Hierarchical clustering is a method of partitioning a set of data into meaningful sub-classes or clusters. It involves two approaches - agglomerative, which successively links pairs of items or clusters, and divisive, which starts with the whole set as a cluster and divides it into smaller partitions. Agglomerative Nesting (AGNES) is an agglomerative technique that merges clusters with the least dissimilarity at each step, eventually combining all clusters. Divisive Analysis (DIANA) is the inverse, starting with all data in one cluster and splitting it until each data point is its own cluster. Both approaches can be visualized using dendrograms to show the hierarchical merging or splitting of clusters.
Classification of common clustering algorithm and techniques, e.g., hierarchical clustering, distance measures, K-means, Squared error, SOFM, Clustering large databases.
K Means Clustering Algorithm | K Means Clustering Example | Machine Learning ...Simplilearn
This K-Means clustering algorithm presentation will take you through the machine learning introduction, types of clustering algorithms, k-means clustering, how does K-Means clustering work and at least explains K-Means clustering by taking a real life use case. This Machine Learning algorithm tutorial video is ideal for beginners to learn how K-Means clustering work.
Below topics are covered in this K-Means Clustering Algorithm presentation:
1. Types of Machine Learning?
2. What is K-Means Clustering?
3. Applications of K-Means Clustering
4. Common distance measure
5. How does K-Means Clustering work?
6. K-Means Clustering Algorithm
7. Demo: k-Means Clustering
8. Use case: Color compression
- - - - - - - -
About Simplilearn Machine Learning course:
A form of artificial intelligence, Machine Learning is revolutionizing the world of computing as well as all people’s digital interactions. Machine Learning powers such innovative automated technologies as recommendation engines, facial recognition, fraud protection and even self-driving cars.This Machine Learning course prepares engineers, data scientists and other professionals with knowledge and hands-on skills required for certification and job competency in Machine Learning.
- - - - - - -
Why learn Machine Learning?
Machine Learning is taking over the world- and with that, there is a growing need among companies for professionals to know the ins and outs of Machine Learning
The Machine Learning market size is expected to grow from USD 1.03 Billion in 2016 to USD 8.81 Billion by 2022, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 44.1% during the forecast period.
- - - - - -
What skills will you learn from this Machine Learning course?
By the end of this Machine Learning course, you will be able to:
1. Master the concepts of supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning concepts and modeling.
2. Gain practical mastery over principles, algorithms, and applications of Machine Learning through a hands-on approach which includes working on 28 projects and one capstone project.
3. Acquire thorough knowledge of the mathematical and heuristic aspects of Machine Learning.
4. Understand the concepts and operation of support vector machines, kernel SVM, naive bayes, decision tree classifier, random forest classifier, logistic regression, K-nearest neighbors, K-means clustering and more.
5. Be able to model a wide variety of robust Machine Learning algorithms including deep learning, clustering, and recommendation systems
- - - - - - -
Classification of common clustering algorithm and techniques, e.g., hierarchical clustering, distance measures, K-means, Squared error, SOFM, Clustering large databases.
K Means Clustering Algorithm | K Means Clustering Example | Machine Learning ...Simplilearn
This K-Means clustering algorithm presentation will take you through the machine learning introduction, types of clustering algorithms, k-means clustering, how does K-Means clustering work and at least explains K-Means clustering by taking a real life use case. This Machine Learning algorithm tutorial video is ideal for beginners to learn how K-Means clustering work.
Below topics are covered in this K-Means Clustering Algorithm presentation:
1. Types of Machine Learning?
2. What is K-Means Clustering?
3. Applications of K-Means Clustering
4. Common distance measure
5. How does K-Means Clustering work?
6. K-Means Clustering Algorithm
7. Demo: k-Means Clustering
8. Use case: Color compression
- - - - - - - -
About Simplilearn Machine Learning course:
A form of artificial intelligence, Machine Learning is revolutionizing the world of computing as well as all people’s digital interactions. Machine Learning powers such innovative automated technologies as recommendation engines, facial recognition, fraud protection and even self-driving cars.This Machine Learning course prepares engineers, data scientists and other professionals with knowledge and hands-on skills required for certification and job competency in Machine Learning.
- - - - - - -
Why learn Machine Learning?
Machine Learning is taking over the world- and with that, there is a growing need among companies for professionals to know the ins and outs of Machine Learning
The Machine Learning market size is expected to grow from USD 1.03 Billion in 2016 to USD 8.81 Billion by 2022, at a Compound Annual Growth Rate (CAGR) of 44.1% during the forecast period.
- - - - - -
What skills will you learn from this Machine Learning course?
By the end of this Machine Learning course, you will be able to:
1. Master the concepts of supervised, unsupervised and reinforcement learning concepts and modeling.
2. Gain practical mastery over principles, algorithms, and applications of Machine Learning through a hands-on approach which includes working on 28 projects and one capstone project.
3. Acquire thorough knowledge of the mathematical and heuristic aspects of Machine Learning.
4. Understand the concepts and operation of support vector machines, kernel SVM, naive bayes, decision tree classifier, random forest classifier, logistic regression, K-nearest neighbors, K-means clustering and more.
5. Be able to model a wide variety of robust Machine Learning algorithms including deep learning, clustering, and recommendation systems
- - - - - - -
This is very simple introduction to Clustering with some real world example. At the end of lecture I use stackOverflow API to test some clustering. I also wants to try facebook but it has some problem with it's API
ensemble methods use multiple learning algorithms to obtain better predictive performance than could be obtained from any of the constituent learning algorithms alone.
An ensemble is itself a supervised learning algorithm, because it can be trained and then used to make predictions. The trained ensemble, therefore, represents a single hypothesis. This hypothesis, however, is not necessarily contained within the hypothesis space of the models from which it is built.
This course is all about the data mining that how we get the optimized results. it included with all types and how we use these techniques.This course is all about the data mining that how we get the optimized results. it included with all types and how we use these techniques.This course is all about the data mining that how we get the optimized results. it included with all types and how we use these techniques.This course is all about the data mining that how we get the optimized results. it included with all types and how we use these techniques.This course is all about the data mining that how we get the optimized results. it included with all types and how we use these techniques
A brief description of clustering, two relevant clustering algorithms(K-means and Fuzzy C-means), clustering validation, two inner validity indices(Dunn-n-Dunn and Devies Bouldin) .
This is very simple introduction to Clustering with some real world example. At the end of lecture I use stackOverflow API to test some clustering. I also wants to try facebook but it has some problem with it's API
ensemble methods use multiple learning algorithms to obtain better predictive performance than could be obtained from any of the constituent learning algorithms alone.
An ensemble is itself a supervised learning algorithm, because it can be trained and then used to make predictions. The trained ensemble, therefore, represents a single hypothesis. This hypothesis, however, is not necessarily contained within the hypothesis space of the models from which it is built.
This course is all about the data mining that how we get the optimized results. it included with all types and how we use these techniques.This course is all about the data mining that how we get the optimized results. it included with all types and how we use these techniques.This course is all about the data mining that how we get the optimized results. it included with all types and how we use these techniques.This course is all about the data mining that how we get the optimized results. it included with all types and how we use these techniques.This course is all about the data mining that how we get the optimized results. it included with all types and how we use these techniques
A brief description of clustering, two relevant clustering algorithms(K-means and Fuzzy C-means), clustering validation, two inner validity indices(Dunn-n-Dunn and Devies Bouldin) .
k-means clustering aims to partition n observations into k clusters in which each observation belongs to the cluster with the nearest mean, serving as a prototype of the cluster. This results in a partitioning of the data space into Voronoi cells.
An improvement in k mean clustering algorithm using better time and accuracyijpla
Cluster
analysis
or
clustering
is the task of grouping a set of objects in such a way that objects in the same
group (called a
cluster
) are more similar (in some sense or another) to each other than to those in other
groups (clusters)
.
K
-
means
is
one of the simplest unsupervised learning algorithms that solve the well
known clustering problem.
The
process of k means algorithm data
is partiti
oned int
o K clusters and the
data are randomly choose
to the clusters resulti
ng in clusters that have
the sa
me number of data
set
.
This
paper is proposed a new K means clustering algorithm we calculate the initial
centroids
systemically
instead of random assigned due to which accuracy and time
improved.
Installing and configuring computer systems involves competencies to assemble computer hardware, install operating systems and drivers for peripherals/devices, and install application software as well as to conduct testing and documentation.
This learning activity sheet will help you understand better the concepts and skills of installing and configuring computer systems. Try your best to go over the activities and answer the questions or items asked for.
Learning
The method of identifying similar groups of data in a data set is called clustering. Entities in each group are comparatively more similar to entities of that group than those of the other groups.
k-Means is a rather simple but well known algorithms for grouping objects, clustering. Again all objects need to be represented as a set of numerical features. In addition the user has to specify the number of groups (referred to as k) he wishes to identify. Each object can be thought of as being represented by some feature vector in an n dimensional space, n being the number of all features used to describe the objects to cluster. The algorithm then randomly chooses k points in that vector space, these point serve as the initial centers of the clusters. Afterwards all objects are each assigned to center they are closest to. Usually the distance measure is chosen by the user and determined by the learning task. After that, for each cluster a new center is computed by averaging the feature vectors of all objects assigned to it. The process of assigning objects and recomputing centers is repeated until the process converges. The algorithm can be proven to converge after a finite number of iterations. Several tweaks concerning distance measure, initial center choice and computation of new average centers have been explored, as well as the estimation of the number of clusters k. Yet the main principle always remains the same. In this project we will discuss about K-means clustering algorithm, implementation and its application to the problem of unsupervised learning
Unsupervised Clustering Classify theCancer Data withtheHelp of FCM AlgorithmIOSR Journals
There is structure in nature; also it is believed that there is an underlying structure in most of
phenomena, to be understood. in image recognition ,mole biology applications such as protein folding and 3D
molecular structure, cancer detection many others the underlying structure exists .by finding structure one
classifies the data according to similar patterns, features and other characteristics .this general idea is known
as classification. In classification, also termed clustering, the most important issue is deciding what criteria to
classify against.This paper presents the fuzzy classification techniques to classify the data of cancer disease.
Cluster analysis, cluster validity and fuzzy C-mean (FCM) technique are proposed to be discussed and applied
in cancer data classification.
Connectivity-Based Clustering for Mixed Discrete and Continuous DataIJCI JOURNAL
This paper introduces a density-based clustering procedure for datasets with variables of mixed type. The proposed procedure, which is closely related to the concept of shared neighbourhoods, works particularly well in cases where the individual clusters differ greatly in terms of the average pairwise distance of the associated objects. Using a number of concrete examples, it is shown that the proposed clustering algorithm succeeds in allowing the identification of subgroups of objects with statistically significant distributional characteristics.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024)ClaraZara1
6th International Conference on Machine Learning & Applications (CMLA 2024) will provide an excellent international forum for sharing knowledge and results in theory, methodology and applications of on Machine Learning & Applications.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hierarchical Digital Twin of a Naval Power SystemKerry Sado
A hierarchical digital twin of a Naval DC power system has been developed and experimentally verified. Similar to other state-of-the-art digital twins, this technology creates a digital replica of the physical system executed in real-time or faster, which can modify hardware controls. However, its advantage stems from distributing computational efforts by utilizing a hierarchical structure composed of lower-level digital twin blocks and a higher-level system digital twin. Each digital twin block is associated with a physical subsystem of the hardware and communicates with a singular system digital twin, which creates a system-level response. By extracting information from each level of the hierarchy, power system controls of the hardware were reconfigured autonomously. This hierarchical digital twin development offers several advantages over other digital twins, particularly in the field of naval power systems. The hierarchical structure allows for greater computational efficiency and scalability while the ability to autonomously reconfigure hardware controls offers increased flexibility and responsiveness. The hierarchical decomposition and models utilized were well aligned with the physical twin, as indicated by the maximum deviations between the developed digital twin hierarchy and the hardware.
2. What is Clustering in Data Mining?
2
Cluster:
a collection of data objects that are
“similar” to one another and thus can
be treated collectively as one group
but as a collection, they are
sufficiently different from other groups
Clustering is a process of partitioning a set of data (or objects) in
a set of meaningful sub-classes, called clusters
8/23/2014
3. Distance or Similarity Measures
3
Measuring Distance
In order to group similar items, we need a way to measure
the distance between objects (e.g., records)
Note: distance = inverse of similarity
Often based on the representation of objects as “feature
vectors”
ID Gender Age Salary
1 F 27 19,000
2 M 51 64,000
3 M 52 100,000
4 F 33 55,000
5 M 45 45,000
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6
Doc1 0 4 0 0 0 2
Doc2 3 1 4 3 1 2
Doc3 3 0 0 0 3 0
Doc4 0 1 0 3 0 0
Doc5 2 2 2 3 1 4
An Employee DB Term Frequencies for Documents
Which objects are more similar?
8/23/2014
4. Distance or Similarity Measures
4
Common Distance Measures:
Manhattan distance:
Euclidean distance:
Cosine similarity:
1 2, , , nX x x x 1 2, , , nY y y y
1 1 2 2( , ) n ndist X Y x y x y x y
2 2
1 1( , ) n ndist X Y x y x y
Can be normalized
to make values fall
between 0 and 1.
( , ) 1 ( , )dist X Y sim X Y
2 2
( )
( , )
i i
i
i i
i i
x y
sim X Y
x y
8/23/2014
5. Distance or Similarity Measures
5
Weighting Attributes
in some cases we want some attributes to count more than
others
associate a weight with each of the attributes in calculating
distance, e.g.,
Nominal (categorical) Attributes
can use simple matching: distance=1 if values match, 0
otherwise
or convert each nominal attribute to a set of binary attribute,
then use the usual distance measure
if all attributes are nominal, we can normalize by dividing the
number of matches by the total number of attributes
Normalization:
want values to fall between 0 an 1:
other variations possible
2 2
1 1 1( , ) n n ndist X Y w x y w x y
min
'
max min
i i
i
i i
x x
x
x x
8/23/2014
6. Distance or Similarity Measures
6
Example
max distance for salary: 100000-19000 = 79000
max distance for age: 52-27 = 25
dist(ID2, ID3) = SQRT( 0 + (0.04)2 + (0.44)2 ) = 0.44
dist(ID2, ID4) = SQRT( 1 + (0.72)2 + (0.12)2 ) = 1.24
ID Gender Age Salary
1 F 27 19,000
2 M 51 64,000
3 M 52 100,000
4 F 33 55,000
5 M 45 45,000
min
'
max min
i i
i
i i
x x
x
x x
ID Gender Age Salary
1 1 0.00 0.00
2 0 0.96 0.56
3 0 1.00 1.00
4 1 0.24 0.44
5 0 0.72 0.32
8/23/2014
7. Domain Specific Distance Functions
7
For some data sets, we may need to use specialized functions
we may want a single or a selected group of attributes to be used
in the computation of distance - same problem as “feature
selection”
may want to use special properties of one or more attribute in the
data
natural distance functions may exist in the data
Example: Zip Codes
distzip(A, B) = 0, if zip codes are identical
distzip(A, B) = 0.1, if first 3 digits are
identical
distzip(A, B) = 0.5, if first digits are identical
distzip(A, B) = 1, if first digits are different
Example: Customer Solicitation
distsolicit(A, B) = 0, if both A and B responded
distsolicit(A, B) = 0.1, both A and B were chosen but did not respond
distsolicit(A, B) = 0.5, both A and B were chosen, but only one
responded
distsolicit(A, B) = 1, one was chosen, but the other was not
8/23/2014
8. Distance (Similarity) Matrix
8
Similarity (Distance) Matrix
based on the distance or similarity measure we can construct a
symmetric matrix of distance (or similarity values)
(i, j) entry in the matrix is the distance (similarity) between items
i and j
similarity (or distance) of toij i jd D D
Note that dij = dji (i.e., the matrix is
symmetric. So, we only need the
lower triangle part of the matrix.
The diagonal is all 1’s (similarity) or
all 0’s (distance)
1 2
1 12 1
2 21 2
1 2
n
n
n
n n n
I I I
I d d
I d d
I d d
8/23/2014
10. Similarity (Distance) Thresholds
10
A similarity (distance) threshold may be used to mark pairs that are
“sufficiently” similarT1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
T2 7
T3 16 8
T4 15 12 18
T5 14 3 6 6
T6 14 18 16 18 6
T7 9 6 0 6 9 2
T8 7 17 8 9 3 16 3
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
T2 0
T3 1 0
T4 1 1 1
T5 1 0 0 0
T6 1 1 1 1 0
T7 0 0 0 0 0 0
T8 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
Using a
threshold value
of 10 in the
previous
example
8/23/2014
11. Graph Representation
11
The similarity matrix can be visualized as an undirected
graph
each item is represented by a node, and edges represent the
fact that two items are similar (a one in the similarity threshold
matrix)
T1 T2 T3 T4 T5 T6 T7
T2 0
T3 1 0
T4 1 1 1
T5 1 0 0 0
T6 1 1 1 1 0
T7 0 0 0 0 0 0
T8 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
T1 T3
T4
T6
T8
T5
T2
T7
If no threshold is used, then
matrix can be represented as
a weighted graph
8/23/2014
12. Clustering Methodologies
12
Two general methodologies
Partitioning Based Algorithms
Hierarchical Algorithms
Partitioning Based
divide a set of N items into K clusters (top-down)
Hierarchical
agglomerative: pairs of items or clusters are successively
linked to produce larger clusters
divisive: start with the whole set as a cluster and
successively divide sets into smaller partitions
8/23/2014
13. Hierarchical Clustering
13
Use distance matrix as clustering criteria.
Step 0 Step 1 Step 2 Step 3 Step 4
b
d
c
e
a
a b
d e
c d e
a b c d e
Step 4 Step 3 Step 2 Step 1 Step 0
agglomerative
(AGNES)
divisive
(DIANA)
8/23/2014
14. AGNES (Agglomerative Nesting)
14
Introduced in Kaufmann and Rousseeuw (1990)
Use the dissimilarity matrix.
Merge nodes that have the least dissimilarity
Go on in a non-descending fashion
Eventually all nodes belong to the same cluster
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
8/23/2014
15. Algorithmic steps for Agglomerative
Hierarchical clustering
Let X = {x1, x2, x3, ..., xn} be the set of data points.
(1)Begin with the disjoint clustering having level L(0) = 0 and sequence number m =
0.
(2)Find the least distance pair of clusters in the current clustering, say pair (r), (s),
according
to d[(r),(s)] = min d[(i),(j)] where the minimum is over all pairs of clusters in
the current clustering.
(3)Increment the sequence number: m = m +1.Merge clusters (r) and (s) into a
single cluster to form the next clustering m. Set the level of this clustering to
L(m) = d[(r),(s)].
(4)Update the distance matrix, D, by deleting the rows and columns corresponding
to clusters (r) and (s) and adding a row and column corresponding to the
newly formed cluster. The distance between the new cluster, denoted (r,s) and
old cluster(k) is defined in this way: d[(k), (r,s)] = min (d[(k),(r)], d[(k),(s)]).
(5)If all the data points are in one cluster then stop, else repeat from step 2).8/23/201415
17. DIANA (Divisive Analysis)
17
Introduced in Kaufmann and Rousseeuw (1990)
Implemented in statistical analysis packages, e.g., Splus
Inverse order of AGNES
Eventually each node forms a cluster on its own
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
8/23/2014
18. Algorithmic steps for Divisive Hierarchical
clustering
1. Start with one cluster that contains all samples.
2. Calculate diameter of each cluster. Diameter is the
maximal distance between samples in the cluster.
Choose one cluster C having maximal diameter of all
clusters to split.
3. Find the most dissimilar sample x from cluster C. Let x
depart from the original cluster C to form a new
independent cluster N (now cluster C does not include
sample x). Assign all members of cluster C to MC.
4. Repeat step 6 until members of cluster C and N do not
change.
5. Calculate similarities from each member of MC to cluster
C and N, and let the member owning the highest
similarities in MC move to its similar cluster C or N.
Update members of C and N.
6. Repeat the step 2, 3, 4, 5 until the number of clusters
becomes the number of samples or as specified by the
user.
8/23/201418
19. Pros and Cons
Advantages
1) No a priori information about the number of clusters required.
2) Easy to implement and gives best result in some cases.
Disadvantages
1) Algorithm can never undo what was done previously.
2) Time complexity of at least O(n2 log n) is required, where ‘n’ is the
number of data points.
3) Based on the type of distance matrix chosen for merging different
algorithms can suffer with one or more of the following:
i) Sensitivity to noise and outliers
ii) Breaking large clusters
iii) Difficulty handling different sized clusters and convex shapes
4) No objective function is directly minimized
5) Sometimes it is difficult to identify the correct number of clusters by
the dendogram.
8/23/201419
Decompose data objects into a several levels of nested partitioning (tree of clusters), called a dendrogram.
A clustering of the data objects is obtained by cutting the dendrogram at the desired level, then each connected component forms a cluster.