automatic classification in information retrieval-automatic classification of documents
Chapter 3 from IR_VAN_Book
INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
C. J. van RIJSBERGEN B.Sc., Ph.D., M.B.C.S.
Replication in computing involves sharing information so as to ensure consistency between redundant resources, such as software or hardware components, to improve reliability, fault-tolerance, or accessibility.
Replication in computing involves sharing information so as to ensure consistency between redundant resources, such as software or hardware components, to improve reliability, fault-tolerance, or accessibility.
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TF-IDF, short for Term Frequency - Inverse Document Frequency, is a text mining technique, that gives a numeric statistic as to how important a word is to a document in a collection or corpus. This is a technique used to categorize documents according to certain words and their importance to the document
Query Processing : Query Processing Problem, Layers of Query Processing Query Processing in Centralized Systems – Parsing & Translation, Optimization, Code generation, Example Query Processing in Distributed Systems – Mapping global query to local, Optimization,
Cloud deployment models: public, private, hybrid, community – Categories of cloud computing: Everything as a service: Infrastructure, platform, software - Pros and Cons of cloud computing – Implementation levels of virtualization – virtualization structure – virtualization of CPU, Memory and I/O devices – virtual clusters and Resource Management – Virtualization for data center automation.
TF-IDF, short for Term Frequency - Inverse Document Frequency, is a text mining technique, that gives a numeric statistic as to how important a word is to a document in a collection or corpus. This is a technique used to categorize documents according to certain words and their importance to the document
UNIT - 4: Data Warehousing and Data MiningNandakumar P
UNIT-IV
Cluster Analysis: Types of Data in Cluster Analysis – A Categorization of Major Clustering Methods – Partitioning Methods – Hierarchical methods – Density, Based Methods – Grid, Based Methods – Model, Based Clustering Methods – Clustering High, Dimensional Data – Constraint, Based Cluster Analysis – Outlier Analysis.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Literature Survey: Clustering TechniqueEditor IJCATR
Clustering is a partition of data into the groups of similar or dissimilar objects. Clustering is unsupervised learning
technique helps to find out hidden patterns of Data Objects. These hidden patterns represent a data concept. Clustering is used in many
data mining applications for data analysis by finding data patterns. There is a number of clustering techniques and algorithms are
available to cluster the data object. According to the type of data object and structure appropriate clustering technique is selected. This
survey focuses on the clustering techniques for their input attribute data type, their input parameters and output. The main objective is
not to understand the actual working of clustering technique. Instead, the input data requirement and input parameters of clustering
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A Novel Clustering Method for Similarity Measuring in Text DocumentsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A Survey on Constellation Based Attribute Selection Method for High Dimension...IJERA Editor
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2. Outline
Introduction
Classification for Information Retrieval
Classification methods
Measures of association
Clustering
The use of clustering in information retrieval
graph theoretic
'Single-Pass Algorithm'
Single-link
3. Introduction
What is classification?
A formal definition of classification will not be attempted.
The word 'classification' is used to describe the result of
such a process.
Classification is one of the core areas in machine learning.
4. Classification for Information
Retrieval
In the context of information retrieval, a classification is
required for a purpose.
The purpose may be to group the documents in such a
way that retrieval will be faster or alternatively it may be to
construct a thesaurus automatically.
classification is used in various subtasks of Preprocessing,
content filtering, sorting, ranking, et.
There are two main areas of application of classification
methods in IR:
• keyword clustering;
• document clustering.
5. In the main, people have achieved the 'logical
organization' in two different ways.
1.direct classification of the documents
2.The intermediate calculation of a measure of closeness
between documents.
-The first approach has proved theoretically to be intractable
so that any experimental test results cannot be considered
to be reliable.
-The second approach to classification is fairly well
documented now.
6. Classification methods
The data consists of objects and their corresponding descriptions.
The objects may be documents, keywords, hand written characters,
or species (in the last case the objects themselves are classes as
opposed to individuals)
The descriptors come under various names depending on their
structure:
•(1) multi-state attributes (e.g. color)
•(2) binary-state (e.g. keywords)
•(3) numerical (e.g. hardness scale, or weighted keywords)
•(4) probability distributions.
•The fourth category of descriptors is applicable when the objects are
classes.
7. Measures of association
Some classification methods are based on a binary relationship
between objects, basis of this relationship a classification method can
construct a system of clusters.
The relationship is described variously as 'similarity', 'association' and
'dissimilarity'.
There are five commonly used measures of association in
information retrieval. Since in information retrieval documents and
requests are most commonly represented by term or keyword lists, an
object is represented by a set of keywords and that the counting
measure | . | gives the size of the set.
|X υ Y | Simple matching coefficient
Which is the number of shared index terms.
9. Clustering in information retrieval
Clustering is used in information retrieval systems to
enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the retrieval
process.
Clustering is achieved by partitioning the documents in a
collection into classes such that documents that are
associated with each other are assigned to the same
cluster.
In order to cluster the items in a data set, some means of
quantifying the degree of association between them is
required.
A cluster method depending only on the rank-ordering of
the association values would given identical clusterings for
11. The use of clustering in information retrieval
“ theoretical soundness of the method”
•method should satisfy certain criteria of adequacy. To list some
of the more important of these:
1.the method produces a clustering which is unlikely to be altered drastically
when further objects are incorporated, i.e. it is stable under growth.
2.the method is stable in the sense that small errors in the description of the
objects lead to small changes in the clustering.
3.the method is independent of the initial ordering of the objects
12. “the efficiency”
• We know much about the behavior of clustered files in terms of the effectiveness of
retrieval (i.e. the ability to retrieve wanted and hold back unwanted documents.)
•Efficiency is really a property of the algorithm implementing the cluster method
•It is sometimes useful to distinguish the cluster method from its algorithm
•the context of IR this distinction becomes slightly less than useful since many cluster
methods are defined by their algorithm.
•two distinct approaches to clustering can be identified:
1.the clustering is based on a measure of similarity between the objects to be clustered;
2.the cluster method proceeds directly from the object descriptions
15. A large class of hierarchic cluster methods
• is based on the initial measurement of similarity.
The most important of these is single-link which is
the only one to have extensively used in document
retrieval. It satisfies all the criteria of adequacy
mentioned.
• A further class of cluster methods based on
measurement of similarity is the class of so called
'clump' methods.
16.
17.
18. • The algorithms also use a number of empirically determined
parameters such as:
1. The number of clusters desired;
2. A minimum and maximum size for each cluster;
3. A threshold value on the matching function, below which an
object will not be included in a cluster;
4. the control of overlap between clusters;
5. An arbitrarily chosen objective function which is optimized.
19. 'Single-Pass Algorithm'
(1) The object descriptions are processed serially;
(2) The first object becomes the cluster representative of the first
cluster;
(3) Each subsequent object is matched against all cluster representatives
existing at its processing time;
(4) A given object is assigned to one cluster (or more if overlap is
allowed) according to some condition on the matching function;
(5) When an object is assigned to a cluster the representative for that
cluster is recomputed;
(6) If an object fails a certain test it becomes the cluster representative
of a new cluster.
20. Single-link
• The output is a hierarchy with associated numerical levels called a dendrogram.
• Frequently the hierarchy is represented by a tree structure such that each node
represents a cluster.
23. Single-link and the minimum spanning tree
• The single-link tree is closely related to another kind of tree: the minimum
spanning tree, or MST, also derived from a dissimilarity coefficient .
• This second tree is quite different from the first, the nodes instead of
representing clusters represent the individual objects to be clustered.
• The MST is the tree of minimum length connecting the objects, where by 'length'
I mean the sum of the weights of the connecting links in the tree.
• we can define a maximum spanning tree as one of maximum length.. maximum
spanning tree based on the expected mutual information measure.
24. • Given the minimum spanning tree then the single-link clusters are obtained by
deleting links from the MST in order of decreasing length;
• The connected sets after each deletion are the single-link clusters.
• The order of deletion and the structure of the MST ensure that the clusters will
be nested into a hierarchy.
25. Implication of classification methods
• classification process can usually be speeded up by using extra
storage.
• In experiments classification structure is keot in fast store but
it’s impossible in operational system where the document
collections are so much bigger.
• In experiment we want to vary cluster representatives at search
time but in operational classification cluster representative
would be constructed once and for all cluster time.
• In IR classification file structure is:
– Easily updated - Easily search - Reasonably compact
26. Reference
Classification for Information Retrieval
http://bit.ly/2zff6cA
Conceptual clustering in information retrieval
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/678640
CLUSTERING ALGORITHMS
http://orion.lcg.ufrj.br/Dr.Dobbs/books/book5/chap16.htm
Editor's Notes
Core لب
thesaurus ذاكرة/قاموس
fairly مقبول/لائق intractable غير مقبول /عسير closeness قرب reliable فعال/جاد/ثقه