Hallux rigidus:
A condition characterized by loss of motion of first MTP joint in adults due to degenerative arthritis
second most common condition affecting the big toe after hallux valgus
most common arthritic condition in the foot.
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Hallux rigidus
1. HALLUX RIGIDUS & DJD
Prepared by:
Dr. Abdullah K. Ghafour
3rd year IBFMS trainee
Supervised by:
Dr. Hamid Ahmed Jaff
2. INTRODUCTION
First MTP joint:
Cam-shaped condylar hinged joint
Alignment varies 5 degrees varus to 15 degrees
valgus
Normal range of motion
40-100 degrees dorsiflexion
3-45 degrees plantarflexion
3. INTRODUCTION
Hallux rigidus:
A condition characterized by loss of motion of first MTP
joint in adults due to degenerative arthritis
second most common condition affecting the big toe
after hallux valgus
most common arthritic condition in the foot.
females are more commonly affected in all age groups
and is very often bilateral.
4. PATHOANATOMY
primary etiology has not bee determined,
although multiple predisposing factors have
been revealed.
acute trauma and repetitive micro-trauma
predispose to arthritic changes
anatomic variations of first metatarsal may play
a yet unproven role in arthritic predisposition
In adolescents osteochondritis dissecans may
led to development of hallux rigidus.
The congenital form usually presents in the
teenage years from a predisposing anatomic
factor such as flattening or squaring of the
metatarsal
5. PRESENTATION
Symptoms;
first ray and 1st MTP pain and swelling worse
with push off or forced dorsiflexion of great toe
shoe irritation due to dorsal osteophytes and compression
of dorsal cutaneous nerve may lead to paresthesias
pain becomes less severe as the disease progresses
Physical exam;
limited dorsiflexion
pain with grind test
6. PRESENTATION
Radiographs:
recommended views
AP, lateral, and oblique views
findings
osteophytes, especially dorsal
joint space narrowing
subchondral sclerosis and cysts
7. CLASSIFICATION
Coughlin and Shurnas Classification
Exam Findings Radiographic Findings
Grade 0 Stiffness Normal
Grade 1 mild pain at extremes of motion mild dorsal osteophyte, normal joint
space
Grade 2 moderate pain with range of motion
increasingly more constant
moderate dorsal osteophyte, <50% joint
space narrowing
Grade 3 significant stiffness, pain at extreme
ROM, no pain at mid-range
severe dorsal osteophyte, >50% joint
space narrowing
Grade 4 significant stiffness, pain at extreme
ROM, pain at mid-range of motion
same as grade III
8.
9. CLASSIFICATION
Hattrup and Johnson radiographic classification:
Grade I demonstrates mild to moderate formation of
osteophytes with joint preservation.
Grade II is characterized by moderate formation of
osteophytes and narrowing of the joint space with
subchondral sclerosis.
Grade III is marked by complete loss of joint space.
10. TREATMENT
Nonoperative
NSAIDS, activity modification & orthotics
Indications:
grade 0 and 1 disease
activity modifications
avoid activities that lead to excessive great toe dorsiflexion
types of orthotics
Morton's extension with stiff foot plate is the mainstay of
treatment
stiff sole shoe and shoe box stretching may also be used
Intermittent attacks of pain can be relieved by an intra-
articular injection of corticosteroid and local anaesthetic.
11. TREATMENT
Operative
joint debridement and synovectomy
indications
patients with acute osteochondral or chondral defects
12. TREATMENT
dorsal cheilectomy
indications
grade 1 and 2 disease (controversial)
pain with dorsiflexion is an indicator of good results
with dorsal cheilectomy
shoe wear irritation from dorsal prominence and pain (ideal
candidate)
contraindicated when pain located in the mid-range of the
joint during passive motion
technique
remove 25-30% of the dorsal aspect of the metatarsal
head along with dorsal osteophyte resection
the goal of surgery is to obtain 70% to 90% dorsiflexion
intraoperatively
13. TREATMENT
Moberg procedure (dorsal closing wedge
osteotomy of the proximal phalanx):
indications
runners with reduced dorsiflexion (60° is needed to run)
failure of cheilectomy to provide at least 30 to 40 degrees of
motion
technique
increases dorsiflexion by decreasing the plantar flexion arc
of motion
14. TREATMENT
Keller Procedure (resection arthroplasty)
indications
elderly, low demand patients with significant joint
degeneration and loss of motion
contraindicated in patients with pre-existing rigid
hyperextension deformity of 1st MTP joint
technique
involves removing the base of the first proximal phalanx
risk of hyperextension (cock-up deformity), weakness with
push-off, and transfer metatarsalgia (decreased with
capsular interposition)
15. TREATMENT
MTP arthroplasty
indications
indications controversial
technique
capsular interpositonal arthroplasty gaining popularity
silicone implants are not recommended due to poor long-
term results
outcomes
silicone implants may have a good short term satisfaction
rate
osteolysis and synovitis cause mid to long term pain and
joint destruction
16. TREATMENT
MTP joint arthrodesis
indications
grade 3 and 4 disease (significant joint arthritis)
most common procedure for hallux rigidus
outcomes
70% to 100% fusion rate
15% of patients experience degeneration of IP joint after
surgery (mostly asymptomatic)
17. TREATMENT
MTP joint arthrodesis with structural bone graft
indications for structural bone graft
1st MT shortening that cannot be adequately rebalanced
with a lesser metatarsal osteotomy (usually shortening > 5
mm)
significant proximal phalanx bone loss with inadequate
remaining bone for fixation without compromising IP joint,
1st MT shortening with loss of medial
support of the 2nd toe predisposing to
varus at the 2nd MTP joint.
18. TREATMENT
Techniques of MTP joint arthrodesis:
dorsal plate with compression screw is biomechanically strongest
construct
preferred surgical alignment
10 to 15 degrees of valgus in relation to the metatarsal shaft
15 degrees of dorsiflexion in relation to the floor
fusion in excessive dorsiflexion causes pain at tip of the toe, over
the IP joint, and under the 1st metatarsal with excessive
dorsiflexion
fusion in excessive plantar flexion causes increased pressure at
the tip of the toe
fusion in excessive valgus increases the risk of IP joint
degeneration
19. REFERENCES
• Coetzee J. C., Hurwitz S. R. , [ 2009] Arthritis & arthroplasty. The foot
and ankle , Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. , Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania, USA.
• Solomon L., Warwick D. , Nayagam S.,[2010] Apley’s System of
Orthopaedics and Fractures, 9th ed. Hodderarnold comp.,London, UK.
• Miller M. , Thompson S. , Hart J. ,[2012] REVIEW OF ORTHOPAEDICS
[PDF], 6th ed. by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. , Philadelphia,
USA.
• Canale S. , Beaty J. , [2007] Campbell’s Operative Orthopaedics [PDF],
11th ed. By Mosby, An Imprint of Elsevier , Tennessee, USA.
• ORTHOPAEDIC REVIEW [2015] by orthobullets, [PDF], Collected By
Islam Gomaa Beltage.