Heat loss in Bare and Lagged Pipes- Ed Ryan M. RualesEd Ryan Ruales
Insulated pipes have higher lagging efficiency than uninsulated pipes, reducing heat loss. An experiment measured heat loss from pipes with different coverings. The 85% magnesia insulated pipe had the lowest surface temperature and least heat loss. Errors may have occurred from deteriorated insulation and inconsistent temperature readings. It is recommended to improve insulation quality and use calibrated thermocouples for more accurate results. Insulation effectively minimizes industrial pipe heat loss and improves worker comfort.
[W f stoecker]_refrigeration_and_a_ir_conditioning_(book_zz.org)Mike Mentzos
- The document describes thermal principles and psychrometric concepts.
- It provides solutions to example problems involving state changes of water, heat transfer calculations, psychrometric chart readings, and enthalpy/humidity ratio determinations.
- Key concepts covered include the use of steam tables, Bernoulli's equation, psychrometric equations, and heat transfer relationships for convection and radiation.
This document provides calculations for the rate of distillation and size of a vapor column for distilling triethyl amine. It calculates the total heat transfer area and rate of vaporization as 1410.218 kg/hr. The diameter of the vapor column is calculated as approximately 4 inches and the height is approximately 10 feet. Various equations and data are presented to illustrate the step-by-step calculations and determine the necessary parameters for designing distillation equipment.
The document describes heat exchangers and experiments conducted using a shell and tube heat exchanger and a plate heat exchanger. It discusses three types of fluid flow - parallel, counter, and cross-flow. Experiments were conducted with both exchangers under parallel and counter-flow configurations. Temperature and flow rate data was collected and used to calculate effectiveness, heat transfer coefficients, and log mean temperature difference. The results showed that the counter-flow configuration had higher effectiveness compared to parallel flow in both exchangers.
Engineers often use softwares to perform gas compressor calculations to estimate compressor duty, temperatures, adiabatic & polytropic efficiencies, driver & cooler duty. In the following exercise, gas compressor calculations for a pipeline composition are shown as an example case study.
This document provides information on refrigeration including:
1. Refrigeration is defined as the process of cooling a substance below the temperature of its surroundings. Major uses include air conditioning, food preservation, and industrial processes.
2. A ton of refrigeration is defined as the heat required to melt 1 ton of ice at 0°C in 24 hours.
3. The Carnot refrigeration cycle consists of heat addition, heat rejection, expansion, and compression processes between a high and low temperature.
4. A vapor compression cycle uses a compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator to circulate refrigerant between high and low pressures and temperatures.
5. Cascade systems combine two vapor compression units
The vapors from a vapor column are condensed in a shell and tube heat exchanger using cooling water. The design is for a multi-tube pass, single shell pass heat exchanger with 8 tubes of 3/4" diameter and 6' length. Energy and heat transfer calculations are shown to determine the required cooling water flow rate of 2072.53 lbs/hr and heat transfer area of 19.86 sqft to achieve the necessary heat transfer. Pressure drops are also calculated to be within acceptable limits.
A condenser is a heat exchanger that transfers vapors into a liquid state by removing latent heat with a coolant like water. This document provides design calculations for an 8 unit shell and tube condenser with 1030 tubes that uses cold water as the coolant to condense steam at a rate of 8060 kg/hr and 4343 kW of heat duty. Key specifications are provided, like a calculated overall heat transfer coefficient of 1100.97 W/m2C and pressure drops of 0.59 psi for the tube side and 0.109 psi for the shell side. References on condenser design are also listed.
Heat loss in Bare and Lagged Pipes- Ed Ryan M. RualesEd Ryan Ruales
Insulated pipes have higher lagging efficiency than uninsulated pipes, reducing heat loss. An experiment measured heat loss from pipes with different coverings. The 85% magnesia insulated pipe had the lowest surface temperature and least heat loss. Errors may have occurred from deteriorated insulation and inconsistent temperature readings. It is recommended to improve insulation quality and use calibrated thermocouples for more accurate results. Insulation effectively minimizes industrial pipe heat loss and improves worker comfort.
[W f stoecker]_refrigeration_and_a_ir_conditioning_(book_zz.org)Mike Mentzos
- The document describes thermal principles and psychrometric concepts.
- It provides solutions to example problems involving state changes of water, heat transfer calculations, psychrometric chart readings, and enthalpy/humidity ratio determinations.
- Key concepts covered include the use of steam tables, Bernoulli's equation, psychrometric equations, and heat transfer relationships for convection and radiation.
This document provides calculations for the rate of distillation and size of a vapor column for distilling triethyl amine. It calculates the total heat transfer area and rate of vaporization as 1410.218 kg/hr. The diameter of the vapor column is calculated as approximately 4 inches and the height is approximately 10 feet. Various equations and data are presented to illustrate the step-by-step calculations and determine the necessary parameters for designing distillation equipment.
The document describes heat exchangers and experiments conducted using a shell and tube heat exchanger and a plate heat exchanger. It discusses three types of fluid flow - parallel, counter, and cross-flow. Experiments were conducted with both exchangers under parallel and counter-flow configurations. Temperature and flow rate data was collected and used to calculate effectiveness, heat transfer coefficients, and log mean temperature difference. The results showed that the counter-flow configuration had higher effectiveness compared to parallel flow in both exchangers.
Engineers often use softwares to perform gas compressor calculations to estimate compressor duty, temperatures, adiabatic & polytropic efficiencies, driver & cooler duty. In the following exercise, gas compressor calculations for a pipeline composition are shown as an example case study.
This document provides information on refrigeration including:
1. Refrigeration is defined as the process of cooling a substance below the temperature of its surroundings. Major uses include air conditioning, food preservation, and industrial processes.
2. A ton of refrigeration is defined as the heat required to melt 1 ton of ice at 0°C in 24 hours.
3. The Carnot refrigeration cycle consists of heat addition, heat rejection, expansion, and compression processes between a high and low temperature.
4. A vapor compression cycle uses a compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator to circulate refrigerant between high and low pressures and temperatures.
5. Cascade systems combine two vapor compression units
The vapors from a vapor column are condensed in a shell and tube heat exchanger using cooling water. The design is for a multi-tube pass, single shell pass heat exchanger with 8 tubes of 3/4" diameter and 6' length. Energy and heat transfer calculations are shown to determine the required cooling water flow rate of 2072.53 lbs/hr and heat transfer area of 19.86 sqft to achieve the necessary heat transfer. Pressure drops are also calculated to be within acceptable limits.
A condenser is a heat exchanger that transfers vapors into a liquid state by removing latent heat with a coolant like water. This document provides design calculations for an 8 unit shell and tube condenser with 1030 tubes that uses cold water as the coolant to condense steam at a rate of 8060 kg/hr and 4343 kW of heat duty. Key specifications are provided, like a calculated overall heat transfer coefficient of 1100.97 W/m2C and pressure drops of 0.59 psi for the tube side and 0.109 psi for the shell side. References on condenser design are also listed.
This laboratory report describes an experiment that studied the performance of a vapor compression refrigeration cycle in an air conditioning unit. Temperature and humidity readings of the air were taken at different points as it was heated, humidified, cooled, dehumidified, and reheated. Readings of the refrigerant temperatures and pressures were also recorded. The air conditions were plotted on a psychrometric chart, and the refrigerant cycle was plotted on a p-h diagram. The cooling loads of the air and refrigerant were calculated, and the coefficient of performance (COP) was determined based on each. The COP value based on the refrigerant was considered more accurate due to inaccuracies in the wet bulb temperature readings for the air.
The document discusses heat transfer through conduction, convection and radiation. It covers key concepts like Fourier's law of heat conduction, thermal conductivity of solids, liquids and gases, one dimensional and radial heat conduction, and heat transfer through composite walls. It also provides examples of calculating heat transfer through plane and cylindrical walls, determining the required thickness of insulation, and calculating critical thickness of insulation.
This document discusses a project on studying the steam economy of a multiple effect evaporator plant that produces sodium sulfate. It is a report submitted by 4 students to fulfill their Bachelor of Engineering degree requirements. The project aims to determine why steam utility increases over time in the plant's multiple effect evaporator for sodium sulfate production and find a suitable solution to reduce it. It will also involve simulating the multiple effect evaporator process using Excel. The document provides background on evaporators, multiple effect evaporators, sodium sulfate and its applications.
In any thermal power generation plant, heat energy converts into mechanical work. Then it is converted to electrical energy by rotating a generator which produces electrical energy.
This document provides information about steam generating units and boiler systems. It defines steam and describes the main uses of steam. It then discusses what a boiler is and how it works to generate steam. The document classifies boilers based on their tube configuration, furnace position, circulation method, and pressure. It proceeds to describe different types of boilers in detail, including fire tube boilers, water tube boilers, packaged boilers, fluidized bed boilers, stoker fired boilers, pulverized fuel boilers, waste heat boilers, and nuclear steam generating systems. It also discusses boiler drum components and functions.
This document discusses psychrometry, evaporative cooling, and solids drying. It covers terminology, principles, examples, equipment, and processes related to these topics. Key areas covered include psychrometric charts, cooling tower theory and operation, periods of drying, classification of dryers, and descriptions of dryer types like batch tray dryers, tunnel dryers, and rotary dryers. The document provides detailed information on analyzing processes involving air-water vapor mixtures and drying of solids.
A plate heat exchanger is proposed to cool methanol using brackish water. The initial design requires 97 plates with 48 channels per pass to achieve a heat duty of 4340 kW and overall heat transfer coefficient of 1754 W/m^2°C. Increasing the channels to 60 plates achieves the required coefficient of 1600 W/m^2°C with 121 plates. The pressure drops are estimated to be 0.16 bar for methanol and 0.78 bar for water.
1. The residence time in a rotary kiln is calculated using a formula that considers the angle of repose of the limestone, length of the kiln, kiln inclination, effective diameter, and rotation speed.
2. A rotary kiln's capacity is determined by considering factors like the capacity of the ID fan, preheater cyclone design, proclaimed design and volume, kiln inclination and volume, kiln filling percentage, specific volume and thermal loading, and kiln drive capacity.
3. Important kiln parameters include the specific volume loading, specific thermal loading, cooler specific loading, and kiln percentage filling, which should be between 4-16%.
ABSTRACT
Heat/light/electrical energy is out today’s necessity and has scarcity also. Energy conservation is key requirement of any industry at all times.
In general, industries use heat energy for conservation of raw material to finished product. The source of heat energy is generally saturated or super heated steam. The steam generation is common use one boiler with carity of fuels. Whatever may be the fuel the generation should be as economy as possible which adds to the product cost. Further the usage of steam and recycling steam condensate back to boiler is an art depending on plant layouts.
In this project the steam generator is water tube boiler fired with rice husk. The steam is transferred to the tyre/tube moulds where tyres/tubes are cured while the heat is rejected to the tyres the condensate forms and this condensate is put back to the boiler. While doing so the steam is also stopped back to boiler without rejecting complete heat to the product. This gets flashed into atmosphere at feed water tank. The science of separation of condensate from steam saves energy. Better the separation more the fuel conservation.
In the steam generator the fuel is burnt to heat the water and form steam. This fuel burnt flue gas carries lot of energy, out through chimney. Prior to exhausting through the heat left in flue need to be recovered, through heat recovery mechanisms’. In this project an air-preheater condensate heat recovery unit is the major energy consuming station.
The document summarizes key concepts about thermodynamics cycles. It describes the processes that make up the Otto cycle used in spark-ignition engines, including isentropic compression, constant volume heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant volume heat rejection. The thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle is defined. An example calculation illustrates determining temperatures, pressures, thermal efficiency, back work ratio, and mean effective pressure for an Otto cycle. The Diesel cycle used in compression ignition engines is also introduced.
Refrigeration is the process of cooling a substance below the temperature of its surroundings. Major uses include air conditioning, food preservation, and industrial processes. A ton of refrigeration is the heat required to melt 1 ton of ice in 24 hours. The Carnot refrigeration cycle involves heat addition, heat rejection, and net work to transfer heat from a low temperature reservoir to a high temperature reservoir. The vapor compression cycle uses the same processes as the Carnot cycle and is commonly used in refrigeration systems. It involves compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation. Refrigerants are circulated through the system's main components: compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. Multi-pressure and cascade systems
This document contains multiple problems involving ideal gas processes. The first problem describes a steady flow compressor handling nitrogen with known intake conditions and discharge pressure. It asks to determine the final temperature and work for two process types. The second problem involves air in a cylinder being compressed in a polytropic process with known initial and final pressures and temperatures. It asks to determine the work and heat transfer. The third problem describes a gas turbine expanding helium polytropically and asks to determine the final pressure, power produced, heat loss, and entropy change.
This document provides an introduction to heat exchangers, including their classification, types, components, and design considerations. Heat exchangers transfer thermal energy between fluids or between fluids and solids. Common types include shell and tube, plate and frame, air cooled, and spiral designs. Key components of shell and tube heat exchangers are the shell, tubes, tubesheet, baffles, and nozzles. Tube layout, pitch, pass arrangements, and baffle design impact heat transfer and pressure drop. Bypass and leakage streams must be minimized for optimal performance.
This document provides an overview of Kern's method for designing shell-and-tube heat exchangers. It begins with objectives and an introduction to Kern's method. It then outlines the design procedure algorithm and provides an example application. The example involves designing an exchanger to sub-cool methanol condensate using brackish water as the coolant. The document walks through each step of the Kern's method design process for this example, including calculating properties, determining duties, selecting tube/shell parameters, and estimating heat transfer coefficients.
This document presents a rule-of-thumb design procedure for wet cooling towers that can be used for power plant cycle optimization. It begins with defining the design problem and specifying inlet/outlet water temperatures and ambient wet-bulb temperature. It then provides methods to calculate the outlet air temperature, tower characteristic, loading factor, and other key parameters. These include using the average of inlet/outlet water temperatures to approximate outlet air temperature, graphically integrating the Merkel equation to determine tower characteristic, and using graphs to determine the optimum loading factor based on design conditions. The goal is to provide simplified methods for estimating cooling tower dimensions, performance, costs and other details needed for power plant analysis without requiring detailed iterative design calculations.
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger in heat TransferUsman Shah
Shell and tube heat exchangers consist of a bundle of tubes enclosed in a cylindrical shell. Fluids flow through either the tubes or shell to facilitate heat transfer between the two fluids. They are widely used in chemical processes due to their ability to achieve a large heat transfer surface area in a compact volume. Key components include tubesheets, baffles, support rods and segmented baffles which direct fluid flow across the tube bundle for efficient heat transfer. Design considerations include allocating the more corrosive or fouling fluid to the tubeside for easier cleaning and maintenance.
This document provides information about the boiler drum and its functions:
1. The boiler drum separates steam and water mixtures, stores water, and reduces dissolved solids in steam through blowdown. It contains internals like turbo separators and screen dryers for separation.
2. The drum connects to downcomers, risers, feed lines, and superheater lines. Auxiliary lines include blowdown, chemical dosing, and instrumentation.
3. Proper fitting and alignment of internals is important for efficient steam separation and prevention of impurity carryover into steam.
The document summarizes current heat pipe technology and its limitations. It describes how heat pipes work by using capillary action in a wick structure to transport heat via phase change of a working fluid between an evaporator and condenser section. Key limitations are the wick capillary and entrainment limits. Heat pipes can currently transfer up to 10W/cm2 and handle heat loads up to 15W. Micro loop heat pipes are an emerging technology that can achieve higher heat transfer densities of up to 30W/cm2 and heat loads over 120W by addressing these limitations.
This laboratory report describes an experiment that studied the performance of a vapor compression refrigeration cycle in an air conditioning unit. Temperature and humidity readings of the air were taken at different points as it was heated, humidified, cooled, dehumidified, and reheated. Readings of the refrigerant temperatures and pressures were also recorded. The air conditions were plotted on a psychrometric chart, and the refrigerant cycle was plotted on a p-h diagram. The cooling loads of the air and refrigerant were calculated, and the coefficient of performance (COP) was determined based on each. The COP value based on the refrigerant was considered more accurate due to inaccuracies in the wet bulb temperature readings for the air.
The document discusses heat transfer through conduction, convection and radiation. It covers key concepts like Fourier's law of heat conduction, thermal conductivity of solids, liquids and gases, one dimensional and radial heat conduction, and heat transfer through composite walls. It also provides examples of calculating heat transfer through plane and cylindrical walls, determining the required thickness of insulation, and calculating critical thickness of insulation.
This document discusses a project on studying the steam economy of a multiple effect evaporator plant that produces sodium sulfate. It is a report submitted by 4 students to fulfill their Bachelor of Engineering degree requirements. The project aims to determine why steam utility increases over time in the plant's multiple effect evaporator for sodium sulfate production and find a suitable solution to reduce it. It will also involve simulating the multiple effect evaporator process using Excel. The document provides background on evaporators, multiple effect evaporators, sodium sulfate and its applications.
In any thermal power generation plant, heat energy converts into mechanical work. Then it is converted to electrical energy by rotating a generator which produces electrical energy.
This document provides information about steam generating units and boiler systems. It defines steam and describes the main uses of steam. It then discusses what a boiler is and how it works to generate steam. The document classifies boilers based on their tube configuration, furnace position, circulation method, and pressure. It proceeds to describe different types of boilers in detail, including fire tube boilers, water tube boilers, packaged boilers, fluidized bed boilers, stoker fired boilers, pulverized fuel boilers, waste heat boilers, and nuclear steam generating systems. It also discusses boiler drum components and functions.
This document discusses psychrometry, evaporative cooling, and solids drying. It covers terminology, principles, examples, equipment, and processes related to these topics. Key areas covered include psychrometric charts, cooling tower theory and operation, periods of drying, classification of dryers, and descriptions of dryer types like batch tray dryers, tunnel dryers, and rotary dryers. The document provides detailed information on analyzing processes involving air-water vapor mixtures and drying of solids.
A plate heat exchanger is proposed to cool methanol using brackish water. The initial design requires 97 plates with 48 channels per pass to achieve a heat duty of 4340 kW and overall heat transfer coefficient of 1754 W/m^2°C. Increasing the channels to 60 plates achieves the required coefficient of 1600 W/m^2°C with 121 plates. The pressure drops are estimated to be 0.16 bar for methanol and 0.78 bar for water.
1. The residence time in a rotary kiln is calculated using a formula that considers the angle of repose of the limestone, length of the kiln, kiln inclination, effective diameter, and rotation speed.
2. A rotary kiln's capacity is determined by considering factors like the capacity of the ID fan, preheater cyclone design, proclaimed design and volume, kiln inclination and volume, kiln filling percentage, specific volume and thermal loading, and kiln drive capacity.
3. Important kiln parameters include the specific volume loading, specific thermal loading, cooler specific loading, and kiln percentage filling, which should be between 4-16%.
ABSTRACT
Heat/light/electrical energy is out today’s necessity and has scarcity also. Energy conservation is key requirement of any industry at all times.
In general, industries use heat energy for conservation of raw material to finished product. The source of heat energy is generally saturated or super heated steam. The steam generation is common use one boiler with carity of fuels. Whatever may be the fuel the generation should be as economy as possible which adds to the product cost. Further the usage of steam and recycling steam condensate back to boiler is an art depending on plant layouts.
In this project the steam generator is water tube boiler fired with rice husk. The steam is transferred to the tyre/tube moulds where tyres/tubes are cured while the heat is rejected to the tyres the condensate forms and this condensate is put back to the boiler. While doing so the steam is also stopped back to boiler without rejecting complete heat to the product. This gets flashed into atmosphere at feed water tank. The science of separation of condensate from steam saves energy. Better the separation more the fuel conservation.
In the steam generator the fuel is burnt to heat the water and form steam. This fuel burnt flue gas carries lot of energy, out through chimney. Prior to exhausting through the heat left in flue need to be recovered, through heat recovery mechanisms’. In this project an air-preheater condensate heat recovery unit is the major energy consuming station.
The document summarizes key concepts about thermodynamics cycles. It describes the processes that make up the Otto cycle used in spark-ignition engines, including isentropic compression, constant volume heat addition, isentropic expansion, and constant volume heat rejection. The thermal efficiency of the Otto cycle is defined. An example calculation illustrates determining temperatures, pressures, thermal efficiency, back work ratio, and mean effective pressure for an Otto cycle. The Diesel cycle used in compression ignition engines is also introduced.
Refrigeration is the process of cooling a substance below the temperature of its surroundings. Major uses include air conditioning, food preservation, and industrial processes. A ton of refrigeration is the heat required to melt 1 ton of ice in 24 hours. The Carnot refrigeration cycle involves heat addition, heat rejection, and net work to transfer heat from a low temperature reservoir to a high temperature reservoir. The vapor compression cycle uses the same processes as the Carnot cycle and is commonly used in refrigeration systems. It involves compression, condensation, expansion, and evaporation. Refrigerants are circulated through the system's main components: compressor, condenser, expansion valve, and evaporator. Multi-pressure and cascade systems
This document contains multiple problems involving ideal gas processes. The first problem describes a steady flow compressor handling nitrogen with known intake conditions and discharge pressure. It asks to determine the final temperature and work for two process types. The second problem involves air in a cylinder being compressed in a polytropic process with known initial and final pressures and temperatures. It asks to determine the work and heat transfer. The third problem describes a gas turbine expanding helium polytropically and asks to determine the final pressure, power produced, heat loss, and entropy change.
This document provides an introduction to heat exchangers, including their classification, types, components, and design considerations. Heat exchangers transfer thermal energy between fluids or between fluids and solids. Common types include shell and tube, plate and frame, air cooled, and spiral designs. Key components of shell and tube heat exchangers are the shell, tubes, tubesheet, baffles, and nozzles. Tube layout, pitch, pass arrangements, and baffle design impact heat transfer and pressure drop. Bypass and leakage streams must be minimized for optimal performance.
This document provides an overview of Kern's method for designing shell-and-tube heat exchangers. It begins with objectives and an introduction to Kern's method. It then outlines the design procedure algorithm and provides an example application. The example involves designing an exchanger to sub-cool methanol condensate using brackish water as the coolant. The document walks through each step of the Kern's method design process for this example, including calculating properties, determining duties, selecting tube/shell parameters, and estimating heat transfer coefficients.
This document presents a rule-of-thumb design procedure for wet cooling towers that can be used for power plant cycle optimization. It begins with defining the design problem and specifying inlet/outlet water temperatures and ambient wet-bulb temperature. It then provides methods to calculate the outlet air temperature, tower characteristic, loading factor, and other key parameters. These include using the average of inlet/outlet water temperatures to approximate outlet air temperature, graphically integrating the Merkel equation to determine tower characteristic, and using graphs to determine the optimum loading factor based on design conditions. The goal is to provide simplified methods for estimating cooling tower dimensions, performance, costs and other details needed for power plant analysis without requiring detailed iterative design calculations.
Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger in heat TransferUsman Shah
Shell and tube heat exchangers consist of a bundle of tubes enclosed in a cylindrical shell. Fluids flow through either the tubes or shell to facilitate heat transfer between the two fluids. They are widely used in chemical processes due to their ability to achieve a large heat transfer surface area in a compact volume. Key components include tubesheets, baffles, support rods and segmented baffles which direct fluid flow across the tube bundle for efficient heat transfer. Design considerations include allocating the more corrosive or fouling fluid to the tubeside for easier cleaning and maintenance.
This document provides information about the boiler drum and its functions:
1. The boiler drum separates steam and water mixtures, stores water, and reduces dissolved solids in steam through blowdown. It contains internals like turbo separators and screen dryers for separation.
2. The drum connects to downcomers, risers, feed lines, and superheater lines. Auxiliary lines include blowdown, chemical dosing, and instrumentation.
3. Proper fitting and alignment of internals is important for efficient steam separation and prevention of impurity carryover into steam.
The document summarizes current heat pipe technology and its limitations. It describes how heat pipes work by using capillary action in a wick structure to transport heat via phase change of a working fluid between an evaporator and condenser section. Key limitations are the wick capillary and entrainment limits. Heat pipes can currently transfer up to 10W/cm2 and handle heat loads up to 15W. Micro loop heat pipes are an emerging technology that can achieve higher heat transfer densities of up to 30W/cm2 and heat loads over 120W by addressing these limitations.
The document discusses points related to sub critical and super critical boiler design, including boiler design parameters, chemical treatment systems, operation, feedwater systems, boiler control, and startup curves. It provides explanations of sub critical and super critical boiler technologies, comparing drum type sub critical boilers to drumless super critical boilers. Key differences in operation and response to load changes are highlighted.
Ntpc (national thermal power corporation) sipat boiler haxxo24 i~ihaxxo24
The document discusses key points about subcritical and supercritical boiler design, operation, and control including:
- Differences between subcritical and supercritical boiler technologies
- Design parameters like steam pressure and temperature, air flow rates, and coal requirements
- Chemical treatment, feedwater, and boiler control systems
- Startup procedures including boiler filling and transitioning between wet and dry modes
This document discusses the advantages of considering compact heat exchangers like plate-and-frame exchangers early in the process design stage. Plate-and-frame exchangers can be significantly smaller than traditional shell-and-tube exchangers while meeting the same heat transfer needs. Specifying design requirements without considering the characteristics of different exchanger types can lead to oversized and more expensive designs. Charts are provided to help estimate the required area of plate-and-frame exchangers for preliminary sizing.
This document discusses the advantages of considering compact heat exchangers like plate-and-frame exchangers early in the process design stage. Plate-and-frame exchangers can be significantly smaller than traditional shell-and-tube exchangers while meeting the same heat transfer needs. Specifying design requirements without considering the characteristics of different exchanger types can lead to oversized and more expensive designs. Charts are provided to help estimate the required area of plate-and-frame exchangers for preliminary sizing.
This document discusses the advantages of considering compact heat exchangers like plate-and-frame exchangers early in the process design stage. Plate-and-frame exchangers can be significantly smaller than traditional shell-and-tube exchangers while meeting the same heat transfer needs. Specifying design requirements without considering the unique capabilities of different exchanger types can lead to oversized and more expensive designs. Charts are provided to help estimate the required area of plate-and-frame exchangers for preliminary sizing.
Design, Construction and Performance test of Water to Water Tubular Heat Exch...Md Khairul Islam Rifat
This document presents the design, construction, and performance testing of a water-to-water tubular heat exchanger. It discusses the objectives of studying these heat exchangers, describes the components and construction of the experimental setup, and outlines the theory and calculations used to analyze heat transfer and efficiency. The results show that the counter flow heat exchanger achieved 30% efficiency while the parallel flow achieved 25% efficiency, and the counter flow design had a higher overall heat transfer coefficient. Common applications of these heat exchangers include industrial cooling, power plants, HVAC systems, and various industrial processes.
Experimental Study and Investigation of Helical Pipe Heat Exchanger with Vary...IRJET Journal
The document describes an experimental study of a helical pipe heat exchanger with varying pitch. The study investigated how changing the pitch of the helical coil affected the heat exchanger's effectiveness. An experimental setup was designed and built with a helical copper coil inside a vessel to simulate the shell side. Experiments were conducted by varying the hot and cold water flow rates through the coil and shell, and effectiveness was calculated for different pitch values. Results showed that effectiveness decreased with increasing flow rates but remained over 30% even when flow rates doubled.
This experiment aims to investigate the efficiency of lagging pipes and determine the thermal conductivity of lagging materials. Four pipes of the same dimensions but with different insulation - uninsulated, fiberglass, asbestos tape, and chrome coating - will be used. Steam will pass through the pipes and the condensation rate in each will be measured over time. This will allow the calculation of lagging efficiency for each material and the thermal conductivity of fiberglass and asbestos tape by modeling heat transfer. Results will be compared to published conductivity values for these materials.
This document contains 20 problems related to heat exchanger and pump design. Problem 1 asks to discuss recirculation ratio calculations in vertical thermosyphon reboilers. Problem 2 asks to discuss process design of thermosyphon reboilers. Problem 3 asks to discuss design of kettle type reboilers.
This document describes a procedure to use bomb calorimetry to measure the energy of combustion of stearic acid, as a model for camel fat. It aims to determine the molar enthalpy of combustion of stearic acid and estimate the amount of metabolic water produced from oxidizing the fat stored in a camel's hump. The experiment involves calibrating the bomb calorimeter with benzoic acid, then combusting samples of stearic acid to determine its energy of combustion. Calculations are made to find thermodynamic properties and estimate the energy stored and water produced by a camel oxidizing the fat in its hump.
This document describes using a bomb calorimeter to measure the energy of combustion of stearic acid, as a model for camel fat. The experiment aims to determine the molar enthalpy of combustion of stearic acid in order to estimate the amount of metabolic water produced from oxidizing fat stored in a camel's hump. The procedure involves calibrating the calorimeter with benzoic acid and then performing combustion runs with stearic acid samples. Calculations are done to determine energy and enthalpy of combustion values, which can provide insight into the role of a camel's hump fat in energy storage and water production.
This memo summarizes the design of a steam condenser for a 10MW power plant. Key aspects of the design include:
1. The condenser is single pass and single tube to condense steam from a turbine using cooling water at 25C from a river.
2. Calculations to determine the required heat transfer, mass flow rates, pressure drops and overall design took around 10-12 hours based on assumptions to simplify the complex real-world system.
3. The final design features 1703 condensing tubes that are 18 feet long in a 42 inch diameter cylindrical shell with 10 baffles and a triangular tube layout.
The document contains examples of problems related to applied thermodynamics and heat engines. It includes 6 examples that cover topics like determining interface temperatures, heat transfer in heat exchangers, radiation from blackbodies, compression of gases, heating of water, and heat transfer over flat plates. The examples provide calculations and step-by-step workings to arrive at the solutions.
Increasing Inductor Lifetime by Predicting Coil Copper Temperatures PresentationFluxtrol Inc.
This document presents a method for predicting coil copper temperatures in inductors to extend inductor lifetime. It discusses common failure modes of inductors and proposes calculating heat transfer coefficients and component temperatures. A case study applies the method to a seam annealing process on pipe. Simulations show copper temperatures are lower and more evenly distributed with a Fluxtrol flux controller compared to laminations, especially at higher power levels or intermittent heating. The method helps optimize inductor design for maximum lifetime.
This document discusses various types of heat exchangers including shell-and-tube, double-pipe, plate-and-frame, fired heaters, and aerial coolers. It provides details on shell-and-tube exchangers including baffles, tube layout, and TEMA classifications. Examples are given for sizing problems including determining heat duty, selecting the exchanger type, and calculating the number of tubes needed. Common software for heat exchanger design is also listed.
REDESIGN OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER 1Sanju Jacob
The document discusses redesigning a shell and tube heat exchanger to increase its effectiveness. It analyzes increasing the number of tubes from 184 to 234. This results in the effectiveness increasing from 5.77 to 8.80, an improvement of 34.4%. Key components of shell and tube heat exchangers like shells, tubes, and baffles are also outlined. The redesign aims to accommodate a 65% increase in thermal load for a chemical process.
Similar to Heat loss in bare and lagged pipes (20)
Don't forget to leave a comment! I would like to know if this helped you in any way possible and if there's any mistakes or corrections I can make 'em right.
Water Pollution in Lakes (causes, effects, sources)
Rule 1080: Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) OSH Standards Nicely Jane Eleccion
Personal protective equipment (PPE) provides an important barrier between workers and environmental hazards. PPE includes equipment that protects the eyes and face, head, respiratory system, hands and arms, and feet. Proper PPE must be approved, maintained, and used correctly. Eye and face protection includes safety glasses and goggles to protect from flying particles or splashes. Respirators are required when workers are exposed to harmful dusts, fumes, mists or gases. Hard hats protect the head from impact or penetration. Gloves and sleeves protect hands and arms based on the specific hazards. Safety shoes protect the feet from hazards such as heavy objects, sharp objects, molten metal, electricity or hot/wet surfaces.
1. Sieve analysis was performed on a sample of calcium carbonate to determine its particle size distribution. The sample was shaken in a mechanical shaker through a series of sieves with decreasing mesh sizes for different time intervals.
2. The mass of the sample retained on each sieve was measured and the cumulative percentage passing and particle size distribution curves were plotted.
3. The results showed that increasing the shaking time decreased the particle size, following a bell-shaped curve distribution rather than a direct proportional relationship between particle size and mass fraction.
This experiment aims to discover the effect of initial concentration and initial height on sedimentation characteristics of calcium carbonate particles suspended in water. Data was collected for calcium carbonate suspensions at different concentrations (2-10%) and initial heights, measuring the settling velocity over time. The results show an inverse relationship between concentration and settling velocity, with higher concentrations settling more slowly. Higher initial heights also resulted in higher settling velocities compared to the same concentration at a lower initial height. Graphs of settling velocity versus limiting concentration were similar for all cases tested.
This experiment aimed to determine how concentration affects the weight and volume of cake obtained from a plate and frame filter press, as well as the length of time needed to obtain a certain volume of filtrate. The results showed that as concentration increased, the time required to collect a set volume of filtrate also increased. A linear relationship was observed between volume of filtrate and time per volume of filtrate, with an r-squared value of 0.95, indicating these variables increased proportionally. Sources of error included possible equipment defects and variability in cake weights.
This experiment aims to calibrate venturi and orifice flow meters by plotting the coefficient of discharge against Reynolds number for each and measuring the pressure drop across them at various flow rates. A known volume of water is passed through the meters and the flow rate is calculated. For both meters, the coefficient of discharge increases as the Reynolds number decreases, and the pressure drop increases non-linearly with flow rate, with a greater pressure drop observed for the orifice meter.
This document discusses an experiment on agitation and determining the relationship between speed of rotation, impeller diameter, and power requirement for baffled tanks. It also examines the relationship between power number and Reynold's number. The experiment used a baffled tank and found that power requirement increased with speed. While it could not directly compare baffled and unbaffled tanks, literature shows power numbers are higher for baffled tanks as Reynold's number increases. Greater impeller diameters also require more power.
This experiment aimed to determine the Reynolds number (NRe) as a function of flow rate for liquid flowing through a circular pipe. NRe was calculated for 6 trials with increasing flow rates. All trials had NRe below 2100, indicating laminar flow as observed by the smooth movement of dye in the pipe. As flow rate increased, NRe also increased but remained in the laminar flow regime. The results show that flow type depends on NRe, with laminar flow occurring at low velocities (NRe < 2100).
This document describes a student laboratory experiment to produce fruit wine. It provides details of the wine production process including objectives, materials, equipment, process steps from fruit preparation to aging, observations recorded over 8 weeks, and conclusions. The production of wine was found to take 2 months and require careful control and monitoring of temperature, sugar levels, and other factors to produce a quality product without waste. Suggestions are made to explore using local fruits and aging in oak barrels.
This document discusses the causes and effects of soil pollution. It identifies various sources of soil pollution including industrial wastes, urban wastes, agricultural practices, radioactive pollutants, and biological agents. Industrial pollutants come from industries like paper mills, oil refineries, and fertilizer plants. Urban wastes include garbage and refuse from cities. Modern agriculture releases large amounts of fertilizers and pesticides. Radioactive substances from nuclear activities can also pollute soil. The pollutants affect the chemical and biological properties of soil. The document also outlines physical, chemical, biological, and thermal treatments that can be used to remediate contaminated soil.
This experiment aims to plot the friction factor against the Reynolds Number for a fixed bed and determine the critical velocity and superficial velocity of particles. Fluidization occurs when the upward drag force from the fluid equals the apparent weight of particles, lifting them. The experiment obtains bed expansion, pressure drop, and flow rate at different superficial velocities. The fanning friction factor is then plotted against the Reynolds number. Results show the friction factor was around 0.15, with 0.16 in the first trial and 0.14 in the second as the pressure drop increased and critical velocity and superficial velocity rose proportionally to the gas supply rate.
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Harnessing WebAssembly for Real-time Stateless Streaming PipelinesChristina Lin
Traditionally, dealing with real-time data pipelines has involved significant overhead, even for straightforward tasks like data transformation or masking. However, in this talk, we’ll venture into the dynamic realm of WebAssembly (WASM) and discover how it can revolutionize the creation of stateless streaming pipelines within a Kafka (Redpanda) broker. These pipelines are adept at managing low-latency, high-data-volume scenarios.
Literature Review Basics and Understanding Reference Management.pptxDr Ramhari Poudyal
Three-day training on academic research focuses on analytical tools at United Technical College, supported by the University Grant Commission, Nepal. 24-26 May 2024
Advanced control scheme of doubly fed induction generator for wind turbine us...IJECEIAES
This paper describes a speed control device for generating electrical energy on an electricity network based on the doubly fed induction generator (DFIG) used for wind power conversion systems. At first, a double-fed induction generator model was constructed. A control law is formulated to govern the flow of energy between the stator of a DFIG and the energy network using three types of controllers: proportional integral (PI), sliding mode controller (SMC) and second order sliding mode controller (SOSMC). Their different results in terms of power reference tracking, reaction to unexpected speed fluctuations, sensitivity to perturbations, and resilience against machine parameter alterations are compared. MATLAB/Simulink was used to conduct the simulations for the preceding study. Multiple simulations have shown very satisfying results, and the investigations demonstrate the efficacy and power-enhancing capabilities of the suggested control system.
Understanding Inductive Bias in Machine LearningSUTEJAS
This presentation explores the concept of inductive bias in machine learning. It explains how algorithms come with built-in assumptions and preferences that guide the learning process. You'll learn about the different types of inductive bias and how they can impact the performance and generalizability of machine learning models.
The presentation also covers the positive and negative aspects of inductive bias, along with strategies for mitigating potential drawbacks. We'll explore examples of how bias manifests in algorithms like neural networks and decision trees.
By understanding inductive bias, you can gain valuable insights into how machine learning models work and make informed decisions when building and deploying them.
A review on techniques and modelling methodologies used for checking electrom...nooriasukmaningtyas
The proper function of the integrated circuit (IC) in an inhibiting electromagnetic environment has always been a serious concern throughout the decades of revolution in the world of electronics, from disjunct devices to today’s integrated circuit technology, where billions of transistors are combined on a single chip. The automotive industry and smart vehicles in particular, are confronting design issues such as being prone to electromagnetic interference (EMI). Electronic control devices calculate incorrect outputs because of EMI and sensors give misleading values which can prove fatal in case of automotives. In this paper, the authors have non exhaustively tried to review research work concerned with the investigation of EMI in ICs and prediction of this EMI using various modelling methodologies and measurement setups.
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
1. HEAT LOSS IN BARE AND LAGGED PIPES
ELECCION, NICELY JANE R.
Department of Chemical Engineering
College of Engineering and Architecture
Cebu Institute of Technology – University
N. Bacalso Ave., Cebu City 6000
This experiment aims to determine the convection coefficient hc at various temperatures
from different surfaces namely bare, silver – chrome painted, paint, and 85% magnesia
insulated pipes, and to determine its corresponding lagging efficiency. The convection
coefficient of the various bare and lagged pipes are as follows: 2.12366 Btu/hr ft ˚F for
painted pipe, 2.11972 Btu/hr ft ˚F for bare pipe, 2.27068 Btu/hr ft ˚F for pipe covered with
silver-chrome paint, and 1.62058 Btu/hr ft ˚F for 85% pipe insulated with magnesia. Their
lagging efficiencies with respect to the bare pipe are as follows: approximately 0.94%
using the heat loss and 0.90% using the condensate collected in paint pipe, 40.6% using
the heat loss in silver-chrome painted pipe and 38% using the condensate collected in
silver-chrome painted pipe and 65.5% using the heat loss and 31% using the condensate
collected in 85% Magnesia insulated pipe. It can be concluded that the convection
coefficient is highest with the silver-chrome painted pipe and lowest with 85% magnesia
insulated pipe. Lagging efficiency is highest in 85% Magnesia insulated pipe and lowest
in painted pipe alone.
2. 1. Introduction
Factors affecting heat transfer and thermal performance through fibrous materials
occur in a combination of the following three mechanisms: conduction – transfer of the
energy of motion between adjacent molecules, convection – transfer of heat by bulk
transport and mixing of macroscopic elements of warmer portions with cooler portions of
gas or liquids, and radiation – no physical medium is needed for its propagation.
This heat loss figure is normally given in either kilowatts (kW) or British Thermal
Units (BTUs) and represents the energy required to keep a room at a given temperature
on the coldest days. It is essential to understand how heat loss can affect an underfloor
heating installation, as a system needs to provide adequate heat to be used as the
primary source of heating so that it increases comfort when used alongside other heating
systems.
The thermal conductivity will increase with temperature, as the component heat
transfer mechanisms increase, but the rate of increase and the final value at any
temperature will depend on the density and the quality of the material in the insulating
material.
The rate of heat loss from the surface may be expressed as:
𝑄
𝜃
= (hc + hr)A∆𝑇
The quantity
𝑄
𝜃
is calculated from the quantity of steam condensate, the latent heat
of vaporization, and the time of the run. However, some of the condensate flashes
because the condensate leaves the system at a pressure higher than atmospheric, and
the volume of condensate collected is smaller than the amount of steam condensed.
In this experiment, convection coefficient is determined at various temperatures
from different temperatures one of which are lagged pipes. Pipe lagging is a special type
of insulation fitted around water pipes. It keeps heat within the pipes - so it’s useful for
saving energy as well as preventing pipes from freezing and bursting. Lagging also
prevents condensation forming on cold pipes.
3. 2. Materials and Methods
2.1 Equipment and Materials
Boiler
Test pipes – bare, paint, silver chrome paint, and 85% magnesia insulation
Thermocouple
Beakers
Graduated Cylinder
Stopwatch
2.2 Methods
Three runs were made with steam at approximately 30 psig for each run:
1. After adjusting the system to the desired pressure, the drain cock was cracked
under the header to remove the water from the steam line and header.
2. The four plug – type valve was opened to blow out any condensate from the
pipes and then closed until only small amount of steam had escaped along with
the condensate.
3. When the system had reached the equilibrium, as determined by surface
temperature measurements, condensate was collected and measure from each
pipe over a time interval of 15 to 30 minutes, and during this period the following
data were recorded:
i. Barometric pressure
ii. Room temperature
iii. Stream pressure and temperature
iv. Surface temperature
Surface temperatures were taken at three or more equally spaced points along
each test pipes, and at least three sets of readings were taken during each run. This was
because as steam rising from the condensate, valves tend to heat the pipes and insulate
them. No temperature measurements were made within 20 inches of the exit ends of the
pipe.
4. 3. Results
Table 3.1 Tabulated Data of Heat Loss in Bare and Lagged Pipes
LENGTH OF PIPE
PIPE NO 1 2 3 4
COVERING PAINT BARE PIPE
SILVER –
CHROME
PAINT
85% MAGNESIA
INSULATION
OUTSIDE
DIAMETER, in.
1.34 1.34 1.34 2.48
EMMISIVITY 0.95 0.95 0.35 0.95
RUN NO. 1
BAROMETRIC
PRESSURE
1 atm
STEAM
PRESSURE
30 psig
STEAM
TEMPERATURE
100 ˚C
ROOM
TEMPERATURE
31 ˚C
TIME/RUN 15 minutes
PIPE NO. 1 2 3 4
S
U
R
F
A
C
E
T
E
M
P
E
R
A
T
U
R
E
TRIAL
560
mL
600
mL
525
mL
560
mL
590
mL
520
mL
345
mL
360
mL
330
mL
345
mL
360
mL
435
mL
1st
A 63 ˚C 67 ˚C 58 ˚C 54 ˚C
B 68 ˚C 66 ˚C 73 ˚C 53 ˚C
C 55 ˚C 60 ˚C 70 ˚C 51 ˚C
D 58 ˚C 64 ˚C 73 ˚C 56 ˚C
2nd
A 70 ˚C 60 ˚C 76 ˚C 52 ˚C
B ------ 92 ˚C ---- ----
C 68 ˚C 69 ˚C 90 ˚C 55 ˚C
D 90 ˚C 83 ˚C 106 ˚C 63 ˚C
3rd
A 83 ˚C 85 ˚C 96 ˚C 63 ˚C
B 72 ˚C 60 ˚C 97 ˚C 55 ˚C
C 75 ˚C 75 ˚C 91 ˚C 61 ˚C
D 85 ˚C 74 ˚C 94 ˚C 58 ˚C
AVERAGE Ts
71.55 ˚C or
160.79 ˚F
71.25 ˚C or
160.25 ˚F
84 ˚C or
183.2 ˚F
56.45˚C or
133.61 ˚F
Volume of Condensate
(mL), W
561.67 mL 556.67 mL 345 mL 381.67 mL
5. Table 3.2 Tabulated Results of Heat Loss in Bare and Lagged Pipes
PIPE NO. 1 2 3 4
COVERING PAINT BARE PIPE
SILVER –
CHROME PAINT
85% MAGNESIA
INSULATION
convection
coefficient, hc
2.12366 2.11972 2.27068 1.62058
radiation
coefficient, hr
0.01371 0.01361 0.00677 0.0093
Lagging Efficiency
(using QB), LE
0.93609 0 40.5727 65.4684
Lagging Efficiency
(using WB), LE
0.8982 0 38.0243 31.4369
𝑄
𝜃
220.01 217.97 306.46 360.671
4. Calculations
1 atm = 14. 7 psia
Ptot = 30 + 14.7 = 44.7 psia
From Steam Table @ 44.7 psia:
HL1= 242.92 Btu / lb
HL2 = 179.56 Btu / lb
HV2 = 1149. 76 Btu / lb
HL1 = xHL2 + (x-1)HV2
242.92 = 179.56x + (1-x)*( 1149. 76)
x = 0.935
getting hc
For painted pipe:
hc = 0.42 (
∆𝑇
𝐷
)0.25
hc = 0.42 (
160.25−87.8
1.34/12
)0.25
hc = 2.12366 BTU/hr ft2 ˚F
6. For bare pipe:
hc = 0.42 (
∆𝑇
𝐷
)0.25
hc = 0.42 (
160.79−87.8
1.34/12
)0.25
hc = 2.11972 BTU/hr ft2 ˚F
For silver-chrome paint pipe:
hc = 0.42 (
∆𝑇
𝐷
)0.25
hc = 0.42 (
183.2−87.8
1.34/12
)0.25
hc = 2.27068 BTU/hr ft2 ˚F
For 85% Magnesia insulated pipe:
hc = 0.42 (
∆𝑇
𝐷
)0.25
hc = 0.42 (
133.61−87.8
2.48/12
)0.25
hc = 1.62058 BTU/hr ft2 ˚F
getting hr
For Painted pipe:
hr =
0.173𝑝[(
𝑇𝑠
100
)
4
−(
𝑇𝑟
100
)
4
]
∆𝑇
hr =
0.173(0.95)[(
160.79
100
)
4
−(
87.8
100
)
4
]
(160.79−87.8)
hr = 0.01371 BTU/hr ft2 ˚F
For Bare pipe:
hr =
0.173𝑝[(
𝑇𝑠
100
)
4
−(
𝑇𝑟
100
)
4
]
∆𝑇
hr =
0.173(0.95)[(
160.25
100
)
4
−(
87.8
100
)
4
]
(160.25−87.8)
hr = 0.01361 BTU/hr ft2 ˚F
7. For Silver-chrome Painted pipe:
hr =
0.173𝑝[(
𝑇𝑠
100
)
4
−(
𝑇𝑟
100
)
4
]
∆𝑇
hr =
0.173(0.35)[(
183.2
100
)
4
−(
87.8
100
)
4
]
(183.2−87.8)
hr = 0.00677 BTU/hr ft2 ˚F
For 85% Magnesia Insulated pipe:
hr =
0.173𝑝[(
𝑇𝑠
100
)
4
−(
𝑇𝑟
100
)
4
]
∆𝑇
hr =
0.173(0.95)[(
133.61
100
)
4
−(
87.8
100
)
4
]
(133.61−87.8)
hr = 0.0093 BTU/hr ft2 ˚F
getting
𝑄
𝜃
For Silver- chrome pipe:
𝑄
𝜃
= (hc + hr)A∆𝑇
𝑄
𝜃
= (2.270.68 + 0.00677)*(π(1.67)2
)(183.2- 87.8)
𝑄
𝜃
= 306.406 Btu / lb
getting LE (using QB)
LE =
QB−QL
QB
x 100
For painted pipe:
LE =
217.97−QL
217.97
x 100
LE = 0.93609%
For silver-chrome painted pipe:
LE =
217.97−QL
217.97
x 100
LE = 40.5727%
For 85% Magnesia insulated pipe:
LE =
217.97−QL
217.97
x 100
LE = 65.4684%
8. getting LE (using WB)
LE =
WB−WL
WB
x 100
For painted pipe:
LE =
556.67−WL
556.67
x 100
LE = 0.8982%
For silver-chrome painted pipe:
LE =
556.67−WL
556.67
x 100
LE = 38.0243%
For 85% Magnesia insulated pipe:
LE =
556.67−WL
556.67
x 100
LE = 31.4369%
5. Sketch
9. 6. Discussion
Several factors affect the heat loss in a system, these include the surface area of
the pipe, material in contact with the pipe and the type of material used. As observed from
the experiment, different pipes have different surface areas and temperature with different
materials used such as paint, silver-chrome paint and 85% insulation with Magnesia; thus,
yielding different lagging efficiency and different convection coefficient.
Piping insulation or lagging is essential for saving energy this is due to insulation
of your pipes stops most of the heat from leaking out as the water travels from the hot
water system to your water outlet; moreover, hot pipes are lagged for energy efficiency,
cold pipes are lagged to prevent the water freezing and bursting the pipe especially during
seasons where temperature is lowest. Thus, it is important to know the lagging efficiency
of pipes at a particular insulating material.
Evident differences in the lagging efficiencies were observed between the
computation using the heat loss and the steam condensate collected. This may be due
to the fact that the boiler used in the experiment isn’t constantly on. The thermocouple
used is defective at times, and mainly due to human errors.
10. 7. Conclusion
In general, the thermal conductivity increases with the rise of temperature, as the
component heat transfer mechanisms increase, but the rate of increase and the final
value at any temperature will depend on the density and the quality of the material (or in
this case, paint) in the insulating material.
The convection coefficient hc at various temperatures from different surfaces are
as follows: 2.11972 BTU/hr ft2 ˚F for bare pipe, 2.4255 BTU/hr ft2 ˚F for painted pipe,
2.2707 BTU/hr ft2 ˚F for silver-chrome paint pipe, and 1.62058 BTU/hr ft2 ˚F.
And their lagging efficiency with respect to the heat loss from the bare pipe are as
follows: 0.93609% for painted pipe, 0 % for bare pipe, 40.5727% for silver-chrome painted
pipe, and 65.4684 % for 85% Magnesia insulated pipe; and with respect to the volume of
condensate of bare pipe, their lagging efficiencies are: 0.8982% for painted pipe, 0% for
bare pipe, 38.0343% for silver-chrome painted pipe, and 32. 4369% for 85% Magnesia
insulated pipe.
8. Recommendation
In this experiment, it is best to use the highest quality of equipment and apparatus,
have proper execution of the experiment by the people assigned to it and setting the
experiment in the best atmosphere where there are no distractions and the like that may
alter results in order to achieve accurate data especially in getting the temperatures of
the different pipes at different time period since it is the basic data required in getting the
convection coefficient, radiation coefficient, heat loss and the lagging efficiency.
11. 9. References
[1] Geankoplis, C.J. (2009) Principles of Transport Processes and Separation
Processes. 1st edition. Pearson Education South Asia PTE. LTD.
10.Web References
[1] What is Heat Loss and Why Does It Matter | Warmup | Blog. (2017, December 13).
Retrieved January 29, 2018, from http://www.warmup.com/blog/what-is-heat-loss-
and-why-does-it-matter-2
[2] Heat Loss Calculation Principles (2016). Insulpro Insulation. Retrieved January 29,
2018, from https://insulpro.co.za/heat-loss-calculation-principles/