger RNA (pre-mRNA) is a large immature single strand of RNA that is
processed in the nucleus to form mature messenger RNA (mRNA).
The pre-RNA includes two different types of segments called introns, which are removed by a
process called splicing, and exons, which are retained in the final mRNA.

32. 2. Small nuclear RNA (snRNA) directs the splicing of pre-mRNA to form mRNA.
3. Messenger RNA (mRNA) carries the genetic code to the cytoplasm for controlling the type of
protein formed.
4. Transfer RNA (tRNA) transports activated amino acids to the ribosomes to be used in
assembling the protein molecule.
5. Ribosomal RNA, along with about 75 different proteins, forms ribosomes, the physical and
chemical structures on which protein molecules are actually assembled.
6. MicroRNA (miRNA) are single-stranded RNA molecules of 21 to 23 nucleotides that can
regulate gene transcription and translation.

33. CODON
• Sequence of three successive nucleotides (triplets)in mRNA corresponding to genetic code
of DNA is called a codon.
• There are 64 codons:
• 61 codons code for amino acids.
• The remaining 3 codons are stop codons (UAA, UGA, UAG)
• There is one start codon (initiation codon), AUG, coding for methionine.

36. TRANSFER RNA—THE ANTICODONS:
• it Transfers amino acid molecules to protein
molecules.
• act as Carrier to transport its specific type of amino
acid to the ribosomes.
• it contains only about 80 nucleotides, is a relatively
small molecule in comparison with mRNA.
• Anticodon is located approximately in the middle of
the tRNA molecule

37. RIBOSOMAL RNA
• it Constitutes about 60 percent of the ribosome.
• The remainder of the ribosome is protein, containing about 75 types of proteins that are
both structural proteins and enzymes needed in the manufacture of protein molecules

38. MicroRNA
• These are short (21 to 23 nucleotides) single-stranded RNA fragments that regulate
gene expression
• The miRNAs are encoded from the transcribed DNA of genes, but they are not translated
into proteins and are therefore often called noncoding RNA.

39. Polyribosomes:
is a cluster of ribosome 3 – 10 that are attached to a single of mRNA at the same time.

40. CELL MITOSIS:
The actual process by which the cell splits into two new cells is called mitosis.
mitosis follows automatically within 1 or 2 hours
https://youtu.be/DwAFZb8juMQ

41. Apoptosis
apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death
. Apoptosis is initiated by activation of a family of proteases called caspases.