A power plant is an industrial facility that generates electricity using various energy sources such as hydro, nuclear, and thermal processes. The document details the components, working principles, and cycles involved in thermal power plants, specifically emphasizing the Rankine cycle, boiler function, and air handling systems. Additionally, it covers the importance of equipment like fans, electrostatic precipitators, and condensers in ensuring efficient power generation.

1. Introduction
What is power plant?
A power plant is an industrial facility that generates electricity
from primary energy. Most power plants use one or more
generators that convert mechanical energy into electrical
energy in order to supply power to the electrical grid for
society's electrical needs.
Types of power plant?
1) Hydroelectricity
2) Hydropower
3) Nuclear power plant
4) Wind power
5) Nuclear power
6) Combine cycle Gas Turbine plant
7) Coal fired power station
8) Steam electric power station
9) Thermal power station

2. Thermal power plant
A thermal power station is a type of power station in
`which heat energy is converted to electrical energy. In a
steam-generating cycle heat is used to boil water in a large
pressure vessel to produce high-pressure steam, which
drives a steam turbine connected to an electrical
generator. The low-pressure exhaust from the turbine
enters a steam condenser where it is cooled to produce hot
condensate which is recycled to the heating process to
generate more high pressure steam. This is known as a
Rankine cycle.

3. Basic power plant cycle:-
RANKINE CYCLE
The rankine cycle is an idealized thermodynamic cycle of heat
engine that convert heat into mechanical work. The heat is
supplied externally to a close loop, which usually uses water as
the working fluid.

4.  Process 1–2: The working fluid is pumped from low to high
pressure. As the fluid is a liquid at this stage, the pump
requires little input energy. Process 1-2 is isentropic
compression.
 Process 2–3: The high-pressure liquid enters a boiler, where
it is heated at constant pressure by an external heat source
to become a dry saturated vapour. The input energy required
can be easily calculated graphically, using Mollier diagram
or h-s chart. Process 2-3 is constant pressure heat addition in
boiler.
 Process 3–4: The dry saturated vapour expands through a
turbine, generating power. This decreases the temperature
and pressure of the vapour and some condensation may
occur. The output in this process can be easily calculated
using the chart or tables noted above. Process 3-4 is
isentropic expansion.
 Process 4–1: The wet vapour then enters a condenser,
where it is condensed at a constant pressure to become
a saturated liquid. Process 4-1 is constant pressure heat
rejection in condenser.

5. COMPLETE DESCRITION OF POWER
PLANT
1. ID FAN 13.LUBE OIL SYSTEM
2. PA FAN 14.CONTROL OIL SYSTEM
3. SA FAN 15.EJECTOR & GLAND STEAM
4. DCF 16.BOOSTER WATER,
5. ESP 17.OIL COOLER & GENERATOR
6. BOILER
7. DEAERATOR
8. CONDENSATE SYSTEM AND CEP
9. BFP
10. HPH
11. LPH
12. CWP & ACWP

6. COAL HANDING PLANT
Coal is the Prime input for a thermal Power Plant.
Coal Handing Plant is a Plant which handles the coal from
its receipt from Coal mines to transporting it to Boiler and
store in bunker. It also processes the raw coal to make it
suitable for boiler operation.
Objective of Coal Handing Plant:-
1. Transportation and Handling of Plant
2. Arrangement for Transferring of Coal from Coal-wagons
to coal bunker or coal stock yard
3. Supply of Crushed coal to bunker

7. Boiler
A boiler is a closed vessel in which fluid (generally water) is heated. The fluid
does not necessarily boil. The heated or vaporized fluid exits the boiler for use
in various processes or heating applications, including water heating, central
heating, boiler-based power generation, cooking, and sanitation.
Boiler, also called Steam Generator, apparatus designed to convert a
liquid to vapour. In a conventional steam power plant, a boiler consists of
a furnace in which fuel is burned, surfaces to transmit heat from
the combustion products to the water, and a space where steam can form
and collect.
Working Principle of Boiler:-
Hot gases are produced by burning fuel in the furnace. These
hot gases are made to come in contact with the water vessel
where the heat transfer takes place between the water and
the steam. Therefore, the basic principle of the boiler is
to convert water into steam by using heat energy.

8. Efficiency of boiler
“The percentage of the total absorption heating value of
outlet. Steam in the total supply heating value”
Manufacturer: - thermax
Type: - IR-CFBC (Internal Recirculation - Circulating
Fluidised Bed Combustion)

9. Parameter of boiler
Parts (Elevation) of Boiler
0 meter = Hopper of badesh cooler
3 meter = Badesah cooler
6.4 meter = Bleed of bamper, Down comer, wind box
9 meter = Burner, Firing Floor
13 meter = Feed Water Station
15.7 meter = MDC Hopper, RAV, SA Air By pass, sealing air
18.4 meter = DCF
21.4 meter = Wing Wall, o2 analyser, MDC
27.4 meter = Screen Feeder, Bucket Elevator

10. 29.9 meter =
32.2 meter = U Beam Hopper manhole
35.2 meter = Main Steam Line
38.4 meter = Atemperator
41.2 meter = Boiler Drum
ID FAN
It stand for induced draught. An induced draught fan (ID
fan) is provided to maintain a negative pressure in the
furnace by sucking the products of combustion from it
with a slight positive pressure at the discharge end vis-à-
vis the bottom of the chimney/stack.
Id fan are used in a system to draw flue gases from the
combustion chamber and through the rest of the boiler
assembly (Air pre heater, duct ESP) to stack
ID fan also provide draught in furnace
DRAUGHT= It is defined as when the pressure is less
then atmospheric pressure in furnace is known Draught

11. Parameter
1. Capacity = 45.5Kg/s
2. Inlet static pressure = 0
3. Fan speed = 980 RPM
4. Motor speed = 992 RPM
5. Motor rating = 275Kw
6. Fan shaft speed = 240.5Kw
7. Outlet static pressure = -360mmwc

12. Pa fan
PA Fan stand for Primary Air Fan.PA fans supply air for
conveying of the pulverized coal from wind box to the furnace
area. These fans produce pressure upstream of the, pulverize to
push the coal and air mixture through the, pulverize into the
furnace.
It is High pressure air
Flow of PA cold air is 6 TPH
When it is not boosting then the flow will be 3 TPH

13. PATH OF PA AIR
Parameter
1. Capacity = 20.5Kg/s
2. Outlet static pressure = 1860MMWWC

14. 3. Fan speed = 1480 RPM
4. Motor speed = 1492 RPM
5. Motor rating = 525Kw
6. Fan shaft speed = 445Kw
7. Inlet static pressure = -60mmwc
Sa air
It stand for secondary air fan. The secondary air fans (SA fans)
play an important supporting role in power plants. The
secondary fan allows for complete combustion of the fuel inside
the furnace. As and when required the SA fan is used to
increase the air flow to improve the efficiency and avoid
wastage of fuel.
SA air is also used for sealing

16. Parameter
1. Capacity = 19.4Kg/s
2. Outlet static pressure = 1315MMWWC
3. Fan speed = 1480 RPM
4. Motor speed = 1492 RPM
5. Motor rating = 350Kw
6. Fan shaft speed = 301Kw
7. Inlet static pressure = -60mmwc
DCF

18. ESP
An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is defined as a filtration
device that is used to remove fine particles like smoke and fine
dust from the flowing gas. It is the most commonly used device
for air pollution control. They are used in industries like steel
plants, and thermal energy plants.
Working Principle of Electrostatic Precipitator
The working principle of the electrostatic precipitator is moderately simple. It consists of
two sets of electrodes: positive and negative. The negative electrodes are in the form of
a wire mesh, and the positive electrodes are plates. These electrodes are vertically
placed and are alternate to each other.

19. The gas borne particles such as ash are ionised by the high
voltage discharge electrode by the corona effect. These
particles are ionised to a negative charge and are attracted to
positively charged collector plates.
The negative terminal of the high voltage DC source is used to
connect the negative electrodes, and the positive terminal of the
DC source is used to connect the positive plates. To ionize the
medium between the negative and the positive electrode, a
certain distance is maintained between the positive, negative
electrode and the DC source resulting in a high voltage
gradient.
The medium that is used between the two electrodes is air.
There might be corona discharge around the electrode rods or
the wire mesh due to the high negativity of negative charges.
The entire system is enclosed in a metallic container containing
an inlet for flue gases and an outlet for filtered gases. There are
plenty of free electrons as the electrodes are ionized, which

20. interact with the dust particles of the gas, making them
negatively charged. These particles move towards positive
electrodes and fall off due to gravitational force. The flue gas is
free from the dust particles as it flows through the electrostatic
precipitator and is discharged to the atmosphere through the
chimney.
Parameter

21. FLUE GAS PATH

22. Turbine
Turbine is a hydraulic machine which convert either hydraulic energy (energy
possessed by water) into mechanical energy (which is further convert into
electrical energy) or mechanical energy into hydraulic energy.
A turbine is a machine that transforms rotational energy from a fluid that is
picked up by a rotor system into usable work or energy.
Turbines achieve this either through mechanical gearing or electromagnetic
induction to produce electricity.
Which principle is used in hydraulic turbines?
1) The hydraulic turbine works on the principle of Newton’s second law of motion
2) The hydraulic turbine blades are moved against the flow of water, causing the
water’s momentum to vary. As the momentum changes, a pressure force is
created, which causes the turbine to rotate. When the momentum change is high,
the force generated is massive, which enhances the energy conversion

25. CONDENSER
In steam surface condensers there is no mixing of exhaust
steam and cooling water. The condensate can be re-used in the
boiler: In surface condenser even impure water can be used for
cooling purpose whereas in jet condensers cooling water must
be pure. Although the capital cost and the space required is
more in surface condensers but it is still preferred due to its low
running cost and high thermal efficiency of plant.
The steam is cooled and converted to water (condensate) by
flowing over the tubes of the condenser. Steam ejectors (or
rotary motor-driven exhausts) continuously remove air and

26. gases from the steam and while doing so maintain vacuum.

27. LUBE OIL SYSTEM
Lubricating oil systems generally serve the turbine and its
driven object in ways other than supplying oil to the bearings.
Most turbines have hydraulic control systems that use
lubricating oil as the working fluid and lubricating system
pressure as the actuating force.
BFp
Boiler feed pumps provide the boiler with the appropriate amount of water
needed to maintain safe operation. The water being pumped into the system
may be feed water, condensate returns or a combination of the two depending
on the system. Boiler feed pumps are generally multistage pumps. These
pumps must generate enough pressure to overcome the steam pressure
generated by the boiler. To do this, they use multiple impellers with bearings
on the end of each shaft to overcome boiler pressure.

28. HP HEATERS 1&2
A high pressure heater is a type of heat exchanger intended for
preheating evaporator feed water using methods for
consolidating steam removed (bleed) from a steam turbine

29. A high pressure heater is a type of heat exchanger intended for
preheating evaporator feed water using methods for
consolidating steam removed (bleed) from a steam turbine
LP HEATER
Low pressure heaters are designed for regenerative heating of
district water in the regeneration systems of the steam turbines
by cooling and condensing steam, picked up from intermediate
stages of the turbine units.
What is the working principle of LP heater?
LP heaters initiate the process by heating condensate with low-
pressure turbine extraction steam prior to the boiler feed
pumps. Some LP heaters are placed within the condenser at the
turbine exhaust throat. IP and HP heaters are located

30. downstream of the boiler feed booster and boiler feed pumps,
respectively.
CONDENSATE SYSTEM AND CEP
It is a heat transfer device in which exhaust steam of turbine or
an engine is condensed by means of cooling water at a pressure
below to the atmospheric. The condensed steam is known as
condensate System.
Condensate extraction pumps (CEP) extract the condensate
water from the condenser and pump it through the condensate
polishing system and the LP heaters to the de-aerator feed
water tank. The CEP are vertical canned type to ensure Net
Positive Suction Head Available (NPSHA).

31. Deaerator
Deaerator is a device for air removal from water to make it non
corrosive. Deaerator generally implies not only the deaerator but
also the feed water tank below where deaerator water is stored
and fed to the suction of boiler feed pump.
The presence of certain gases principally oxygen co2 and
ammonia dissolved in water is generally considered harmful
because of their corrosive attack on metal particularly at elevated
temperatures

32. Function is to remove dissolved gases from the feed water by
mechanical means
Principle of deaeration:
1. Henrys law: Henry's law states that at a constant
temperature, the amount of a given gas that dissolves in a
liquid is directly proportional to the partial pressure of
that gas in equilibrium with that liquid.
2. Solubility law: solubility of gases decreases with increases
m solution temperature and decreases in pressure

33. Ejector
Primary object of condenser to create vacuum by ejector for
condensate exhaust steam
Working Principle of Ejector:-
When a high pressure motive fluid (steam/liquid) enters the
steam nozzle, this result in a decreasing pressure and increasing
velocity of the fluid again the fluid enters in the diffuser which
result in a increasing pressure and decreasing velocity of the
fluid so due to pressure difference vacuum is created in between
the nozzle and diffuser we can say venture throat.
So due to pressure difference or vacuum it sucks no condensable
air and fluid from the system. The mixture then enters to an inter
condenser where the steam is condensate. The inter condenser
are designed with a special inter condenser baffles of tubes where
heat transfer takes place.
The second stage ejector handles the non condensate gasses of
first stage ejector and through a vent opening to the atmosphere.

34. The air flow can be measured by the rota-meter. The condensate
water of steam send back to reuse through steam traps.
GSC
Gland Condensers are small heat exchangers used to condense
the steam that leaks past the first section of seals within the
shaft of a steam turbine.
The gland steam condenser receives steam and noncondensable
gases from the TGSS and condenses the steam. Air and non-
condensable gases are evacuated from the gland steam
condenser and discharged into the air vent system by exhaust
fans
What is the purpose of gland sealing steam?
Sealing Steam is used to help in creating vacuum. It seals the
narrow gap between the rotating part and stationary part:
that's why its called sealing steam. One part goes inside and
outside part is sucked by gland condenser.

35. Cooling tower
Cooling towers are heat rejection devices used to transfer waste
heat to the atmosphere through the cooling of a water stream.
Cooling towers are mostly employed for cooling the circulating
water used in power plants.
What is the principle of cooling tower?
A cooling tower is a heat removal device that uses water to transfer process waste
heat into the atmosphere. Likewise, an industrial cooling tower operates on the
principle of removing heat from water by evaporating a small portion of water
that is recirculated through the unit.

36. WATER AND STEAM PATH