This document discusses hemolytic anemia, specifically two types - G6PD deficiency and autoimmune hemolytic anemia. G6PD deficiency is the most common enzyme deficiency worldwide and is an X-linked condition involving deficient glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase levels. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia can be warm or cold types, involving autoantibodies destroying red blood cells, and is diagnosed using Coombs tests. Management involves avoiding triggers for G6PD deficiency and corticosteroids or rituximab for autoimmune hemolytic anemia depending on type.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a type of normochromic normocytic anemia that is caused by autoantibodies that are produced in the patient against his/her own blood cells, particularly against RBCs. As a result hemolysis occurs leading to anemia.
Autoantibodies are produced secondary to autoimmune diseases, lymphoproliferative disorder (LPDs), certain infections or immunodeficiency syndromes.
In this presentation AIHA is under consideration on a broader scale, with only basic information and concepts.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA) is a type of normochromic normocytic anemia that is caused by autoantibodies that are produced in the patient against his/her own blood cells, particularly against RBCs. As a result hemolysis occurs leading to anemia.
Autoantibodies are produced secondary to autoimmune diseases, lymphoproliferative disorder (LPDs), certain infections or immunodeficiency syndromes.
In this presentation AIHA is under consideration on a broader scale, with only basic information and concepts.
Haemolysis indicates that there is shortening of the normal red cell lifespan of 120 days. There are many causes.
To compensate, the bone marrow may increase its output of red cells six- to eightfold by increasing the proportion of red cells produced, expanding the volume of active marrow, and releasing reticulocytes prematurely. Anaemia occurs only if the rate of destruction exceeds this increased production rate.
A presentation made about Sickle cell disease by Yara Mostafa, Yasser Osama, Yaser Mostafa ,Ain shams university, Medicine faculty, first year students.
A Powerpoint presentation on the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic work up and treatment of the common types of amyloid.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (or autoimmune haemolytic anaemia; AIHA) occurs when antibodies directed against the person's own red blood cells (RBCs) cause them to burst (lyse), leading to insufficient plasma concentration.
This Presentation of Hemolytic Anemia try to cover important Hemato-pathological aspects of Red cell membrane disorders ( Hereditary Spherocytosis, others ) , Enzymopathies ( G6PD deficieny, others ) and Hemoglobinopathies ( Thallasemia, SCA) and their differentiation. References includes Robbins pathology, Wintrobes atlas and text, and others
G6PDD is an inherited genetic disorder in the red blood cell enzyme known as G6PD. The effects of this disease are preventable by avoiding the triggers.
Haemolysis indicates that there is shortening of the normal red cell lifespan of 120 days. There are many causes.
To compensate, the bone marrow may increase its output of red cells six- to eightfold by increasing the proportion of red cells produced, expanding the volume of active marrow, and releasing reticulocytes prematurely. Anaemia occurs only if the rate of destruction exceeds this increased production rate.
A presentation made about Sickle cell disease by Yara Mostafa, Yasser Osama, Yaser Mostafa ,Ain shams university, Medicine faculty, first year students.
A Powerpoint presentation on the epidemiology, etiology, pathogenesis, clinical features, diagnostic work up and treatment of the common types of amyloid.
Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (or autoimmune haemolytic anaemia; AIHA) occurs when antibodies directed against the person's own red blood cells (RBCs) cause them to burst (lyse), leading to insufficient plasma concentration.
This Presentation of Hemolytic Anemia try to cover important Hemato-pathological aspects of Red cell membrane disorders ( Hereditary Spherocytosis, others ) , Enzymopathies ( G6PD deficieny, others ) and Hemoglobinopathies ( Thallasemia, SCA) and their differentiation. References includes Robbins pathology, Wintrobes atlas and text, and others
G6PDD is an inherited genetic disorder in the red blood cell enzyme known as G6PD. The effects of this disease are preventable by avoiding the triggers.
HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA
Hemo: Referring to blood cells
Poiesis: “The development or production of”
The word Hemopoiesis refers to the production & development of all the blood cells:
Erythrocytes: Erythropoiesis
Leucocytes: Leucopoiesis
Thrombocytes: Thrombopoiesis.
Begins in the 20th week of life in the fetal liver & spleen, continues in the bone marrow till young adulthood & beyond!
Hemolytic anemia occurs when the bone marrow is unable to increase production to make up for the premature destruction of red blood cells and the abnormal breakdown of red blood cells either in the blood vessels (intravascular hemolysis) or elsewhere in the body (extravascular). It has numerous possible causes, ranging from relatively harmless to life-threatening. The general classification of hemolytic anemia is either inherited or acquired. Treatment depends on the cause and nature of the breakdown.Symptoms of hemolytic anemia are similar to other forms of anemia (fatigue and shortness of breath), but in addition the breakdown of red cells leads to jaundice and increases the risk of particular long-term complications such as gallstones and pulmonary hypertension.
Anemia (pronounced /əˈniːmiə/, also spelled anaemia or anæmia; from Ancient Greek ἀναιμία anaimia, meaning "lack of blood") is a decrease in normal number of red blood cells (RBCs) or less than the normal quantity of hemoglobin in the blood.[1][2] However, it can include decreased oxygen-binding ability of each hemoglobin molecule due to deformity or lack in numerical development as in some other types of hemoglobin deficiency.
Immune &; non immune hemolytic states- kananura keneth Kananura Keneth
Hemolytic anemias (Immune & non-immune causes).
Presented in during Heme-onco course unit for Mmed year 2 at Makerere University, Department of Medicine 2021.
Hello everyone!!
This is a presentation regarding Hemolytic anaemia. I hope you get enough information according to your needs from the same. This will be helpful for students or people in the field of medical. Students can take this as reference for their mini projects or presentations.
I hope this will be beneficial for many people.
Thank You!
Anemia And Its Classification By Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar Chinkipora Sopore KashmirProf Dr Bashir Ahmed Dar
Anaemia due to iron deficiency is the characteristic finding with a cancer of the colon (large bowel), stomach or gullet. Often the anaemia is the only clue to the presence of a bleeding source somewhere. Any person who develops iron deficiency anaemia with no obvious cause should be investigated for the presence of a bleeding point within the digestive system. Fortunately not all bleeding sources turn out to be cancers
Explore natural remedies for syphilis treatment in Singapore. Discover alternative therapies, herbal remedies, and lifestyle changes that may complement conventional treatments. Learn about holistic approaches to managing syphilis symptoms and supporting overall health.
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New Directions in Targeted Therapeutic Approaches for Older Adults With Mantl...i3 Health
i3 Health is pleased to make the speaker slides from this activity available for use as a non-accredited self-study or teaching resource.
This slide deck presented by Dr. Kami Maddocks, Professor-Clinical in the Division of Hematology and
Associate Division Director for Ambulatory Operations
The Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center, will provide insight into new directions in targeted therapeutic approaches for older adults with mantle cell lymphoma.
STATEMENT OF NEED
Mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) is a rare, aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) accounting for 5% to 7% of all lymphomas. Its prognosis ranges from indolent disease that does not require treatment for years to very aggressive disease, which is associated with poor survival (Silkenstedt et al, 2021). Typically, MCL is diagnosed at advanced stage and in older patients who cannot tolerate intensive therapy (NCCN, 2022). Although recent advances have slightly increased remission rates, recurrence and relapse remain very common, leading to a median overall survival between 3 and 6 years (LLS, 2021). Though there are several effective options, progress is still needed towards establishing an accepted frontline approach for MCL (Castellino et al, 2022). Treatment selection and management of MCL are complicated by the heterogeneity of prognosis, advanced age and comorbidities of patients, and lack of an established standard approach for treatment, making it vital that clinicians be familiar with the latest research and advances in this area. In this activity chaired by Michael Wang, MD, Professor in the Department of Lymphoma & Myeloma at MD Anderson Cancer Center, expert faculty will discuss prognostic factors informing treatment, the promising results of recent trials in new therapeutic approaches, and the implications of treatment resistance in therapeutic selection for MCL.
Target Audience
Hematology/oncology fellows, attending faculty, and other health care professionals involved in the treatment of patients with mantle cell lymphoma (MCL).
Learning Objectives
1.) Identify clinical and biological prognostic factors that can guide treatment decision making for older adults with MCL
2.) Evaluate emerging data on targeted therapeutic approaches for treatment-naive and relapsed/refractory MCL and their applicability to older adults
3.) Assess mechanisms of resistance to targeted therapies for MCL and their implications for treatment selection
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility...Sujoy Dasgupta
Dr Sujoy Dasgupta presented the study on "Couples presenting to the infertility clinic- Do they really have infertility? – The unexplored stories of non-consummation" in the 13th Congress of the Asia Pacific Initiative on Reproduction (ASPIRE 2024) at Manila on 24 May, 2024.
Ethanol (CH3CH2OH), or beverage alcohol, is a two-carbon alcohol
that is rapidly distributed in the body and brain. Ethanol alters many
neurochemical systems and has rewarding and addictive properties. It
is the oldest recreational drug and likely contributes to more morbidity,
mortality, and public health costs than all illicit drugs combined. The
5th edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
(DSM-5) integrates alcohol abuse and alcohol dependence into a single
disorder called alcohol use disorder (AUD), with mild, moderate,
and severe subclassifications (American Psychiatric Association, 2013).
In the DSM-5, all types of substance abuse and dependence have been
combined into a single substance use disorder (SUD) on a continuum
from mild to severe. A diagnosis of AUD requires that at least two of
the 11 DSM-5 behaviors be present within a 12-month period (mild
AUD: 2–3 criteria; moderate AUD: 4–5 criteria; severe AUD: 6–11 criteria).
The four main behavioral effects of AUD are impaired control over
drinking, negative social consequences, risky use, and altered physiological
effects (tolerance, withdrawal). This chapter presents an overview
of the prevalence and harmful consequences of AUD in the U.S.,
the systemic nature of the disease, neurocircuitry and stages of AUD,
comorbidities, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, genetic risk factors, and
pharmacotherapies for AUD.
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
2. Objective
• To know the different causes of hemolytic anemia
• To know its basic features
• To discuss two types namely:
a.G6PD deficiency
b.Autoimmune Hemolytic anemia (AIHA)
3. Introduction
Hemolysis is the destruction or removal of red blood cells
from the circulation before their normal life span of 120
days.
5. Basic features
• Abnormal and accelerated destruction of red cells.
• Increased breakdown of hemoglobin, which may
result in:
a) Hyperbilirubinemia
b) Increased fecal and urinary urobilinogen
• Bone marrow compensatory reaction:
a) Reticulocytosis, and slight macrocytosis in peripheral
blood
b) Expansion of bone marrow in infants and children with
severe chronic hemolysis
9. Pathophysiology
• X-linked recessive
• Characterized by abnormally low levels of glucose-
6-phosphate dehydrogenase
• The deficient metabolic enzyme is involved in the
pentose phosphate pathway, especially important
in red blood cell metabolism.
13. • Asymptomatic.
• Prolonged neonatal jaundice, often requiring exchange
transfusion.
• A history of infection or drug-induced hemolysis, or
hemolysis following ingestion of fava beans.
• Gallstones may be a prominent feature.
• Splenomegaly may be present.
14.
15. Diagnosis
• The diagnosis is generally suspected
when patients from certain ethnic
groups develop anemia after
challenges from any of the above
causes.
• Heinz bodies can be seen in red
blood cells on a blood film.
• Rapid fluorescent spot test detecting
the generation of NADPH from
NADP. The test is positive if the
blood spot fails to fluoresce under
ultraviolet light.
16. Management
• The main treatment for G6PD deficiency is
avoidance of oxidative stressors.
• Rarely, anemia may be severe enough to warrant a
blood transfusion.
• Splenectomy generally is not recommended
18. Definition
• Autoimmune hemolytic
anemia (AIHA) is caused by
autoantibody-induced
hemolysis; usually idiopathic.
• It is most common among
adults over age 50, in whom
the diseases are usually
chronic and relapsing.
20. Warm AIHA
• Warm autoantibody IgG induce phagocytosis at
37°C.
• Primarily leads to extravascular hemolysis
• Fc portion of antibody binds to macro-phages
• Spherocytes become trapped in spleen and are
destroyed
21. Cold Agglutinin Disease
• The IgM autoantibody has an affinity for RBCs at
cold temperatures (0ºC-18ºC)
• Idiopathic form of disease is frequently recurrent
condition and often responds to cold avoidance;
exacerbations are intermittent
• Critical to explore diagnosis of B-cell lymphoma,
which will determine therapy
• Corticosteroids are usually not helpful
23. Paroxysmal Cold Hemoglobinuria
• A polyclonal IgG anti-P autoantibody binds to red blood
cell surface antigens in the cold. When the blood returns
to the warmer central circulation, the red blood cells are
lysed with complement, causing intravascular hemolysis.
• Most often appears post-viral in children and young adults
• Viral infections that can cause PCH include measles,
mumps, influenza. Bacterial infections that can cause
PCH include syphilis.
24. Diagnosis
• Diagnosis is made by first ruling out other causes of
hemolytic anemia
• The diagnosis of AIHA must meet two criteria:
1.evidence of hemolysis (anemia plus elevated
reticulocyte count in the absence of blood loss);
and
2.evidence of RBC autoantibodies/complement
(usually indicated by a positive direct Coombs
test).
26. Management
• Efficacy of treatment depends on the correct diagnosis of
either warm or cold type AIHA.
• Warm type AIHA is usually a more insidious disease, not
treatable by simply removing the underlying cause. First
line therapy for this is usually with corticosteroids.
• Cold agglutinin disease is treated by avoiding the cold or
sometimes with rituximab.
27. References
• WHO Working Group. Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase
deficiency. Bull World Health Organ. 1989;67:601–11.
• Glucose 6 phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency. Accessed
July 20, 2005, at:http://www.malariasite.com/malaria/g6pd.htm.
• Mason PJ. New insights into G6PD deficiency. Br J
Haematol. 1996;94:585–91.
• Beutler E. G6PD deficiency. Blood. 1994;84:3613–36.
• Gregg XT, Prchal JT. Red cell enzymopathies. In: Hoffman R,
ed. Hematology: basic principles and practice. 4th ed.
Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:657–60.
• Glader B. Hereditary hemolytic anemias due to red blood cell
enzyme disorders. In: Wintrobe's Clinical Hematology, Greer
JP, Foerster J, Rodgers GM, et al. (Eds), Lippincott, Williams &
Wilkins, Philadelphia 2009. p.933.
28. • Shoenfield, Y, et al (2008). Diagnostic Criteria in
Autoimmune Disease. Humana Press.
• Sawitsky A, Ozaeta PB (June 1970). "Disease-associated
autoimmune hemolytic anemia". Bull N Y Acad Med 46
(6): 411–26. PMC 1749710.
• Gehrs BC, Friedberg RC (April 2002). "Autoimmune
hemolytic anemia". Am. J. Hematol. 69 (4): 258–71.
doi:10.1002/ajh.10062 PMI
• Böttiger LE, Westerholm B (March 1973). "Acquired
haemolytic anaemia. I. Incidence and aetiology". Acta
Med Scand 193 (3): 223–6. PMID 4739592.
Editor's Notes
Worldwide prevalence of G6PD deficiency according to the World Health Organization (1989). With permission, World Health Organization. Bull World Health Organ 67: 601–611, 1989. (B) Worldwide prevalence of G6PD deficiency according to Nkhoma et al. (2009). With permission, Nkhoma et al. Blood Cells Mol Dis 42:267–278, 2009. (C) Worldwide prevalence of malaria, expressed as numbers of infections per 100,000 inhabitants, according to the World Health Organization (2009). With permission, World Health Organization. http://gamapserver.who.int/maplibrary/Files/Maps/Global_Malaria_ITHRiskMap.jpg