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IRJET- A Seasonal Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Dharmapuri Region
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IRJET- A Seasonal Assessment of Groundwater Quality in Dharmapuri Region
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3942 A SEASONAL ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN DHARMAPURI REGION D. PRAVEEN1, A. BASKAR2 1Department of civil Engineering, Gnanamani College of Engineering, Namakkal, Tamilnadu, India 2Assistant professor,Department of civil Engineering, Gnanamani College of Engineering, Namakkal, Tamilnadu, India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- ABSTRACT - In recent years distressing environmental issues such as hazardous waste, global climate change, stratospheric ozone depletion, groundwater contamination, disaster mitigation and removal of pollutant have become the focus of environmental attention. Groundwater is a vital resource and used for many purposes, including public and domestic water supply systems. Though all the segments of environment are being polluted in variousways,thestudyof water pollution is selected as it is not an ordinary liquid but is the elixir of life. Moreover, water is the most common liquid but it is also one of the most unusual because of its unique property. Groundwater is contaminated due to the improper disposal of liquid wastes, defective well construction and failure to seal the abandoned wells. These provide possible opening for the downward movement of water into surface formations without theprocessofnatural filtration The water samples from the study area were collect and analyze for physicochemical parameters. The high values of TDS, total hardness and concentrations of potassium, chloride and nitrate bear the best proof for the impact of industrial effluents. Twenty groundwater samples were analyzed for the water quality parameters which included Turbidity, pH, EC, TDS, TH, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Chlorides, Bicarbonate, Carbonate, Sulphate, Nitrate, Total Alkalinity, Fluoride, Iron,Copper, Zinc, Lead, Manganese, COD and BOD for the pre-monsoon, post- monsoon and pre-monsoon seasons. . Key Words: BOD, COD, Ph ,Turbidity, Alkalinity. 1. INTRODUCTION Water is the most important natural resource and it is vital for all life forms on earth.Groundwaterisa preciousand the most widely distributed resource of the earth and unlike any other mineral resource, it gets its annual replenishment from the meteoric precipitation. Depending on its usageand consumption, it can be a renewable or a non-renewable resource. This most precious resource is sometimes scarce, sometimes abundant and is always very unevenly distributed, both in space and time. Groundwater is an important source of water supply throughout the world. Among the various reasons, the most important arethenon- availability of potable surface water.Thereisa general belief that groundwater is purer and safer than surface water due to the protective qualities of the soil cover. Its use in irrigation, industries, municipalities and rural homes continues to increase. The chemical composition of surface and groundwater is controlled by many factors that include composition of precipitation, mineralogy of the watershed and aquifers, climateandtopography.Thesefactorscombine to create diverse water types that change spatially and temporally. 1.1 GROUNDWATER QUALITY Water quality refers to the chemical, physical and organic compounds of water. For this study water quality parameters are determined for (1) Turbidity, (2) Electrical conductivity, (3) Total dissolved solids, (4) Hydrogen ion concentration, (5) Calcium, (6) Magnesium, (7) Sodium, (8)Potassium, (9) Total alkalinity, (10) Bicarbonate, (11) Carbonate, (12) Chloride, (13) Sulphate, (14) Nitrate, (15) Total hardness, (16) Fluoride, (17) Iron, (18) Copper, (19) Lead, (20) Zinc and (21) Manganese. 1.2 SAMPLING LOCATIONS The area of the selected district is 4497.77Sq.Kms. The Groundwater samples from twenty bore wells water were collected. The sampling locations were selected to cover the entire study area and attention had been given to the areas where pollution was expected. 1.3 METHODOLOGY ADOPTED FOR PHYSICOCHEMICAL PARAMETER ANALYSIS Sampling and water analysis have been carried out, following the standard procedure of American PublicHealth Association (APHA, 1995). For the analysis all the instruments were calibrated appropriately according to the commercial grade calibration standard prior to the measurements. 2. ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY Nowadays the quality of groundwaterisdeteriorating day by day due to over exploitation of groundwater and improper disposal of solid waste and dumping of untreated effluents into the water bodies. The available groundwater
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3943 cannot be used directly. Thequalityofgroundwaterdepends upon its physical and chemical characteristics which play a major role the health of the people. Hence the suitability of groundwater for drinking and irrigation has been assessed and compared for the seasons. 2.1 Groundwater quality assessment based on total dissolved solids. S.NO TDS(mg/l) Classification 1 <1000 Fresh water type 2 1000-10000 Brackish water type 3 10000-100000 Saline water type 4 <100000 Brine water type 2.2. Groundwater quality assessment based on total hardness S.NO Total Hardness as CaCO3 (mg/l) Type of water 1 <75 Soft 2 750-150 Moderately Hard 3 150-300 Hard 4 >300 Very hard 2.3. WATER QUALITY REQUIREMENTS Water is a very strong solvent capable of dissolving most solids to some degree of the many solutes found in groundwater only a relatively few are present at concentrations greater than 1 mg/l under typical natural conditions. The major ions consistofcationscalcium(Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2 +), sodium (Na+), and potassium (K+) and the anions bicarbonate/carbonate (HCO3 - / CO3 2-), sulphate (SO4 2-), chloride (Cl-) and nitrate (NO3-). The concentrations of the major ions in groundwater and the concentration of the other dissolved species are a function of the availability of the constituent to the system and the solubility of solids that may limit solution concentration. Tastes and odors are caused by the presence of volatile chemicals and decomposing organic matter. The colour in water is caused by minerals such as iron and manganese, organic materials and coloured wastes from industries. Turbidity is a health concern because the particles involved could harbor pathogens. Water with enough suspended clay particles (10 Turbidity units)will be visually turbid. Many chemical compounds dissolved in water may be of natural or industrial origin and may be beneficial or harmful depending on their consumption and concentration. The drinking water specifications are tabulated in Table 3.5.1 given by ISI (1983) and WHO (1993). 3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 Summary of Physico-Chemical parameters of groundwater samples S.N o Parameter s Unit s August Septembe r Min Max Min Max 1 Turbidity NTU 0.5 35 3 15 2 EC (μS/ cm) 305 4950 590 565 0 3 Ph mg/l 7 8.48 7.05 7.35 4 TDS mg/l 195 4995 375 356 5 5 TH as CaCo3 mg/l 114 2510 185 175 6 Ca2 mg/l 14 1005 28 28 7 Mg2 mg/l 1 305 12 12 8 Na+ mg/l 3 210 27 21 9 K+ mg/l 1 85 8 8 10 HCO3 mg/l 48 610 136 135 11 CO3 mg/l 2 230 0.12 1 12 Cl- mg/l 15 2200 28 41 13 NO3 mg/l 1 110 8 8 14 TA mg/l 110 620 148 146 15 SO4 2- mg/l 1 410 5 298 16 PI mg/l 6.81 80.31 31.4 5 28.5 7 17 Fe mg/l 0 1.12 0.57 1.7 18 Cu mg/l 0.03 1.6 1.57 1.8 19 Zn mg/l 1.2 15.35 0. 0.8 20 Mn mg/l 0.01 0.56 4.3 37 21 COD - 0.3 11.76 1 0.57 22 BOD - 0.2 2.69 0.75 0.31
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3944 3.2 Seasonal assessment of Chemical parameters 0 5 10 AUGUST SEPTEMB… OCTOBER NOVEMB… DECEMBER JANUARY FEBRAURY MARCH TURBIDITY in (NTU) series 3.3 DISCUSSIONS Over exploitation and overstressing of the aquifer. Therefore the quantum of available groundwater resource needs to be assessed accurately for its optimum extraction and utilization. Seasonal variations of water quality parameters have also been prepared. Multivariatestatistical analyses like factor analysis and correlation matrix were used to study the spatial and temporal variations in the study area. Water quality indices are calculated for the seasons with an aim to give a single value. The study brings out groundwater quality classification based on EC, salinity hazard, sodium hazard or alkalinity hazard, USSL classification, Wilcoxdiagram, RSC,PermeabilityIndex, NCH, CR etc. Seasonal variations in recharge rates should be evaluated to select sampling times appropriateforcollecting the groundwater data needed to characterize seasonal concentration trends. At least two rounds of sampling (i.e., wet and dry season sampling events) are required to evaluate seasonal trends. However, depending on climatic conditions in the recharge area, semiannual or quarterly sampling over several years may be required. Regulatory sampling frequency requirements also should be reviewed to select appropriate sampling intervals. 4. CONCLUSIONS An investigation has been carried out to understand the groundwater quality of the study area. The pre-monsoon values indicate that most of the groundwater samples belong to brackish type and that dilution has occurred during post-monsoon where the Total Dissolved Solids values were significantly lower. However, the Total Dissolved Solids values of the groundwater are higher than the permissible limit in all the seasons. Total Hardness is generally higher in the groundwater thereby, causing the groundwater in most of the study area to be unsuitable for drinking. Based on sodium percentage, 0 to 25.64%, 4.94 to 55.24%, 2.64 to 28.26% and 0 to 76.42% of the samples belong to excellent, good, permissible, doubtful and unsuitable categories for the drinking purpose. REFERENCES 1. Ranjana(2009), “Study of Physico-Chemical Parametersof Groundwater Quality of Dudu Town in Rajasthan”.pp969-971. 2. Prasanna, Chidambaram, ShahulHameed and Srinivasamoorthy(2011) “Hydrogeochemical analysis and evaluationof groundwater quality in the Gadilamriver basin, Tamil Nadu, India”.pp 85- 98. 3. M. Ackah, O. Agyemang, and A. K Anim, (2012) “Assessment of groundwater quality for drinking and irrigation: the case studyofTeiman-Oyarifa Community, Ga East Municipality, Ghana”. pp186-194. 4. Prashant N. Rajankar, Dilip H. Tambekar, and Satish R. Water (2013), “Assessment of Indicator Parameters to
4.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 06 Issue: 04 | Apr 2019 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2019, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 7.211 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3945 Investigate the Seasonal VariationinGroundwaterQualityof Chandrapur, Maharashtra, India”. pp35-44 5. Shivasharanappa, PadakiSrinivas, (2013) “Studies on Seasonal Variation of Ground Water Quality Using multivariate analysis for bidar urban & its Industrial area (karnataka-state, india)”. pp 252-261. 6. M.R.Mahananda, B.P.Mohanty & N.R. Behera(2010), “Physico-Chemical Analysis of Surface and Ground Water Of Bargarh District, Orissa, India”. pp284-295. 7. Sawyer G.N., McMcartly P.L. and Parkin G.F. (2003), „Chemistry For environmentalengineering and science‟, 5th (edn.) McGraw Hill, NewYork, p.
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