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Power Plant Operation Modes
Normal Mode
• This is also known as the turbine-leading-boiler mode or (Boiler-lagging). As its name implies, it is
normally the preferred mode of operation, as it is designed to serve the needs of the power grid.
• If this mode is selected, the unit’s operator specifies generator electrical output as the set-point:
the operator sets the target electric power output [say, in MW, or in % of Full Power (FP)], and
the target rate of change of power [e.g., in % FP/s].
• The control program (running in the station computer) is called the Unit Power Regulator (UPR).
• The UPR continuously compares the actual generator power to the setpoint.
Alternate Mode
• This is also known as the boiler-leading-turbine mode (or turbine-lagging). This is not normally
the preferred mode of operation, but is used under certain circumstances, especially if the
reactor power has to be strictly controlled.
• If this mode is selected, the unit’s operator specifies reactor power as the setpoint: the operator
sets the target reactor power output [say, in % of reactor Full Power (FP)], and the target rate of
change of reactor power [e.g., in % FP/s].
• The RRS continuously compares the actual reactor power to the setpoint.
• If there is a difference, there is a “reactor-power error”.
Invensys proprietary](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/schneiderprocessautomationpowerindustrysolutionsli-170128073504/85/Schneider-process-automation-power-industry-solutions-13-320.jpg)
Uploaded byRodney Berg
Schneider process automation power industry solutions
This document provides an overview of components and processes in a coal-fired power plant. It describes the key components including the boiler, turbine, generator, cooling systems and emissions controls. It explains the basic process of how coal is combusted to produce steam to drive the turbine and generate electricity. It also discusses boiler and plant control systems, operating modes, and advanced process control solutions for optimization.
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- 1. 1 Schneider Process AutomationPower Industry Solutions` Power plant basics – An overview By Rodney Berg Page 1 Confidential Property of Schneider Electric |
- 2.
- 3. 3 Components of aPower Plant > Key 1. Cooling tower 10. Steam governor valve 19. Superheater 2. Cooling water pump 11. High pressure turbine 20. Forced draught fan 3. Transmission line (3-phase) 12. Deaerator 21. Reheater 4. Unit transformer (3-phase) 13. Feed heater 22. Air intake 5. Electric generator (3-phase) 14. Coal conveyor 23. Economizer 6. Low pressure turbine 15. Coal hopper 24. Air preheater 7. Condensate pump 16. Pulverized fuel mill 25. Precipitator 8. Condenser 17. Boiler drum 26. Induced draught fan 9. Intermediate pressure turbine 18. Ash hopper 27. Chimney Stack
- 4. 4 Boiler types RBE RBCBenson UP Power output 60 to 800MW 50 to 1000MW 75MW and over 350MW and over Main steam press. Main steam Temp. Boiler type Natural circulation Once-through Subcritical Subcritical / supercritical up to 566ºC up to 630ºC
- 5. 5 How a coal-firedplant works
- 6. 6 Process description …. 1.Coal Supply – Coal fed and then crushed and fed through the conveyor belt to the plant 2. Coal Mill – The coal is fine crushed and fed to the boiler along with air for combustion 3. Boiler – The de-mineralized water fed through the boiler tubes is converted into steam from the heat from the combustion process. 4. Precipitator & Stack – The exhaust from the boiler is released into the atmosphere after it passes through the precipitator which removes the fly ash before the flue gases are dispatched to the atmosphere 5. Turbine, Generator - The hot steam from the Boiler is passed through the turbine HP section and it hits the blades at 540 0C and 130 Kg Bar Pressure causing the turbine to rotate rapidly. This causes the generator which is coupled to the turbine to rotate its shaft producing electric current. 6. Cooling Water System – The steam discharged from the turbine is cooled with cooling water in the condensers. The cold water is heated by the steam and again fed to the boiler to to start the generation process again. 7. Water Treatment Plant – This is for purification of the water being fed to the boiler to reduce sludge etc. 8. Precipitators , Ash System – The fly ash and bottom ash are removed from plants and hauled to disposal site or ash lagoons. 9. Substation, Transformer, Transformer lines – Once the electricity is generated transformers increase the voltage so that it can be carried across the transmission lines. 10. The electricity voltage is again reduced to be fed to the cities and towns at substations.
- 7. 7 Bottom Ash System Economizer Hoppers F D Fan BOTTOM ASH HOPPER Coal Bunker Conveyors Pulverizers Load Gen.HP IPL P Turbine Econ- omizer Re- Heat Super Heater DRUM Condenser P A Fan ID Fan HP FW Htr LP FW Htr Ash Transfer Precipitators Stack Gas Scrubber Emissions Monitor Flyash Cond. Pump BFP Deaerator Cooling Water Feeder Downcomers Risers Air Heater Power Plant Detailed Process Map Water Vapor & Scrubbed Gases General Water Sump WATER TREATMENT Settling Pond
- 8. 8 Power Plants -Basic Control Loops Combustion Control > Fuel Control Coal or Gas or Oil or Combinations > Air Flow Control Forced Draft Fan Control Furnace Draft Control > Induced Draft Fan Controls Feed-water Control > BFP (Boiler Feed-water Pump) Control > Feed-water Valve Control Steam Temperature Control > Spray (attemperator) Valve Controls > Damper Controls > Gas Recirculation Fan Controls
- 9. 9 Boiler Schematic Fuel Sec air Reheat steam SHsteam Concentration CO O2 NOx Furnace temp. Exhaust temperature
- 10. 10 ADS Interface Unit Master Boiler Master Fuel Master Air Steam Temp Feedwater Boiler Turbine Turbine Master Mill1 Mill n ID Fans FD Fans Furnace Draft S-heat Spray R-heat Spray BF- Pump Turbine Valves Load Demand Boiler Control System – Modulating Control
- 11. 11 Bottom Ash System Economizer Hoppers F D Fan BOTTOM ASH HOPPER Coal Bunker Conveyors Pulverizers Load Gen.HP IPL P Turbine Econ- omizer Re- Heat Super Heater DRUM Condenser P A Fan ID Fan HP FW Htr LP FW Htr Ash Transfer Precipitators Stack Gas Scrubber Emissions Monitor Flyash Cond. Pump BFP Deaerator Cooling Water Feeder Downcomers Risers Air Heater Power Plant Detailed Process Map Water Vapor & Scrubbed Gases General Water Sump WATER TREATMENT Settling Pond Boiler Control
- 12. 12 Boiler Controls Following arethe major control areas in a Boiler > Supply of water to the boiler, > Combustion of fuel in the furnace, > Steam pressure > Steam temperature, and > Furnace pressure, are all a part Now as a Instrumentation and controls supplier we should be able to do the above with our DCS system
- 13. 13 Power Plant OperationModes Normal Mode • This is also known as the turbine-leading-boiler mode or (Boiler-lagging). As its name implies, it is normally the preferred mode of operation, as it is designed to serve the needs of the power grid. • If this mode is selected, the unit’s operator specifies generator electrical output as the set-point: the operator sets the target electric power output [say, in MW, or in % of Full Power (FP)], and the target rate of change of power [e.g., in % FP/s]. • The control program (running in the station computer) is called the Unit Power Regulator (UPR). • The UPR continuously compares the actual generator power to the setpoint. Alternate Mode • This is also known as the boiler-leading-turbine mode (or turbine-lagging). This is not normally the preferred mode of operation, but is used under certain circumstances, especially if the reactor power has to be strictly controlled. • If this mode is selected, the unit’s operator specifies reactor power as the setpoint: the operator sets the target reactor power output [say, in % of reactor Full Power (FP)], and the target rate of change of reactor power [e.g., in % FP/s]. • The RRS continuously compares the actual reactor power to the setpoint. • If there is a difference, there is a “reactor-power error”. Invensys proprietary
- 14. 14 Power Plants –Advanced Control Loops Advanced Control > Like Boiler Optimization > Soot Blower Optimization > NOx Reduction > Data Acquisition Systems Plant Performance Calculations > Boiler and Turbine Efficiency Calculations > Energy Management (Load Dispatch) Systems > Load Shedding schemes > Energy control and Management Systems
- 15. 15 Power Plants -Additional Control LoopsBalance of Plant Controls (Miscellaneous Controls) > Water Inventory Controls Deareator Level Control Hot Well Level Controls Condensate Flow Controls > Turbine Cooling Oil Temperature Controls > Generator Cooling Oil Temperature Controls > Air Pre-Heater Temperature (Cold End Temperature) Controls Water Treatment Plant Controls Cooling Tower Controls Fuel Handling > Coal Handling > Fuel Oil, pressure, flow, & temperature control > Gas pressure control
- 16. 16 Bottom Ash System Economizer Hoppers F D Fan BOTTOM ASH HOPPER Coal Bunker Conveyors Pulverizers Load Gen.HP IPL P Turbine Econ- omizer Re- Heat Super Heater DRUM Condenser P A Fan ID Fan HP FW Htr LP FW Htr Ash Transfer Precipitators Stack Gas Scrubber Emissions Monitor Flyash Cond. Pump BFP Deaerator Cooling Water Feeder Downcomers Risers Air Heater Power Plant Detailed Process Map Water Vapor & Scrubbed Gases General Water Sump WATER TREATMENT Settling Pond Emissions Monitoring
- 17. 17 Power Plants -Emission Control Systems Power Plant Emissions > Particulate Matter Fly-ash > Sulfur Oxides SO2 - Sulfur Dioxide > Nitrogen Oxides NOx - Nitrogen oxides
- 18. 18 Power Plant Emissions Controlof Power Plant Emissions > ESP’s - Electrostatic Precipitators > FF’s - Fabric Filters (Bag Houses) > FGD’s - Flue Gas Desulfurization Systems (Scrubbers) > SCR’s - Selective Catalytic Reduction
- 19. 19 FGD’s – FlueGas Desulphurization • Flue gas desulphurization, or “scrubbing,” is a complex process that uses lime or limestone to absorb sulfur dioxide emissions before they can be released into the air, making the power plant a cleaner energy producer. • With environmental regulations getting continuously stricter, effective FGD systems are crucial for SO2 compliance. • A number of variables can affect the performance and cost efficiency of a flue gas scrubber, including lime slurry flow, pH levels, oxidation levels, and even stack temperature.
- 20. 20 Combined Cycle PowerPlant A combined cycle is a combination of two or more thermal cycles within a single power plant, where the intention is to increase the efficiency over that of the single cycles That is, 2 stand alone inefficient (~30%) energy cycles put together in the right way yields 1 reasonably efficient (~60%) energy cycle.
- 21. 21 Two Cycles PutTogether - Thermodynamics
- 22. 22 Why Combined CyclePower Plants? • Highest efficiency of any power plant (approaching 60%) • Lowest emissions of any current fossil fuel power plant • Lowest installed and operational costs for power generation • High levels of operational flexibility • Shorter lead times than conventional fossil-fuel-fired steam plant • Suitability for highly efficient co-production schemes • Option of using coal and other fuels via gasification
- 23.
- 24. 24 Power Industry Technology Coal-firedpower plant Coal Boiler Steam turbine and generator Dust collecto r Combustion system Desulphurisation system Denitrification system HRSG Gas Turbine Control Systems Generator Steam Turbine Combined cycle power plant Hydro power plant Nuclear power plant Geothermal power plant
- 25. 25 l Drum/Once-Through/Fluidized Bed lCoordinated control l Combustion l Drum level l Furnace pressure l Steam temperature l Load runback l Load block Enterprise Operations Management l Real-time Operations Management l Operational Dashboards l Maintenance & inventory management l Fleet Generation Management l Asset Management Environmental control l Electrostatic / Mechanical Precipitator l Wet / Dry Flue Gas Desulfurization l Baghouse l Selective Catalytic Reduction l Selective Non Catalytic Reduction Burner Management l Auto-purge & pre-light l Emergency shutdown protection l Burner-pulverizer automation l Boiler control integration l Burner-front equipment Balance of plant control l BFP Turbine Control l Condensate control l Condenser hotwell l Feedwater heaters l Make-up water l Turbine lube oil temperature l Generator H2 temperature l Automatic Sootblowing l Motor logic l Steam coil air heater l Switchyard Boiler control Turbine controls l Speed governor l Frequency governor l Overspeed protection l On-line valve test l Auto-synchronization l Automatic startup l Vibration Monitoring l Hydraulics Fuel control l Gas l Oil l Coal Unloader Crushing Drying Stacker Reclaimer Simulators l High fidelity l Operator training l Control Checkout l Loop tieback Data acquisition l Generation optimization l AGC l Network security l Distribution management l Switchyard/Substation SCADA Optimization l Heat Rate l Emissions l Smart Sootblowing l Steam Temperature Generation, Distribution & Substation Automation l Aim*Historian l Periodic Logs l Sequence of Event l Post Event Review l Equipment Run Time l Tag Out l Group Measurement Display l Performance Calculations l Controllable Losses l Loop / Alarm Management Power Industry Applications overview Asset Management Risk & Safety Management Operational Performance Real Time Operations Management Real Time Business Performance
- 26. 26 The Power IndustrySolutions Set Generation T&D, Metering Corporate l AGC l Network security l Distribution management l Switchyard/Substation SCADA Distribution & Substation Automation Enterprise Operations Management l Real-time Operations Management l Operational Dashboards l Maintenance & inventory management l Fleet Generation Management l Asset Management l Corporate Energy Management Environmental l Electrostatic / Mechanical Precipitator l Wet / Dry Flue Gas Desulfurization l Baghouse l Selective Catalytic Reduction l Selective Non Catalytic Reduction Burner Management Balance of plant control Boiler control Turbine controls Fuel control Simulation and Training Optimization Emissions Control
- 27. 27 Schneider Electric PAPower Solutions Footprint Generating Units Energy Portfolio OTS APC Risk & Safety Management Foxboro/Triconex Controls Generation Transmission Distribution Foxboro SCADA EAM/Smart Signal/SwanTech Real-time Operations Management Loop/Alarm Management Real-time Business Performance Generating Fleet Trading SE PA offers solutions that span the full value chain of the Power Industry Asset Management Risk & Safety Management Operational Performance Real Time Operations Management Real Time Business Performance Other Offerings from Controls & Safety
- 28. 28 SE PA Solutionsfor Power 1. I/A Series Distributed Control System 2. Safety Solutions -Triconex In Power Plant 3. Fleet Generation Management System 4. PADO – Performance Monitoring and Diagnostic Optimization and PRISM Offerings 5. Advanced Process Controls – Connoisseur for the Power Industry 6. Operator Training Simulator 7. Invensys Life Cycle Management Program