Smooth muscle comes in two types - single-unit and multi-unit fibers. Single-unit fibers contract as a syncytium in response to hormonal stimuli and form gap junctions. Multi-unit fibers contract independently in response to nerve signals. Smooth muscle lacks striations and uses calcium and calmodulin instead of troponin for contraction. It exhibits prolonged tonic contractions via a latch mechanism even after stimuli cease. Contraction is initiated by calcium influx through membrane channels or sarcoplasmic reticulum release.
All about Neuromuscular junction...Structure,Steps involved,Drugs acting at neuromuscular junction , Clinical aspects (Myasthenia gravis and lambert eaton syndrome)
All about Neuromuscular junction...Structure,Steps involved,Drugs acting at neuromuscular junction , Clinical aspects (Myasthenia gravis and lambert eaton syndrome)
Describes the overview of the skeletal muscles, its description, functons, and properties. It also inccludes the gross organization of the skeletal system.
Molecular basis of Skeletal Muscle ContractionArulSood2
The ppt aims to explain the molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction and certain applied aspects of the same. Sources include Guyton and Hall's Textbook of Physiology (South-Asia edition, Vol. 2) and C.L. Ghai's Textbook for Practical Physiology.
Receptor by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, MH. This PPT for ...Pandian M
Introduction
SENSORY RECEPTORS
Structurally 3 types of receptors
Transducers
CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS
A. Depending on the source of stimulus(Sherrington’s classification)
B. Depending upon type of stimulus
C. Clinical or anatomical classification of receptors
Production of receptor potential
Properties of receptors
Properties of receptor potential
Describes the overview of the skeletal muscles, its description, functons, and properties. It also inccludes the gross organization of the skeletal system.
Molecular basis of Skeletal Muscle ContractionArulSood2
The ppt aims to explain the molecular basis of skeletal muscle contraction and certain applied aspects of the same. Sources include Guyton and Hall's Textbook of Physiology (South-Asia edition, Vol. 2) and C.L. Ghai's Textbook for Practical Physiology.
Receptor by Pandian M, Tutor, Dept of Physiology, DYPMCKOP, MH. This PPT for ...Pandian M
Introduction
SENSORY RECEPTORS
Structurally 3 types of receptors
Transducers
CLASSIFICATION OF RECEPTORS
A. Depending on the source of stimulus(Sherrington’s classification)
B. Depending upon type of stimulus
C. Clinical or anatomical classification of receptors
Production of receptor potential
Properties of receptors
Properties of receptor potential
Muscle is one of the four primary tissue types of the body, and the body contains three types of muscle tissue: skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle.
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
Muscle physiology in orthodontics/certified fixed orthodontic courses by Ind...Indian dental academy
The Indian Dental Academy is the Leader in continuing dental education , training dentists in all aspects of dentistry and
offering a wide range of dental certified courses in different formats.for more details please visit
www.indiandentalacademy.com
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
How to Split Bills in the Odoo 17 POS ModuleCeline George
Bills have a main role in point of sale procedure. It will help to track sales, handling payments and giving receipts to customers. Bill splitting also has an important role in POS. For example, If some friends come together for dinner and if they want to divide the bill then it is possible by POS bill splitting. This slide will show how to split bills in odoo 17 POS.
Unit 8 - Information and Communication Technology (Paper I).pdfThiyagu K
This slides describes the basic concepts of ICT, basics of Email, Emerging Technology and Digital Initiatives in Education. This presentations aligns with the UGC Paper I syllabus.
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
The Indian economy is classified into different sectors to simplify the analysis and understanding of economic activities. For Class 10, it's essential to grasp the sectors of the Indian economy, understand their characteristics, and recognize their importance. This guide will provide detailed notes on the Sectors of the Indian Economy Class 10, using specific long-tail keywords to enhance comprehension.
For more information, visit-www.vavaclasses.com
This is a presentation by Dada Robert in a Your Skill Boost masterclass organised by the Excellence Foundation for South Sudan (EFSS) on Saturday, the 25th and Sunday, the 26th of May 2024.
He discussed the concept of quality improvement, emphasizing its applicability to various aspects of life, including personal, project, and program improvements. He defined quality as doing the right thing at the right time in the right way to achieve the best possible results and discussed the concept of the "gap" between what we know and what we do, and how this gap represents the areas we need to improve. He explained the scientific approach to quality improvement, which involves systematic performance analysis, testing and learning, and implementing change ideas. He also highlighted the importance of client focus and a team approach to quality improvement.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Ethnobotany and Ethnopharmacology:
Ethnobotany in herbal drug evaluation,
Impact of Ethnobotany in traditional medicine,
New development in herbals,
Bio-prospecting tools for drug discovery,
Role of Ethnopharmacology in drug evaluation,
Reverse Pharmacology.
The Art Pastor's Guide to Sabbath | Steve ThomasonSteve Thomason
What is the purpose of the Sabbath Law in the Torah. It is interesting to compare how the context of the law shifts from Exodus to Deuteronomy. Who gets to rest, and why?
3. The smooth muscle of each organ is distinctive
from that of most other organs in several ways:
(1) physical dimensions
(2) organization into bundles or sheets
(3) response to different types of stimuli
(4) characteristics of innervation
(5) function
4. TYPES OF SMOOTH MUSCLE
FIBERS
Smooth muscle fibers are of two types:
1. Single-unit smooth muscle or unitary smooth
muscle or visceral smooth muscle or syncytial
smooth muscle
2. Multiunit smooth muscle fibers.
5.
6. Single-unit smooth muscle
fibers
Muscle fibers are arranged in sheets or bundles
Mainly non-nervous stimuli (hormonal stimuli)
Cell membrane of adjacent fibers fuses at many
points to form gap junctions.
a functional syncytium is developed.
The syncytium contracts as a single unit.
In this way, the visceral smooth muscle resembles
cardiac muscle
Show spontaneous contractions.
7.
8. It is also called visceral smooth muscle because it is found in the walls of
most viscera of the body, including
gastrointestinal tract
bile ducts
ureters
uterus
blood vessels.
9. Multiunit smooth muscle
1. . Muscle fibers are individual fibers
2. Each muscle fiber is innervated by a single nerve
ending
3. Each muscle fiber are covered by a thin layer of
basement membrane-a mixture of fine collagen and
glycoprotein that helps insulate the separate fibers
from one another
4. Each fiber contract independently
5. Control of these muscle fibers is mainly by nerve
signals
6. These smooth muscle fibers donot have
interconnecting gap junctions
7. These smooth muscle fibers resemble the skeletal
muscle fibers in many ways.
8. Does not show spontaneous contraction
10.
11. Distribution of Multiunit Smooth Muscle Fibers :
Multiunit muscle fibers are in
ciliary muscles of the eye
iris of the eye
Piloerector muscles that cause erection of the hairs
12.
13. Structure of Smooth Muscle
Lacks visible cross-striations
Actin and myosin-II are present but not arranged in regular arrays
Actin 5-10 times more than Myosin
Dense bodies instead of Z lines
Actin filaments attach to dense bodies
Contains tropomyosin, but troponin absent
Regulatory protein is calmodulin instead of troponin
14. Sarcoplasmic reticulum not well developed
Few mitochondria
Mononucleate cells
Far smaller fibers
Calveoli is present
Involuntary
15. Smooth muscle contraction is prolonged tonic contraction,
sometimes lasting hours or even days.
Slow cycling of the myosin cross bridge
Low energy utilization
Less ATPase activity
One molecule of ATP is required for each cycle
Total contraction time is 1 to 3 sec
Slow onset of contraction but prolonged contraction
Maximum force of contraction is greater than skeletal muscle
16.
17. Myosin filaments have “sidepolar” cross- bridges
Arranged so that bridges on one side hinge in one direction
and those on other side hinge in opposite direction
Allows myosin to pull an actin filament in one direction on
one side while simultaneously pulling another actin
filament in the opposite direction on the other side
Allows smooth muscle cells to contract as much as
80% of their length instead of 30% (skeletal muscle)
18.
19.
20.
21. LATCH MECHANISM
Latch mechanism is that it can maintain prolonged tonic
contraction in smooth muscle for hours with little use of
energy.
Little continued excitatory signal is required from nerve
fibers or hormonal sources.
22.
23.
24. 1. Calcium concentration in the cytosolic fluid of the smooth muscle
increases as a result of the influx of calcium from the
extracellular fluid through calcium channels and/or release of
calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum.
2. The calcium ions bind reversibly with calmodulin.
3. The calcium-calmodulin complex then joins with and activates
myosin light chain kinase.
4. One of the light chains of each myosin head, called the regulatory
chain, becomes phosphorylated in response to this myosin kinase.
When this chain is not phosphorylated, the attachment-detachment
cycling of the myosin head with the actin filament does not occur.
25.
26.
27.
28. When the calcium ion concentration falls below a critical level, the
aforementioned processes automatically reverse, except for the
phosphorylation of the myosin head. Reversal of this situation requires
another enzyme, myosin phosphatase, located in the cytosol of the
smooth muscle cell, which splits the phosphate from the regulatory
light chain. Then the cycling stops, and contraction ceases.
29.
30. Source of Calcium Ions That Cause Contraction
the concentration of calcium ions in the extracellular fluid is
greater than 10−3 molar, in comparison with less than 10−7
molar inside the smooth muscle cell; this causes rapid diffusion
of the calcium ions into the cell from the extracellular fluid when
the calcium channels open
31.
32. • the vesicles of the autonomic nerve fiber endings contain
acetylcholine and Norepinephrine.
• the type of receptor determines whether the smooth
muscle is inhibited or excited and also determines which
of the two transmitters, acetylcholine or norepinephrine,
is effective in causing the excitation or inhibition.
• For example, norepinephrine inhibits contraction of
smooth muscle in the intestine but stimulates
contraction of smooth muscle in blood vessels.
33.
34.
35.
36. MEMBRANE POTENTIALS AND ACTION
POTENTIALS IN SMOOTH MUSCLE
Membrane Potentials in Smooth Muscle.
In the normal resting state, the intracellular potential is
usually about −50 to −60 millivolts, which is about 30
millivolts less negative than in skeletal muscle.
37.
38. Calcium Channels Are Important in Generating the
Smooth Muscle Action Potential.
• The smooth muscle cell membrane has far more voltage-gated calcium
channels than skeletal muscle but few voltage-gated sodium channels.
• Ca++ channels open more slowly and also remain open much longer
for plateau
• Another important feature of calcium ion entry into the cells during the
action potential is that the calcium ions act directly on the smooth
muscle contractile mechanism to cause contraction. Thus, the calcium
performs two tasks at once
40. EFFECT OF LOCAL TISSUE FACTORS ANDHORMONES TO CAUSE
SMOOTH MUSCLECONTRACTION WITHOUT ACTION
Two types of non-nervous and nonaction potential
stimulating factors often involved are
(1) local tissue chemical factors
(2) various hormones
41. Smooth Muscle Contraction in Response to Local
Tissue Chemical Factors
Lack of O2
ExcessCO2
Increased H+
Adenosine, lactic acid
increased K+
diminished Ca2+
increased body temperature can all cause local vasodilatation.