This document discusses hierarchical clustering, which produces nested clusters organized as a hierarchical tree. It can be visualized using a dendrogram. There are two main types: agglomerative, which starts with each point as its own cluster and merges the closest pairs; and divisive, which starts with all points in one cluster and splits them. Hierarchical clustering does not require specifying the number of clusters upfront like partitional clustering but is generally slower and the dendrogram can be difficult to interpret. The document provides examples of applications and notes pros and cons.
It is a data mining technique used to place the data elements into their related groups. Clustering is the process of partitioning the data (or objects) into the same class, The data in one class is more similar to each other than to those in other cluster.
It is a data mining technique used to place the data elements into their related groups. Clustering is the process of partitioning the data (or objects) into the same class, The data in one class is more similar to each other than to those in other cluster.
Ensemble Learning is a technique that creates multiple models and then combines them to produce improved results.
Ensemble learning usually produces more accurate solutions than a single model would.
This course is all about the data mining that how we get the optimized results. it included with all types and how we use these techniques.This course is all about the data mining that how we get the optimized results. it included with all types and how we use these techniques.This course is all about the data mining that how we get the optimized results. it included with all types and how we use these techniques.This course is all about the data mining that how we get the optimized results. it included with all types and how we use these techniques.This course is all about the data mining that how we get the optimized results. it included with all types and how we use these techniques
This presentation gives the idea about Data Preprocessing in the field of Data Mining. Images, examples and other things are adopted from "Data Mining Concepts and Techniques by Jiawei Han, Micheline Kamber and Jian Pei "
k-means clustering aims to partition n observations into k clusters in which each observation belongs to the cluster with the nearest mean, serving as a prototype of the cluster. This results in a partitioning of the data space into Voronoi cells.
This is very simple introduction to Clustering with some real world example. At the end of lecture I use stackOverflow API to test some clustering. I also wants to try facebook but it has some problem with it's API
What is an "ensemble learner"? How can we combine different base learners into an ensemble in order to improve the overall classification performance? In this lecture, we are providing some answers to these questions.
Hierarchical Clustering | Hierarchical Clustering in R |Hierarchical Clusteri...Simplilearn
This presentation about hierarchical clustering will help you understand what is clustering, what is hierarchical clustering, how does hierarchical clustering work, what is distance measure, what is agglomerative clustering, what is divisive clustering and you will also see a demo on how to group states based on their sales using clustering method. Clustering is the method of dividing the objects into clusters which are similar between them and are dissimilar to the objects belonging to another cluster. It is used to find data clusters such that each cluster has the most closely matched data. Prototype-based clustering, hierarchical clustering, and density-based clustering are the three types of clustering algorithms. Lets us discuss hierarchical clustering in this video. In simple terms, Hierarchical clustering is separating data into different groups based on some measure of similarity.
Below topics are explained in this "Hierarchical Clustering" presentation:
1. What is clustering?
2. What is hierarchical clustering
3. How hierarchical clustering works?
4. Distance measure
5. What is agglomerative clustering
6. What is divisive clustering
7. Demo: to group states based on their sales
Why learn Machine Learning?
Machine Learning is taking over the world- and with that, there is a growing need among companies for professionals to know the ins and outs of Machine Learning
The Machine Learning market size is expected to grow from USD 1.03 Billion in 2016 to USD 8.81 Billion by 2022, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 44.1% during the forecast period.
What skills will you learn from this Machine Learning course?
By the end of this Machine Learning course, you will be able to:
1. Master the concepts of supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning concepts and modeling.
2. Gain practical mastery over principles, algorithms, and applications of Machine Learning through a hands-on approach which includes working on 28 projects and one capstone project.
3. Acquire thorough knowledge of the mathematical and heuristic aspects of Machine Learning.
4. Understand the concepts and operation of support vector machines, kernel SVM, naive Bayes, decision tree classifier, random forest classifier, logistic regression, K-nearest neighbors, K-means clustering and more.
5. Be able to model a wide variety of robust Machine Learning algorithms including deep learning, clustering, and recommendation systems
We recommend this Machine Learning training course for the following professionals in particular:
1. Developers aspiring to be a data scientist or Machine Learning engineer
2. Information architects who want to gain expertise in Machine Learning algorithms
3. Analytics professionals who want to work in Machine Learning or artificial intelligence
4. Graduates looking to build a career in data science and Machine Learning
Learn more at www.simplilearn.com
Classification of common clustering algorithm and techniques, e.g., hierarchical clustering, distance measures, K-means, Squared error, SOFM, Clustering large databases.
Ensemble Learning is a technique that creates multiple models and then combines them to produce improved results.
Ensemble learning usually produces more accurate solutions than a single model would.
This course is all about the data mining that how we get the optimized results. it included with all types and how we use these techniques.This course is all about the data mining that how we get the optimized results. it included with all types and how we use these techniques.This course is all about the data mining that how we get the optimized results. it included with all types and how we use these techniques.This course is all about the data mining that how we get the optimized results. it included with all types and how we use these techniques.This course is all about the data mining that how we get the optimized results. it included with all types and how we use these techniques
This presentation gives the idea about Data Preprocessing in the field of Data Mining. Images, examples and other things are adopted from "Data Mining Concepts and Techniques by Jiawei Han, Micheline Kamber and Jian Pei "
k-means clustering aims to partition n observations into k clusters in which each observation belongs to the cluster with the nearest mean, serving as a prototype of the cluster. This results in a partitioning of the data space into Voronoi cells.
This is very simple introduction to Clustering with some real world example. At the end of lecture I use stackOverflow API to test some clustering. I also wants to try facebook but it has some problem with it's API
What is an "ensemble learner"? How can we combine different base learners into an ensemble in order to improve the overall classification performance? In this lecture, we are providing some answers to these questions.
Hierarchical Clustering | Hierarchical Clustering in R |Hierarchical Clusteri...Simplilearn
This presentation about hierarchical clustering will help you understand what is clustering, what is hierarchical clustering, how does hierarchical clustering work, what is distance measure, what is agglomerative clustering, what is divisive clustering and you will also see a demo on how to group states based on their sales using clustering method. Clustering is the method of dividing the objects into clusters which are similar between them and are dissimilar to the objects belonging to another cluster. It is used to find data clusters such that each cluster has the most closely matched data. Prototype-based clustering, hierarchical clustering, and density-based clustering are the three types of clustering algorithms. Lets us discuss hierarchical clustering in this video. In simple terms, Hierarchical clustering is separating data into different groups based on some measure of similarity.
Below topics are explained in this "Hierarchical Clustering" presentation:
1. What is clustering?
2. What is hierarchical clustering
3. How hierarchical clustering works?
4. Distance measure
5. What is agglomerative clustering
6. What is divisive clustering
7. Demo: to group states based on their sales
Why learn Machine Learning?
Machine Learning is taking over the world- and with that, there is a growing need among companies for professionals to know the ins and outs of Machine Learning
The Machine Learning market size is expected to grow from USD 1.03 Billion in 2016 to USD 8.81 Billion by 2022, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 44.1% during the forecast period.
What skills will you learn from this Machine Learning course?
By the end of this Machine Learning course, you will be able to:
1. Master the concepts of supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning concepts and modeling.
2. Gain practical mastery over principles, algorithms, and applications of Machine Learning through a hands-on approach which includes working on 28 projects and one capstone project.
3. Acquire thorough knowledge of the mathematical and heuristic aspects of Machine Learning.
4. Understand the concepts and operation of support vector machines, kernel SVM, naive Bayes, decision tree classifier, random forest classifier, logistic regression, K-nearest neighbors, K-means clustering and more.
5. Be able to model a wide variety of robust Machine Learning algorithms including deep learning, clustering, and recommendation systems
We recommend this Machine Learning training course for the following professionals in particular:
1. Developers aspiring to be a data scientist or Machine Learning engineer
2. Information architects who want to gain expertise in Machine Learning algorithms
3. Analytics professionals who want to work in Machine Learning or artificial intelligence
4. Graduates looking to build a career in data science and Machine Learning
Learn more at www.simplilearn.com
Classification of common clustering algorithm and techniques, e.g., hierarchical clustering, distance measures, K-means, Squared error, SOFM, Clustering large databases.
UNIT - 4: Data Warehousing and Data MiningNandakumar P
UNIT-IV
Cluster Analysis: Types of Data in Cluster Analysis – A Categorization of Major Clustering Methods – Partitioning Methods – Hierarchical methods – Density, Based Methods – Grid, Based Methods – Model, Based Clustering Methods – Clustering High, Dimensional Data – Constraint, Based Cluster Analysis – Outlier Analysis.
This presentation educates you about Non-Hierarchical Clustering, Difference Hierarchical and Non-Hierarchical Clustering, K-means clustering, K-means clustering algorithm and Steps for Applying K-Means Clustering.
For more information stay tuned with Learnbay.
automatic classification in information retrievalBasma Gamal
automatic classification in information retrieval-automatic classification of documents
Chapter 3 from IR_VAN_Book
INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
C. J. van RIJSBERGEN B.Sc., Ph.D., M.B.C.S.
Clustering is a technique used in data analysis and machine learning to group similar data points together based on their characteristics or attributes. It is an unsupervised learning method that aims to discover inherent patterns or structures in the data without any predefined labels or target variables.
Here's an overview of the key aspects of clustering:
Objective: The goal of clustering is to partition a dataset into groups or clusters, where data points within the same cluster are similar to each other, and data points in different clusters are dissimilar. The objective is to maximize the intra-cluster similarity and minimize the inter-cluster similarity.
Similarity Measures: Clustering algorithms use similarity or distance measures to quantify the similarity or dissimilarity between data points. Common distance metrics include Euclidean distance, Manhattan distance, cosine similarity, or correlation coefficient, depending on the nature of the data and the problem domain.
Algorithms: Various clustering algorithms exist, each with its own approach and underlying assumptions. Some popular clustering algorithms include K-means clustering, hierarchical clustering, DBSCAN (Density-Based Spatial Clustering of Applications with Noise), and Gaussian mixture models. Each algorithm has different strengths, weaknesses, and suitability for different types of data and clustering scenarios.
Feature Selection and Data Preprocessing: Prior to clustering, it is often important to select relevant features and preprocess the data. Feature selection helps in reducing noise, improving the quality of clustering results, and focusing on the most informative attributes. Data preprocessing steps may involve scaling, normalization, or handling missing values to ensure the data is suitable for clustering algorithms.
Evaluation: Evaluating the quality and effectiveness of clustering results is important. However, since clustering is an unsupervised technique, there is no definitive ground truth to compare against. Evaluation methods include internal validation measures such as silhouette coefficient or cohesion and separation indices, as well as external validation by comparing clustering results with known ground truth or expert judgment.
Applications: Clustering has a wide range of applications in various fields. It can be used for customer segmentation, market research, anomaly detection, image recognition, text mining, social network analysis, and more. Clustering can reveal hidden patterns, identify subgroups or clusters within a population, and provide insights for decision-making or further analysis.
Interpretation: Once clustering is performed, it is important to interpret and analyze the results. This involves understanding the characteristics and behavior of each cluster, identifying the most representative or central data points, and extracting meaningful insights or patterns from the clusters. Visualization techniques such as scatter plots, heatmap
This talk is developed to address a refresher course at Yanam for one full day. I have introduced the audience to clustering, both hierarchical and non-hierarchical. Clustering methods such as K-Means, K-Mediods, etc all introduced with live demonstrations.
Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
A Strategic Approach: GenAI in EducationPeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Francesca Gottschalk - How can education support child empowerment.pptxEduSkills OECD
Francesca Gottschalk from the OECD’s Centre for Educational Research and Innovation presents at the Ask an Expert Webinar: How can education support child empowerment?
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
The Roman Empire A Historical Colossus.pdfkaushalkr1407
The Roman Empire, a vast and enduring power, stands as one of history's most remarkable civilizations, leaving an indelible imprint on the world. It emerged from the Roman Republic, transitioning into an imperial powerhouse under the leadership of Augustus Caesar in 27 BCE. This transformation marked the beginning of an era defined by unprecedented territorial expansion, architectural marvels, and profound cultural influence.
The empire's roots lie in the city of Rome, founded, according to legend, by Romulus in 753 BCE. Over centuries, Rome evolved from a small settlement to a formidable republic, characterized by a complex political system with elected officials and checks on power. However, internal strife, class conflicts, and military ambitions paved the way for the end of the Republic. Julius Caesar’s dictatorship and subsequent assassination in 44 BCE created a power vacuum, leading to a civil war. Octavian, later Augustus, emerged victorious, heralding the Roman Empire’s birth.
Under Augustus, the empire experienced the Pax Romana, a 200-year period of relative peace and stability. Augustus reformed the military, established efficient administrative systems, and initiated grand construction projects. The empire's borders expanded, encompassing territories from Britain to Egypt and from Spain to the Euphrates. Roman legions, renowned for their discipline and engineering prowess, secured and maintained these vast territories, building roads, fortifications, and cities that facilitated control and integration.
The Roman Empire’s society was hierarchical, with a rigid class system. At the top were the patricians, wealthy elites who held significant political power. Below them were the plebeians, free citizens with limited political influence, and the vast numbers of slaves who formed the backbone of the economy. The family unit was central, governed by the paterfamilias, the male head who held absolute authority.
Culturally, the Romans were eclectic, absorbing and adapting elements from the civilizations they encountered, particularly the Greeks. Roman art, literature, and philosophy reflected this synthesis, creating a rich cultural tapestry. Latin, the Roman language, became the lingua franca of the Western world, influencing numerous modern languages.
Roman architecture and engineering achievements were monumental. They perfected the arch, vault, and dome, constructing enduring structures like the Colosseum, Pantheon, and aqueducts. These engineering marvels not only showcased Roman ingenuity but also served practical purposes, from public entertainment to water supply.
2. Content
•Clustering
•Types of Clustering
•Hierarchical Clustering
•Key Concepts in Hierarchal Clustering
•Types of Hierarchal Clustering
•Difference between Partitional and Hierarchical clustering
•The Application of Hierarchical Clustering
•Hierarchical Clustering pros and cons
•Summary
4/10/2018 HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING 2
3. Clustering
•Clustering is the classification of objects into different groups,
or more precisely, the partitioning of a data set into subsets
(clusters), so that the data in each subset (ideally) share some
common trait - often according to some defined distance
measure.
4/10/2018 HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING 3
4. Clustering (cont..)
•Also called “unsupervised learning” or “data mining”
•Organizing data into classes such that there is
• high intra-class similarity
• low intra-class similarity
•More informally, finding natural groupings among objects.
4/10/2018 HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING 4
5. Clustering (cont..)
What is a natural grouping among these objects?
Clustering is subjective
Rahim’s Family School Employs Females Males
4/10/2018 HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING 5
7. Hierarchical Clustering
•Produces a set of nested clusters organized as a hierarchical
tree.
•Can be visualized as a dendrogram.
»A tree-like diagram that records the sequences of merge or splits
4/10/2018 HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING 7
8. Key Concepts in Hierarchal Clustering
Dendrogram tree representation
2
3
4
5
6
object
lifetime
1. In the beginning we have 6
clusters: A, B, C, D, E and F
2. We merge clusters D and F into
cluster (D, F) at distance 0.50
3. We merge cluster A and cluster B
into (A, B) at distance 0.71
4. We merge clusters E and (D, F)
into ((D, F), E) at distance 1.00
5. We merge clusters ((D, F), E) and C
into (((D, F), E), C) at distance 1.41
6. We merge clusters (((D, F), E), C)
and (A, B) into ((((D, F), E), C), (A, B))
at distance 2.50
7. The last cluster contain all the objects,
thus conclude the computation
4/10/2018 HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING 8
9. Types of Hierarchal Clustering
Two main types of hierarchical clustering
• Agglomerative:
» Start with the points as individual clusters
» At each step, merge the closest pair of clusters until only one cluster (or
K clusters) left
• Divisive:
» Start with one, all-inclusive cluster
» At each step, split a cluster until each cluster contains a point (or there
are K clusters)
4/10/2018 HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING 9
10. Difference between Partitional and
Hierarchical clustering
Partitional clustering
» Partitional clustering is faster
than hierarchical clustering.
» Partitional clustering requires
stronger assumptions such as
number of clusters and the
initial centers.
» partitional clustering
algorithms require the number
of clusters to start running.
Hierarchical clustering
» Hierarchical clustering is slower
than Partitional clustering.
» Hierarchical clustering requires
only a similarity measure.
» Hierarchical clustering does not
require any input parameters
4/10/2018 HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING 10
11. The applications of Hierarchical
Applications
» Wireless Sensor Network
» Audio Event Detection
» Web cluster engines
» Bioinformatics
» And many more.
4/10/2018 HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING 11
12. Hierarchal Clustering pros and cons
Pros..
» Doesn't required number of
clusters to be specified.
» Easy to implement.
» Produces a dendrogram,
which helps with
understanding the data.
Cons..
» Can never undo any previous
steps throughout the
algorithm.
» Generally has long runtimes.
» Sometimes difficult to identify
the number of clusters by the
dendrogram.
4/10/2018 HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING 12
13. Summary
•Hierarchical algorithm is a sequential clustering algorithm
»Use distance matrix to construct a tree of clusters (dendrogram)
»Hierarchical representation without the need of knowing of clusters (can
set termination condition with known of clusters)
•Major weakness of agglomerative clustering methods
»Can never undo what was done previously
»Sensitive to cluster distance measures and noise/outliers
4/10/2018 HIERARCHICAL CLUSTERING 13