This document discusses a study on the effects of different grinding times of rice husk ash (RHA) on the workability and compressive strength of concrete. Three types of RHA were used, ground for 30, 60, and 90 minutes. Testing found that increasing the grinding time of RHA decreased the workability but increased the compressive strength of concrete. The study suggests RHA has potential to be used as a supplementary cementitious material to replace cement in concrete, and that grinding time affects the properties of RHA concrete.
IRJET- Use of Ceramic Powder in the Construction of Rigid PavementsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that examined using ceramic powder as a partial replacement for cement in concrete mixes used for rigid pavements. Concrete mixtures were made with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% replacement of cement with ceramic powder passing a 75μm sieve. Specimens were tested for compressive strength, workability, flexural strength, tensile strength, and elastic modulus at various ages. Results showed properties remained within usable limits up to 30% cement replacement. Above 30% replacement, strength gradually decreased. The study concluded ceramic powder concrete can efficiently be used in rigid pavements up to 30% cement replacement, as it increases durability and provides a solution for reusing ceramic waste.
Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in CementIJAEMSJORNAL
This project mainly deals with the replacement of cement with Bagasse ash in fixed proportions. Bagasse ash partially replaced in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%by weight of cement in four different experiment to find out maximum compressive strength and tensile strength compare it with the strength of normal concrete by using grade M-20 at 7days and 28 days. The test result indicate that the strength of concrete increase up to 20% Sugar cane bagasse ash replacement with cement.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Alccofine and Fly Ash Addition on the Durability of High Performanc...ijsrd.com
The aim of this Study is to evaluate the performance of concrete (HPC) containing supplementary cementitious materials such as Fly ash & Alccofine. The necessity of high performance concrete is increasing because of demands in the construction industry. Efforts for improving the performance of concrete over the past few years suggest that cement replacement materials along with Mineral & chemical admixtures can improve the strength and durability characteristics of concrete. Alccofine (GGBS) and Fly ash are pozzolanic materials that can be utilized to produce highly durable concrete composites. This study investigates the performance of concrete mixture containing Local Alccofine. in terms of Compressive strength, Sulphate Attack tests, Alkali test and RCPT (Rapid chloride penetration test) at age of 28 and 56 days. In addition find out the optimum dosage of alccofine and fly ash from that get M70 Strength, in final mix proportion perform a given test. Result show that concrete incorporating Alccofine and fly ash had higher compressive strength and alccofine enhanced the durability of concretes and reduced the chloride diffusion. An exponential relationship between chloride permeability and compressive strength of concrete is exhibited.
Effect of Severe Environmental Exposure on Properties of Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study on the effect of severe environmental exposure on the properties of geopolymer concrete. The study developed geopolymer concrete with fly ash as the binder material activated with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions. Specimens were tested for compressive, tensile, and flexural strength after curing and after immersion in 5% sulfuric acid for periods of time. Results showed geopolymer concrete achieved compressive strengths from 32-38 MPa and had higher residual strengths after acid exposure compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete. The study aimed to evaluate the durability and acid resistance of fly ash geopolymer concrete.
Study on effect of Alccofine & Fly ash addition on the Mechanical properties ...ijsrd.com
This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out for M-70 Grad Concrete and to evaluate the compressive strength and Flexural Strength of Concrete. High Performance Concrete is made by partial replacement of cement by alccofine, fly ash, silica fume. In this study the Class F fly ash used in various proportions 20 to 35%, alccofine 4 to 14% and silica fume 4% to 14% by weight of cement. The mix proportions of concrete had a water binder ratio for Alccofine mix concrete 0.30 and Silica-fume mix concrete 0.32.super plasticizer was added based on the required degree of workability. The total binder content was 600 kg/m3. The concrete specimens were cured on normal moist curing under normal atmospheric temperature. The compressive strength was determined at 7 , 28 , 56 days and flexural strength was determined at 28 and 56 days The results indicate the concrete made with these proportions generally show excellent fresh and hardened properties. The addition of Alccofine, silica fume shows early strength gaining property and that of fly ash shows a long term strength. The ternary system that is Portland cement-fly ash-Alccofine concrete was found to increase the compressive strength of concrete on all age when compared to concrete made with Portland cement-fly ash-silica fume.
The document summarizes the results of an experimental study on the shear strength properties of mixtures containing fly ash, electroplating waste sludge, and cement. Undrained unconsolidated triaxial compression tests were performed on cylindrical specimens at different curing periods. The following key results were reported:
1) The maximum shear strength of 2.48 MPa was achieved for a mixture containing 47% fly ash, 45% waste sludge, and 8% cement after 90 days of curing, compared to only 0.10 MPa for fly ash alone.
2) Increasing the waste sludge content and curing time improved the shear strength and shear strength parameters of the mixtures. The mixture with 60% fly
IRJET- Use of Ceramic Powder in the Construction of Rigid PavementsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that examined using ceramic powder as a partial replacement for cement in concrete mixes used for rigid pavements. Concrete mixtures were made with 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30% replacement of cement with ceramic powder passing a 75μm sieve. Specimens were tested for compressive strength, workability, flexural strength, tensile strength, and elastic modulus at various ages. Results showed properties remained within usable limits up to 30% cement replacement. Above 30% replacement, strength gradually decreased. The study concluded ceramic powder concrete can efficiently be used in rigid pavements up to 30% cement replacement, as it increases durability and provides a solution for reusing ceramic waste.
Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash in CementIJAEMSJORNAL
This project mainly deals with the replacement of cement with Bagasse ash in fixed proportions. Bagasse ash partially replaced in the ratio of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%by weight of cement in four different experiment to find out maximum compressive strength and tensile strength compare it with the strength of normal concrete by using grade M-20 at 7days and 28 days. The test result indicate that the strength of concrete increase up to 20% Sugar cane bagasse ash replacement with cement.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Effect of Alccofine and Fly Ash Addition on the Durability of High Performanc...ijsrd.com
The aim of this Study is to evaluate the performance of concrete (HPC) containing supplementary cementitious materials such as Fly ash & Alccofine. The necessity of high performance concrete is increasing because of demands in the construction industry. Efforts for improving the performance of concrete over the past few years suggest that cement replacement materials along with Mineral & chemical admixtures can improve the strength and durability characteristics of concrete. Alccofine (GGBS) and Fly ash are pozzolanic materials that can be utilized to produce highly durable concrete composites. This study investigates the performance of concrete mixture containing Local Alccofine. in terms of Compressive strength, Sulphate Attack tests, Alkali test and RCPT (Rapid chloride penetration test) at age of 28 and 56 days. In addition find out the optimum dosage of alccofine and fly ash from that get M70 Strength, in final mix proportion perform a given test. Result show that concrete incorporating Alccofine and fly ash had higher compressive strength and alccofine enhanced the durability of concretes and reduced the chloride diffusion. An exponential relationship between chloride permeability and compressive strength of concrete is exhibited.
Effect of Severe Environmental Exposure on Properties of Geopolymer ConcreteIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a research study on the effect of severe environmental exposure on the properties of geopolymer concrete. The study developed geopolymer concrete with fly ash as the binder material activated with sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions. Specimens were tested for compressive, tensile, and flexural strength after curing and after immersion in 5% sulfuric acid for periods of time. Results showed geopolymer concrete achieved compressive strengths from 32-38 MPa and had higher residual strengths after acid exposure compared to ordinary Portland cement concrete. The study aimed to evaluate the durability and acid resistance of fly ash geopolymer concrete.
Study on effect of Alccofine & Fly ash addition on the Mechanical properties ...ijsrd.com
This paper presents the results of an experimental investigation carried out for M-70 Grad Concrete and to evaluate the compressive strength and Flexural Strength of Concrete. High Performance Concrete is made by partial replacement of cement by alccofine, fly ash, silica fume. In this study the Class F fly ash used in various proportions 20 to 35%, alccofine 4 to 14% and silica fume 4% to 14% by weight of cement. The mix proportions of concrete had a water binder ratio for Alccofine mix concrete 0.30 and Silica-fume mix concrete 0.32.super plasticizer was added based on the required degree of workability. The total binder content was 600 kg/m3. The concrete specimens were cured on normal moist curing under normal atmospheric temperature. The compressive strength was determined at 7 , 28 , 56 days and flexural strength was determined at 28 and 56 days The results indicate the concrete made with these proportions generally show excellent fresh and hardened properties. The addition of Alccofine, silica fume shows early strength gaining property and that of fly ash shows a long term strength. The ternary system that is Portland cement-fly ash-Alccofine concrete was found to increase the compressive strength of concrete on all age when compared to concrete made with Portland cement-fly ash-silica fume.
The document summarizes the results of an experimental study on the shear strength properties of mixtures containing fly ash, electroplating waste sludge, and cement. Undrained unconsolidated triaxial compression tests were performed on cylindrical specimens at different curing periods. The following key results were reported:
1) The maximum shear strength of 2.48 MPa was achieved for a mixture containing 47% fly ash, 45% waste sludge, and 8% cement after 90 days of curing, compared to only 0.10 MPa for fly ash alone.
2) Increasing the waste sludge content and curing time improved the shear strength and shear strength parameters of the mixtures. The mixture with 60% fly
IRJET- A Study on Compressive Strength of Concrete with Bagasse Ash as Su...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the compressive strength of concrete with 15% replacement of cement with sugarcane bagasse ash, subjected to different curing methods. Concrete cubes were cured using conventional pond curing, curing agent, and steam curing at varying temperatures, delay periods, and curing periods. Compressive strength was tested after 28 and 56 days. Results showed that steam curing and curing agent developed higher compressive strength compared to conventional curing. Specifically, steam curing at 60°C for 8 hours with a 4-hour delay period resulted in the highest compressive strength. In conclusion, bagasse ash can be effectively used as a partial cement replacement and different curing methods can significantly improve the strength of
A Study on Groundnut Husk Ash (GHA)–Concrete under Acid AttackIJMER
This paper presents the findings of an investigation on the compressive strength of
Groundnut Husk Ash (GHA)-Concrete and its resistance to acid attack. The GHA used was obtained
by controlled burning of groundnut husk to a temperature of 600 oC and sieved through 75 µm sieve
after allowing cooingl. The compressive strength of GHA-Concrete was investigated at replacement
levels of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 %, respectively by weight of cement. A total of ninety 150 mm cubes of
GHA-Concrete grade 20 were tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, 28, 60 and 90 days of curing and
the microstructure of GHA-Concrete samples at 0 and 10 % replacements were examined at 28 and 90
days of curing. Also, thirty six 100 mm cubes were subjected to attack from 10 % concentration of
diluted solution of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3), respectively. The result of the
investigations showed that the compressive strength of concrete decreased with increase in GHA
content. However 10 % replacement with GHA was considered as optimum for structural concrete.
GHA provided a less compact microstructure of concrete at 28 and 90 days curing compared to OPC
concrete as a result of low pozzolanic activity. The use of GHA in concrete improved its resistance
against sulphuric acid, but not against nitric acid attack. The average weight loss of GHA concrete
after 28 days of subjection in sulphuric acid and nitric acid were 16.3 % and 17.3 %, respectively as
opposed to 22.4 % and 15.1 %, respectively for plain Portland cement concrete.
An Experimental Investigation on the Properties of Red Mud Fibre Reinforced C...IRJET Journal
- Researchers conducted an experiment to investigate how partially replacing cement with red mud fibre reinforced concrete affects concrete properties.
- They tested concrete mixtures with 0-20% cement replaced by red mud, along with 0.5% and 1% galvanized iron fibres by volume.
- Test results showed compressive and tensile strength increased up to 8% cement replacement by red mud, with the 1% fibre mixture performing better, gaining up to 18.9% higher compressive strength. Higher replacements saw strengths decline.
An Experimental Investigation of Partial Replacement of Cement by Various Per...IJERA Editor
Over 15 million tons of fly ash (FA) and 3 million tons of phospho-gypsum (PG) are produced every year. The utilization of these industrial by-product materials is important in terms of environmental and economical issues are concerned. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the technical possibilities of incorporating FA and PG in production of concrete .In this study Combination of FA and PG is use as a mineral admixture with, phosphogypsum 0%., 5%,10%, 15% and fly ash is constant as 20% , Last proportion was taken PG- 5% and FA- 25%. . The compressive, tensile and flexural strength are studied by casting and testing specimens for 7, 14 and 28 days. It is shown that a part of ordinary Portland cement can be replaced with PG and FA to develop a good and hardened concrete to achieve economy; above 10% replacement of phosphogypsum and 20% replacement of F in concrete lead to drastic reduction not only in the compressive strength but also in Flexural and split tensile strength of concrete.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IRJET- Strength and Durability Properties of High Volume Fly Ash Concrete for...IRJET Journal
This document presents research on the strength and durability properties of high-volume fly ash concrete for M40 grade. Fly ash was used to replace cement at rates of 40%, 50%, and 60% by weight. Tests were performed to determine the compressive strength, flexural strength, and chloride ion permeability of the different mixes. The results showed that while early-stage compressive strength decreased with higher fly ash content, later-stage strengths improved. Flexural strength also decreased with more fly ash initially but improved over time. Permeability testing found that chloride ion penetration decreased as fly ash content increased, improving durability. In conclusion, high-volume fly ash concrete showed potential for structural applications by providing comparable or improved properties to
Effect of rice husk ash on compressive strength of concreteIndrajit Patra
The document describes a study on the use of rice husk ash (RHA) as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. RHA is a waste product from rice husking that contains high levels of silica and has pozzolanic properties. The objectives of the study were to determine the mix proportions for control concrete and test properties of RHA concrete. Tests were conducted on materials and concrete mixtures containing 0-30% RHA replacement to determine compressive strength and other properties. The results showed RHA can be effectively used to partially replace cement in concrete up to 20% replacement without significantly affecting strength.
Experimental Investigation on Copper Slag as Fine Aggregate Replacement and G...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation that evaluated the use of industrial byproducts like copper slag, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and red mud as partial replacements for cement and fine aggregate in concrete. Six different mixes were prepared: a control mix (Mix N) and mixes replacing fine aggregate with copper slag (Mix A), replacing cement with GGBS and red mud (Mixes B-E), and adding different fiber types to Mixes B-E. The materials, mix designs, casting and curing of test specimens are described. The results showed variations in the compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths of the mixes at 7 and 28 days.
Study on Alkali-Activated Concrete Containing High Volume GGBS with 30% Cemen...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on alkali-activated concrete containing high volumes of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as a partial replacement for cement. The study investigated the workability and mechanical properties of alkali-activated concrete mixtures containing 30% less cement replaced by GGBS. The GGBS was activated using sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions. Results showed that workability decreased as the GGBS content increased. Compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strengths all increased with hydration time and generally increased as the GGBS content increased up to 30% replacement of cement. The alkali-activated concrete reached strengths comparable to ordinary Portland cement concrete.
This research represents an experimental study on influence of urea on concrete through various tests on urea, cement, concrete and water. Test of finesses modulus, slump test, carbonation test, pH test, urea ingression test and increase in strength with urea percentage .This study deals to overcome three major problems in the concrete namely heat of hydration, permeability, and corrosion of steel bar embedded in concrete. Urea can generally reduce the temperature of concrete both at casting phase and during the procedure of hydration. Urea does not opposite effect the durability of reinforced concrete, except where there is an accumulation of urea crystal growth. Er. Babita | Mr. Ravi Prakash Sharma | Mr. Vikram | Dr. D. K. Gupta ""Influence of Urea on Concrete"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30172.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30172/influence-of-urea-on-concrete/er-babita
Study on Strength of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete Under Heat Curingijsrd.com
fly ash is a noncombustible material obtained from the various thermal power plants. Since fly ash is available in large scale, it is disposed of in rivers and landfills and ponds by thermal industries which are posing danger to environment. Due to high pozzolanic activity of fly ash, efforts are being made to use it as a cement replacement material. GeoPolymer concrete makes 100 percent utilization of fly ash in concrete along with alkaline solutions, as a binder. The cube specimens and beams are casted for 2% and 4% super plasticizers and alkaline to fly ash ratio of 0.35. The compressive strength of cubes is compared to that of conventional cubes at 7, 14 and 28 days .it is observed that GeoPolymer concrete is economical as compared to normal concrete from compressive strength point of view.
This document investigates the effects of replacing cement with different amounts of fly ash, ranging from 30-70%, on the hardened properties of self-compacting concrete. Testing showed that as the percentage of fly ash replacement increased, the compressive and split tensile strengths of the concrete decreased. A relationship was developed between split tensile and compressive strengths that predicted tensile strengths with an average error of 4.19%. The study concluded that replacing cement with higher amounts of fly ash lowers concrete strengths.
This document summarizes a study on the performance of nano graphite inclusions in cutting fluids used with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) technique in turning AISI 1040 steel. Nano graphite powder of 80nm particle size was mixed in varying proportions from 0.0% to 0.5% by weight in water soluble oil. Experiments were conducted using HSS and cemented carbide tools under dry, flood coolant and MQL conditions at different flow rates. Results showed that MQL with nano graphite fluids significantly reduced surface roughness, tool wear, cutting forces and temperatures compared to dry and flood coolant conditions. The highest reductions were observed with 0.3-0.5% nano graphite concentration
Performance evaluation of nano graphite inclusions in cutting fluids with mql...eSAT Journals
Abstract Liberation of heat and generation of friction associated with any machining operation ever pose a problem which not only reduce the tool life but also impair quality of the product. Cutting fluids have been the conventional choice to curtail friction and temperatures in machining because of its lubrication and cooling actions. However, considering health hazards posed by the conventional cutting fluids to health of the workers and ecology, the quest is towards identifying alternative strategies to the usual flood application. Selection and use of proper lubricant that can improve the overall cutting phenomena which is an important aspect in reducing the cutting forces and temperatures The present work studies the use of nano cutting fluids in MQL which is a minimal cutting fluid technique, for turning operation using HSS and cemented carbide tools. Development of nano materials by nanotechnology technique, dispersing them in the cutting fluid improve the effectiveness of the cutting fluid and hence nano graphite powder is selected of particle size 80 nm in varying proportions i.e. 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% by weight are mixed in water soluble oil and applied drop by drop. Experimentation is carried out at different flow rates like 5 ml/min 10 ml/min and 15 ml/min with nanoparticle suspended fluids along with dry machining, flood coolant machining under constant cutting conditions. Experimental results are very encouraging with much reduction in surface roughness, tool flank wear, temperatures and cutting forces is observed in fluids with nanoparticle inclusions. Different properties of the nanofluids are estimated through a series of standard tests. Keywords: Machining, nano Graphite, minimum quantity lubrication, cutting fluids.
Study of Cement Concrete By Replacement of Cement with Various Pozzolanic Mat...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a study on cement concrete with partial replacement of cement by various pozzolanic materials (slag, silica fume, pulverized quartz powder) and micro Fe2O3. Concrete cubes, cylinders, and beams were cast with cement replaced at 4-20% by the pozzolanic materials to determine the optimum replacement. Quaternary concrete with 16% replacement of cement in equal parts by the three pozzolanic materials was also studied. Penta blended concrete with addition of 0.5-2.5% micro Fe2O3 to the quaternary mix was tested. Test results found that concrete with 16% quaternary cement blend and 2%
IRJET- Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate using ...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on partially replacing fine aggregate with copper slag in concrete. Copper slag is a byproduct of copper production and is currently considered a waste material. The study aimed to determine if copper slag could replace a portion of fine aggregate in concrete mixes. Several concrete mixes were prepared with 0%, 30%, 40%, and 50% replacement of fine aggregate with copper slag by weight. Specimens were tested for compressive, tensile, and flexural strength at 7, 14, and 28 days. Test results showed compressive strength increased up to 40% replacement and decreased at 50% replacement compared to the control mix. Tensile and flexural strengths also increased up to 40% replacement compared to the control
IRJET- Fresh Properties of Self Compacting Concrete using Hypo Sludge and ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the fresh properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) using hypo sludge and polyester fibers. The researchers designed an M30 grade SCC mix according to EFNARC guidelines, replacing cement with 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% hypo sludge. The optimum replacement was found to be 4%. This mix was designated SCC4. SCC4 was then modified with additions of 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4% polyester fibers of 6mm length. The fresh properties of the mixes were evaluated using slump flow, J-Ring, L-Box, and V-Funnel tests according to EFNARC specifications. The tests assessed the passing
IRJET- Evaluation of Properties of Reactive Powder Concrete and Determination...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the evaluation of properties of reactive powder concrete (RPC) using locally available materials in India. RPC is an ultra-high strength concrete with no coarse aggregates. The document details the development of 9 different RPC mix designs varying the water-binder ratio, silica fume content, and superplasticizer dosage. Fresh and hardened properties like compressive strength, flexural strength, bond strength, and modulus of elasticity were tested on specimens cured with both normal and hot air curing. The maximum compressive strength of 108.63 MPa was achieved for a mix with 20% silica fume content and a water-binder ratio of 0.25, cured with hot air. Flexural strengths were found
Effect of Waste Steel Slag and Silica Fume on Mechanical Properties of High S...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the effect of replacing fine aggregate with steel slag and adding silica fume on the mechanical properties of high strength self-compacting concrete. Concrete mixtures with 0-40% replacement of fine aggregate by steel slag and 10% addition of silica fume were tested. Test results showed that compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength increased with higher percentages of steel slag replacement and increased curing time up to 56 days. Replacing fine aggregate with steel slag and adding silica fume improved the mechanical properties of high strength self-compacting concrete.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Preparation and Plant-growth Efficiency Assessment of BiocharsOdette Varela Milla
This Ph.D. dissertation examines the preparation and assessment of biochars from various feedstocks and their effects on plant growth. The document includes a literature review on biochar production methods and properties. Experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of adding municipal solid waste bottom ash and different biochar mixtures on the growth of corn plants and release of polyphenolic compounds. Soil was amended with bottom ash alone and in combination with biochars produced from rice husks and bamboo at different pyrolysis temperatures. The plants were harvested after one month and analyzed for dry biomass weight and total phenolic content.
This document discusses a study on the effect of Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBPA) on the compaction characteristics of weak subgrade soils. The study revealed that adding LBPA to three different soil samples reduced their maximum dry density but increased their optimum moisture content, improving the soils' compaction properties. Considering compaction characteristics and cost, the study found that 6-10% LBPA by weight of soil was the optimal amount for satisfactory soil stabilization. The conversion of Locust Bean Pod waste into a pozzolanic stabilizing agent provided benefits of pollution control, waste recycling, and remediation of exhausted borrow pits for road construction materials.
IRJET- A Study on Compressive Strength of Concrete with Bagasse Ash as Su...IRJET Journal
This study investigated the compressive strength of concrete with 15% replacement of cement with sugarcane bagasse ash, subjected to different curing methods. Concrete cubes were cured using conventional pond curing, curing agent, and steam curing at varying temperatures, delay periods, and curing periods. Compressive strength was tested after 28 and 56 days. Results showed that steam curing and curing agent developed higher compressive strength compared to conventional curing. Specifically, steam curing at 60°C for 8 hours with a 4-hour delay period resulted in the highest compressive strength. In conclusion, bagasse ash can be effectively used as a partial cement replacement and different curing methods can significantly improve the strength of
A Study on Groundnut Husk Ash (GHA)–Concrete under Acid AttackIJMER
This paper presents the findings of an investigation on the compressive strength of
Groundnut Husk Ash (GHA)-Concrete and its resistance to acid attack. The GHA used was obtained
by controlled burning of groundnut husk to a temperature of 600 oC and sieved through 75 µm sieve
after allowing cooingl. The compressive strength of GHA-Concrete was investigated at replacement
levels of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 40 %, respectively by weight of cement. A total of ninety 150 mm cubes of
GHA-Concrete grade 20 were tested for compressive strength at 3, 7, 28, 60 and 90 days of curing and
the microstructure of GHA-Concrete samples at 0 and 10 % replacements were examined at 28 and 90
days of curing. Also, thirty six 100 mm cubes were subjected to attack from 10 % concentration of
diluted solution of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3), respectively. The result of the
investigations showed that the compressive strength of concrete decreased with increase in GHA
content. However 10 % replacement with GHA was considered as optimum for structural concrete.
GHA provided a less compact microstructure of concrete at 28 and 90 days curing compared to OPC
concrete as a result of low pozzolanic activity. The use of GHA in concrete improved its resistance
against sulphuric acid, but not against nitric acid attack. The average weight loss of GHA concrete
after 28 days of subjection in sulphuric acid and nitric acid were 16.3 % and 17.3 %, respectively as
opposed to 22.4 % and 15.1 %, respectively for plain Portland cement concrete.
An Experimental Investigation on the Properties of Red Mud Fibre Reinforced C...IRJET Journal
- Researchers conducted an experiment to investigate how partially replacing cement with red mud fibre reinforced concrete affects concrete properties.
- They tested concrete mixtures with 0-20% cement replaced by red mud, along with 0.5% and 1% galvanized iron fibres by volume.
- Test results showed compressive and tensile strength increased up to 8% cement replacement by red mud, with the 1% fibre mixture performing better, gaining up to 18.9% higher compressive strength. Higher replacements saw strengths decline.
An Experimental Investigation of Partial Replacement of Cement by Various Per...IJERA Editor
Over 15 million tons of fly ash (FA) and 3 million tons of phospho-gypsum (PG) are produced every year. The utilization of these industrial by-product materials is important in terms of environmental and economical issues are concerned. The main purpose of this study is to evaluate the technical possibilities of incorporating FA and PG in production of concrete .In this study Combination of FA and PG is use as a mineral admixture with, phosphogypsum 0%., 5%,10%, 15% and fly ash is constant as 20% , Last proportion was taken PG- 5% and FA- 25%. . The compressive, tensile and flexural strength are studied by casting and testing specimens for 7, 14 and 28 days. It is shown that a part of ordinary Portland cement can be replaced with PG and FA to develop a good and hardened concrete to achieve economy; above 10% replacement of phosphogypsum and 20% replacement of F in concrete lead to drastic reduction not only in the compressive strength but also in Flexural and split tensile strength of concrete.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
IRJET- Strength and Durability Properties of High Volume Fly Ash Concrete for...IRJET Journal
This document presents research on the strength and durability properties of high-volume fly ash concrete for M40 grade. Fly ash was used to replace cement at rates of 40%, 50%, and 60% by weight. Tests were performed to determine the compressive strength, flexural strength, and chloride ion permeability of the different mixes. The results showed that while early-stage compressive strength decreased with higher fly ash content, later-stage strengths improved. Flexural strength also decreased with more fly ash initially but improved over time. Permeability testing found that chloride ion penetration decreased as fly ash content increased, improving durability. In conclusion, high-volume fly ash concrete showed potential for structural applications by providing comparable or improved properties to
Effect of rice husk ash on compressive strength of concreteIndrajit Patra
The document describes a study on the use of rice husk ash (RHA) as a partial replacement for cement in concrete. RHA is a waste product from rice husking that contains high levels of silica and has pozzolanic properties. The objectives of the study were to determine the mix proportions for control concrete and test properties of RHA concrete. Tests were conducted on materials and concrete mixtures containing 0-30% RHA replacement to determine compressive strength and other properties. The results showed RHA can be effectively used to partially replace cement in concrete up to 20% replacement without significantly affecting strength.
Experimental Investigation on Copper Slag as Fine Aggregate Replacement and G...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes an experimental investigation that evaluated the use of industrial byproducts like copper slag, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS), and red mud as partial replacements for cement and fine aggregate in concrete. Six different mixes were prepared: a control mix (Mix N) and mixes replacing fine aggregate with copper slag (Mix A), replacing cement with GGBS and red mud (Mixes B-E), and adding different fiber types to Mixes B-E. The materials, mix designs, casting and curing of test specimens are described. The results showed variations in the compressive, flexural, and split tensile strengths of the mixes at 7 and 28 days.
Study on Alkali-Activated Concrete Containing High Volume GGBS with 30% Cemen...IJERA Editor
This document summarizes a study on alkali-activated concrete containing high volumes of ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) as a partial replacement for cement. The study investigated the workability and mechanical properties of alkali-activated concrete mixtures containing 30% less cement replaced by GGBS. The GGBS was activated using sodium hydroxide and sodium silicate solutions. Results showed that workability decreased as the GGBS content increased. Compressive, splitting tensile, and flexural strengths all increased with hydration time and generally increased as the GGBS content increased up to 30% replacement of cement. The alkali-activated concrete reached strengths comparable to ordinary Portland cement concrete.
This research represents an experimental study on influence of urea on concrete through various tests on urea, cement, concrete and water. Test of finesses modulus, slump test, carbonation test, pH test, urea ingression test and increase in strength with urea percentage .This study deals to overcome three major problems in the concrete namely heat of hydration, permeability, and corrosion of steel bar embedded in concrete. Urea can generally reduce the temperature of concrete both at casting phase and during the procedure of hydration. Urea does not opposite effect the durability of reinforced concrete, except where there is an accumulation of urea crystal growth. Er. Babita | Mr. Ravi Prakash Sharma | Mr. Vikram | Dr. D. K. Gupta ""Influence of Urea on Concrete"" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-2 , February 2020,
URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd30172.pdf
Paper Url : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/30172/influence-of-urea-on-concrete/er-babita
Study on Strength of Fly Ash Based Geopolymer Concrete Under Heat Curingijsrd.com
fly ash is a noncombustible material obtained from the various thermal power plants. Since fly ash is available in large scale, it is disposed of in rivers and landfills and ponds by thermal industries which are posing danger to environment. Due to high pozzolanic activity of fly ash, efforts are being made to use it as a cement replacement material. GeoPolymer concrete makes 100 percent utilization of fly ash in concrete along with alkaline solutions, as a binder. The cube specimens and beams are casted for 2% and 4% super plasticizers and alkaline to fly ash ratio of 0.35. The compressive strength of cubes is compared to that of conventional cubes at 7, 14 and 28 days .it is observed that GeoPolymer concrete is economical as compared to normal concrete from compressive strength point of view.
This document investigates the effects of replacing cement with different amounts of fly ash, ranging from 30-70%, on the hardened properties of self-compacting concrete. Testing showed that as the percentage of fly ash replacement increased, the compressive and split tensile strengths of the concrete decreased. A relationship was developed between split tensile and compressive strengths that predicted tensile strengths with an average error of 4.19%. The study concluded that replacing cement with higher amounts of fly ash lowers concrete strengths.
This document summarizes a study on the performance of nano graphite inclusions in cutting fluids used with minimum quantity lubrication (MQL) technique in turning AISI 1040 steel. Nano graphite powder of 80nm particle size was mixed in varying proportions from 0.0% to 0.5% by weight in water soluble oil. Experiments were conducted using HSS and cemented carbide tools under dry, flood coolant and MQL conditions at different flow rates. Results showed that MQL with nano graphite fluids significantly reduced surface roughness, tool wear, cutting forces and temperatures compared to dry and flood coolant conditions. The highest reductions were observed with 0.3-0.5% nano graphite concentration
Performance evaluation of nano graphite inclusions in cutting fluids with mql...eSAT Journals
Abstract Liberation of heat and generation of friction associated with any machining operation ever pose a problem which not only reduce the tool life but also impair quality of the product. Cutting fluids have been the conventional choice to curtail friction and temperatures in machining because of its lubrication and cooling actions. However, considering health hazards posed by the conventional cutting fluids to health of the workers and ecology, the quest is towards identifying alternative strategies to the usual flood application. Selection and use of proper lubricant that can improve the overall cutting phenomena which is an important aspect in reducing the cutting forces and temperatures The present work studies the use of nano cutting fluids in MQL which is a minimal cutting fluid technique, for turning operation using HSS and cemented carbide tools. Development of nano materials by nanotechnology technique, dispersing them in the cutting fluid improve the effectiveness of the cutting fluid and hence nano graphite powder is selected of particle size 80 nm in varying proportions i.e. 0.0%, 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% by weight are mixed in water soluble oil and applied drop by drop. Experimentation is carried out at different flow rates like 5 ml/min 10 ml/min and 15 ml/min with nanoparticle suspended fluids along with dry machining, flood coolant machining under constant cutting conditions. Experimental results are very encouraging with much reduction in surface roughness, tool flank wear, temperatures and cutting forces is observed in fluids with nanoparticle inclusions. Different properties of the nanofluids are estimated through a series of standard tests. Keywords: Machining, nano Graphite, minimum quantity lubrication, cutting fluids.
Study of Cement Concrete By Replacement of Cement with Various Pozzolanic Mat...IRJET Journal
This document presents the results of a study on cement concrete with partial replacement of cement by various pozzolanic materials (slag, silica fume, pulverized quartz powder) and micro Fe2O3. Concrete cubes, cylinders, and beams were cast with cement replaced at 4-20% by the pozzolanic materials to determine the optimum replacement. Quaternary concrete with 16% replacement of cement in equal parts by the three pozzolanic materials was also studied. Penta blended concrete with addition of 0.5-2.5% micro Fe2O3 to the quaternary mix was tested. Test results found that concrete with 16% quaternary cement blend and 2%
IRJET- Experimental Study on Partial Replacement of Fine Aggregate using ...IRJET Journal
This document presents an experimental study on partially replacing fine aggregate with copper slag in concrete. Copper slag is a byproduct of copper production and is currently considered a waste material. The study aimed to determine if copper slag could replace a portion of fine aggregate in concrete mixes. Several concrete mixes were prepared with 0%, 30%, 40%, and 50% replacement of fine aggregate with copper slag by weight. Specimens were tested for compressive, tensile, and flexural strength at 7, 14, and 28 days. Test results showed compressive strength increased up to 40% replacement and decreased at 50% replacement compared to the control mix. Tensile and flexural strengths also increased up to 40% replacement compared to the control
IRJET- Fresh Properties of Self Compacting Concrete using Hypo Sludge and ...IRJET Journal
This document presents a study on the fresh properties of self-compacting concrete (SCC) using hypo sludge and polyester fibers. The researchers designed an M30 grade SCC mix according to EFNARC guidelines, replacing cement with 2%, 4%, 6%, and 8% hypo sludge. The optimum replacement was found to be 4%. This mix was designated SCC4. SCC4 was then modified with additions of 0.2%, 0.3%, and 0.4% polyester fibers of 6mm length. The fresh properties of the mixes were evaluated using slump flow, J-Ring, L-Box, and V-Funnel tests according to EFNARC specifications. The tests assessed the passing
IRJET- Evaluation of Properties of Reactive Powder Concrete and Determination...IRJET Journal
This document discusses the evaluation of properties of reactive powder concrete (RPC) using locally available materials in India. RPC is an ultra-high strength concrete with no coarse aggregates. The document details the development of 9 different RPC mix designs varying the water-binder ratio, silica fume content, and superplasticizer dosage. Fresh and hardened properties like compressive strength, flexural strength, bond strength, and modulus of elasticity were tested on specimens cured with both normal and hot air curing. The maximum compressive strength of 108.63 MPa was achieved for a mix with 20% silica fume content and a water-binder ratio of 0.25, cured with hot air. Flexural strengths were found
Effect of Waste Steel Slag and Silica Fume on Mechanical Properties of High S...IRJET Journal
The document discusses the effect of replacing fine aggregate with steel slag and adding silica fume on the mechanical properties of high strength self-compacting concrete. Concrete mixtures with 0-40% replacement of fine aggregate by steel slag and 10% addition of silica fume were tested. Test results showed that compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, and flexural strength increased with higher percentages of steel slag replacement and increased curing time up to 56 days. Replacing fine aggregate with steel slag and adding silica fume improved the mechanical properties of high strength self-compacting concrete.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Preparation and Plant-growth Efficiency Assessment of BiocharsOdette Varela Milla
This Ph.D. dissertation examines the preparation and assessment of biochars from various feedstocks and their effects on plant growth. The document includes a literature review on biochar production methods and properties. Experiments were conducted to analyze the effects of adding municipal solid waste bottom ash and different biochar mixtures on the growth of corn plants and release of polyphenolic compounds. Soil was amended with bottom ash alone and in combination with biochars produced from rice husks and bamboo at different pyrolysis temperatures. The plants were harvested after one month and analyzed for dry biomass weight and total phenolic content.
This document discusses a study on the effect of Locust Bean Pod Ash (LBPA) on the compaction characteristics of weak subgrade soils. The study revealed that adding LBPA to three different soil samples reduced their maximum dry density but increased their optimum moisture content, improving the soils' compaction properties. Considering compaction characteristics and cost, the study found that 6-10% LBPA by weight of soil was the optimal amount for satisfactory soil stabilization. The conversion of Locust Bean Pod waste into a pozzolanic stabilizing agent provided benefits of pollution control, waste recycling, and remediation of exhausted borrow pits for road construction materials.
BIOMINERALISED SILICA-NANOPARTICLES DETECTION FROM MARINE DIATOM CULTURE MEDIAIJSIT Editor
Diatoms are unicellular algae the most spectacular among the microorganisms assemble into a
micro-shell with a distinct 3-D shape and pattern of fine nanoscale features. In this investigation, we present
results; Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscopy images show the presence of ordered arrays of silica
nanoparticles. A number of diatoms with partially opened valves were observed on the surface of the diatom,
which indicates that cell contents inside of diatoms could release the nanoparticles into the culture solution.
We believe that the film forming silica nanoparticles are either released by the diatoms during reproduction
or after cell death due to bacterial action. Further research will investigate whether the silica nanoparticles
are produced intracellular and then released or whether synthesis occurs in cell culture medium. This
approach provides an environmentally friendly means for fabricating silica nanoparticles for drug delivery,
disease diagnostics, artificial opal films, decorative coatings and novel optical materials.
This document summarizes research on using rice husk ash (RHA) to partially replace ordinary Portland cement in concrete. It discusses several studies conducted in India and other countries that have evaluated strengths of RHA concrete at various replacement levels of cement with RHA. The document concludes that for M15 grade concrete, 20% of cement can be replaced with RHA to achieve comparable compressive strength, while for M20 grade concrete only 10% replacement is possible. It also reviews research on producing cementitious materials and binders directly from RHA through various processing methods.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
A simple nonconventional method to extract amorphous silica from rice huskGaurav Soni
This document describes a simple non-conventional method to extract amorphous silica from rice husk. Rice husk contains 80-90% silica and is a waste product from rice mills. The method involves preparing rice husk ash, washing it with acid to remove impurities, treating it with sodium hydroxide to form a sodium silicate solution, and precipitating silica gel by titrating the solution with hydrochloric acid below pH 10. The resulting silica gel is in amorphous form and over 85-90% pure, providing a low-cost way to extract silica from rice husk ash using a simple acid-base process.
Synthesis of Nanosilica & Preparation of Natural Rubber NanocompositesSyed Mohammed Sajl
This document summarizes the synthesis of nanosilica and preparation of natural rubber nanocomposites. Nanosilica was synthesized via a precipitation method using sodium silicate solution, hydrochloric acid, and polyethylene glycol. The nanosilica had a particle size of less than 20 nm. Natural rubber nanocomposites were then prepared with various loadings of nanosilica filler. The nanocomposites exhibited increased tensile strength, tear strength, hardness, and modulus compared to composites without nanosilica, demonstrating the effectiveness of nanosilica as a reinforcing filler for natural rubber.
International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)irjes
The core of the vision IRJES is to disseminate new knowledge and technology for the benefit of all, ranging from academic research and professional communities to industry professionals in a range of topics in computer science and engineering. It also provides a place for high-caliber researchers, practitioners and PhD students to present ongoing research and development in these areas.
Examining the Use of Pond Ash and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) in Place of Cement and ...IRJET Journal
This document examines using pond ash and rice husk ash to replace cement and fine aggregates in concrete. It discusses how replacing up to 15% of cement with rice husk ash and up to 10% of fine aggregates with pond ash can increase the compressive strength of concrete while reducing carbon dioxide emissions. The document provides background on rice husk ash and pond ash, including their particle sizes and chemical compositions. It also reviews several other studies that examined using these materials to replace cement and fine aggregates in concrete mixes.
By-Products of Steel Industry as a Complementary Material in ConstructionIRJET Journal
This study evaluated the use of steel industry by-products, slag and slag sand, as partial replacements for river sand and ordinary Portland cement in cement mortar.
The compressive strength of mortar cubes containing 30% slag sand replacement of river sand was 38.71N/mm2 at 90 days, 17% higher than the reference. Mortar with 35% slag replacement of cement achieved 41.84N/mm2 at 90 days, 23% higher than the reference. Blending 30% slag and slag sand yielded 39.37N/mm2 at 90 days, an 18% increase over the reference.
Microstructural analysis using EDS, SEM and XRD confirmed the presence of calcium,
The document discusses the mechanical properties of cement mortar containing lime and rice husk ash. Three types of mortar mixtures were tested: 1) cement-rice husk ash mortar, 2) cement-rice husk ash-lime mortar, and 3) rice husk ash-lime mortar. Testing showed that the cement-rice husk ash mortar achieved the highest compressive and flexural strengths over time due to cement hydration and pozzolanic reactions. The cement-rice husk ash-lime mortar had lower strengths, especially at early ages, because of the lower cement content. The rice husk ash-lime mortar gained strength through the combined pozzolanic reaction and carbon
Indian Rice Husk Ash – Improving the Mechanical Properties of Concrete: A ReviewIJERA Editor
The objective of this paper is to study a review of Indian Rice Husk Ash (RHA) as a partial cement replacement in different percentage and performance of strength and durability of RHA blended concrete. The demand for producing durable construction material is the result of the environmental pollution. Supplementary cementitious materials prove to be effective to meet most of the requirements of durable concrete, RHA is available in plenty to other supplementary materials like silica fume and fly ash, Due to its high pozzolanic activity, and the strength and durability of concrete are improved. This paper presents an over view of the work carried out on the use of Indian RHA to improve the strength and durability of concrete
Influence of Sugarcane Bagasse Ash on Compressive Strength of MortarIRJET Journal
This study investigated the effect of sugarcane bagasse ash (SCBA) on the compressive strength of mortar when cement is partially replaced by SCBA at rates from 5% to 30%. SCBA was collected from a sugar mill and had high silica content. Mortar cubes with SCBA replacement were cured and tested for compressive strength after 7, 28, 56, and 90 days. Results showed that 5% SCBA replacement yielded the highest compressive strength compared to other replacement rates. Higher replacement rates resulted in lower strength due to reduced cement content. Therefore, SCBA can be effectively used to partially replace cement in mortar up to 25% without compromising strength.
High-Volume Fly Ash Concrete: According to some researchers, more than 30% fly ash by mass (equivalent as 50% by volume) of the cementitious material may be considered enough to classify the mixtures as High-Volume Fly Ash (HVFA) concrete. It is possible to produce sustainable, high performance concrete mixtures with 50% or more cement replacement by fly ash.
ice husk ash (RHA),a by - product of rice processing,is produced in large quantities globally every year and due to the difficulty involved in its disposal,can lead to RHA becoming an environmental hazard in rice producing countries,potentially adding to air and water pollution . Therefore it is necessary to find out the alternative for consumption or disposal of the RHA. Utilization RHA in concrete is an effective way to solve the environmental and disposal problem of the ash. Due to its pozzolanic properties it can be use as supplementary cementitious material in concrete. This ability to use RHA to substitute a percentage of Portland c ement would not only reduce the cost of concrete construction,but would also provide a means of disposing of this ash,which has little alternative uses. RHA in concrete as a partial replacement for the energy intensive Portland cement would also stand to reduce the amount of energy associated with concrete construction. Therefore,RHA has great a potential in concrete for its sustainable use.
This document summarizes a study on the effect of rice husk ash (RHA) on the properties of concrete. RHA is a pozzolanic material that can be used to partially replace cement in concrete production. The study investigated different mix designs with 0-30% cement replacement by RHA. Test results showed that the mix with 20% RHA replacement (M2) achieved the highest compressive, tensile, and flexural strengths compared to the control mix and other mixes. In general, the study found that partial replacement of cement with RHA in concrete can improve its strength properties.
Investigation and Feasibility of Fly Ash and Rise Husk Ash and Quarry Sand fo...IRJET Journal
1) The study investigates using rice husk ash, fly ash, and quarry dust as partial replacements for standard sand in concrete mixtures.
2) The research aims to determine the performance of concrete with varying proportions of rice husk ash and fly ash, ranging from 30% fly ash and 0% rice husk ash up to 15% of each.
3) Numerous tests will be performed on the concrete mixtures including compressive strength, flexural strength, split tensile strength, and workability.
The document compares reactive powder concrete (RPC) with and without coarse aggregate. Six RPC mixes were created - three with only fine quartz sand and three with both fine quartz sand and crushed dolomite coarse aggregate. The compressive strength of RPC with coarse aggregate was comparable to standard RPC. RPC with coarse aggregate had slightly modified mechanical properties but was easier to mix and place. Both types of RPC performed similarly under compressive, tensile, and flexural stresses, except for a small difference in modulus of elasticity related to aggregate stiffness.
The document describes a study on the effects of rice husk ash (RHA) as a partial replacement for cement in non-autoclaved aerated concrete. Various mixes were prepared with 0-50% replacement of cement with RHA. Test results showed that inclusion of RHA decreased the density but increased the compressive strength and water absorption of specimens up to an optimum replacement level of 30% RHA. Using RHA provides an economic use of a waste material and results in cheaper concrete blocks for construction.
This paper presents the findings of an investigation on the compressive strength of concrete containing
Groundnut Husk Ash (GHA) blended with Rice Husk Ash (RHA) and its resistance to acid aggression, as well
as regression models of the concrete resistance in acidic environment. The GHA and RHA used were obtained
by controlled burning of groundnut husk and rice husk, respectively in a kiln to a temperature of 600 oC, and
after allowing cooling, sieved through sieve 75 µm and characterized. The compressive strength of GHA-RHAConcrete
was investigated at replacement levels of 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40 %, respectively by weight of cement. A
total of seventy five 150 mm cubes of GHA-RHA-Concrete grade 20 were tested for compressive strength at 3,
7, 28, 60 and 90 days of curing. Also, thirty 100 mm cubes were exposed to attack from 10 % concentration of
diluted solution of sulphuric acid (H2SO4) and nitric acid (HNO3), respectively and the concrete resistance was
also modeled using Minitab statistical software to establish regression models. The result of the investigations
showed that the compressive strength of the concrete decreased with increase in GHA-RHA content. However
15 % replacement with GHA-RHA was considered as optimum for structural concrete. The use of GHA
admixed with 10 % RHA in concrete improved its resistance against sulphuric and nitric acids aggression. The
average weight loss of GHA-RHA- concrete after 28 days of exposure in sulphuric acid and nitric acid were
11.6 % and 11.7 %, respectively as opposed to 22.4 % and 15.1 %, respectively for plain Portland cement
concrete. The regression models of GHA-RHA-Concrete for resistance against sulphuric and nitric acids were
developed with R2
values of 0.668 and 0.655, respectively and were adequate for prediction of the sensitivities
of pozzolanic activity of GHA-RHA in acidic environment.
replacement of cement with rice husk ash by 20%Rajput Praveer
The document discusses replacing cement with rice husk ash in concrete. Rice husk ash is a pozzolanic material that can be used to partially replace cement. The document outlines the physical and chemical properties of rice husk ash. It also discusses the materials used in the study including rice husk ash, cement and aggregates. The objectives of the study are to investigate the suitability of rice husk ash as a supplementary cementitious material and to evaluate the strength properties of concrete with rice husk ash replacement.
Impact of Using RHA and CD in Replacement of Cement for Mixijceronline
This document presents a study on the impact of using rice husk ash (RHA) and copper dust (CD) as partial replacements for cement in concrete mixes. The study involved collecting RHA and CD, testing their properties, developing mix designs, and casting and testing concrete cubes with different RHA and CD replacement levels. The key findings were:
- Replacing cement with up to 30% RHA and 40% CD in the mix designs increased the compressive strength of concrete cubes up to 25% and split tensile strength up to 40% compared to a normal concrete mix.
- Tests on the raw materials found RHA has a specific gravity of 2.52 and 75% fineness, while CD
Partial Replacement of Cement by Rice Husk AshIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on partially replacing cement with rice husk ash in concrete mixes. Solid concrete blocks were produced with 0-25% replacement of cement with rice husk ash by weight. Testing showed that mixes with 5-10% replacement had slightly higher workability and strength compared to standard concrete, while reducing costs by 3.08%. Higher replacements of 15-25% resulted in lower strengths. The optimal replacement was found to be 10% rice husk ash, providing higher strengths than plain concrete with reduced costs.
This document investigates replacing cement with rice husk ash in concrete. An experiment was conducted replacing 20% of cement with rice husk ash. The compressive strength at 7, 14, 21, and 28 days with 20% replacement was found to compare favorably to concrete without replacement. Using rice husk ash provides benefits like reducing greenhouse gas emissions and construction costs while utilizing an agricultural waste. The results indicate rice husk ash is a suitable partial replacement for cement in concrete.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A Study on Partial Replacement of Natural Granite Aggregate with Pelletized F...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
A Study on Partial Replacement of Natural Granite Aggregate with Pelletized F...ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research (IJCER) is dedicated to protecting personal information and will make every reasonable effort to handle collected information appropriately. All information collected, as well as related requests, will be handled as carefully and efficiently as possible in accordance with IJCER standards for integrity and objectivity.
IRJET- Sintering of Tungsten for Porous ComponentsIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on sintering tungsten powder for porous components at lower temperatures. Tungsten is traditionally sintered above 2000°C, but the study investigated adding milled tungsten powder as an activator to increase sinterability at lower temperatures. Milled powder with reduced particle size was added in compositions from 0-50% and sintered between 1470-1550°C. Density increased with temperature and soaking time, reaching up to 61% theoretical density with 50% milled powder. Hardness and strength decreased with longer soaking times due to grain growth, despite higher densities. The milled powder promoted faster densification through higher reactivity and strain energy from the milling
This document describes an automatic safety door lock system for cars that uses infrared sensors and a hydraulic piston to prevent injuries caused by closing car doors. The system uses IR sensors placed along the door and outer panel connected to a microcontroller. When an object is detected between the closing door and outer panel, the sensors transmit a signal to the microcontroller which activates a relay driver to extend the hydraulic piston to stop the door from closing. The system aims to prevent the over 120,000 injuries that occur annually from unexpected car door closings.
Extrusion can be defined as the process of subjecting a material to compression so that it is forced to
flow through an opening of a die and takes the shape of the hole. Multi-hole extrusion is the process of
extruding the products through a die having more than one hole. Multi-hole extrusion increases the production
rate and reduces the cost of production. In this study the ram force has calculated experimentally for single hole
and multi-hole extrusion. The comparison of ram forces between the single hole and multi-hole extrusion
provides the inverse relation between the numbers of holes in a die and ram force. The experimental lengths of
the extruded products through the various holes of multi-hole die are different. It indicates that the flow pattern
is dependent on the material behavior. The micro-hardness test has done for the extruded products of lead
through multi-hole die. It is observed that the hardness of the extruded lead products from the central hole is
found to be more than that of the products extruded from other holes. The study suggests that multi-hole
extrusion can be used for obtaining the extruded products of lead with varying hardness. The micro-structure
study has done for the lead material before and after extrusion. It is observed that the size of grains of lead
material after extrusion is smaller than the original lead.
Analysis of Agile and Multi-Agent Based Process Scheduling Modelirjes
As an answer of long growing frustration of waterfall Software development life cycle concepts,
agile software development concept was evolved in 90’s. The most popular agile methodologies is the Extreme
Programming (XP). Most software companies nowadays aim to produce efficient, flexible and valuable
Software in short time period with minimal costs, and within unstable, changing environments. This complex
problem can be modeled as a multi-agent based system, where agents negotiate resources. Agents can be used to
represent projects and resources. Crucial for the multi-agent based system in project scheduling model, is the
availability of an effective algorithm for prioritizing and scheduling of task. To evaluate the models, simulations
were carried out with real life and several generated data sets. The developed model (Multi-agent based System)
provides an optimized and flexible agile process scheduling and reduces overheads in the software process as it
responds quickly to changing requirements without excessive work in project scheduling.
Effects of Cutting Tool Parameters on Surface Roughnessirjes
This paper presents of the influence on surface roughness of Co28Cr6Mo medical alloy machined
on a CNC lathe based on cutting parameters (rotational speed, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius).The
influences of cutting parameters have been presented in graphical form for understanding. To achieve the
minimum surface roughness, the optimum values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were
respectively, 318 rpm, 0,1 mm/rev, 0,7 mm and 0,8 mm. Maximum surface roughness has been revealed the
values obtained for rpm, feed rate, depth of cut and nose radius were respectively, 318 rpm, 0,25 mm/rev, 0,9
mm and 0,4 mm.
Possible limits of accuracy in measurement of fundamental physical constantsirjes
The measurement uncertainties of Fundamental Physical Constants should take into account all
possible and most influencing factors. One from them is the finiteness of the model that causes the existence of
a-priori error. The proposed formula for calculation of this error provides a comparison of its value with the
actual experimental measurement error that cannot be done an arbitrarily small. According to the suggested
approach, the error of the researched Fundamental Physical Constant, measured in conventional field studies,
will always be higher than the error caused by the finite number of dimensional recorded variables of physicalmathematical
models. Examples of practical application of the considered concept for measurement of fine
structure constant, speed of light and Newtonian constant of gravitation are discussed.
Performance Comparison of Energy Detection Based Spectrum Sensing for Cogniti...irjes
With the rapid deployment of new wireless devices and applications, the last decade has witnessed a growing
demand for wireless radio spectrum. However, the policy of fixed spectrum assignment produces a bottleneck for more
efficient spectrum utilization, such that a great portion of the licensed spectrum is severely under-utilized. So the concept of
cognitive radio was introduced to address this issue.The inefficient usage of the limited spectrum necessitates the
development of dynamic spectrum access techniques, where users who have no spectrum licenses, also known as secondary
users, are allowed to use the temporarily unused licensed spectrum. For this purpose we have to know the presence or
absence of primary users for spectrum usage. So spectrums sensing is one of the major requirements of cognitive radio.Many
spectrum sensing techniques have been developed to sense the presence or absence of a licensed user. This paper evaluates
the performance of the energy detection based spectrum sensing technique in noisy and fading environments.The
performance of the energy detection technique will be evaluated by use of Receiver Operating Characteristics (ROC) curves
over additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN) and fading channels.
Comparative Study of Pre-Engineered and Conventional Steel Frames for Differe...irjes
In this paper, the conventional steel frames having triangular Pratt truss as a roofing system of 60 m
length, span 30m and varying bay spacing 4m, 5m and 6m respectively having eaves level for all the portals is at
10m and the EOT crane is supported at the height of 8m from ground level and pre-engineered steel frames of
same dimensions are analyzed and designed for wind zones (wind zone 2, wind zone 3, wind zone 4 and wind
zone 5) by using STAAD Pro V8i. The study deals with the comparative study of both conventional and preengineered
with respect to the amount of structural steel required, reduction in dead load of the structure.
Flip bifurcation and chaos control in discrete-time Prey-predator model irjes
The dynamics of discrete-time prey-predator model are investigated. The result indicates that the
model undergo a flip bifurcation which found by using center manifold theorem and bifurcation theory.
Numerical simulation not only illustrate our results, but also exhibit the complex dynamic behavior, such as the
periodic doubling in period-2, -4 -8, quasi- periodic orbits and chaotic set. Finally, the feedback control method
is used to stabilize chaotic orbits at an unstable interior point.
Energy Awareness and the Role of “Critical Mass” In Smart Citiesirjes
This document proposes a novel analytical model to define a new concept of critical mass in the context of spreading energy awareness in smart cities. The model incorporates centrality measures in both single-layer and multilayer social networks. Simulation results show that including centrality measures and a multilayer approach lowers the critical mass needed to trigger and spread good consumer habits. Specifically, the model calculates critical mass values using eigenvector centrality in single layers and a heterogeneous eigenvector-like centrality in multilayers. Considering network structure and central nodes' influence allows a smaller critical mass to foster diffusion compared to models that do not account for centrality. Extending the analysis to multilayers further reduces critical mass by increasing tie strength between nodes.
A Firefly Algorithm for Optimizing Spur Gear Parameters Under Non-Lubricated ...irjes
Firefly algorithm is one of the emerging evolutionary approaches for complex and non-linear
optimization problems. It is inspired by natural firefly‟s behavior such as movement of fireflies based on
brightness and by overcoming the constraints such as light absorption, obstacles, distance, etc. In this research,
firefly‟s movement had been simulated computationally to identify the best parameters for spur gear pair by
considering the design and manufacturing constraints. The proposed algorithm was tested with the traditional
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Wave Transmission on Submerged Breakwater with Interlocking D-Block Armor
H225054
1. International Refereed Journal of Engineering and Science (IRJES)
ISSN (Online) 2319-183X, (Print) 2319-1821
Volume 2, Issue 2(February 2013), PP.50-54
www.irjes.com
Influence of grinding of rice husk ash to the workability and
strength of concrete
Rahizuwan Hamid1, Norisham Ibrahim2 , Adiza Jamadin3
1
(Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia)
2
(Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia)
3
(Faculty of Civil Engineering, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia)
ABSTRACT : Producing cement emits a lot of carbon dioxide which would link to bad environmental effects.
Partial substitution of cement with natural waste product reduces cement consumption in concrete production.
As a result, discharge of carbon dioxide is reduced. This paper presents an investigation on the effects of
different grinding time of rice husks ash (RHA) on the physical properties of the concrete which is workability
and strength. However, the burnt RHA need to be ground for optimum grinding time before mixing it with other
materials. This study is based on experimental program. For laboratory tests, concrete mix proportion samples
were introduced with RHA and superplasticiser (Sp) as additives. There were three type of RHA grinding time
used; 30, 60 and 90 minutes. Concrete was evaluated for compressive strength and workability. It is found that
the increasing of grinding time decreases the workability but increases the compressive strength of the concrete.
This research shows that RHA has the potential to be utilized as an alternative material to cement in concrete
production. It is also found that RHA grinding time does affect the workability and compressive strength of the
RHA concrete.
Keywords : Rice husk ash, Ordinary portland cement, Superplasticiser, Workability, Compressive strength
I. Introduction
High production cost of cement causes high cost in concrete construction industry. By applying
supplementary cementitious material (SCM) concept, cement usage can be minimized or reduced while the
strength and durability of the concrete can be improvised compared to the conventional concrete [1-3]. In
addition it reduces the concrete production cost as well as the negative impact on the environmental [5-7]. So
far, RHA has not been utilized yet in the construction industry. The reason for not utilizing this material may
probably be due to lack of understanding on the effect of RHA on concrete characteristic. Many researchers
have already published the characteristic of RHA concrete on strength and durability. However, only few
researchers have been found to write on the effects of RHA grinding time on these characteristics [8].
Global production of rice is approximately 580 million tonnes a year and this is rising as the world
population and the consumption of rice increases [9]. Most of the rice husk is burned or dumped as waste.
Hence, it is the time to look into the use of this local, sustainable and inexpensive waste material in replacing
cement [6]. This paper highlights outcomes from a study which.
II. Materials and treatment
The materials and treatment to the materials used in this study are described in the following
subsection.
2.1 Materials used
There are 3 types of RHA used according to the duration of grinding time; RHA1, RHA2 and RHA3. RHA1,
RHA2 and RHA3 were ground for 30, 60 and 90 minutes respectively. There were 4 concrete mixtures used. In
all the mixtures, Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) was used as the main binder. No cement replacement in
mixture no 1. In mixture no 2, 3 and 4, 5% of the OPC was replaced with RHA1, RHA2 and RHA3
respectively. For the sake of understanding, these mixtures will be later known as RHA1, RHA2 and RHA3
concrete respectively in this paper. For coarse aggregate, granite with maximum size of 10 mm with specific
gravity of 2.4 was used. For fine aggregates, mining sand with maximum size of 5 mm and 25% passing of 600
µm was used. Chemical composition of OPC and RHA extracted from previous studies by Sumrerng et al. [4,5],
Kartini et al. [6], Habeeb et al.[8], Tuan et al.[11], Rukzon et al.[12], and Abu Bakar et al.[13] is shown in Table
1 for reference.
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2. Influence of fineness of rice husk ash to the workability and strength of concrete
Table 1. Chemical composition of OPC and RHA
Chemical Composition (%) OPC RHA
SiO2 15.05-20.09 92.00-96.70
Al2O3 2.56-4.76 0.21-1.01
Fe2O3 3.42-4.00 0.05-0.21
MgO 1.25-1.27 0.37-1.59
CaO 65.41-72.17 0.41.1.28
Na2O 0.08-0.74 0.05-0.26
K2O 0.35-0.41 0.91-2.31
SO3 2.71-2.96 0.94-2.90
LOI 0.96-1.33 2.36-4.81
2.2 Treatment of RHA
Rice husk was collected and transported from Bernas factory at Kampung Bukit Tengah, Seberang Perai
Tengah, Penang, Malaysia. Abu Bakar et al. [13] suggested that essentially amorphous silica can be produce by
maintaining or control the combustion temperature below 500°C. Study done by Habeeb et al. [8], the RHA was
burned in the muffle furnace with incinerating temperature not exceeding 700°C. In the current study,
incineration was self-sustained with the total duration of 7 hrs at 250°C. The burnt RHA was later left inside the
furnace to cool for 24 hrs. After that, burnt RHA was divided into 3 parts for grinding. RHA was ground using
Los Angeles mill machine for 30, 60 and 90 minutes. Steel balls were used as grinding tool mixed between two
sizes; 25 and 12 mm in diameter. For each part, 1 kg of 25 mm and 0.5 kg of 12 mm steel balls were used for
every grinding time. In order to ensure the uniformity and consistency of the RHA, necessary measures were
taken to control treatment include mass of RHA fed into the ball mill, milling speed, thickness of rice husk layer
in the furnace during incinerating and the duration as well as the temperature of incinerating.
III. Mix proportion and samples preparation
The range of mixes was limited to emphasize on the grinding time parameters. The control OPC
concrete was designed to achieve 30 N/mm² using DOE method [14]. Based on this method, cement content of
380 kg/m³ was adopted to all mixes. Coarse aggregates and fine aggregates of 560 kg/m³ and 955 kg/m³
respectively were used in all the mixes. Cement replacement was only 5% for each mix but differs between each
mix due to RHA grinding time. The water binder ratio (w/b) used for control mix was 0.61 with a desired slump
ranged 60-180 mm. Since rice husk being cellular in nature [6], the used of RHA tend to increase water
requirement. Therefore Sp is used in all the mixes except for control specimens. Table 2 summarizes the mix
proportions of all the mixes.
Table 2. Concrete mix proportion
Materials Concrete Mix
OPC RHA1 (5) Sp RHA2 (5) Sp RHA3 (5) Sp
OPC (kg/m³) 380 361 361 361
RHA (kg/m³) 0 19 (30 min.) 19 (60 min.) 19 (90 min.)
Fine aggregate (kg/m³) 955 955 955 955
Coarse aggregate (kg/m³) 560 560 560 560
Water (litre) 235 235 235 235
Sp (%) 0 0.5 0.5 0.5
The concrete specimens’ size prepared was 100 mm cubes. Mixing of concrete was done using a drum type
mixer and casting done in three layers; each layer was compacted using vibrating table to achieve maximum
compaction. The samples were demoulded 24 hrs after casting and cured in water maintained at room
temperature until the day of testing.
IV. Testing
4.1. Workability
Workability test in term of slump on the fresh mixes in accordance to BS EN 12350-2[15] in achieving
desired workability was carried out.
4.2. Compressive strength
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3. Influence of fineness of rice husk ash to the workability and strength of concrete
The compressive strength of the concrete cubes was determined using 3000 kN concrete compression
machine in accordance to BS EN 12390-3[16]. Compressive strength on 100 mm cubes specimens was obtained
at the age of 7, 14, 28 and 60 days.
V. Results and discussion
5.1. Workability
Appropriate duration of grinding time of RHA is important for achieving the desired strength of concrete.
The longer RHA is ground, the finer RHA size obtained and results in increment of the pozzolanic reactivity due
to the higher surface area of rice husk [8]. The slump obtained was 50 - 150 mm. For the same percentage of
RHA replacement, increment of RHA grinding time decreases the concrete workability. There are two reasons
for this; its absorptive characteristic [17] and fineness of its size as referred by Habeeb and Fayyadh [8] in
(Zhang et al., 1996; Ganesan et al., 2008). Both of these features results in high water demand to wet the surface
area of RHA.
According to Habeeb et al. [8], due to increment of the specific surface area of RHA, more amount of water
is required to wet the surface area of RHA. Since, the water/binder ratio was maintained, Sp was added up as aid
to enhance the fluidity. It is found that Sp increased the slump of the first mix (RHA ground 30 minutes) by 10
mm in comparison with the control mix. However, the slump decreases when the grinding time increases as
shown in Table 3. Sp is absorbed onto the cement particles and imparts a very strong negative charge which
helps to lower the surface tension of the surrounding water considerably and thus greatly enhances the fluidity
of the mix [18]. As evident in Table 3, it is seen that for the same amount of water and Sp, and increase in the
grinding time, decreases the slump reading.
Change of slump with respect to grinding time is shown in Fig.1 and Table 3. Hence, it can be concluded that
the longer RHA is ground the finer the particle would be; thus directly increase the specific surface area of the
particles which would increase the water demand [5,8,11]. Therefore maintaining the same amount of water
reduces the slump.
160
140
120
100
Slump (mm)
80
60 Slump(mm)
40
20
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Grinding time( minutes)
Fig.1. Effect of grinding times to the slump of concrete
5.2. Compressive strength
Compressive strength of all the mixes is presented in Table 3 and the strength development is shown in
Fig.2. All RHA concrete achieved the target strength of 30 N/mm² at 28 days. At all ages, the RHA concrete
shows higher strength than the OPC concrete. Strength of RHA1 dropped a little bit from 14 to 28 days which
makes it just slightly higher than the OPC concrete when it reached 28 days. Strength of RHA3 developed
tremendously from 14 to 28 days. After that, all the mixes continued to rise at about the same rate between each
other. No data was taken after 60 days of age. In all cases, highest compressive strength is shown by RHA3
except for 1 case; at the age of 14 days, RHA3 shows the same strength with RHA2 and the value is slightly
lower than the value obtained from the OPC concrete.
In general, compressive strength increases as the grinding time of RHA rises [8]. Finer RHA particles (due to
longer grinding time) demands more amount of water and therefore reduces the slump [6,10]. Since, RHA is a
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4. Influence of fineness of rice husk ash to the workability and strength of concrete
type of pozzolanic materials; it contributes additional formation of calcium silicate gel that contributes to the
strength development of the concrete because the C-S-H gel was produced twice [19]. This gel filled the void
between cement matrix and causes the densification effect [19]. As shown by Habeeb et al. [8], the increase of
grinding time will increase the RHA fineness and specific surface area. As a result, bigger quantity of C-S-H gel
produced which increased the strength of the concrete. Development of concrete strength against grinding time
is given in Figure 3.
Table 3. Slump and compressive strength of all the concrete mixes
Mixes Slump (mm) Density (kg/m³) Compressive Strength (N/mm²)
7d 14d 28d 60d
OPC 140 2317.8 18.3 20.1 29.5 32.2
RHA1 (5) Sp 150 2345.9 23.9 30.1 29.9 40.1
RHA2 (5) Sp 90 2384.9 24.9 29.2 34.1 44.3
RHA3 (5) Sp 50 2428.3 26.1 29.2 40.6 47.1
50
45
Compressive strength (N/mm²)
40
35
30
OPC
25
20 RHA 1(5)Sp
15 RHA 2(5)Sp
10 RHA 3(5)Sp
5
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Days
Fig.2. Development of the concrete compressive strength at various ages
50
Compressive Strength (N/mm²)
45
40
35
30
7 days
25
20 14 days
15 28 days
10
5 60 days
0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Grinding Time (Minutes)
Fig. 3. Effect of grinding time to the concrete compressive strength
VI. Conclusions
From the study carried out, it can be concluded that increase in grinding time of the RHA particles
results in reduction of the concrete fluidity but increase the concrete compressive strength. Also it is
recommended that dosage of superplasticiser has to be increased in order to maintain the workability.
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5. Influence of fineness of rice husk ash to the workability and strength of concrete
VII. Acknowledgements
The authors gratefully acknowledge the Universiti Teknologi MARA for their support, assistance and cooperation. Special thanks are
due to Bernas Sdn. Bhd. for providing the rice husk.
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