This document provides an overview of high speed board design for signal integrity. It discusses transmission line parameters including capacitance, inductance, resistance, and shunt conductance. It describes how signal propagation causes electric and magnetic fields based on dV/dt and dI/dt. Key signal integrity issues are covered such as impedance mismatching causing reflections, crosstalk from electromagnetic coupling, and rail collapse in power distribution systems. Methods to minimize these issues include controlling transmission line characteristics, maintaining consistent impedance, and using Faraday cages to isolate noise.
A Low Phase Noise CMOS Quadrature Voltage Control Oscillator Using Clock Gate...IJERA Editor
This project presents the low phase noise cmos quadrature voltage control oscillator using clock gating technique. Here the colpitts vco is used to split the capacitance in the Qvco circuit producing quadrature output. The startup condition in the oscillator is improved by using 퐺푚enhancement [12].This QVCO performs the operation anti phase injection locking fordevice reuse [8]. The new clock gating technique is used to reduce the power with thepower supply 1.5v. The QVCO uses a 0.5m퐴with phase error of 0.4표and exhibits a phase noise of -118dBc/HZ at 1MHZ offset at the centre frequency of 500MHZ.
Index terms: current switching, clock gating, phase noise, Qvco
A Low Phase Noise CMOS Quadrature Voltage Control Oscillator Using Clock Gate...IJERA Editor
This project presents the low phase noise cmos quadrature voltage control oscillator using clock gating technique. Here the colpitts vco is used to split the capacitance in the Qvco circuit producing quadrature output. The startup condition in the oscillator is improved by using 퐺푚enhancement [12].This QVCO performs the operation anti phase injection locking fordevice reuse [8]. The new clock gating technique is used to reduce the power with thepower supply 1.5v. The QVCO uses a 0.5m퐴with phase error of 0.4표and exhibits a phase noise of -118dBc/HZ at 1MHZ offset at the centre frequency of 500MHZ.
Index terms: current switching, clock gating, phase noise, Qvco
This presentation illustrates the experience gained by me during a RF circuit design course. The course requirements included designing, fabricating and simulating various couplers, an amplifier, a low noise amplifier and an oscillator. Operating frequency was centered around 2.4 GHz.
Webinar Slides: Probing in Power Electronics - What to use and whyHilary Lustig
Join Teledyne LeCroy for this webinar as we provide an overview of the different HV rated probe specifications and topologies, explain what measurement each probe topology is ideally suited for, and provide real-word examples and comparisons between a variety of different probes and amplifiers.
Design of a Low Noise Amplifier using 0.18μm CMOS technologytheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Designed a microwave amplifier circuit with a required bandwidth of 250MHz at a center frequency of 3.7GHz experiencing 6.5dB gain within Keysight ADS.
The paper introduces a multi-pass loop voltage controlled ring oscillator. The proposed structure uses cross-coupled PMOS transistors and replica bias with coarse/fine control signal. The design implemented in TSMC 90 nm CMOS technology, 0.9V power supply with frequency tuning range 481MHz to 4.08GHz and -94.17dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset from 4.08GHz with 26.15mW power consumption.
This presentation illustrates the experience gained by me during a RF circuit design course. The course requirements included designing, fabricating and simulating various couplers, an amplifier, a low noise amplifier and an oscillator. Operating frequency was centered around 2.4 GHz.
Webinar Slides: Probing in Power Electronics - What to use and whyHilary Lustig
Join Teledyne LeCroy for this webinar as we provide an overview of the different HV rated probe specifications and topologies, explain what measurement each probe topology is ideally suited for, and provide real-word examples and comparisons between a variety of different probes and amplifiers.
Design of a Low Noise Amplifier using 0.18μm CMOS technologytheijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Designed a microwave amplifier circuit with a required bandwidth of 250MHz at a center frequency of 3.7GHz experiencing 6.5dB gain within Keysight ADS.
The paper introduces a multi-pass loop voltage controlled ring oscillator. The proposed structure uses cross-coupled PMOS transistors and replica bias with coarse/fine control signal. The design implemented in TSMC 90 nm CMOS technology, 0.9V power supply with frequency tuning range 481MHz to 4.08GHz and -94.17dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset from 4.08GHz with 26.15mW power consumption.
Cable sizing to withstand short circuit currentLeonardo ENERGY
In a cable a short circuit causes very extreme stresses which are proportional to the square of the current:
• A temperature rise in the conducting components subjected to current flow such as conductor, screen, metal sheath, armour. Indirectly the temperature of adjoining insulation and protective covers also increases,
• electro-magnetic forces between the current-carrying components.
The temperature rise is important for its effect on ageing, heat pressure characteristics etc., and should be limited to a permissible short-circuit temperature. The thermo-mechanical effects of the current shall also be considered.
For a given short-circuit duty therefore the short-circuit capacity of a cable installation is to be investigated with respect to all these parameters. For multi-core cables in most instances the thermal effect - related to the magnitude of fault current and clearance time - is the critical parameter, since the cable will normally have enough mechanical strength. With single-core cables however, in addition, the mechanical effect - related to the magnitude of the peak short-circuit current - is of such significance that, next to the thermal, the mechanical with- stand of both cable and its supports is to be investigated.
Also accessories must be rated with respect to thermal and mechanical short-circuit stresses.
The short-circuit withstand of a cable system is not quantitatively defined with regard to permissible number of repeated short circuits, degree of deformation or destruction or impairment quality. It is expected, however, that a cable installation will remain safe in operation and that any deformation remains within tolerable limits even after several short circuits.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Water scarcity is the lack of fresh water resources to meet the standard water demand. There are two type of water scarcity. One is physical. The other is economic water scarcity.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Hi speed board design for signal integrity and emc- intro-2021 by shlomi zigdon
1. High Speed Board Design
for Signal Integrity
Introduction
90 minutes 2021
Written & Lectured by
Shalom Shlomi Zigdon
SHALOM-SHLOMI-ZIGDON@ITECH-ICOLLEGE.COM
Board Design Academy - Israel & Silicon Valley, Santa Clara, Ca, USA
3. The Time is Changing my friend [Bob Dylan]
•
1
3
Lossyline
Transmission
Line
Lossless
Transmission
Line
SHORT TYPE
Super
Distributed
Distributed Lumped System
Maxwell
Telegraph
Maxwell Ohm & Kirchhoff Laws
Impedance &
Resistance
Impedance Resistance performance
E.M. Waves
Dielectric Field
E.M. Waves Voltage data
4. 4
The AC of the DC
•The Signal has the potential to be an Electromagnetic Field
•propagating
•between the Conductor and the Reference Planes
During Switching time [tR, tF]
dV/dt
Causes
Electric Field =Capacitance
dI/dt
Causes
Magnetic Field =Inductance
5. TEL = Transmission Electrical Length
Saturation Length = Spatial Extent
CRITICAL LENGTH = ½ TEL = tR [in nanoSecond] x 3 [in
inch]
Length of Switching Signal = RiseTime x Vsignal
= tR [in nanoSecond] x 6 [in inch]
5
6. Identify and Catch the Snakes
In your electronic schematic
HyperLynx v9.1
GND
VCC
The Imaginary part of your Schematic Design are the
Real life in your PCB
6
7. Transmission Line Parameters
7
Capacitance between conductors, C (F/m)
Inductance of conductor loop, L (H/m)
Resistance of conductors (conductor loss), R (Ω/m)
Shunt conductance (dielectric loss), G (S/m)
)
(
)
(
0
C
j
G
L
j
R
Z
9. CROSSTALK = E.M. Coupling
among Conductors
9
L
Inductive
coupling
Capacitive
coupling
Active / aggressor
Quiet / victim
Signal Integrity Problem #2: Cross Talk
13. • Self aggression noise
• From VRM on VRM From Vcc on Vcc From Vdd on Vdd
• From signals on signals
• “Pollution” of the board/pkg interconnects
• From VRM From I/O From core From signals
• Mutual aggressors: cross talk coupling from the PDN
• To VRM To I/O To core To signals
13
16. Lossy Lines
Toll way Highway
Lossless Lines
Pay for the gas
+ for the air/Dielectric surrounding you
Pay for the gas
Resistance Losses Skin Effect + Dielectric Losses Loss Tangent
16
21. Any loop Generates Radiation – “Antenna”
)
(
)
(
)
(
2
)
(
)
/
( *
*
3
.
1 2
meters
amps
cm
MHz
m
V
R
I
A
f
E
Minimize the dielectric thickness
between Signal Layers and Power Planes
Hi-Speed Board Design for Signal & Power Integrity + PCB Design for EMC Compliance
current flows in a loop
There must be a return current
DRIVER RECEIVER
Reference Plane
Signal Conductor
A = Return Current
Loop Area
21
34. •
זרם נדרש
-
יותר נמוך דרייבר
•
סימטרית לתפקד לדרייבר עוזר
•
ל מתאים
3-state
Pull-up / Pull-down [thevenin] Termination
2
1
1
t
t
t
CC
T
R
R
R
V
V
Zo
TTL FAST R=2Zo
ECL = 1.6Zo[up] + 2.6Zo[down]
34
Rp = 2 Zo
Rp = 2 Zo
35. AC Termination
• CMOS
• No dc power consumption.
• C should be small to avoid high power consumption, but not
too small to allow sink current
35
C = 3 tR / Zo+R
37. Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) Coupling Path
•mechanisms:
1. Conduction - electric current
•2. Radiation - electromagnetic field
•3. Inductive Coupling - magnetic field
•4. Capacitive Coupling - electric field
37
EMI is produced by a source emitter and
is detected by a susceptible victim via a
coupling path
41. PLAN - 2 Oz
PLAN - 2 Oz
PLAN - 1 Oz
PLAN - 1 Oz
SIGNALS - 1 Oz
SIGNALS - 1/2 Oz
SIGNALS - 1/2 Oz
SIGNALS - 1 Oz
41
Keep Copper Balance מקו ומרחקו הנחושת עמס איזון שמירת
האמצע
BGA Balls to Pads הפרנט קשתיות למניעת
–
לנתק יגרום
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
L7
L8
L9
L10
L11
L12
צעד
1
–
השכבות חתך אמצע קו שרטט
42. Power Splitted – 2 oz
SIGNALS – V-1/2
Oz
Faraday Cages
The wrong & right methods
L1
L2
L3
L4
L5
L6
L7
L8
L9
L10
L11
L12
L13
L14
GND - 2 Oz
GND - 1 Oz
PLAN - 2 Oz
PLAN - 2 Oz
PLAN - 2 Oz
GND - 2 Oz
Power Splitted – 2 oz
GND - 1 Oz
SIGNALS – H-1/2 Oz
SIGNALS-H - 1/2 Oz
SIGNALS –V - 1/2 Oz
GND - 1 Oz
GND - 1 Oz
TOP – ½+1 Oz
BOTTOM – ½+1 Oz
SIGNALS-H - 1/2 Oz
SIGNALS-H - 1/2 Oz
SIGNALS –V - 1/2 Oz
SIGNALS –V - 1/2 Oz
PLAN - 2 Oz
Short
Pa
d
Short
Pa
d
PLAN - 2 Oz
PLAN - 2 Oz
SIGNALS-H
SIGNALS –V
DON’T
42