This ppt gives you an idea about Hardy Weinberg principle. Hardy from England and Weinberg from Germany both individually came up with Hardy - Weinberg Law in 1908.
Cell cell hybridization or somatic cell hybridizationSubhradeep sarkar
What is Cell-Cell Hybridization?
History
More about Somatic cell Hybridization
Mapping of genes by somatic cell Hybridization
Hybridoma technology
Other Applications of Somatic Cell Hybridization
Cell cell hybridization or somatic cell hybridizationSubhradeep sarkar
What is Cell-Cell Hybridization?
History
More about Somatic cell Hybridization
Mapping of genes by somatic cell Hybridization
Hybridoma technology
Other Applications of Somatic Cell Hybridization
Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics - Basic concepts for clin...Prasenjit Mitra
This set of slides gives an overview regarding the various omics technologies available and how they can be used for improvement in clinical setting or research
Slides about Cell Fate, Cell Potency, Differentiation, Specification, Modes of Specification, Role of Cytoplasm. Cell Interactions, Regulation in Development
Synopsis
Introduction
Some Facts
Types of SNPs
SNPs act as gene markers
Methods of Detection
Techniques to detect SNPs
Allelic Specific Cleavage
Differential Hybridization
Single Base Extension or minisequencing
Alternate Methods for Detecting SNPs
Mass Spectrometry
Microchips
SIGNIFICANCE OF SNPs
HAPLOTYPE
ADVANTAGES
Are SNP data available to the public?
Some important SNP database Resources
CONCLUSION
References
hardy weinberg genetic equilibrium by kk sahuKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
THE HARDY-WEINBERG LAW
DERIVATION
TERMINOLOGY
PROBLEMS
ASSUMPTION OF HAEDY –WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM
REFERANCE
The Hardy–Weinberg principle, also known as the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, model, theorem or law.
States that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences.
These influences include mate choice, mutation, selection, genetic drift, gene flow and meiotic drive.
Because one or more of these influences are typically present in real populations, the Hardy–Weinberg principle describes an ideal condition against which the effects of these influences can be analyzed.
According to Hardy (England,1908) and Weinberg (Germany,1909), gene and genotype frequency of a Mendelian population remain constant generation after generation unless there is selection,mutation,migration or random drift.
What is genetic diversity? What is a gene? How is genetic diversity measured? Types of genetic variation, Evolutionary processes, Loss of genetic Variation, etc.
its deals with the general basic ideas of gene and evolutions.different types of examples are used to explain the gene and evolutions.the origin of basic genetics and their ideas are also formulated in this presentation
Genomics, Transcriptomics, Proteomics, Metabolomics - Basic concepts for clin...Prasenjit Mitra
This set of slides gives an overview regarding the various omics technologies available and how they can be used for improvement in clinical setting or research
Slides about Cell Fate, Cell Potency, Differentiation, Specification, Modes of Specification, Role of Cytoplasm. Cell Interactions, Regulation in Development
Synopsis
Introduction
Some Facts
Types of SNPs
SNPs act as gene markers
Methods of Detection
Techniques to detect SNPs
Allelic Specific Cleavage
Differential Hybridization
Single Base Extension or minisequencing
Alternate Methods for Detecting SNPs
Mass Spectrometry
Microchips
SIGNIFICANCE OF SNPs
HAPLOTYPE
ADVANTAGES
Are SNP data available to the public?
Some important SNP database Resources
CONCLUSION
References
hardy weinberg genetic equilibrium by kk sahuKAUSHAL SAHU
INTRODUCTION
HISTORY
THE HARDY-WEINBERG LAW
DERIVATION
TERMINOLOGY
PROBLEMS
ASSUMPTION OF HAEDY –WEINBERG EQUILIBRIUM
REFERANCE
The Hardy–Weinberg principle, also known as the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium, model, theorem or law.
States that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of other evolutionary influences.
These influences include mate choice, mutation, selection, genetic drift, gene flow and meiotic drive.
Because one or more of these influences are typically present in real populations, the Hardy–Weinberg principle describes an ideal condition against which the effects of these influences can be analyzed.
According to Hardy (England,1908) and Weinberg (Germany,1909), gene and genotype frequency of a Mendelian population remain constant generation after generation unless there is selection,mutation,migration or random drift.
What is genetic diversity? What is a gene? How is genetic diversity measured? Types of genetic variation, Evolutionary processes, Loss of genetic Variation, etc.
its deals with the general basic ideas of gene and evolutions.different types of examples are used to explain the gene and evolutions.the origin of basic genetics and their ideas are also formulated in this presentation
This presentation covers the basic terminology and key parameters of Population Genetics. Presentation is helpful for the students of Life Sciences and Evolutionary biology.
Considering the paramount importance of proteins
as enzymes, constituents of cell membranes, and structural components of plant cell walls, the degradation of
host proteins by proteolytic enzymes secreted by
pathogens can profoundly affect the organization and
function of the host cells. The nature and extent of
such effects, however, have been investigated little so far
and their significance in disease development is not
known.
Starch
Starch is the main reserve polysaccharide found in
plant cells. Starch is synthesized in the chloroplasts and,
in nonphotosynthetic organs, in the amyloplasts. Starch
is a glucose polymer and exists in two forms: amylose,
an essentially linear molecule, and amylopectin, a highly
branched molecule of various chain lengths.
Most pathogens utilize starch, and other reserve
polysaccharides, in their metabolic activities. The degradation of starch is brought about by the action of
enzymes called amylases. The end product of starch
breakdown is glucose and it is used by the pathogens
directly.
Lipids
Various types of lipids occur in all plant cells, with
the most important being phospholipids and glycolipids,
both of which, along with protein, are the main constituents of all plant cell membranes. The latter form a
hydrophobic barrier that is critical to life by separating
cells from their surroundings and keeping organelles
such as chloroplasts and mitochondria intact and separate from the cytoplasm. Oils and fats are found in many
cells, especially in seeds where they function as energy
storage compounds; wax lipids are found on most aerial
epidermal cells. The common characteristic of all lipids
is that they contain fatty acids, which may be saturated
or unsaturated.
Several fungi, bacteria, and nematodes are known to
be capable of degrading lipids. Lipolytic enzymes, called
lipases, phospholipases, and so on, hydrolyze liberation
of the fatty acids from the lipid molecule. The fatty acids
are presumably utilized by the pathogen directly. But
Some of them, before or after hyperoxidation by plant
lipoxygenases or active oxygen species, provide signal
molecules for the development of plant defenses and
also act as antimicrobial compounds that inhibit the
pathogen directly.
Microbial Toxins in Plant Disease
Living plant cells are complex systems in which many
interdependent biochemical reactions are taking place
concurrently or in a well-defined succession. These
reactions result in the intricate and well-organized
processes essential for life. Disturbance of any of these
metabolic reactions causes disruption of the physiological processes that sustain the plant and leads to the
development of disease. Among the factors inducing
such disturbances are substances that are produced
by plant pathogenic microorganisms and are called
toxins. Toxins act directly on living host protoplasts,
seriously damaging or killing the cells of the plant.
Some toxins act as general protoplasmic poisons and
affect many species of
evolution of human evolution of human evolution of human evolution of human evolution of human evolution of human evolution of human. human evolution human evolution human evolution human evolution . population and evolution population and evolution population and evolution
This presentation is about Alkaloids present in plants. It is about its types, properties, tests, extraction as well as there uses. Other than general introduction on alkaloids we have explained about three plant examples which contain alkaloids.
This ppt tells the story of a boy who has to complete his homework which is about microbial inoculation. through this story one can learn about types of inoculants and microbial inoculant uses in agriculture.
Photosynthesis has two types of reaction, first one is light reaction (Hill's reaction) and the other one is dark reaction (Blackman's reaction). In this presentation you learn full mechanism of how plants produce energy for their survival by photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis has two types of reaction, first one is light reaction (Hill's reaction) and the other one is dark reaction (Blackman's reaction). In this presentation you learn full mechanism of how plants produce energy for their survival by photosynthesis.
In this presentation you will get to know about aspects of paleobotany, about coal and petroleum exploration and its extraction and how paleobotany is related to coal and petroleum.
Parasexual cycle was first introduced by Guido Pontecarvo and Roper in dueteromycete members. In this sexual reproduction is absent. It is a cycle in which their is no specific time for lasmogamy, karyogamy and meiosis. They derive their sexual benefits from parasexuality.
importance of this cycle can be seen in industrial process, new and better strain,analysis of genetic and physiological processes of perfect and imperfect. it is also successful in genetic control of pathogenecity and host range in fusarium species.
This ppt has been made by Xanthophyceae also known as yellow green algae. It occupies second position in algae classification by F.E Fritsch. It is classified into four orders. It contain xanthophyll in large amount that gives it yellow colour, hence it is commonly know as yellow green algae.
The ability to recreate computational results with minimal effort and actionable metrics provides a solid foundation for scientific research and software development. When people can replicate an analysis at the touch of a button using open-source software, open data, and methods to assess and compare proposals, it significantly eases verification of results, engagement with a diverse range of contributors, and progress. However, we have yet to fully achieve this; there are still many sociotechnical frictions.
Inspired by David Donoho's vision, this talk aims to revisit the three crucial pillars of frictionless reproducibility (data sharing, code sharing, and competitive challenges) with the perspective of deep software variability.
Our observation is that multiple layers — hardware, operating systems, third-party libraries, software versions, input data, compile-time options, and parameters — are subject to variability that exacerbates frictions but is also essential for achieving robust, generalizable results and fostering innovation. I will first review the literature, providing evidence of how the complex variability interactions across these layers affect qualitative and quantitative software properties, thereby complicating the reproduction and replication of scientific studies in various fields.
I will then present some software engineering and AI techniques that can support the strategic exploration of variability spaces. These include the use of abstractions and models (e.g., feature models), sampling strategies (e.g., uniform, random), cost-effective measurements (e.g., incremental build of software configurations), and dimensionality reduction methods (e.g., transfer learning, feature selection, software debloating).
I will finally argue that deep variability is both the problem and solution of frictionless reproducibility, calling the software science community to develop new methods and tools to manage variability and foster reproducibility in software systems.
Exposé invité Journées Nationales du GDR GPL 2024
This presentation explores a brief idea about the structural and functional attributes of nucleotides, the structure and function of genetic materials along with the impact of UV rays and pH upon them.
(May 29th, 2024) Advancements in Intravital Microscopy- Insights for Preclini...Scintica Instrumentation
Intravital microscopy (IVM) is a powerful tool utilized to study cellular behavior over time and space in vivo. Much of our understanding of cell biology has been accomplished using various in vitro and ex vivo methods; however, these studies do not necessarily reflect the natural dynamics of biological processes. Unlike traditional cell culture or fixed tissue imaging, IVM allows for the ultra-fast high-resolution imaging of cellular processes over time and space and were studied in its natural environment. Real-time visualization of biological processes in the context of an intact organism helps maintain physiological relevance and provide insights into the progression of disease, response to treatments or developmental processes.
In this webinar we give an overview of advanced applications of the IVM system in preclinical research. IVIM technology is a provider of all-in-one intravital microscopy systems and solutions optimized for in vivo imaging of live animal models at sub-micron resolution. The system’s unique features and user-friendly software enables researchers to probe fast dynamic biological processes such as immune cell tracking, cell-cell interaction as well as vascularization and tumor metastasis with exceptional detail. This webinar will also give an overview of IVM being utilized in drug development, offering a view into the intricate interaction between drugs/nanoparticles and tissues in vivo and allows for the evaluation of therapeutic intervention in a variety of tissues and organs. This interdisciplinary collaboration continues to drive the advancements of novel therapeutic strategies.
DERIVATION OF MODIFIED BERNOULLI EQUATION WITH VISCOUS EFFECTS AND TERMINAL V...Wasswaderrick3
In this book, we use conservation of energy techniques on a fluid element to derive the Modified Bernoulli equation of flow with viscous or friction effects. We derive the general equation of flow/ velocity and then from this we derive the Pouiselle flow equation, the transition flow equation and the turbulent flow equation. In the situations where there are no viscous effects , the equation reduces to the Bernoulli equation. From experimental results, we are able to include other terms in the Bernoulli equation. We also look at cases where pressure gradients exist. We use the Modified Bernoulli equation to derive equations of flow rate for pipes of different cross sectional areas connected together. We also extend our techniques of energy conservation to a sphere falling in a viscous medium under the effect of gravity. We demonstrate Stokes equation of terminal velocity and turbulent flow equation. We look at a way of calculating the time taken for a body to fall in a viscous medium. We also look at the general equation of terminal velocity.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
Slide 1: Title Slide
Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Slide 2: Introduction to Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Definition: Extrachromosomal inheritance refers to the transmission of genetic material that is not found within the nucleus.
Key Components: Involves genes located in mitochondria, chloroplasts, and plasmids.
Slide 3: Mitochondrial Inheritance
Mitochondria: Organelles responsible for energy production.
Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in mitochondria.
Inheritance Pattern: Maternally inherited, meaning it is passed from mothers to all their offspring.
Diseases: Examples include Leber’s hereditary optic neuropathy (LHON) and mitochondrial myopathy.
Slide 4: Chloroplast Inheritance
Chloroplasts: Organelles responsible for photosynthesis in plants.
Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA): Circular DNA molecule found in chloroplasts.
Inheritance Pattern: Often maternally inherited in most plants, but can vary in some species.
Examples: Variegation in plants, where leaf color patterns are determined by chloroplast DNA.
Slide 5: Plasmid Inheritance
Plasmids: Small, circular DNA molecules found in bacteria and some eukaryotes.
Features: Can carry antibiotic resistance genes and can be transferred between cells through processes like conjugation.
Significance: Important in biotechnology for gene cloning and genetic engineering.
Slide 6: Mechanisms of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Non-Mendelian Patterns: Do not follow Mendel’s laws of inheritance.
Cytoplasmic Segregation: During cell division, organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts are randomly distributed to daughter cells.
Heteroplasmy: Presence of more than one type of organellar genome within a cell, leading to variation in expression.
Slide 7: Examples of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Four O’clock Plant (Mirabilis jalapa): Shows variegated leaves due to different cpDNA in leaf cells.
Petite Mutants in Yeast: Result from mutations in mitochondrial DNA affecting respiration.
Slide 8: Importance of Extrachromosomal Inheritance
Evolution: Provides insight into the evolution of eukaryotic cells.
Medicine: Understanding mitochondrial inheritance helps in diagnosing and treating mitochondrial diseases.
Agriculture: Chloroplast inheritance can be used in plant breeding and genetic modification.
Slide 9: Recent Research and Advances
Gene Editing: Techniques like CRISPR-Cas9 are being used to edit mitochondrial and chloroplast DNA.
Therapies: Development of mitochondrial replacement therapy (MRT) for preventing mitochondrial diseases.
Slide 10: Conclusion
Summary: Extrachromosomal inheritance involves the transmission of genetic material outside the nucleus and plays a crucial role in genetics, medicine, and biotechnology.
Future Directions: Continued research and technological advancements hold promise for new treatments and applications.
Slide 11: Questions and Discussion
Invite Audience: Open the floor for any questions or further discussion on the topic.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
2. POPULATION GENETICS
• EVERY INDIVIDUAL OF SPECIES CONSTITUTE A POPULATION.
• THE GENETICAL STUDY OF INHERITANCE OF PHENOTYPIC TRAITS OF
A GIVEN POPULATION IS KOWN AS POPULATION GENETICS.
• THE POPULATION GENETICS IS QUATITATIE SCIENCE.
3. HARDY AND WEINBERG
• HARDY IN ENGLAND, WEINBERG IN GERMANY
• THEY BOTH INDIVIDUALLY CAME UP WITH HARDY – WEINBERG LAW IN 1908.
4. PRINCIPLE
• THE PRINCIPLE IS CONCERNED WITH FREQUENCIES OF GENES
HOMOZYGOUS & HETEROZYGOUS GENOTYPES IN A POPULATION.
• “ALLELE FREQUENCY IS CONSTANT FROM GENERATION TO
GENERATION IN ABSENCE OF ANY FORCE THAT LEADS TO
CHANGES IN GENE FREQUENCY IRRESPECTIVE OF DOMINANT AND
RECESSIVE TRAIT’S PROPORTION ”
• THIS IS CALLED GENETIC EQUILIBRIUM
• (p + q) = 1, sum total of all the allelic frequencies is 1.
5. FORMULA
• A = first allele
• B = second allele
• p = frequency of first allele
• q = frequency of second allele
(p + q)2 = p2 + 2pq + q2
6. CALCULATIONS
• CALCULATION OF GENE FREQUENCIES OF AUTOSOMAL GENES
• CALCULATION OF GENE FREQUENCIES FOR CO DOMINANT ALLELES
• CALCULATION OF GENE FREQUENCIES FOR DOMINANT & RECESSIVE ALELLES
• CALCULATION OF GENE FREQUENCIES FOR MULTIPLE ALLES
• CALCULATION OF GENE FREQUENCIES FOR SEX LINKED GENES
7. ASSUMPTIONS
• The population is large
• There is no gene flow between populations
• Negligible mutation
• Individuals are mating randomly
• Natural selection is not operating on the population
9. SIGNIFICANCE
• In a given population one can find out the frequency of occurrence
of alleles of a gene or a locus which remains the same though out
generations.
• The hardy Weinberg model enables us to compare a population’s
actual genetic structure over time.