Professor Páll Valdimarsson, Atlas Copco Geothermal Competence Center and Reykjavik University
Iceland Geothermal Conference 2013
March 5-8, 2013, Harpa, Reykjavík
The document discusses various types of fossil fuel power plants, including coal and gas fired plants. It describes the basic processes of how these plants generate electricity through steam turbines. It also discusses current drivers in the fossil power industry like emissions regulations and efficiency improvements, and technologies like SCR, FGD scrubbers, and IGCC that are aimed at addressing emissions and efficiency issues.
Steam turbine performance & condition assessment (Case Study)Pichai Chaibamrung
- The steam turbine was modeled using operational data to validate its performance against design specifications. The validated model was then used to analyze current performance and assess potential issues like fouling, blade deposits, and valve deterioration.
- Analysis found the turbine was producing less power than designed and extraction temperatures were higher, indicating leaks into the low pressure stage from blade deposits or damage. Clearances between blades and casing had also increased.
- Inspection of the low pressure feedwater heater found serious fouling, high metal temperatures, and poor condensate temperatures, reducing efficiency and increasing fuel use. Earlier performance analysis could help plan maintenance and repairs.
Thermal power plants generate electricity through combustion of fuels like coal and gas. The key components are the boiler, steam turbine, and electric generator. Control systems regulate critical functions like fuel and air management, steam temperatures, feedwater levels, and turbine speed. Supercritical plants operate at higher pressures and temperatures for greater efficiency. Combined cycle plants further improve efficiency by capturing waste heat from gas turbines to power additional steam turbines.
La recupercion de Energia termica que eliminan los gases de escape a la atmotfera de las turbinas o generadores de combustion interna. Pueden ser aprovechadas para producir vapor de media presion y ser utilizadas en la industria. La cogeneracion es una importante alternativa para generar grandes ahorros de combustible. Te invito a investigar y tomar las mejores decisiones para tus proyectos de ahorro energetico.
This document provides an overview of gas turbine engines. It discusses the basic components and operation of gas turbines, including the compressor, combustor, and turbine. It also describes different types of gas turbine engines like jet engines, turboprop engines, and amateur gas turbines. Key aspects like the axial-flow compressor, blade design, kinetics and energy equations are explained. Finally, the advantages of high power-to-weight ratio and small size are contrasted with the disadvantages of high fuel consumption and emissions.
The document describes the operation of a gas turbine, specifically the General Electric 9E.03 gas turbine. It discusses the key components and processes, including:
1) Air enters through filters and is compressed in the 17-stage axial compressor, increasing in pressure and temperature.
2) The compressed air then enters the combustion chamber where fuel is injected and ignited, further increasing the temperature and pressure.
3) The high pressure gas expands through the three-stage turbine, extracting energy to power the compressor and drive a generator to produce electricity.
4) Finally, the exhaust gas is emitted through a diffuser and chimney.
1. The document discusses a gas turbine generator site with power demands of 23MW. The gas turbines on site are Siemens SGT-400 models rated at 13.9MW each.
2. It describes challenges with using higher hydrocarbon and hydrogen-rich fuels in gas turbines, such as increased risk of flashback and combustion instability. Heavier fuels require heating to maintain a suitable modified Wobbe index.
3. Solutions proposed include heating the fuel gas to adjust its Wobbe index, and rig testing of combustors with higher calorific value, high hydrogen fuels to evaluate performance.
This document provides information about gas turbines, including:
- The basic components and working mechanism of a gas turbine, including the compressor, combustor, and turbine.
- Details on the Brayton cycle that gas turbines use.
- Descriptions of key components like the axial compressor and reverse-flow combustor.
- Applications of gas turbines in power generation systems like combined cycle and cogeneration plants.
- Performance variables that affect gas turbine efficiency like ambient temperature and exhaust temperature.
The document discusses various types of fossil fuel power plants, including coal and gas fired plants. It describes the basic processes of how these plants generate electricity through steam turbines. It also discusses current drivers in the fossil power industry like emissions regulations and efficiency improvements, and technologies like SCR, FGD scrubbers, and IGCC that are aimed at addressing emissions and efficiency issues.
Steam turbine performance & condition assessment (Case Study)Pichai Chaibamrung
- The steam turbine was modeled using operational data to validate its performance against design specifications. The validated model was then used to analyze current performance and assess potential issues like fouling, blade deposits, and valve deterioration.
- Analysis found the turbine was producing less power than designed and extraction temperatures were higher, indicating leaks into the low pressure stage from blade deposits or damage. Clearances between blades and casing had also increased.
- Inspection of the low pressure feedwater heater found serious fouling, high metal temperatures, and poor condensate temperatures, reducing efficiency and increasing fuel use. Earlier performance analysis could help plan maintenance and repairs.
Thermal power plants generate electricity through combustion of fuels like coal and gas. The key components are the boiler, steam turbine, and electric generator. Control systems regulate critical functions like fuel and air management, steam temperatures, feedwater levels, and turbine speed. Supercritical plants operate at higher pressures and temperatures for greater efficiency. Combined cycle plants further improve efficiency by capturing waste heat from gas turbines to power additional steam turbines.
La recupercion de Energia termica que eliminan los gases de escape a la atmotfera de las turbinas o generadores de combustion interna. Pueden ser aprovechadas para producir vapor de media presion y ser utilizadas en la industria. La cogeneracion es una importante alternativa para generar grandes ahorros de combustible. Te invito a investigar y tomar las mejores decisiones para tus proyectos de ahorro energetico.
This document provides an overview of gas turbine engines. It discusses the basic components and operation of gas turbines, including the compressor, combustor, and turbine. It also describes different types of gas turbine engines like jet engines, turboprop engines, and amateur gas turbines. Key aspects like the axial-flow compressor, blade design, kinetics and energy equations are explained. Finally, the advantages of high power-to-weight ratio and small size are contrasted with the disadvantages of high fuel consumption and emissions.
The document describes the operation of a gas turbine, specifically the General Electric 9E.03 gas turbine. It discusses the key components and processes, including:
1) Air enters through filters and is compressed in the 17-stage axial compressor, increasing in pressure and temperature.
2) The compressed air then enters the combustion chamber where fuel is injected and ignited, further increasing the temperature and pressure.
3) The high pressure gas expands through the three-stage turbine, extracting energy to power the compressor and drive a generator to produce electricity.
4) Finally, the exhaust gas is emitted through a diffuser and chimney.
1. The document discusses a gas turbine generator site with power demands of 23MW. The gas turbines on site are Siemens SGT-400 models rated at 13.9MW each.
2. It describes challenges with using higher hydrocarbon and hydrogen-rich fuels in gas turbines, such as increased risk of flashback and combustion instability. Heavier fuels require heating to maintain a suitable modified Wobbe index.
3. Solutions proposed include heating the fuel gas to adjust its Wobbe index, and rig testing of combustors with higher calorific value, high hydrogen fuels to evaluate performance.
This document provides information about gas turbines, including:
- The basic components and working mechanism of a gas turbine, including the compressor, combustor, and turbine.
- Details on the Brayton cycle that gas turbines use.
- Descriptions of key components like the axial compressor and reverse-flow combustor.
- Applications of gas turbines in power generation systems like combined cycle and cogeneration plants.
- Performance variables that affect gas turbine efficiency like ambient temperature and exhaust temperature.
Study and performance analysis of combustion chamber using ANSYSGyanendra Awasthi
This document summarizes the design and analysis of a single cylinder hemispherical combustion chamber engine using ANSYS. It outlines the primary design decisions for an engine, describes the different types of combustion chambers and why a hemispherical chamber was chosen. It provides the specifications and dimensions of the engine components modeled in CATIA and analyzed in ANSYS including the valves, piston, combustion chamber geometry. The document discusses the different types of analyses that can be done in ANSYS including cold flow, combustion and emissions and summarizes the objectives and references for the study.
This document describes the design and analysis of an air-cooled radiator for a diesel engine with a hydrostatic transmission in a special purpose vehicle. It involves calculating the heat loads of the engine and transmission, designing a customized radiator using CAD software to dissipate the heat within given space constraints, and analyzing the radiator design using CFD software. The radiator is designed to have a heat transfer area of 1.23 square meters and incorporates fins to increase surface area for improved heat dissipation performance within the allotted volume of 706mm width, 370mm height and 80mm depth.
Hrsg & turbine as run energy efficiency assessmentD.Pawan Kumar
The document provides measurements and performance data from an assessment of a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) and steam turbine system. Key findings include:
- The HRSG achieved an overall thermal efficiency of 84.43% based on measured temperature and flow data.
- Heat was recovered across multiple components, with the high pressure evaporator recovering the most at 41.95% of total heat.
- The steam turbine achieved an overall efficiency of 78.40% based on measured steam and electrical output values.
Feedwater heaters are used in steam power plants to pre-heat water delivered to boilers. They work by using extracted steam from turbine stages to gradually heat feedwater up to saturation temperature. This improves efficiency by reducing costs and preventing thermal shock to boiler metal. Feedwater heaters come in open and closed designs, with open designs mixing extracted steam directly into feedwater and closed using heat exchangers. Their use recovers some energy from steam and optimizes the balance between extracted steam and turbine power output.
The document provides information about gas turbine power plants including:
- The basic working principle of a gas turbine power plant which uses a gas turbine coupled to a compressor and combustion chamber.
- Gas turbines operate on the Brayton cycle, which involves compressing air, adding heat through combustion, expanding the gas, and rejecting heat.
- Key advantages of gas turbines include greater power density, high reliability, and less maintenance compared to steam turbines. Disadvantages include lower efficiency and higher noise levels.
- Major applications are aircraft propulsion and electric power generation. Numerical examples are provided to calculate the performance of ideal and actual Brayton cycles.
This document describes the methodology for conducting an energy audit of a turbine cycle. It discusses collecting data on steam and water cycle parameters, measuring turbine efficiency, identifying factors that affect heat rate, and evaluating the performance of feedwater heaters. The key steps involve collecting design specifications and operational data, measuring temperatures, pressures, flows, and outputs, calculating turbine efficiency using enthalpy methods, identifying reasons for deviations from design performance, and analyzing factors like steam conditions, condenser performance, heat exchanger fouling that affect the heat rate.
Gas turbines operate using the Brayton cycle, which involves compressing air, adding heat through combustion at constant pressure, expanding the hot gases through a turbine, and rejecting heat at constant pressure. Early gas turbines had low efficiency around 17% but efficiency has increased through higher turbine inlet temperatures, more efficient components, and modifications like regeneration, intercooling, and reheating. Regeneration improves efficiency by heating the compressed air with the turbine exhaust, while intercooling and reheating involve multistage compression and expansion with cooling or heating between stages. Open cycle gas turbines exhaust combustion gases while closed cycle models re-circulate gases, improving efficiency but requiring more complex components.
METHODS OF IMPROVING STEAM TURBINE PERFORMANCEVanita Thakkar
This document discusses various methods of improving the performance of steam turbines, including modifications to the Carnot and Rankine cycles. It describes the ideal Rankine cycle and limitations of using water as the working fluid. The use of superheated steam, reheat cycles, and regenerative feed heating are introduced to increase efficiency. Binary vapor cycles are proposed as an alternative working fluid to overcome some limitations of steam. Key concepts covered include Carnot, Rankine, reheat, regenerative feed heating cycles and the ideal properties desired in a working fluid.
Gas turbine engines derive their power from burning fuel in a combustion chamber and using the fast flowing combustion gases to drive a turbine in much the same way as the high pressure steam drives a steam turbine.
The gas turbine is the engine at the heart of the power plant that produces electric current. A gas turbine is a combustion engine that can convert natural gas or other liquid fuels to mechanical energy. This energy then drives a generator that produces electrical energy.
In a gas turbine, gas is ignited under pressure and combustible high-pressure, high-temperature gases are produced. The combustible gases power a turbine, which in turn powers a generator. In a boiler power plant, electricity is generated by heating water to produce steam which, via a turbine, powers a generator.
The document discusses steam turbine losses and how to identify them. It outlines several types of losses including mechanical damages, flow area decreases or increases, and flow area bypasses. Specific examples of each type of loss are provided along with their symptoms and causes. These losses can lead to reduced turbine efficiency. The document also discusses the impact of deviations from design parameters on heat rate and gives an example analysis of efficiency losses for a KWU turbine.
This document provides an overview of the condensate system in a power plant, including:
- Key components like the condenser, CEP pumps, SJAE ejectors, LP heaters, and their functions.
- Parameters and specifications of the condenser and LP heaters.
- Importance of maintaining vacuum in the condenser.
- Startup and shutdown procedures for the condensate system, which involve opening/closing valves, maintaining fluid levels, and isolating components as needed.
The document presents a preliminary design of a turbofan engine aimed at achieving over 25,000 N of thrust with a thrust specific fuel consumption of less than 0.025 kg/s/kN. A MATLAB code was used to generate carpet plots of specific thrust and thrust specific fuel consumption for different bypass ratios, compressor pressure ratios, and bypass pressure ratios. The final optimal design parameters chosen were: a turbine inlet temperature of 1300 K, compressor pressure ratio of 30, bypass ratio of 6, bypass pressure ratio of 1.35, inlet diameter of 0.738 m, thrust of 25,050.9 N, and thrust specific fuel consumption of 0.0187 in order to meet mission requirements with high fuel efficiency.
The document provides lecture notes on steam nozzles and power plants. It discusses:
1) The basic components and energy conversion process in thermal power plants, including the Rankine cycle in which water is heated to steam to power a turbine and generator.
2) The history and development of steam turbines, from early aeolipile devices to modern turbines invented by Charles Parsons in 1884.
3) How energy is converted in steam turbines via nozzles that accelerate steam to high velocity to impulse turbine blades and produce rotation.
4) Details on nozzle types, flow properties, relationships between area, velocity and pressure, and equations for calculating velocity from enthalpy change.
This document provides an overview of Dhiraj Kumar's 8-day vocational training at the NTPC Khalgoan power plant in Bihar, India. It thanks those involved in arranging the training and provides an index of topics covered, including the basics of thermal power generation, steam turbines, boilers, auxiliary systems, generators, switchgear, transformers, and conclusions. Diagrams illustrate the coal-fired power generation process and components within the boiler like furnaces and drums.
The document discusses technologies for improving gas turbine efficiency through higher operating temperatures. It covers new high-temperature materials like superalloys and ceramics that allow increasing the combustion temperature. It also discusses manufacturing techniques like directional solidification and single crystal growth that enhance material properties. Combined cycle power plants are highlighted as a way to further increase efficiency by capturing waste heat. Challenges of using syngas from gasification as a fuel are also summarized.
The document provides explanations of various components of internal combustion engines including connecting rods, crankshafts, piston rings, glow plugs and camshafts. It also lists differences between SI and CI engines and discusses factors that affect engine performance such as compression ratio, thermal efficiency, valve timing and residual gas fraction.
The document discusses Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs). HRSGs recover heat from gas turbine exhaust to produce steam. They operate in either combined cycle mode, where steam drives a turbine, or cogeneration mode where steam is used for industrial processes. HRSGs contain evaporator, economizer, and superheater sections to produce steam. They can also include reheaters, deaerators, and preheaters. HRSGs come in natural circulation, forced circulation, or once-through designs and can be unfired, fired, supplementary fired, or exhaust fired depending on heat input. HRSGs vary in operation pressure as either single or multi-pressure. Post-combustion emission controls like
Bhushan Powers and Steels commissioned Siemens to erect and commission a 130 MW steam turbine and generator as their third unit. The project involved erecting and commissioning the turbine, generator, deaerator, surface condenser, feedwater heaters, and associated piping. The detailed document outlines the specifications and scope of work for each major component, including photographs of the erected equipment. The overall goal was to achieve safe and high quality power generation for Bhushan's steel production and grid supply needs.
Explore the dynamic world of #PowerPlants with this comprehensive presentation. Delve into the various types of power plants, including fossil fuel, renewable energy, and nuclear. Gain insights into the processes that generate electricity to power our modern world. From turbines to transformers, understand the key components that make these plants efficient sources of energy. Discover the environmental considerations and technological advancements shaping the future of power generation.
Study and performance analysis of combustion chamber using ANSYSGyanendra Awasthi
This document summarizes the design and analysis of a single cylinder hemispherical combustion chamber engine using ANSYS. It outlines the primary design decisions for an engine, describes the different types of combustion chambers and why a hemispherical chamber was chosen. It provides the specifications and dimensions of the engine components modeled in CATIA and analyzed in ANSYS including the valves, piston, combustion chamber geometry. The document discusses the different types of analyses that can be done in ANSYS including cold flow, combustion and emissions and summarizes the objectives and references for the study.
This document describes the design and analysis of an air-cooled radiator for a diesel engine with a hydrostatic transmission in a special purpose vehicle. It involves calculating the heat loads of the engine and transmission, designing a customized radiator using CAD software to dissipate the heat within given space constraints, and analyzing the radiator design using CFD software. The radiator is designed to have a heat transfer area of 1.23 square meters and incorporates fins to increase surface area for improved heat dissipation performance within the allotted volume of 706mm width, 370mm height and 80mm depth.
Hrsg & turbine as run energy efficiency assessmentD.Pawan Kumar
The document provides measurements and performance data from an assessment of a heat recovery steam generator (HRSG) and steam turbine system. Key findings include:
- The HRSG achieved an overall thermal efficiency of 84.43% based on measured temperature and flow data.
- Heat was recovered across multiple components, with the high pressure evaporator recovering the most at 41.95% of total heat.
- The steam turbine achieved an overall efficiency of 78.40% based on measured steam and electrical output values.
Feedwater heaters are used in steam power plants to pre-heat water delivered to boilers. They work by using extracted steam from turbine stages to gradually heat feedwater up to saturation temperature. This improves efficiency by reducing costs and preventing thermal shock to boiler metal. Feedwater heaters come in open and closed designs, with open designs mixing extracted steam directly into feedwater and closed using heat exchangers. Their use recovers some energy from steam and optimizes the balance between extracted steam and turbine power output.
The document provides information about gas turbine power plants including:
- The basic working principle of a gas turbine power plant which uses a gas turbine coupled to a compressor and combustion chamber.
- Gas turbines operate on the Brayton cycle, which involves compressing air, adding heat through combustion, expanding the gas, and rejecting heat.
- Key advantages of gas turbines include greater power density, high reliability, and less maintenance compared to steam turbines. Disadvantages include lower efficiency and higher noise levels.
- Major applications are aircraft propulsion and electric power generation. Numerical examples are provided to calculate the performance of ideal and actual Brayton cycles.
This document describes the methodology for conducting an energy audit of a turbine cycle. It discusses collecting data on steam and water cycle parameters, measuring turbine efficiency, identifying factors that affect heat rate, and evaluating the performance of feedwater heaters. The key steps involve collecting design specifications and operational data, measuring temperatures, pressures, flows, and outputs, calculating turbine efficiency using enthalpy methods, identifying reasons for deviations from design performance, and analyzing factors like steam conditions, condenser performance, heat exchanger fouling that affect the heat rate.
Gas turbines operate using the Brayton cycle, which involves compressing air, adding heat through combustion at constant pressure, expanding the hot gases through a turbine, and rejecting heat at constant pressure. Early gas turbines had low efficiency around 17% but efficiency has increased through higher turbine inlet temperatures, more efficient components, and modifications like regeneration, intercooling, and reheating. Regeneration improves efficiency by heating the compressed air with the turbine exhaust, while intercooling and reheating involve multistage compression and expansion with cooling or heating between stages. Open cycle gas turbines exhaust combustion gases while closed cycle models re-circulate gases, improving efficiency but requiring more complex components.
METHODS OF IMPROVING STEAM TURBINE PERFORMANCEVanita Thakkar
This document discusses various methods of improving the performance of steam turbines, including modifications to the Carnot and Rankine cycles. It describes the ideal Rankine cycle and limitations of using water as the working fluid. The use of superheated steam, reheat cycles, and regenerative feed heating are introduced to increase efficiency. Binary vapor cycles are proposed as an alternative working fluid to overcome some limitations of steam. Key concepts covered include Carnot, Rankine, reheat, regenerative feed heating cycles and the ideal properties desired in a working fluid.
Gas turbine engines derive their power from burning fuel in a combustion chamber and using the fast flowing combustion gases to drive a turbine in much the same way as the high pressure steam drives a steam turbine.
The gas turbine is the engine at the heart of the power plant that produces electric current. A gas turbine is a combustion engine that can convert natural gas or other liquid fuels to mechanical energy. This energy then drives a generator that produces electrical energy.
In a gas turbine, gas is ignited under pressure and combustible high-pressure, high-temperature gases are produced. The combustible gases power a turbine, which in turn powers a generator. In a boiler power plant, electricity is generated by heating water to produce steam which, via a turbine, powers a generator.
The document discusses steam turbine losses and how to identify them. It outlines several types of losses including mechanical damages, flow area decreases or increases, and flow area bypasses. Specific examples of each type of loss are provided along with their symptoms and causes. These losses can lead to reduced turbine efficiency. The document also discusses the impact of deviations from design parameters on heat rate and gives an example analysis of efficiency losses for a KWU turbine.
This document provides an overview of the condensate system in a power plant, including:
- Key components like the condenser, CEP pumps, SJAE ejectors, LP heaters, and their functions.
- Parameters and specifications of the condenser and LP heaters.
- Importance of maintaining vacuum in the condenser.
- Startup and shutdown procedures for the condensate system, which involve opening/closing valves, maintaining fluid levels, and isolating components as needed.
The document presents a preliminary design of a turbofan engine aimed at achieving over 25,000 N of thrust with a thrust specific fuel consumption of less than 0.025 kg/s/kN. A MATLAB code was used to generate carpet plots of specific thrust and thrust specific fuel consumption for different bypass ratios, compressor pressure ratios, and bypass pressure ratios. The final optimal design parameters chosen were: a turbine inlet temperature of 1300 K, compressor pressure ratio of 30, bypass ratio of 6, bypass pressure ratio of 1.35, inlet diameter of 0.738 m, thrust of 25,050.9 N, and thrust specific fuel consumption of 0.0187 in order to meet mission requirements with high fuel efficiency.
The document provides lecture notes on steam nozzles and power plants. It discusses:
1) The basic components and energy conversion process in thermal power plants, including the Rankine cycle in which water is heated to steam to power a turbine and generator.
2) The history and development of steam turbines, from early aeolipile devices to modern turbines invented by Charles Parsons in 1884.
3) How energy is converted in steam turbines via nozzles that accelerate steam to high velocity to impulse turbine blades and produce rotation.
4) Details on nozzle types, flow properties, relationships between area, velocity and pressure, and equations for calculating velocity from enthalpy change.
This document provides an overview of Dhiraj Kumar's 8-day vocational training at the NTPC Khalgoan power plant in Bihar, India. It thanks those involved in arranging the training and provides an index of topics covered, including the basics of thermal power generation, steam turbines, boilers, auxiliary systems, generators, switchgear, transformers, and conclusions. Diagrams illustrate the coal-fired power generation process and components within the boiler like furnaces and drums.
The document discusses technologies for improving gas turbine efficiency through higher operating temperatures. It covers new high-temperature materials like superalloys and ceramics that allow increasing the combustion temperature. It also discusses manufacturing techniques like directional solidification and single crystal growth that enhance material properties. Combined cycle power plants are highlighted as a way to further increase efficiency by capturing waste heat. Challenges of using syngas from gasification as a fuel are also summarized.
The document provides explanations of various components of internal combustion engines including connecting rods, crankshafts, piston rings, glow plugs and camshafts. It also lists differences between SI and CI engines and discusses factors that affect engine performance such as compression ratio, thermal efficiency, valve timing and residual gas fraction.
The document discusses Heat Recovery Steam Generators (HRSGs). HRSGs recover heat from gas turbine exhaust to produce steam. They operate in either combined cycle mode, where steam drives a turbine, or cogeneration mode where steam is used for industrial processes. HRSGs contain evaporator, economizer, and superheater sections to produce steam. They can also include reheaters, deaerators, and preheaters. HRSGs come in natural circulation, forced circulation, or once-through designs and can be unfired, fired, supplementary fired, or exhaust fired depending on heat input. HRSGs vary in operation pressure as either single or multi-pressure. Post-combustion emission controls like
Bhushan Powers and Steels commissioned Siemens to erect and commission a 130 MW steam turbine and generator as their third unit. The project involved erecting and commissioning the turbine, generator, deaerator, surface condenser, feedwater heaters, and associated piping. The detailed document outlines the specifications and scope of work for each major component, including photographs of the erected equipment. The overall goal was to achieve safe and high quality power generation for Bhushan's steel production and grid supply needs.
Explore the dynamic world of #PowerPlants with this comprehensive presentation. Delve into the various types of power plants, including fossil fuel, renewable energy, and nuclear. Gain insights into the processes that generate electricity to power our modern world. From turbines to transformers, understand the key components that make these plants efficient sources of energy. Discover the environmental considerations and technological advancements shaping the future of power generation.
This document provides specifications for DBVU-X+ and DBVU-X VRF systems. DBVU-X+ uses all DC inverter compressors and fan motors for improved energy efficiency. It has a wide operating range from -30°C to 55°C for heating and cooling. Key specifications include maximum connected indoor units, equivalent piping lengths and height differences between indoor and outdoor units. Performance data like IPLV, EER and COP are provided for various capacity units. The document also describes the system's enhanced vapor injection compressor, auto refrigerant charging function and power saving mode.
Feedwater heaters are used in thermal power plants to pre-heat feedwater and improve cycle efficiency. They extract steam from various turbine stages and use it to heat incoming feedwater in stages. This reduces the amount of heat needed in the boiler and lowers the condenser pressure, improving efficiency. Feedwater heaters come in low-pressure and high-pressure varieties and utilize extracted steam in shell-and-tube or open heat exchangers. Their performance impacts the overall plant heat rate and emissions. Maintaining optimal temperatures and addressing issues like fouling or leaks is important for efficiency.
Textile Companies(EID Intern, GE Power & Water (RGM) Industrial System )Mostafa Elmeshad
The document is a training report that discusses steam control systems for electric power generation. It introduces SEL logic devices that can be used as distributed control systems for steam control. The main objectives of a steam control system are to safely and efficiently transfer energy from fuel to the steam turbine generator. The system requires closely monitoring and controlling many variables like burner firing rate, combustion air, feedwater, steam temperature and pressure. The SEL solution uses control algorithms distributed between devices to interface with the SCADA system and provide localized process control and interlocks. Combustion control is also critical to efficiently produce steam while operating safely.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
This document is a seminar report submitted by Mukesh Kumar for partial fulfillment of a Bachelor of Technology degree in Mechanical Engineering. It discusses thermal power plants, including an overview of their operation and efficiency, descriptions of typical components like boilers and steam cycles, and examples of power plants located in India with a focus on those in Rajasthan. The document received certification from internal and external examiners for Mukesh Kumar's seminar work on the topic of thermal power plants.
Guofu_Chen_Optimize Design and Operation of Renewable Energy Cycle through As...Guofu Chen
This document describes how to optimize the design and operation of a geothermal power plant using Aspen HYSYS and Aspen EDR software. The key steps are:
1. Set up a process model of the organic Rankine cycle in HYSYS using R134a as the working fluid.
2. Use the HYSYS optimizer to maximize net power output by varying pump discharge pressure and evaporator outlet temperature, subject to constraints.
3. Model the air-cooled condensers and evaporator rigorously using Aspen Air-Cooled Exchanger and HYSYS to determine the most cost-effective exchanger designs.
4. Optimize the plant operation by simulating the whole system with
The document discusses various components of a thermal power plant including a boiler, air preheater, and ash handling plant. It provides details on the types, operation, and technical specifications of these systems. The boiler section describes supercritical boilers and includes diagrams of boiler components. The air preheater section explains regenerative and recuperative types. The ash handling plant introduces the collection and disposal of ash from coal combustion.
Thermal power plants generate electricity through combustion of fuels like coal and gas. The key components are the boiler, steam turbine, and electric generator. Control systems regulate critical functions like fuel and air management, steam temperatures, feedwater levels, and turbine speed. Supercritical plants operate at higher pressures and temperatures for greater efficiency. Combined cycle plants further improve efficiency by capturing waste heat from gas turbines to power additional steam turbines.
The document discusses points related to sub critical and super critical boiler design, including boiler design parameters, chemical treatment systems, operation, feedwater systems, boiler control, and startup curves. It provides explanations of sub critical and super critical boiler technologies, comparing drum type sub critical boilers to drumless super critical boilers. Key differences in operation and response to load changes are highlighted.
Ntpc (national thermal power corporation) sipat boiler haxxo24 i~ihaxxo24
The document discusses key points about subcritical and supercritical boiler design, operation, and control including:
- Differences between subcritical and supercritical boiler technologies
- Design parameters like steam pressure and temperature, air flow rates, and coal requirements
- Chemical treatment, feedwater, and boiler control systems
- Startup procedures including boiler filling and transitioning between wet and dry modes
ENERGY AUDIT METHODOLOGY FOR TURBINE CYCLE IN A POWER PLANTManohar Tatwawadi
This document outlines the methodology for conducting an energy audit of a turbine cycle. It discusses collecting operational data on the steam turbine and associated equipment. Key measurements of steam and water parameters throughout the cycle are described. The document explains evaluating the turbine's heat rate and efficiency using enthalpy calculations. Factors that could impact the heat rate such as equipment performance, operating conditions and maintenance issues are identified. Methods to analyze the performance of feedwater heaters and determine deviations are also provided.
Schneider process automation power industry solutionsRodney Berg
This document provides an overview of components and processes in a coal-fired power plant. It describes the key components including the boiler, turbine, generator, cooling systems and emissions controls. It explains the basic process of how coal is combusted to produce steam to drive the turbine and generate electricity. It also discusses boiler and plant control systems, operating modes, and advanced process control solutions for optimization.
This document provides information about an 8-unit coal-fired thermal power station located in Panipat, India. It details that the power station has a total capacity of 810MW generated across its 8 units, which were commissioned between 1979-2005. It requires 15,000 metric tons of coal daily and has cooling towers ranging in height from 123.5-143.5 meters. The document then proceeds to describe the various components and processes within the power station that enable the conversion of coal to electricity.
Development of vapour absorption refrigeration system in vehiclesAshish Singh
This document discusses the development of a vapor absorption refrigeration system for use in vehicles. It begins with an introduction that explains vapor absorption and vapor compression refrigeration systems. The objectives are to lower the vehicle's temperature using waste heat from the engine. Literature on previous related projects is reviewed. The proposed system would use a generator heated by exhaust gases to power the vapor absorption cycle. Performance is analyzed considering temperatures and heat transfer. Components are specified and costs are estimated. A timeline is provided. The vapor absorption system could utilize otherwise wasted engine heat to provide cooling, reducing fuel costs compared to vapor compression.
1. The document provides an acknowledgement and thanks to various individuals and departments at NTPC Tanda for allowing the training and providing support and knowledge.
2. It then outlines the content which will be covered, including a brief description of the Tanda thermal project, production of electricity, description of the thermal plant, basic cycle of a power plant, control and instrumentation unit, and important equipment of the plant.
3. It begins describing the Tanda thermal project, providing its geographical location, features such as its installed capacity and suppliers, and performance metrics like its designed boiler efficiency.
Energy efficiency in pumps and fans pptD.Pawan Kumar
The document discusses assessing the energy efficiency of pumps and fans through on-site performance testing. Key parameters that are measured for pumps include flow rate, head, power, and efficiency. Various methods for measuring flow are described, such as the tracer method, ultrasonic meters, tank filling, and installing an online flow meter. Opportunities to improve pumping system efficiency include operating at the best efficiency point, minimizing restrictions, and proper maintenance. Performance testing of fans similarly determines flow, power input, and pressure rise. Generic opportunities to improve fan efficiency also focus on operating conditions and maintenance.
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Hellisheidi Power Plant - is there an optimal design?
1. Producing Tomorrow’s Energy
Hellisheidi Power Plant - is there an optimal design?
Professor Páll Valdimarsson, Atlas Copco Geothermal Competence Center
and Reykjavik University
2. Hellisheidi Power Plant
- is there an optimal design?
The question of an optimal design in the sense of power production is
discussed
The use of temperature versus heat duty and Carnot efficiency versus heat
duty diagrams for the analysis is presented
The problem of defining design conditions for the plant is discussed
The present well production is discussed from that point of view
An attempt is made define an "optimal" plant for the present well
production, and the power production is estimated for a few configurations.
3. Real life power plant design
The process has to be designed before any real production experience is
available from the wells
The only available data is from exploratory wells and geophysical models
The good earth scientist makes a safe and conservative estimate of the
expected well enthalpy
The good and experience engineer makes a safe and conservative design
based on these estimates
There is no other way to do the design!!!
If everybody is roughly right, then the plant will be conservative, and could
produce more power if the design was aggressive.
4. Optimal design for power
The power output is the score function
The thermodynamic process parameters are optimized
Investment cost is not minimized here
– but a “state of the art” technical level is assumed
The well enthalpy is assumed constant
The well flow is dependent on the wellhead pressure
– but within boundaries given by operational experience.
5. Simplified steam system
The well production is determined by the wellhead pressure
The collection system unifies flow from different wells and conveys it to the separator
The separator pressure is a main design parameter for a steam plant
The turbine design is based on the separator pressure
Off-design separator pressure will influence turbine efficiency
Pressure reduction will cause increased steam fraction and exergy losses.
P
P
Wellhead pressure
Collection system
Separator pressure
Steam for turbine
Mineralized brine
Well
Wellhead valve
Orifice or valve
Separator
cPbPam wellwellwell 2
6.
7.
8. 1 km
Ring Road #1
Power Station
Wellpad
Wellpad
Wellpad
Wellpad
Ring Road #1
Wellpad
10. HE-05 HE-29 HE-43
HE-06 HE-11 HE-17
HE-31 HE-44 HE-48
HE-24 HE-27 HE-38
HE-03 HE-32 HE-51
HE-09 HE-14 HE-18 HE-50 HE-56
HE-15 HE-30
HE-47
Supply line 7
Supply line 6
Supply line 5
Supply line 1
HE-07 HE-12 HE-16
HE-41 HE-42
Supply line 4
HE-19HE-45
Supply line 2
Supply line 3
V
VI
I
II
III
IV
XI
Main Power Station
Power Station for Units V and VI
Separator station 1
Separator station 2
Separator station 3
12. Flow from individual wells
10 14 18 22 26 30
0
20
40
60
80
100
Pwell
mdot;well
High pressure wells
A single well accounts for 10% of the plant flow!
Medium pressure wells
Low pressure wells
13. Flow from all wells, common wellhead pressure
10 14 18 22 26 30
700
800
900
1000
1100
1200
Pwell
m
14. Average enthalpy, common wellhead pressure
10 14 18 22 26 30
1675
1710
1745
1780
1815
1850
Pwell
haverage
15. Temperature as a function of removed heat
The ideal case is if we could utilize the full flow without any boiling
Pressure loss in the formation and in the transport up the well will cause
boiling and exergy loss
Four curves are presented:
Temperature assuming that the wellhead pressure is so high that no boiling
occurs, with the same flow and enthalpy as in the real operating scenario
Temperature if the wellhead pressure is 10 bar g for all wells
Temperature if the wellhead pressure is 19,5 bar g for all wells
Temperature if the wellhead pressure is 30 bar g for all wells.
17. Carnot efficiency as a function of removed heat
The unit of area is MW of exergy (power producing potential)
The ideal case is if we could utilize the full flow without any boiling
Pressure loss in the formation and in the transport up the well will cause
boiling and exergy loss
Four curves are presented:
Carnot efficiency assuming that the wellhead pressure is so high that no
boiling occurs, with the same flow and enthalpy as in the real operating
scenario
Carnot efficiency if the wellhead pressure is 10 bar g for all wells
Carnot efficiency if the wellhead pressure is 19,5 bar g for all wells
Carnot efficiency if the wellhead pressure is 30 bar g for all wells.
18. -1400 -1200 -1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
0,45
0,5
0,55
0,6
Q [MW]
hc
-1400 -1200 -1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
0,45
0,5
0,55
0,6
Q [MW]
hc
-1400 -1200 -1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
0,45
0,5
0,55
0,6
Q [MW]
hc
-1400 -1200 -1000 -800 -600 -400 -200 0
0,25
0,3
0,35
0,4
0,45
0,5
0,55
0,6
Q [MW]
hc
Carnot efficiency – Heat duty diagram
Wellhead pressure 19,5 bar g
No pressure loss and same flow
and enthalpy as if wellhead
pressure was19,5 bar g
Lost power potential because
of well pressure loss
Wellhead pressure 30 bar g
Wellhead pressure 10 bar g
19. Optimization
Three alternatives:
Modification of HP separator pressure, double flash plant
Individual HP wellhead turbines and common MP plant
HP steam turbines and ORC bottoming plant.
21. Double flash and wellhead pressure
The reference scenario has 11,5 bar difference between the common
wellhead pressure and the HP separator pressure
There is considerable gain in reducing this pressure difference
The calculation assumes unchanged LP system
22. Double flash gross power
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
240000
260000
280000
300000
320000
340000
PHP;separator [bar absolute]
Wgross[kW]
Pressure difference 11,5 bar
Pressure difference 5 bar
Pressure difference 3 bar
Pressure difference 1 bar
23. Individual HP letdown turbines for HP wells
The wells with high flow and pressure are connected to HP backpressure
units
The HP backpressure is higher than the main plant HP separator pressure,
so the exhaust stem is inlet steam for the main plant
The main plant is can then be designed for moderate separator pressure
The concept is flexible and allows more wells to operate at individual
optimum wellhead pressure
Previous studies indicate that gross power increase in the region of
10 – 15% can be obtained
Same studies indicate that the economy of such modification is marginal.
24. Individual HP letdown turbines for HP wells
HP letdown separator
HP letdown turbine
Main plant HP separator
Main plant LP separator
Main plant HP turbine
Main plant LP turbine
25. Hybrid power plant
The hybrid plant consists of HP steam back pressure turbines and a bottoming
ORC cycle with separate vaporizers for steam and brine
The condensate from the steam heated vaporizer is mixed with the brine before
the ORC preheater to reduce risk of scaling
The produced power is similar as the best performance of a dual flash plant
Gas removal is easy from a knockout pot after the steam heated vaporizer at
the same pressure as the turbine backpressure
The ORC radial turbines employed are with very high efficiency (85-87%) and
have a flat efficiency curve due to variable geometry nozzle guide vanes
An air cooled cooling tower can be used, avoiding visual effects of steam
plume as well as avoiding need for makeup water
The ORC plant is a scaled up copy of the Atlas Copco delivered ORC plant in
Pamukören, Turkey.
28. Conclusion
The field in Hellisheiði has proven to be better than the original estimate
The presented analysis is based on a single snapshot of the wells (from 2012
12 07), and well are likely to decline with time, moving the field closer to the
original estimate
A double flash design optimized for the snapshot production seems to produce
close to 15% more power
At least the same increase should be possible with individual HP letdown
turbines
Similar power increase seems to be possible with the more expensive ORC
cycle
– offering easier gas removal
– does not have cooling tower steam plum
– does not need condensate for makeup
– but is more expensive for each kW produced.