The treatment of wastes has become one of the most important concerns of modern society.
Converting waste plastic into gasoline and diesel fuel through a highly effective low-cost pyrolysis
process is a promising technology. In this paper PV/Diesel/Battery hybrid system is suggested to fulfill
the load demand of waste plastic recycling pyrolysis process. A Mathematical and simulation models
using MATLAB/ SIMULINK software for the hybrid PV/Diesel/Battery system components have been
developed. Also, this paper presents a control strategy using Artificial Neural Network Controller
(NNC) technique for coordinating the power flow among the different components of the
PV/Diesel/Battery hybrid system. The results indicate that the proposed control unit using NNC can be
successfully used for controlling the power system for the waste plastic recycling pyrolysis process.
Analysis and Design of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System – Lebanon CaseIJERA Editor
The depletion of fossil fuels and their environmental consequences have prompted searching for other sources of energy aiming to global status amelioration. In the recent past, renewable energy sources have been considered as alternatives for the fossil fuel energy sources. The unexpected pattern of natural resources assesses integrated utilization of these sources to provide persistent and reliable power supply to the consumers. The technology’s advantages, requirements and related improvements are underlined and results are generalized. This paper covers the design of a solar and wind based hybrid renewable system presenting calculations and considerations in order to achieve an optimized design. Since hybrid systems performance relies mainly on geographical an d meteorological aspects, the study will consider the case of the Mediterranean area and in particular Lebanon.
The Development of an Application Conceived for the Design, Feasibility Study...IJECEIAES
Because of the rise in diesel and butane prices widely used for pumping, added to their negative impact on both Morocco's environment and trade balance, the use of renewable energies should sound obvious, practical and cost effective. This study offers the transformation of a traditional butane pumping system (BPS) and diesel pumping system (DPS), located on a farm nearby the city of Agadir, into an optimized solar pumping system (SPS). The suggested method is based on a techno-economic study according to the “Business-As-usual” scenario. As a first step, we have dimensioned our pumping system and chosen the elements that constitute it. As a second step, we carried out an economic analysis, based on the calculation of all costs, which makes it possible to ensure the viability of the components of our SPS over its life cycle and brought it to a discounted value. The processing of the different data is made possible thanks to the computer application “PVDesign” which we have developed. This application has allowed us to carry out a comparative study of several techniques of pumping systems. The result of the study is that the SPS beats the other systems at various levels, namely economic, environmental and technical.
At present, solar energy is perceived to be one of the world’s contributive energy sources. Holding characteristics such as inexhaustible and non-polluting, making it as the most prominent among renewable energy (RE) sources. The application of the solar energy has been well-developed and used for electricity generation through Photovoltaic (PV) as the harvesting medium. PV cells convert heat from the sun directly into the electricity to power up the electric loads. Solar PV system is commonly built in a rural area where it cannot be powered up by the utility grid due to location constrains. In order to avoid the electricity fluctuation because of unsteady amount of solar radiation, PV solar hybrid is the efficient solution for rural electrifications. This paper presents a review on optimised Hybrid Solar-PV Diesel system configurations installed and used to power up off grid settlements at various locations worldwide.
Integrated Energy Management of Residential Halls at University of Dhaka by U...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper analyses the electrical energy
consumption of two residential halls at University of Dhaka
and design the best approach to diminish the electrical energy
consumption and reduce the carbon emission and achieve
efficient energy utilization in the halls. Fazlul Haque Muslim
Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall were selected for a
detailed study of electricity consumption. Series of data were
taken to estimate the electrical energy consumption and the
electrical energy losses across different loads. Afterwards with
the results of electrical usage, an energy stability was made by
considering the energy efficient electrical appliances along
with a solar photovoltaic system to reduce the electrical energy
wastage and reduce the carbon emission to maintain the
environment clean. Overall energy losses can be minimized up
to 40% and 41% at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall respectively with new energy
efficient devices. A total of 43% and 44% energy consumption
can be reduced at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall with the proposed new energy
management system that implies to utilize solar energy using
solar photovoltaic. The emission of carbon reduction estimate
was about 302 tons and 290 tons of CO2 at Fazlul Haque
Muslim Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall
respectively. The payback period of the investment to replace
the electrical appliances with energy efficient appliances and
to install a solar photovoltaic system is 2.45 years.
Second Stakeholder Event for the Revision of Directive (REDII) 2018/2001
Session 2 Renewable energy in Heating and Cooling, Buildings and District Heating
Professor Brian Vad Mathiesen, Aalborg University
March 22, 2021, Brussels - Online
Keynote, 15th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES)
Brian Vad Mathiesen, Aalborg University
Online, Cologne, September 3rd 2020
Professor Brian Vad Mathiesen, Sustainable Energy Planning Research Group,Aalborg University
EFCF2020: 24th conference in series of the European Fuel Cell Forum in Lucerne, October 22, 2020
Analysis of Wind Diesel Hybrid System by Homer Softwareijtsrd
A hybrid power system is to avoid the use of depleting fossil fuels, improve the technical performance and reduce the greenhouse gases emission. Depending on the renewable energy sources, it is connected in the main grid or operates separately. Because of these reasons, operation, control and grid integration of renewable sources is a task of fundamental importance in modern power system. Hybrid power system modes must be studied.The simulation was carried out using various combinations of optimization and sensitivity variables developed in HOMER. The economic parameters play central role of deciding the dimension, feasibility and optimization of a proposed system. In order to achieve lowest Net Present Cost NPC , comparison of diesel generating system and wind diesel systems were compares for i economic ii technical and iii environmental parameters. Theingi Htun | Hnin Yu Wai | Myo Win Kyaw "Analysis of Wind-Diesel Hybrid System by Homer Software" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26729.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26729/analysis-of-wind-diesel-hybrid-system-by-homer-software/theingi-htun
Analysis and Design of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System – Lebanon CaseIJERA Editor
The depletion of fossil fuels and their environmental consequences have prompted searching for other sources of energy aiming to global status amelioration. In the recent past, renewable energy sources have been considered as alternatives for the fossil fuel energy sources. The unexpected pattern of natural resources assesses integrated utilization of these sources to provide persistent and reliable power supply to the consumers. The technology’s advantages, requirements and related improvements are underlined and results are generalized. This paper covers the design of a solar and wind based hybrid renewable system presenting calculations and considerations in order to achieve an optimized design. Since hybrid systems performance relies mainly on geographical an d meteorological aspects, the study will consider the case of the Mediterranean area and in particular Lebanon.
The Development of an Application Conceived for the Design, Feasibility Study...IJECEIAES
Because of the rise in diesel and butane prices widely used for pumping, added to their negative impact on both Morocco's environment and trade balance, the use of renewable energies should sound obvious, practical and cost effective. This study offers the transformation of a traditional butane pumping system (BPS) and diesel pumping system (DPS), located on a farm nearby the city of Agadir, into an optimized solar pumping system (SPS). The suggested method is based on a techno-economic study according to the “Business-As-usual” scenario. As a first step, we have dimensioned our pumping system and chosen the elements that constitute it. As a second step, we carried out an economic analysis, based on the calculation of all costs, which makes it possible to ensure the viability of the components of our SPS over its life cycle and brought it to a discounted value. The processing of the different data is made possible thanks to the computer application “PVDesign” which we have developed. This application has allowed us to carry out a comparative study of several techniques of pumping systems. The result of the study is that the SPS beats the other systems at various levels, namely economic, environmental and technical.
At present, solar energy is perceived to be one of the world’s contributive energy sources. Holding characteristics such as inexhaustible and non-polluting, making it as the most prominent among renewable energy (RE) sources. The application of the solar energy has been well-developed and used for electricity generation through Photovoltaic (PV) as the harvesting medium. PV cells convert heat from the sun directly into the electricity to power up the electric loads. Solar PV system is commonly built in a rural area where it cannot be powered up by the utility grid due to location constrains. In order to avoid the electricity fluctuation because of unsteady amount of solar radiation, PV solar hybrid is the efficient solution for rural electrifications. This paper presents a review on optimised Hybrid Solar-PV Diesel system configurations installed and used to power up off grid settlements at various locations worldwide.
Integrated Energy Management of Residential Halls at University of Dhaka by U...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper analyses the electrical energy
consumption of two residential halls at University of Dhaka
and design the best approach to diminish the electrical energy
consumption and reduce the carbon emission and achieve
efficient energy utilization in the halls. Fazlul Haque Muslim
Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall were selected for a
detailed study of electricity consumption. Series of data were
taken to estimate the electrical energy consumption and the
electrical energy losses across different loads. Afterwards with
the results of electrical usage, an energy stability was made by
considering the energy efficient electrical appliances along
with a solar photovoltaic system to reduce the electrical energy
wastage and reduce the carbon emission to maintain the
environment clean. Overall energy losses can be minimized up
to 40% and 41% at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall respectively with new energy
efficient devices. A total of 43% and 44% energy consumption
can be reduced at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall with the proposed new energy
management system that implies to utilize solar energy using
solar photovoltaic. The emission of carbon reduction estimate
was about 302 tons and 290 tons of CO2 at Fazlul Haque
Muslim Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall
respectively. The payback period of the investment to replace
the electrical appliances with energy efficient appliances and
to install a solar photovoltaic system is 2.45 years.
Second Stakeholder Event for the Revision of Directive (REDII) 2018/2001
Session 2 Renewable energy in Heating and Cooling, Buildings and District Heating
Professor Brian Vad Mathiesen, Aalborg University
March 22, 2021, Brussels - Online
Keynote, 15th Conference on Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES)
Brian Vad Mathiesen, Aalborg University
Online, Cologne, September 3rd 2020
Professor Brian Vad Mathiesen, Sustainable Energy Planning Research Group,Aalborg University
EFCF2020: 24th conference in series of the European Fuel Cell Forum in Lucerne, October 22, 2020
Analysis of Wind Diesel Hybrid System by Homer Softwareijtsrd
A hybrid power system is to avoid the use of depleting fossil fuels, improve the technical performance and reduce the greenhouse gases emission. Depending on the renewable energy sources, it is connected in the main grid or operates separately. Because of these reasons, operation, control and grid integration of renewable sources is a task of fundamental importance in modern power system. Hybrid power system modes must be studied.The simulation was carried out using various combinations of optimization and sensitivity variables developed in HOMER. The economic parameters play central role of deciding the dimension, feasibility and optimization of a proposed system. In order to achieve lowest Net Present Cost NPC , comparison of diesel generating system and wind diesel systems were compares for i economic ii technical and iii environmental parameters. Theingi Htun | Hnin Yu Wai | Myo Win Kyaw "Analysis of Wind-Diesel Hybrid System by Homer Software" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26729.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26729/analysis-of-wind-diesel-hybrid-system-by-homer-software/theingi-htun
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF GRID/WIND/PV HYBRID SYSTEMS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONWayan Santika
The present study offers technical and economical analyses of grid-connected hybrid power systems for a large scale production industry located in Bali. The peak load of observed system can reach 970.630 kW consuming on average 16 MWh of electricity a day. Software HOMER was utilized as the optimization tool. The proposed hybrid renewable energy systems consist of wind turbines, a PV system, a converter, and batteries. The system is connected to the grid. Optimization results show that the best configuration is the Grid/Wind hybrid system with the predicted net present cost of
-884,896 USD. The negative sign indicates that revenues (mostly from selling power to the grid) exceed costs. The levelized cost of electricity of the system is predicted to be -0.013 USD/kWh. The present study also conducts sensitivity analysis of some scenarios i.e. 50% and 100% increases in grid electricity prices, 50% reduction of PV and WECS prices, and 10 USD and 50 USD carbon taxes per ton CO2 emission. Implications of the findings are discussed.
The sEEnergies project aims to operationalize the energy efficiency first principle (EEFP) both qualitatively and quantitatively. It will develop a decision support tool combining sector-specific energy demand models to analyze EE potentials from an energy systems perspective. Bottom-up models of buildings, transport, industry and grids will provide cost curves and potentials for EE measures. Scenarios from the EU's "A Clean Planet for All" will be used as common references. Energy system modelling will assess EEFP impacts and enable scenarios assessing synergies. A spatial model will map supply and demand and efficiency potentials. Heat Roadmap Europe provides recommendations including prioritizing savings over supply, utilizing excess heat and renewable energy in district heating, and establishing
Human Habits and Energy Consumption in Residential BuildingsLeonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Looks into users’ heating habits in residential buildings.
* Discusses the term ‘rebound’ - the fact that improved efficiency can result in more spending.
* Gives factual proof that direct rebound plays leading role in energy consumption in residential buildings.
IRJET- A Review on Hybrid Wind and Fuel Cell SystemIRJET Journal
This document reviews hybrid wind and fuel cell systems. It summarizes 10 research papers on various hybrid renewable energy systems that combine sources like wind, solar, and fuel cells. The key findings are that hybrid systems can provide more continuous power compared to individual sources by compensating for intermittencies. Simple control methods are discussed to maximize power extraction from each source and regulate voltage. Integrating different renewable sources with fuel cells or batteries allows optimal energy utilization and improved power quality and reliability.
Twice the fuels from biomass. hannula 2016, vttIlkka Hannula
Potential to increase biofuels output from a gasification-based biorefinery using external hydrogen supply (enhancement) was investigated. Up to 2.6 or 3.1-fold increase in biofuel output could be attained for gasoline or methane production over reference plant configurations, respectively. Such enhanced process designs become economically attractive over non-enhanced designs when the average cost of low-carbon hydrogen falls below 2.2-2.8 €/kg, depending on the process configuration.
This document summarizes research applying particle swarm optimization (PSO) and flower pollination algorithm (FPA) techniques to solve hydrothermal scheduling problems. Hydrothermal scheduling involves optimally coordinating hydroelectric and thermal power generation to minimize fuel costs while meeting demand and accounting for water availability constraints. Previous methods for solving these problems, such as simulated annealing and genetic algorithms, have drawbacks like long computation times. The document describes applying PSO and FPA to minimize fuel costs for 3-unit and 6-unit test systems, showing they can find near-optimal solutions faster than other methods while satisfying constraints. FPA, based on pollination in plants, is a new metaheuristic that effectively solves the optimization problem with better
The document presents an economic comparison of solar PV and diesel water pumping systems in Pipalda Kalan village in India. It analyzes the life cycle costs of a 5 hp solar PV pump and a 5 hp diesel pump over 20 years. Various economic parameters such as net present worth, benefit-cost ratio, internal rate of return, and payback period are calculated and compared for the two systems. The results show that the solar PV water pumping system has lower life cycle costs and is more economically feasible than the diesel-operated pump system for this application.
Educational Material of Vietnam Blended Learning Program, undertaken by Institute of Energy Science, with support of World Bank and Vietnam Development Information Center
Module 1 - Introduction to Energy EfficiencyPaul Brown
This document provides an introduction to energy efficiency, including:
- Defining energy efficiency as delivering the same or greater levels of energy services with less energy supply.
- Discussing the importance of energy efficiency for businesses in managing rising costs from carbon pricing policies and legislation, as well as maintaining their license to operate.
- Outlining the role of accountants and managers in supporting organizations to adopt more sustainable practices and implement energy efficiency projects through skills like communication, problem solving, and change management.
- Introducing change management as a process for shifting organizations to a desired future state through steps like assessing impact, planning changes, executing changes, and communications.
IRJET- Modeling of an Energy Saving Solar Water Heating System for Industrial...IRJET Journal
This document discusses modeling an energy saving solar water heating system for industrial low temperature applications using the TRNSYS simulation program. The system was designed and simulated in 6 locations across Egypt to estimate energy output and natural gas savings. Results showed significant energy savings and natural gas reductions. The benefits were also calculated based on natural gas savings and system costs. In conclusion, solar thermal energy shows great potential for industrial heating applications in Egypt due to high irradiation levels and most industrial heating needs being below 250°C.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Innovative strategies for energy optimizationeSAT Journals
Abstract Optimization of energy production systems is a relevant issue that must be considered in order to follow the fossil fuels consumption reduction policies and the CO2 emission regulation. Increasing electricity production from renewable resources (e.g. photovoltaic systems and wind farms) is desirable but its unpredictability is a cause of problems for the main grid stability. The multi-energy system represents an efficient solution, by realizing an interface among renewable energy sources, energy storage systems and conventional power generators. Direct consequences of multi-energy systems are wider energy flexibility and benefits for the electric grid. In this study the performances of a multi-energy system in dynamic regime have been evaluated and a comparison with a conventional system has been performed. The results show how this innovative energetic approach can provide a cost reduction in power supply and energy fees of 40% and 25% respectively and CO2 emission decrease attained around 18%. Furthermore, the multi-energy system taken as case of study has been optimized through the utilization of three different type of energy storage (Pb-Ac batteries, Flywheels and Micro-Caes). Keywords: Multi-Energy System, Cost of Energy, Energy Storage
Feasibility and optimal design of a hybrid power system for rural electrifica...IJECEIAES
This document presents a study on the feasibility and optimal design of a hybrid power system for rural electrification of a small village in Nigeria. The hybrid system considered consists of solar photovoltaic panels, a small hydropower turbine, batteries, and a diesel generator. The study first evaluates the feasibility of integrating a small hydropower plant into an existing water supply dam. It then develops an optimization model to determine the optimal sizing of each component in the hybrid system to minimize costs while ensuring reliability. The model is validated by comparing its results to those from the HOMER software using correlation coefficient and root mean square error tests. The developed model is found to better correlate with HOMER results and have a lower error,
A thermal power station uses steam to drive a turbine which spins an electrical generator. Water is heated into steam to power the turbine, and the steam is then condensed and recycled in a closed loop system. Thermal power stations can run on various fuels like coal, natural gas, biomass, and waste, which is where their designs vary. The document discusses repairs to the Muzaffargarh thermal power station in Pakistan funded by USAID, which will increase its energy production by 400MW, providing power for over 500,000 homes. It is part of USAID efforts to improve Pakistan's energy supply through repairing various power infrastructure.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Sizing of Hybrid PV/Battery Power System in Sohag cityiosrjce
This paper gives the feasibility analysis of PV- Battery system for an off-grid power station in Sohag
city. Hybrid PV-battery system was used for supplying a combined pumping and residential load. A simple cost
effective method for sizing stand-alone PV hybrid systems was introduced. The aim of sizing hybrid system is to
determine the cost effective PV configuration and to meet the estimated load at minimum cost. This requires
assessing the climate conditions which determine the temporal variation of the insolation in Sohag city. Sizing
of the hybrid system components was investigated using RETscreen and HOMER programs. The sizing software
tools require a set of data on energy resource demand and system specifications. The energy cost values of the
hybrid system agrees reasonably with those published before.
Numerical simulation of Hybrid Generation System: a case studyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that simulates a hybrid power generation system for an area in Tamanrasset, Algeria using HOMER software. The system combines wind turbines, photovoltaic panels, diesel generators, and batteries. Solar radiation, wind speed, and load data for the area are presented. The simulation process and components of the hybrid system are defined in HOMER. Simulation results will validate the technical and economic feasibility of the hybrid system to reduce dependence on diesel generators and lower emissions.
The document discusses cogeneration (CHP), which is the simultaneous production of heat and power from a single fuel source. It describes various cogeneration technologies that can be used and their applications in industrial settings. Cogeneration improves energy efficiency compared to separate production of heat and electricity and can reduce costs for businesses if the heat is utilized properly. The economics of cogeneration depend on factors like fuel and electricity prices and carbon credits, and it offers benefits like reduced emissions and more reliable energy.
Design of Model based controller for Two Conical Tank Interacting Level systemsIJMER
This document presents a model-based controller design for two interacting conical tank level systems, which is a non-linear process. The mathematical model of the two tank system is derived and piecewise linearization is used to obtain transfer functions for four operating regions. An Internal Model Controller (IMC) is designed for each region by factoring the process model and specifying the controller as the inverse of the process model with a low pass filter. Simulation results in MATLAB Simulink show that the IMC controller is able to maintain the liquid level at the desired set point and reject disturbances for each of the four regions.
This ppt describes the function of Power Transformer in a Power Generation plant. Here DPL(Durgapur Projects Limited) was our VT venue, so chose it as the Base.
This new minute lecture gives an introduction to photovoltaic (PV) systems for residential use, providing an answer to following questions:
* How does a PV system work?
* What can be expected from a PV system?
* What types of systems are available?
* How is technology expected to evolve?
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF GRID/WIND/PV HYBRID SYSTEMS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONWayan Santika
The present study offers technical and economical analyses of grid-connected hybrid power systems for a large scale production industry located in Bali. The peak load of observed system can reach 970.630 kW consuming on average 16 MWh of electricity a day. Software HOMER was utilized as the optimization tool. The proposed hybrid renewable energy systems consist of wind turbines, a PV system, a converter, and batteries. The system is connected to the grid. Optimization results show that the best configuration is the Grid/Wind hybrid system with the predicted net present cost of
-884,896 USD. The negative sign indicates that revenues (mostly from selling power to the grid) exceed costs. The levelized cost of electricity of the system is predicted to be -0.013 USD/kWh. The present study also conducts sensitivity analysis of some scenarios i.e. 50% and 100% increases in grid electricity prices, 50% reduction of PV and WECS prices, and 10 USD and 50 USD carbon taxes per ton CO2 emission. Implications of the findings are discussed.
The sEEnergies project aims to operationalize the energy efficiency first principle (EEFP) both qualitatively and quantitatively. It will develop a decision support tool combining sector-specific energy demand models to analyze EE potentials from an energy systems perspective. Bottom-up models of buildings, transport, industry and grids will provide cost curves and potentials for EE measures. Scenarios from the EU's "A Clean Planet for All" will be used as common references. Energy system modelling will assess EEFP impacts and enable scenarios assessing synergies. A spatial model will map supply and demand and efficiency potentials. Heat Roadmap Europe provides recommendations including prioritizing savings over supply, utilizing excess heat and renewable energy in district heating, and establishing
Human Habits and Energy Consumption in Residential BuildingsLeonardo ENERGY
Highlights:
* Looks into users’ heating habits in residential buildings.
* Discusses the term ‘rebound’ - the fact that improved efficiency can result in more spending.
* Gives factual proof that direct rebound plays leading role in energy consumption in residential buildings.
IRJET- A Review on Hybrid Wind and Fuel Cell SystemIRJET Journal
This document reviews hybrid wind and fuel cell systems. It summarizes 10 research papers on various hybrid renewable energy systems that combine sources like wind, solar, and fuel cells. The key findings are that hybrid systems can provide more continuous power compared to individual sources by compensating for intermittencies. Simple control methods are discussed to maximize power extraction from each source and regulate voltage. Integrating different renewable sources with fuel cells or batteries allows optimal energy utilization and improved power quality and reliability.
Twice the fuels from biomass. hannula 2016, vttIlkka Hannula
Potential to increase biofuels output from a gasification-based biorefinery using external hydrogen supply (enhancement) was investigated. Up to 2.6 or 3.1-fold increase in biofuel output could be attained for gasoline or methane production over reference plant configurations, respectively. Such enhanced process designs become economically attractive over non-enhanced designs when the average cost of low-carbon hydrogen falls below 2.2-2.8 €/kg, depending on the process configuration.
This document summarizes research applying particle swarm optimization (PSO) and flower pollination algorithm (FPA) techniques to solve hydrothermal scheduling problems. Hydrothermal scheduling involves optimally coordinating hydroelectric and thermal power generation to minimize fuel costs while meeting demand and accounting for water availability constraints. Previous methods for solving these problems, such as simulated annealing and genetic algorithms, have drawbacks like long computation times. The document describes applying PSO and FPA to minimize fuel costs for 3-unit and 6-unit test systems, showing they can find near-optimal solutions faster than other methods while satisfying constraints. FPA, based on pollination in plants, is a new metaheuristic that effectively solves the optimization problem with better
The document presents an economic comparison of solar PV and diesel water pumping systems in Pipalda Kalan village in India. It analyzes the life cycle costs of a 5 hp solar PV pump and a 5 hp diesel pump over 20 years. Various economic parameters such as net present worth, benefit-cost ratio, internal rate of return, and payback period are calculated and compared for the two systems. The results show that the solar PV water pumping system has lower life cycle costs and is more economically feasible than the diesel-operated pump system for this application.
Educational Material of Vietnam Blended Learning Program, undertaken by Institute of Energy Science, with support of World Bank and Vietnam Development Information Center
Module 1 - Introduction to Energy EfficiencyPaul Brown
This document provides an introduction to energy efficiency, including:
- Defining energy efficiency as delivering the same or greater levels of energy services with less energy supply.
- Discussing the importance of energy efficiency for businesses in managing rising costs from carbon pricing policies and legislation, as well as maintaining their license to operate.
- Outlining the role of accountants and managers in supporting organizations to adopt more sustainable practices and implement energy efficiency projects through skills like communication, problem solving, and change management.
- Introducing change management as a process for shifting organizations to a desired future state through steps like assessing impact, planning changes, executing changes, and communications.
IRJET- Modeling of an Energy Saving Solar Water Heating System for Industrial...IRJET Journal
This document discusses modeling an energy saving solar water heating system for industrial low temperature applications using the TRNSYS simulation program. The system was designed and simulated in 6 locations across Egypt to estimate energy output and natural gas savings. Results showed significant energy savings and natural gas reductions. The benefits were also calculated based on natural gas savings and system costs. In conclusion, solar thermal energy shows great potential for industrial heating applications in Egypt due to high irradiation levels and most industrial heating needs being below 250°C.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Innovative strategies for energy optimizationeSAT Journals
Abstract Optimization of energy production systems is a relevant issue that must be considered in order to follow the fossil fuels consumption reduction policies and the CO2 emission regulation. Increasing electricity production from renewable resources (e.g. photovoltaic systems and wind farms) is desirable but its unpredictability is a cause of problems for the main grid stability. The multi-energy system represents an efficient solution, by realizing an interface among renewable energy sources, energy storage systems and conventional power generators. Direct consequences of multi-energy systems are wider energy flexibility and benefits for the electric grid. In this study the performances of a multi-energy system in dynamic regime have been evaluated and a comparison with a conventional system has been performed. The results show how this innovative energetic approach can provide a cost reduction in power supply and energy fees of 40% and 25% respectively and CO2 emission decrease attained around 18%. Furthermore, the multi-energy system taken as case of study has been optimized through the utilization of three different type of energy storage (Pb-Ac batteries, Flywheels and Micro-Caes). Keywords: Multi-Energy System, Cost of Energy, Energy Storage
Feasibility and optimal design of a hybrid power system for rural electrifica...IJECEIAES
This document presents a study on the feasibility and optimal design of a hybrid power system for rural electrification of a small village in Nigeria. The hybrid system considered consists of solar photovoltaic panels, a small hydropower turbine, batteries, and a diesel generator. The study first evaluates the feasibility of integrating a small hydropower plant into an existing water supply dam. It then develops an optimization model to determine the optimal sizing of each component in the hybrid system to minimize costs while ensuring reliability. The model is validated by comparing its results to those from the HOMER software using correlation coefficient and root mean square error tests. The developed model is found to better correlate with HOMER results and have a lower error,
A thermal power station uses steam to drive a turbine which spins an electrical generator. Water is heated into steam to power the turbine, and the steam is then condensed and recycled in a closed loop system. Thermal power stations can run on various fuels like coal, natural gas, biomass, and waste, which is where their designs vary. The document discusses repairs to the Muzaffargarh thermal power station in Pakistan funded by USAID, which will increase its energy production by 400MW, providing power for over 500,000 homes. It is part of USAID efforts to improve Pakistan's energy supply through repairing various power infrastructure.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Sizing of Hybrid PV/Battery Power System in Sohag cityiosrjce
This paper gives the feasibility analysis of PV- Battery system for an off-grid power station in Sohag
city. Hybrid PV-battery system was used for supplying a combined pumping and residential load. A simple cost
effective method for sizing stand-alone PV hybrid systems was introduced. The aim of sizing hybrid system is to
determine the cost effective PV configuration and to meet the estimated load at minimum cost. This requires
assessing the climate conditions which determine the temporal variation of the insolation in Sohag city. Sizing
of the hybrid system components was investigated using RETscreen and HOMER programs. The sizing software
tools require a set of data on energy resource demand and system specifications. The energy cost values of the
hybrid system agrees reasonably with those published before.
Numerical simulation of Hybrid Generation System: a case studyIRJET Journal
This document summarizes a study that simulates a hybrid power generation system for an area in Tamanrasset, Algeria using HOMER software. The system combines wind turbines, photovoltaic panels, diesel generators, and batteries. Solar radiation, wind speed, and load data for the area are presented. The simulation process and components of the hybrid system are defined in HOMER. Simulation results will validate the technical and economic feasibility of the hybrid system to reduce dependence on diesel generators and lower emissions.
The document discusses cogeneration (CHP), which is the simultaneous production of heat and power from a single fuel source. It describes various cogeneration technologies that can be used and their applications in industrial settings. Cogeneration improves energy efficiency compared to separate production of heat and electricity and can reduce costs for businesses if the heat is utilized properly. The economics of cogeneration depend on factors like fuel and electricity prices and carbon credits, and it offers benefits like reduced emissions and more reliable energy.
Design of Model based controller for Two Conical Tank Interacting Level systemsIJMER
This document presents a model-based controller design for two interacting conical tank level systems, which is a non-linear process. The mathematical model of the two tank system is derived and piecewise linearization is used to obtain transfer functions for four operating regions. An Internal Model Controller (IMC) is designed for each region by factoring the process model and specifying the controller as the inverse of the process model with a low pass filter. Simulation results in MATLAB Simulink show that the IMC controller is able to maintain the liquid level at the desired set point and reject disturbances for each of the four regions.
This ppt describes the function of Power Transformer in a Power Generation plant. Here DPL(Durgapur Projects Limited) was our VT venue, so chose it as the Base.
This new minute lecture gives an introduction to photovoltaic (PV) systems for residential use, providing an answer to following questions:
* How does a PV system work?
* What can be expected from a PV system?
* What types of systems are available?
* How is technology expected to evolve?
SOLAR PV-WIND HYBRID POWER GENERATION SYSTEMtulasi banala
This document describes a solar PV-wind hybrid power generation system. It discusses how renewable energy sources like solar and wind have grown but still produce less energy than fossil fuels. A hybrid system is proposed to combine solar and wind power sources to provide a more reliable supply since the sun and wind are intermittent. The system would include photovoltaic solar panels, a wind turbine, batteries, an inverter, and microcontroller to store and convert the power for residential or small-scale use.
This document presents a new hybrid rectifier topology for a wind-solar energy system. The proposed topology fuses a Cuk converter and SEPIC converter, eliminating the need for separate input filters. It allows each renewable energy source to operate individually or simultaneously and to achieve maximum power point tracking for optimal power extraction. Simulation results show that when one source is insufficient to meet load demands, the other source can compensate, improving the overall reliability of the hybrid system.
Generator Protection By - Er Rahul Sharma Rahul Ruddra
This document discusses generator protection systems. It describes how differential protection uses CTs to detect faults by measuring differences in current. Modified differential protection is discussed as a way to protect the full winding. Other protections mentioned include restricted earth fault protection, stator protection against phase and interturn faults, rotor earth fault protection using dc injection, loss of excitation detection, overload protection using temperature sensors, and negative sequence protection to prevent rotor overheating. The conclusion emphasizes that protective relays act after a fault occurs to ensure safety and equipment protection.
Main equipment in the power plant is Generator. It's cost is much higher than any other equipment so we will have to protect the generator from all the possible faults and errors.
Hybrid wind-solar Power generation systemShivam Joshi
This project is basically based on power generation with help of wind as well as solar equipments. This we call it as Hybrid stucture of solar and wind. The presentation contains all the baci information required to undestand this new innovative concept. For more information you can contact me. I woll get back to you as soon as possible. Thanks you. Hope its helpfull :)
The document discusses a hybrid wind/solar energy system that allows the two intermittent energy sources to supply power separately or together through a new rectifier configuration. It notes the disadvantages of relying solely on solar or wind energy alone due to unpredictability, but explains how combining the two sources into a hybrid system and using maximum power point tracking algorithms can significantly improve the reliability and efficiency of power transfer.
Steam turbines work by converting the energy of expanding steam into rotational motion. They have several key components and come in two main types: impulse and reaction. Impulse turbines use nozzles to direct high velocity steam onto turbine blades for impulse, while reaction turbines utilize both fixed and moving blades to expand steam. Common problems in steam turbines include stress corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue, thermal fatigue, and pitting due to chemical attack from corrosive elements in the steam. Proper lubrication and preventing blade deterioration are important for optimizing steam turbine performance and lifespan.
This document presents on a hybrid wind and solar energy system with battery energy storage for an isolated system. It discusses that in districts where solar and wind energy are naturally complementary, a hybrid system can reduce battery capacity and costs compared to standalone PV or wind. The system will use linear short-term prediction of wind and solar in its control strategy to optimize the system economically in MATLAB Simulink. A typical hybrid system consists of solar, wind, batteries, and a controller to regulate charging and protect from overcharging or deep discharging. Hybrid systems can have benefits like improved reliability, efficiency, fuel flexibility, lower emissions, and economics.
This document discusses a hybrid solar-wind power generation system. It begins by introducing renewable energy sources as alternatives to conventional polluting energy sources. It then describes solar and wind energy individually, noting their advantages like being clean sources but also limitations like unpredictability. The main section discusses the hybrid system, which combines solar panels, wind turbines, batteries, and other components to generate continuous power by leveraging the strengths of both sources. It has higher efficiency than individual systems and provides backup power. The document concludes the hybrid system is better than either source alone and has promising future applications and prospects in India given its ideal conditions for both solar and wind energy.
This document summarizes and compares existing routing protocols for delay tolerant networks. It presents routing protocols such as first contact, direct delivery, PROPHET, spray and wait, and epidemic routing. It also proposes a new dynamic spray and wait protocol that considers the quality of nodes based on their activity level. Simulation results show that the proposed algorithm that considers message size, number of copies, and time to live performs better than the traditional drop front approach in terms of delivery probability, buffer time average, overhead ratio, packets dropped, and hop count average.
A Survey of User Authentication Schemes for Mobile DeviceIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
1. The document describes an anatomical variation observed during a routine cadaver dissection where the posterior tibial artery originated from the popliteal artery proximal to the popliteus muscle.
2. This variation is important for orthopaedic surgeons, radiologists, and others to be aware of to minimize risks during knee surgeries and angiographic studies.
3. The authors conclude that variations in the branching pattern of the popliteal artery are common and need to be considered during related surgical and medical interventions.
The Reliability in Decoding of Turbo Codes for Wireless CommunicationsIJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
The document proposes a new optimized design for a binary coded decimal (BCD) adder using reversible logic gates. It summarizes the basic definitions of reversible logic and describes commonly used reversible gates like CNOT, Toffoli, Peres, TR, and MTSG gates. It then presents the conventional design of a BCD adder and proposes a new design using MTSG gates that has lower quantum cost, fewer gates, and less delay compared to existing designs. The proposed 4-bit reversible BCD adder requires only 10 gates and has a quantum cost of 40.
Dynamic Spectrum Allocation in Wireless sensor NetworksIJMER
Radio frequency spectrum is considered the most expensive and scarce resource among all wireless
network resources, and it is closely followed by the energy consumption, especially in low energy, battery powered
wireless sensor network devices. These days, there is a tremendous growth in the applications of wireless sensor
networks (WSNs) operating in unlicensed spectrum bands (ISM). Moreover, due to the rapid growth of wireless
devices that are designed to be operated in unlicensed spectrum bands, these spectrum bands have been overcrowded.
The problem with overcrowded spectrum or scarcity of spectrum can be solved by Dynamic Allocation of Spectrum.
In this paper we have presented the implementation and analysis of dynamic spectrum allocation in Wireless Sensors
Networks using the concept of Cognitive Radio Ad Hoc Network.
Implementation of Wide Band Frequency Synthesizer Base on DFS (Digital Frequ...IJMER
Wide Band Frequency Synthesizer has become essential components in wireless communication
systems. They are used as frequency synthesizers with precise and convenient digital control in both traditional
electronics, such as televisions and AM/FM radios, and modern consumer products among which cellular
mobile phone is a striking example.
IC fabrication technology advances have made monolithic integration possible. More and more
electronic devices can be put on the same chip to reduce the number of external components and then the costs.
Therefore, on a single chip we can accomplish many functions for which we might need to make several chips
work together a few years ago. A monolithic wide-band PLL is of great interests to wireless communication
applications due to both its low cost and convenience to switch between different communication standards.
The focus of this work is to implement a wide-band Frequency Synthesizer using as few as possible building
blocks and also as simple as possible structure.
Effect of Chemical Reaction and Radiation Absorption on Unsteady Convective H...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
PV/Diesel Hybrid System for Fuel Production from Waste Plastics RecyclingIJMER
The treatment of wastes has become one of the most important concerns of modern society. Converting waste plastic into gasoline and diesel fuel through a highly effective low-cost pyrolysis process is a promising technology. In this paper PV/Diesel/Battery hybrid system is suggested to fulfill the load demand of waste plastic recycling pyrolysis process. A Mathematical and simulation models using MATLAB/ SIMULINK software for the hybrid PV/Diesel/Battery system components have been developed. Also, this paper presents a control strategy using Artificial Neural Network Controller
(NNC) technique for coordinating the power flow among the different components of the PV/Diesel/Battery hybrid system. The results indicate that the proposed control unit using NNC can be successfully used for controlling the power system for the waste plastic recycling pyrolysis process.
IRJET- Optimization of Hybrid Energy Mix for Rural Electrification in NigeriaIRJET Journal
This document discusses optimizing a hybrid energy mix for rural electrification in Nigeria. It analyzes using a renewable hybrid power system combining solar, wind, diesel generator, and battery storage to provide electricity for Kaba-Owode, a small community in Nigeria that experiences unreliable power. The simulation software HOMER was used to evaluate different system configurations. The results showed that a PV/Diesel/Battery system would be the most financially sustainable solution to meet the community's energy demands.
Power Generation in The Chemical IndustryIJRTEMJOURNAL
The chemical industry, particularly the production of organic and inorganic base chemicals, has
a high demand for electrical and thermal power. In the chemical industry, power drives processes and
profitability. With most of the chemical industries aiming to expand, having their own power generation plant is
an emerging necessity. This paper provides a brief overview of the various ways in which the chemical industry
has been generating power to meet the needs of its plants and, in some cases, selling the surplus power
produced.
IRJET- Techno Commercial Feasibility Study of Renewable EnergiesIRJET Journal
This document provides a summary of the commercial feasibility study of various renewable energy sources. It discusses the major renewable energy sources including wind, solar, biomass, hydro, and tidal energy. It analyzes each source based on their global potential, economic impacts including costs, job creation, and carbon emission reductions. The document finds that renewable energy capacity has significantly increased in recent years. While renewable sources have advantages over fossil fuels, factors like installation costs, land use requirements, and intermittent output must be considered in determining their commercial viability.
Design and Modeling of Grid Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy Power GenerationIJERA Editor
This paper proposes a design and modeling of grid connected hybrid renewable energy power generation. The
energy system having a photo voltaic (PV) panel, Srg wind turbine and fuel cell (sofc) for continuous power
flow management. Fuel cells (storage & generating) are added to ensure uninterrupted power supply due to the
discontinuous nature of solar and wind resources. Renewable energy generated during times of plenty can be
stored for use during periods when sufficient electricity is not available. But storing this energy is a difficult
task: batteries and similar technologies perform well over short timescales, but over periods of weeks or months
a different approach is necessary. Energy storage in the form of hydrogen is one such possibility: excess
electricity is fed into an electrolyser to split water into its constituent parts, oxygen and hydrogen. The hydrogen
is then used in fuel cells to produce electricity when needed which will overcome the problem of storage. This
work is mainly concentrated on the design, analysis and modelling of Fuel cells and Analysis and modelling of
Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) in the application of Wind Energy Generation and pv cell. Also an
effective approach is proposed in this thesis to ensure renewable energy diversity and effective utilization. The
pv cell, wind and fuel cell renewable energy system is digitally simulated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK
software environment and fully validated for efficient energy utilizations and enhanced interface power quality
under different operating conditions and load excursions
Design hybrid micropower system in mistah village using homer modelIAEME Publication
The document presents a case study analyzing different hybrid micropower system designs for a remote village in Iraq using the HOMER modeling software. Three cases are analyzed: 1) diesel generator only, 2) wind, hydro, diesel generator, converter, and batteries, and 3) PV, wind, hydro, diesel generator, converter, and batteries. The optimal configuration was found to be case 2, with a total net present cost of $705,643 and cost of energy of $0.422/kWh. This hybrid system was shown to have lower costs than grid extension for distances over 3.55km from the main power station. Emissions were also calculated and found to be lower for the hybrid systems compared to diesel generator
Energy efficiency into industrial facilities - PhD ThesisGiulio Vialetto
I uploaded my PhD thesis where I discuss possible improvements on energy generation into industrial facilities. Novelties both on energy generation (using SOFC, SOEC and RSOC) both using data analytics are proposed.
For any inquires do not hesitate do contact me. Email info@giuliovialetto.it
hotovoltaic-Biomass Gasifier Hybrid Energy System for a Poultry HouseIJMER
Availability and sustainability of energy and food production are the biggest challenge facing
the world. Find out how to integrate poultry and animal farms with renewable energy technologies will
lead to a greater energy security and food production.The main objective of this paper is to obtain the
optimal suited configuration of a hybrid renewable energy system from various combinations to meet the
poultry house load requirement reliably, economically, continuously and sustainably. This paper presents
an optimal design of hybrid solar PV-biomass gasifier system to fulfill the requirements of 250 kWh/day
primary loads with 19 kW peak load for poultry house located at El-fayoum governorate, Egypt. Using
HOMER simulations, the optimal sizing of solar photovoltaic (PV) and biogas generating system is
obtained on the basis of the minimized cost of the obtained energy (COE) generation, HOMER results
show that the solution is sustainable and techno economically viable. The simulation results show that PV
(12 kW) - biomass gasifier (20 kW) - battery (270 kWh) hybrid system is most economically feasible with a
least cost of energy about $0.224/Kwh. Also, this system is characterized by the minimum percentage of
carbon dioxide and the other greenhouse gases emissions
IRJET- Feasibility of Superficial Small and Micro-Hydro Power Plants in EgyptIRJET Journal
This document discusses the feasibility of small and micro-hydroelectric power plants in Egypt. It begins by providing background on hydroelectric power globally, including that it is a renewable source of energy that does not produce greenhouse gases. It then discusses hydroelectric power specifically in Egypt, including details on existing dams and plants. The document proposes two potential locations in Egypt for small hydroelectric plants: 1) Using the water pumping machinery already in place for agricultural irrigation in villages. 2) Installing hydroelectric turbines at existing water and sewage treatment stations, of which there are over 2,700 in Egypt. It provides a basic technical overview of how a superficial hydroelectric plant would be designed and estimates the total cost to develop such a system would
COMET: A combination of multiple-energy technologies - Another alternative to...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses COMET, a proposed system that combines solar energy, hydrogen fuel cells, and a 4-stroke internal combustion engine to provide irrigation power for drought-stricken areas of India.
2) The system would use electrolysis to produce hydrogen from solar power, which would then be stored and used to power both a fuel cell for electricity production and a 4-stroke engine connected to an alternator to provide backup power.
3) The document analyzes this system using HOMER software to evaluate its technical feasibility and economic viability as a renewable energy solution for irrigation needs in rural India.
Sustainability of the Installed Battery-less PV Panel Systems at Two Governme...IJAEMSJORNAL
This document summarizes a study that assessed the sustainability of battery-less photovoltaic (PV) panel systems installed at two government institutions in Pampanga, Philippines. The study found that the PV systems decreased the energy costs of both institutions compared to before installation. Specifically, Institution A saw an average 0.72% decrease in energy usage and 0.43% decrease in costs, while Institution B saw higher decreases of 12.88% and 13.59% respectively. The study also determined that the PV panels at Institution A had an efficiency of 27.98% while those at Institution B had 52.47% efficiency. A manual was created based on the study to provide guidance on operating and maintaining the PV systems.
Comparative Study of Electricity Production Cost of Renewable Energy Power Pl...ijtsrd
The massive use of renewable energies for electricity production still comes up against a very high production cost per kilowatt hour. Although renewable energies are free and inexhaustible at human scale, most of time the high cost value of producing electricity from these renewable energies is related to the conversion equipments cost. For this reason, the purpose of this research is to choose the most suitable conversion system for a given site, taking into account the system implementing costs and the cost of electricity produced per kilowatt hour. For a given electrical load, the project carrying out costs and the electricity cost per kilowatt hour are calculated for Photovoltaic lithium battery storage, Photovoltaic AGM battery storage, Photovoltaic Gel battery storage, Photovoltaic lead battery storage and plant consisting of generators running on biogas. The different costs comparison made it possible to designate PV Gel battery storage power plant as the best suited model for the studied site. The Photovoltaic Gel battery power plant gave the lowest project costs, bearable by users in Sahelian zone in which the electrification project is planned. Seydou Ouedraogo | Moussa Tissologo | Arnaud R. A. A. Valea | Adekunle A. Salami | Ayite. S. A. Ajavon "Comparative Study of Electricity Production Cost of Renewable Energy Power Plants: Case of Photovoltaic Plant and Biogas Generators Power Plant in Sahel Area" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-2 , February 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49434.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/49434/comparative-study-of-electricity-production-cost-of-renewable-energy-power-plants-case-of-photovoltaic-plant-and-biogas-generators-power-plant-in-sahel-area/seydou-ouedraogo
Hydrogen storage for micro-grid application: a framework for ranking fuel ce...IJECEIAES
To securely address energy shortage and various environmental issues attributed to fossil fuel, the adoption of renewable energy is growing across the globe. However, wind and solar which form the bulk of the emerging renewable energy for micro-grid applications are intermittent and need energy storage device for backup. Due to its environmentally friendly nature, the use of hydrogen as storage mechanism is now being explored for micro-grid applications. However, due to the various technical criteria attributed to various fuel cell (FC) technologies used for hydrogen production, selecting the most suitable alternative remains a challenge. This study uses evaluation based on distance from average solution, a multicriteria decision making tool to rank FC technologies that can be used to produce of hydrogen energy storage in micro-grid applications. The analysis was based on 4 FC technologies and 6 technical criteria. The results of the study show that the most preferred FC technology for micro-grid application is the polymeric electrolyte membrane while the least preferred is molten carbonate FC. It is expected that future analysis would explore the inclusion of socio-economic criteria in the evaluation of the most preferred FC technology for micro-grid application.
An Optimization Model for A Proposed Trigeneration System IJERA Editor
This document proposes an optimization model for a trigeneration system at a university campus. The trigeneration system would provide electricity, heating, and cooling and use both renewable and non-renewable energy sources. The proposed system includes a power generation unit, waste heat recovery system, absorption chiller, electrical chiller, photovoltaic systems, and thermal collector. The optimization model is formulated as a linear program to minimize total system costs over a one-year period under constraints of meeting energy demands and not exceeding the capacities of system components. The objective is to determine the optimal operation of the trigeneration system components to satisfy the university's electricity, heating, and cooling loads at lowest cost.
A comprehensive study on battery energy storage systems for renewable energyIRJET Journal
The document discusses battery energy storage systems for renewable energy. It begins by noting the increasing global demand for energy and dependence on fossil fuels, which are limited and cause pollution. Renewable energy sources like solar and wind can help generate clean electricity but storing this energy for later use poses a challenge. Battery storage systems can address this by storing renewable energy for applications like electric vehicles and the grid. The document then examines different types of battery energy storage technologies, classifications of electric energy storage systems, and the use of batteries specifically for renewable energy storage and electric vehicles.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
This document summarizes an energy and environmental impact study of a cement plant in South Africa. It was found that insulating the preheater system was the most promising energy saving measure, with a payback period of only 7.5 months. Increasing the plant's exergetic efficiency from 39% to 43% through this measure would decrease environmental impacts according to the Eco Indicator method. The study also found that energy saving projects are generally less attractive in South Africa than Europe due to lower fuel prices and higher interest rates in South Africa.
This document provides an overview and comparative analysis of different solar energy technologies, including photovoltaics (PV), concentrated photovoltaics (CPV), solar thermal technologies, and solar chimneys. It discusses the installed capacity and levelized cost of energy for each technology. PV capacity has grown significantly from 2004-2014, with total capacity reaching 177GW in 2014. Solar thermal capacity has also increased substantially over this period, reaching 4.4GW globally by the end of 2014. While solar chimneys remain experimental, the first 50MW plant is scheduled for completion in India in 2017. The document analyzes the technical and economic feasibility of these solar technologies as alternatives to fossil fuels.
Simulative Design of an Indigenous PV Renewable Energy Farm SystemOfierohorEndurance
This paper proposes a greener environmental-friendly, renewable energy power generation solution
deployable to indigenous farmlands in Nigeria when comparing them to the use of fossil fuels which produce
high-level carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The PV solar panel farm system comprises of 4 PV arrays delivering
a sum of 400kW at 100W/m2 sun irradiance in connection to the Grid. The Design and Simulation model (as
shown in Figure 5) in this paper were carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK version 2021a comprising of
various physical and mathematical block models. The results (as seen in Figure 23) show the real power, reactive
power and apparent power help to indicate the outstanding performance index of the model when compared to
fossil fuel power generation. The economic relevance of this design is its ability to attenuate the cost of power
generation and global warming.
The document discusses renewable energy readiness in Nigeria. It finds that while Nigeria has abundant renewable resources like solar, wind, and hydro, current utilization is still low apart from large hydro projects. Projections show electricity demand rising dramatically by 2030. Meeting this demand will require major investment that the government cannot provide alone. The document recommends encouraging private sector investment and developing renewables on a large scale. Key agencies in Nigeria like REA and NERC are working to promote mini-grids and a supportive regulatory environment to develop renewable energy.
Similar to PV/Diesel Hybrid System for Fuel Production from Waste Plastics Recycling (20)
A Study on Translucent Concrete Product and Its Properties by Using Optical F...IJMER
- Translucent concrete is a concrete based material with light-transferring properties,
obtained due to embedded light optical elements like Optical fibers used in concrete. Light is conducted
through the concrete from one end to the other. This results into a certain light pattern on the other
surface, depending on the fiber structure. Optical fibers transmit light so effectively that there is
virtually no loss of light conducted through the fibers. This paper deals with the modeling of such
translucent or transparent concrete blocks and panel and their usage and also the advantages it brings
in the field. The main purpose is to use sunlight as a light source to reduce the power consumption of
illumination and to use the optical fiber to sense the stress of structures and also use this concrete as an
architectural purpose of the building
Developing Cost Effective Automation for Cotton Seed DelintingIJMER
A low cost automation system for removal of lint from cottonseed is to be designed and
developed. The setup consists of stainless steel drum with stirrer in which cottonseeds having lint is mixed
with concentrated sulphuric acid. So lint will get burn. This lint free cottonseed treated with lime water to
neutralize acidic nature. After water washing this cottonseeds are used for agriculter purpose
Study & Testing Of Bio-Composite Material Based On Munja FibreIJMER
The incorporation of natural fibres such as munja fiber composites has gained
increasing applications both in many areas of Engineering and Technology. The aim of this study is to
evaluate mechanical properties such as flexural and tensile properties of reinforced epoxy composites.
This is mainly due to their applicable benefits as they are light weight and offer low cost compared to
synthetic fibre composites. Munja fibres recently have been a substitute material in many weight-critical
applications in areas such as aerospace, automotive and other high demanding industrial sectors. In
this study, natural munja fibre composites and munja/fibreglass hybrid composites were fabricated by a
combination of hand lay-up and cold-press methods. A new variety in munja fibre is the present work
the main aim of the work is to extract the neat fibre and is characterized for its flexural characteristics.
The composites are fabricated by reinforcing untreated and treated fibre and are tested for their
mechanical, properties strictly as per ASTM procedures.
Hybrid Engine (Stirling Engine + IC Engine + Electric Motor)IJMER
Hybrid engine is a combination of Stirling engine, IC engine and Electric motor. All these 3 are
connected together to a single shaft. The power source of the Stirling engine will be a Solar Panel. The aim of
this is to run the automobile using a Hybrid engine
Fabrication & Characterization of Bio Composite Materials Based On Sunnhemp F...IJMER
This document summarizes research on the fabrication and characterization of bio-composite materials using sunnhemp fibre. The document discusses how sunnhemp fibre was used to reinforce an epoxy matrix through hand lay-up methods. Various mechanical properties of the bio-composites were tested, including tensile, flexural, and impact properties. The results of the mechanical tests on the bio-composite specimens are presented. Potential applications of the sunnhemp fibre bio-composites are also suggested, such as in fall ceilings, partitions, packaging, automotive interiors, and toys.
Geochemistry and Genesis of Kammatturu Iron Ores of Devagiri Formation, Sandu...IJMER
The Greenstone belts of Karnataka are enriched in BIFs in Dharwar craton, where Iron
formations are confined to the basin shelf, clearly separated from the deeper-water iron formation that
accumulated at the basin margin and flanking the marine basin. Geochemical data procured in terms of
major, trace and REE are plotted in various diagrams to interpret the genesis of BIFs. Al2O3, Fe2O3 (T),
TiO2, CaO, and SiO2 abundances and ratios show a wide variation. Ni, Co, Zr, Sc, V, Rb, Sr, U, Th,
ΣREE, La, Ce and Eu anomalies and their binary relationships indicate that wherever the terrigenous
component has increased, the concentration of elements of felsic such as Zr and Hf has gone up. Elevated
concentrations of Ni, Co and Sc are contributed by chlorite and other components characteristic of basic
volcanic debris. The data suggest that these formations were generated by chemical and clastic
sedimentary processes on a shallow shelf. During transgression, chemical precipitation took place at the
sediment-water interface, whereas at the time of regression. Iron ore formed with sedimentary structures
and textures in Kammatturu area, in a setting where the water column was oxygenated.
Experimental Investigation on Characteristic Study of the Carbon Steel C45 in...IJMER
In this paper, the mechanical characteristics of C45 medium carbon steel are investigated
under various working conditions. The main characteristic to be studied on this paper is impact toughness
of the material with different configurations and the experiment were carried out on charpy impact testing
equipment. This study reveals the ability of the material to absorb energy up to failure for various
specimen configurations under different heat treated conditions and the corresponding results were
compared with the analysis outcome
Non linear analysis of Robot Gun Support Structure using Equivalent Dynamic A...IJMER
Robot guns are being increasingly employed in automotive manufacturing to replace
risky jobs and also to increase productivity. Using a single robot for a single operation proves to be
expensive. Hence for cost optimization, multiple guns are mounted on a single robot and multiple
operations are performed. Robot Gun structure is an efficient way in which multiple welds can be done
simultaneously. However mounting several weld guns on a single structure induces a variety of
dynamic loads, especially during movement of the robot arm as it maneuvers to reach the weld
locations. The primary idea employed in this paper, is to model those dynamic loads as equivalent G
force loads in FEA. This approach will be on the conservative side, and will be saving time and
subsequently cost efficient. The approach of the paper is towards creating a standard operating
procedure when it comes to analysis of such structures, with emphasis on deploying various technical
aspects of FEA such as Non Linear Geometry, Multipoint Constraint Contact Algorithm, Multizone
meshing .
Static Analysis of Go-Kart Chassis by Analytical and Solid Works SimulationIJMER
This paper aims to do modelling, simulation and performing the static analysis of a go
kart chassis consisting of Circular beams. Modelling, simulations and analysis are performed using 3-D
modelling software i.e. Solid Works and ANSYS according to the rulebook provided by Indian Society of
New Era Engineers (ISNEE) for National Go Kart Championship (NGKC-14).The maximum deflection is
determined by performing static analysis. Computed results are then compared to analytical calculation,
where it is found that the location of maximum deflection agrees well with theoretical approximation but
varies on magnitude aspect.
In récent year various vehicle introduced in market but due to limitation in
carbon émission and BS Séries limitd speed availability vehicle in the market and causing of
environnent pollution over few year There is need to decrease dependancy on fuel vehicle.
bicycle is to be modified for optional in the future To implement new technique using change in
pedal assembly and variable speed gearbox such as planetary gear optimise speed of vehicle
with variable speed ratio.To increase the efficiency of bicycle for confortable drive and to
reduce torque appli éd on bicycle. we introduced epicyclic gear box in which transmission done
throgh Chain Drive (i.e. Sprocket )to rear wheel with help of Epicyclical gear Box to give
number of différent Speed during driving.To reduce torque requirent in the cycle with change in
the pedal mechanism
Integration of Struts & Spring & Hibernate for Enterprise ApplicationsIJMER
This document discusses integrating the Spring, Struts, and Hibernate frameworks to develop enterprise applications. It provides an overview of each framework and their features. The Spring Framework is a lightweight, modular framework that allows for inversion of control and aspect-oriented programming. It can be used to develop any or all tiers of an application. The document proposes an architecture for an e-commerce website that integrates these three frameworks, with Spring handling the business layer, Struts the presentation layer, and Hibernate the data access layer. This modular approach allows for clear separation of concerns and reduces complexity in application development.
Microcontroller Based Automatic Sprinkler Irrigation SystemIJMER
Microcontroller based Automatic Sprinkler System is a new concept of using
intelligence power of embedded technology in the sprinkler irrigation work. Designed system replaces
the conventional manual work involved in sprinkler irrigation to automatic process. Using this system a
farmer is protected against adverse inhuman weather conditions, tedious work of changing over of
sprinkler water pipe lines & risk of accident due to high pressure in the water pipe line. Overall
sprinkler irrigation work is transformed in to a comfortableautomatic work. This system provides
flexibility & accuracy in respect of time set for the operation of a sprinkler water pipe lines. In present
work the author has designed and developed an automatic sprinkler irrigation system which is
controlled and monitored by a microcontroller interfaced with solenoid valves.
On some locally closed sets and spaces in Ideal Topological SpacesIJMER
This document introduces and studies the concept of δˆ s-locally closed sets in ideal topological spaces. Some key points:
- A subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and a δˆ s-closed set.
- Various properties of δˆ s-locally closed sets are introduced and characterized, including relationships to other concepts like generalized locally closed sets.
- It is shown that a subset A is δˆ s-locally closed if and only if A can be written as the intersection of a δˆ s-open set and the δˆ s-closure of A.
- Theore
Intrusion Detection and Forensics based on decision tree and Association rule...IJMER
This paper present an approach based on the combination of, two techniques using
decision tree and Association rule mining for Probe attack detection. This approach proves to be
better than the traditional approach of generating rules for fuzzy expert system by clustering methods.
Association rule mining for selecting the best attributes together and decision tree for identifying the
best parameters together to create the rules for fuzzy expert system. After that rules for fuzzy expert
system are generated using association rule mining and decision trees. Decision trees is generated for
dataset and to find the basic parameters for creating the membership functions of fuzzy inference
system. Membership functions are generated for the probe attack. Based on these rules we have
created the fuzzy inference system that is used as an input to neuro-fuzzy system. Fuzzy inference
system is loaded to neuro-fuzzy toolbox as an input and the final ANFIS structure is generated for
outcome of neuro-fuzzy approach. The experiments and evaluations of the proposed method were
done with NSL-KDD intrusion detection dataset. As the experimental results, the proposed approach
based on the combination of, two techniques using decision tree and Association rule mining
efficiently detected probe attacks. Experimental results shows better results for detecting intrusions as
compared to others existing methods
Natural Language Ambiguity and its Effect on Machine LearningIJMER
This document discusses natural language ambiguity and its effect on machine learning. It begins by introducing different types of ambiguity that exist in natural languages, including lexical, syntactic, semantic, discourse, and pragmatic ambiguities. It then examines how these ambiguities present challenges for computational linguistics and machine translation systems. Specifically, it notes that ambiguity is a major problem for computers in processing human language as they lack the world knowledge and context that humans use to resolve ambiguities. The document concludes by outlining the typical process of machine translation and how ambiguities can interfere with tasks like analysis, transfer, and generation of text in the target language.
Today in era of software industry there is no perfect software framework available for
analysis and software development. Currently there are enormous number of software development
process exists which can be implemented to stabilize the process of developing a software system. But no
perfect system is recognized till yet which can help software developers for opting of best software
development process. This paper present the framework of skillful system combined with Likert scale. With
the help of Likert scale we define a rule based model and delegate some mass score to every process and
develop one tool name as MuxSet which will help the software developers to select an appropriate
development process that may enhance the probability of system success.
Material Parameter and Effect of Thermal Load on Functionally Graded CylindersIJMER
The present study investigates the creep in a thick-walled composite cylinders made
up of aluminum/aluminum alloy matrix and reinforced with silicon carbide particles. The distribution
of SiCp is assumed to be either uniform or decreasing linearly from the inner to the outer radius of
the cylinder. The creep behavior of the cylinder has been described by threshold stress based creep
law with a stress exponent of 5. The composite cylinders are subjected to internal pressure which is
applied gradually and steady state condition of stress is assumed. The creep parameters required to
be used in creep law, are extracted by conducting regression analysis on the available experimental
results. The mathematical models have been developed to describe steady state creep in the composite
cylinder by using von-Mises criterion. Regression analysis is used to obtain the creep parameters
required in the study. The basic equilibrium equation of the cylinder and other constitutive equations
have been solved to obtain creep stresses in the cylinder. The effect of varying particle size, particle
content and temperature on the stresses in the composite cylinder has been analyzed. The study
revealed that the stress distributions in the cylinder do not vary significantly for various combinations
of particle size, particle content and operating temperature except for slight variation observed for
varying particle content. Functionally Graded Materials (FGMs) emerged and led to the development
of superior heat resistant materials.
Energy Audit is the systematic process for finding out the energy conservation
opportunities in industrial processes. The project carried out studies on various energy conservation
measures application in areas like lighting, motors, compressors, transformer, ventilation system etc.
In this investigation, studied the technical aspects of the various measures along with its cost benefit
analysis.
Investigation found that major areas of energy conservation are-
1. Energy efficient lighting schemes.
2. Use of electronic ballast instead of copper ballast.
3. Use of wind ventilators for ventilation.
4. Use of VFD for compressor.
5. Transparent roofing sheets to reduce energy consumption.
So Energy Audit is the only perfect & analyzed way of meeting the Industrial Energy Conservation.
An Implementation of I2C Slave Interface using Verilog HDLIJMER
This document describes the implementation of an I2C slave interface using Verilog HDL. It introduces the I2C protocol which uses only two bidirectional lines (SDA and SCL) for communication. The document discusses the I2C protocol specifications including start/stop conditions, addressing, read/write operations, and acknowledgements. It then provides details on designing an I2C slave module in Verilog that responds to commands from an I2C master and allows synchronization through clock stretching. The module is simulated in ModelSim and synthesized in Xilinx. Simulation waveforms demonstrate successful read and write operations to the slave device.
Discrete Model of Two Predators competing for One PreyIJMER
This paper investigates the dynamical behavior of a discrete model of one prey two
predator systems. The equilibrium points and their stability are analyzed. Time series plots are obtained
for different sets of parameter values. Also bifurcation diagrams are plotted to show dynamical behavior
of the system in selected range of growth parameter
DEEP LEARNING FOR SMART GRID INTRUSION DETECTION: A HYBRID CNN-LSTM-BASED MODELgerogepatton
As digital technology becomes more deeply embedded in power systems, protecting the communication
networks of Smart Grids (SG) has emerged as a critical concern. Distributed Network Protocol 3 (DNP3)
represents a multi-tiered application layer protocol extensively utilized in Supervisory Control and Data
Acquisition (SCADA)-based smart grids to facilitate real-time data gathering and control functionalities.
Robust Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS) are necessary for early threat detection and mitigation because
of the interconnection of these networks, which makes them vulnerable to a variety of cyberattacks. To
solve this issue, this paper develops a hybrid Deep Learning (DL) model specifically designed for intrusion
detection in smart grids. The proposed approach is a combination of the Convolutional Neural Network
(CNN) and the Long-Short-Term Memory algorithms (LSTM). We employed a recent intrusion detection
dataset (DNP3), which focuses on unauthorized commands and Denial of Service (DoS) cyberattacks, to
train and test our model. The results of our experiments show that our CNN-LSTM method is much better
at finding smart grid intrusions than other deep learning algorithms used for classification. In addition,
our proposed approach improves accuracy, precision, recall, and F1 score, achieving a high detection
accuracy rate of 99.50%.
CHINA’S GEO-ECONOMIC OUTREACH IN CENTRAL ASIAN COUNTRIES AND FUTURE PROSPECTjpsjournal1
The rivalry between prominent international actors for dominance over Central Asia's hydrocarbon
reserves and the ancient silk trade route, along with China's diplomatic endeavours in the area, has been
referred to as the "New Great Game." This research centres on the power struggle, considering
geopolitical, geostrategic, and geoeconomic variables. Topics including trade, political hegemony, oil
politics, and conventional and nontraditional security are all explored and explained by the researcher.
Using Mackinder's Heartland, Spykman Rimland, and Hegemonic Stability theories, examines China's role
in Central Asia. This study adheres to the empirical epistemological method and has taken care of
objectivity. This study analyze primary and secondary research documents critically to elaborate role of
china’s geo economic outreach in central Asian countries and its future prospect. China is thriving in trade,
pipeline politics, and winning states, according to this study, thanks to important instruments like the
Shanghai Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative. According to this study,
China is seeing significant success in commerce, pipeline politics, and gaining influence on other
governments. This success may be attributed to the effective utilisation of key tools such as the Shanghai
Cooperation Organisation and the Belt and Road Economic Initiative.
Low power architecture of logic gates using adiabatic techniquesnooriasukmaningtyas
The growing significance of portable systems to limit power consumption in ultra-large-scale-integration chips of very high density, has recently led to rapid and inventive progresses in low-power design. The most effective technique is adiabatic logic circuit design in energy-efficient hardware. This paper presents two adiabatic approaches for the design of low power circuits, modified positive feedback adiabatic logic (modified PFAL) and the other is direct current diode based positive feedback adiabatic logic (DC-DB PFAL). Logic gates are the preliminary components in any digital circuit design. By improving the performance of basic gates, one can improvise the whole system performance. In this paper proposed circuit design of the low power architecture of OR/NOR, AND/NAND, and XOR/XNOR gates are presented using the said approaches and their results are analyzed for powerdissipation, delay, power-delay-product and rise time and compared with the other adiabatic techniques along with the conventional complementary metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) designs reported in the literature. It has been found that the designs with DC-DB PFAL technique outperform with the percentage improvement of 65% for NOR gate and 7% for NAND gate and 34% for XNOR gate over the modified PFAL techniques at 10 MHz respectively.
Electric vehicle and photovoltaic advanced roles in enhancing the financial p...IJECEIAES
Climate change's impact on the planet forced the United Nations and governments to promote green energies and electric transportation. The deployments of photovoltaic (PV) and electric vehicle (EV) systems gained stronger momentum due to their numerous advantages over fossil fuel types. The advantages go beyond sustainability to reach financial support and stability. The work in this paper introduces the hybrid system between PV and EV to support industrial and commercial plants. This paper covers the theoretical framework of the proposed hybrid system including the required equation to complete the cost analysis when PV and EV are present. In addition, the proposed design diagram which sets the priorities and requirements of the system is presented. The proposed approach allows setup to advance their power stability, especially during power outages. The presented information supports researchers and plant owners to complete the necessary analysis while promoting the deployment of clean energy. The result of a case study that represents a dairy milk farmer supports the theoretical works and highlights its advanced benefits to existing plants. The short return on investment of the proposed approach supports the paper's novelty approach for the sustainable electrical system. In addition, the proposed system allows for an isolated power setup without the need for a transmission line which enhances the safety of the electrical network
ACEP Magazine edition 4th launched on 05.06.2024Rahul
This document provides information about the third edition of the magazine "Sthapatya" published by the Association of Civil Engineers (Practicing) Aurangabad. It includes messages from current and past presidents of ACEP, memories and photos from past ACEP events, information on life time achievement awards given by ACEP, and a technical article on concrete maintenance, repairs and strengthening. The document highlights activities of ACEP and provides a technical educational article for members.
Using recycled concrete aggregates (RCA) for pavements is crucial to achieving sustainability. Implementing RCA for new pavement can minimize carbon footprint, conserve natural resources, reduce harmful emissions, and lower life cycle costs. Compared to natural aggregate (NA), RCA pavement has fewer comprehensive studies and sustainability assessments.
Embedded machine learning-based road conditions and driving behavior monitoringIJECEIAES
Car accident rates have increased in recent years, resulting in losses in human lives, properties, and other financial costs. An embedded machine learning-based system is developed to address this critical issue. The system can monitor road conditions, detect driving patterns, and identify aggressive driving behaviors. The system is based on neural networks trained on a comprehensive dataset of driving events, driving styles, and road conditions. The system effectively detects potential risks and helps mitigate the frequency and impact of accidents. The primary goal is to ensure the safety of drivers and vehicles. Collecting data involved gathering information on three key road events: normal street and normal drive, speed bumps, circular yellow speed bumps, and three aggressive driving actions: sudden start, sudden stop, and sudden entry. The gathered data is processed and analyzed using a machine learning system designed for limited power and memory devices. The developed system resulted in 91.9% accuracy, 93.6% precision, and 92% recall. The achieved inference time on an Arduino Nano 33 BLE Sense with a 32-bit CPU running at 64 MHz is 34 ms and requires 2.6 kB peak RAM and 139.9 kB program flash memory, making it suitable for resource-constrained embedded systems.
We have compiled the most important slides from each speaker's presentation. This year’s compilation, available for free, captures the key insights and contributions shared during the DfMAy 2024 conference.
PV/Diesel Hybrid System for Fuel Production from Waste Plastics Recycling
1. International
OPEN ACCESS Journal
Of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER)
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PV/Diesel Hybrid System for Fuel Production from Waste Plastics Recycling Faten Hosney Fahmy1, Ninet Mohamed Ahmed2, Hanaa Mohamed Farghally3, Photovoltaic Department, Electronics Research Institute, Giza, Egypt.
I. Introduction Increased population growth and economic development are accelerating the rate at which energy, and in particular electrical energy is being demanded. The use of fossil fuels is now widely accepted as unsustainable due to depleting resources and the subsequent increase in price and the accumulation of greenhouse gases in the environment that have already exceeded. All methods of electricity generation have consequences for the environment, so meeting this growth in demand, while safeguarding the environment poses a growing challenge [1-3]. After food waste and paper waste, waste plastic is the major constitute of municipal and industrial waste in cities. The global production of plastics has seen an increase from around 1.3 million tons in 1950 to 245 MT in 2006 [4]. Worldwide consumption of plastic is expected to touch 297 million tons by 2015. Hence, waste plastics pose a very serious environmental challenge because of their huge quantity and disposal problem as thermoplastics do not biodegrade for a very long time. Thus mankind has to rely on the alternate/renewable energy sources like biomass, hydropower, geothermal energy, wind energy, solar energy, nuclear energy, etc. [5]. Among all the renewable energy resources the solar and wind energies have the great potential as a power generating energy source, because of their many advantage like low or zero emission of pollutant gases, low cost, inexhaustible sources and easy availability of these energy sources [6 -7]. In addition to, waste plastic to liquid fuel is also an alternate energy source path, which can contribute to depletion of fossil fuel as in this process. Pyrolysis process appears to be a technique that is able to reduce a bulky, high polluting industrial waste, while producing energy and/or valuable chemical compounds. Liquid fuel with similar fuel properties as that of petro fuels is obtained [4]. Hybrid renewable energy sources can ensure sustainable, efficient utilization and electric AC-DC supply security [8]. It can raise power supply reliability and reduce the system cost according to local environmental condition and load characteristics. The choice of renewable power options is partly determined by the region in which the facility is located [9 -10]. One of the most promising renewable energy technologies is photovoltaic (PV) technology since it offers many advantages such as incurring no fuel costs, not being polluting, requiring little maintenance , and emitting no noise, The performance of the PV system depends upon several factors, especially the meteorological conditions such as solar radiation, ambient temperature and wind speed [11]. The use of diesel generators to ensure continuous power supply has the disadvantage of increasing the greenhouse gas emission which has a negative impact on the environment. Incorporating battery storage and a renewable energy source, to form a hybrid power supply system, can alleviate most of the problems mentioned for the diesel-only power system. The combinations of PV locally available solar energy systems with the continuously available diesel power plants is being disseminated worldwide to reduce diesel fuel consumption and to minimize atmospheric pollution [12-14]. Utilization of renewable energy sources for producing liquid fuel from recycling of waste plastics by a cost effective pyrolysis method will contribute on both solving the problem of plastic disposal to a great extent and consequently solving the environment problem. In addition to, adding one source of energy [4].
Abstract: The treatment of wastes has become one of the most important concerns of modern society. Converting waste plastic into gasoline and diesel fuel through a highly effective low-cost pyrolysis process is a promising technology. In this paper PV/Diesel/Battery hybrid system is suggested to fulfill the load demand of waste plastic recycling pyrolysis process. A Mathematical and simulation models using MATLAB/ SIMULINK software for the hybrid PV/Diesel/Battery system components have been developed. Also, this paper presents a control strategy using Artificial Neural Network Controller (NNC) technique for coordinating the power flow among the different components of the PV/Diesel/Battery hybrid system. The results indicate that the proposed control unit using NNC can be successfully used for controlling the power system for the waste plastic recycling pyrolysis process. Keywords- Battery, Diesel generator, Matlab/Simulink, NNC, Photovoltaic, Waste plastic recycling.
2. PV/diesel Hybrid System for Fuel Production from Waste Plastics Recycling
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This paper presents the use of PV/Diesel/Battery hybrid energy system for supplying the electrical power to meet the load requirement for household waste plastics recycling system for liquid fuel production. A simulation of hybrid PV/Diesel/Battery system using MATLAB/ SIMULINK software has been performed. The simulation has been done to assure that the PV/Diesel/Battery system is suitable for recycling process operation. Artificial Neural Network Controller (NNC) model was developed to simulate the performance of PV/Diesel/Battery power system. II. Location Cairo is chosen as the site under consideration. The specific geographical location of Cairo city is at a location of 30° 05' N latitude, 31° 17' E longitude and elevation 34.4 m with annual average solar radiation of 5.21 kWh/m²/d and clearness index of 0.597. Solar radiation, ambient temperature and the specific geographical location data for this city were obtained from Egyptian solar radiation atlas [15]. III. PV/Diesel/Battery Waste Plastic Recycling System Description Figure1 illustrates the proposed PV/Diesel/Battery waste recycling system. It contains power sources which are PV array, diesel generator engine system, storage battery bank, inverter, NN controller unit and AC load (M1, M2, M3, P1, P2, P3 and pyrolysis reactor). Fig.1 The proposed PV/Diesel/Battery waste recycling system configuration IV. Load Estimation Table I illustrates the main electrical equipments for waste plastic recycling system. The waste recycling system is assumed to operate for 10 hours from 8:00 to 18:00 o'clock with a peak load of 21.5 kW in addition to 1 hour before 8:00 o'clock and 1 hour after 18:00 o'clock of 1 kW for preparation and closing as shown in Fig. 2. The electrical daily load curve during two days in the year, one in winter and the other in summer is the same since the electrical load is the same for summer and winter seasons. Figure 2 illustrates the hourly daily electrical load of the waste recycling system. This figure indicates that, the peak load occurs during the period between 12:00 and 16:00 o'clock. Table I: The hourly load demand for household waste plastic recycling system
Power (KW)
Equipment
Symbol
2.5
Crusher motor
M1
2.5
Feeder motor
M2
1.5
Reactor motor
M3
1.5
Receiver tank pump motor
P1
1.5
Storage tank pump motor
P2
1.5
Heavy oil tank pump motor
P3
15
Waste plastic recycling induction heater
I H
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Fig.2 Electrical hourly load curve of waste plastic recycling system V. Weather Data The inputs to PV system are the solar radiation and the air temperature. Figure 3 shows the hourly solar irradiance data for Cairo city which is collected for a typical summer and winter days. By comparing the winter & summer solar data which is shown in Fig. 3, it is noticed that the time frame when solar energy is available (the solar insolation duration) is wider in the summer than in the winter. Also, for a typical summer day, the peak radiation of about 926 W/m2 is estimated, while for a typical winter day a peak of about 780 W/m2 is estimated. Fig.3 Global solar irradiance of Cairo city for a typical two days in summer and winter Figure 4 shows the hourly air temperature of Cairo city for a typical two days in winter and summer. It is observed that, the air temperature in summer season is much higher than that in winter. Fig. 4 Air temperature of Cairo city for a typical two days in summer and winter VI. Commercial Waste Pyrolysis System
The waste plastic pyrolysis process to produce oil for using as liquid fuel or chemical feedstock is common at the commercial scale in Japan. At the small scale, there are many companies manufacturing 1 ton /day batch pyrolysis units, using plastics derived from household waste. For example, the MCC Yukaki Ltd. company in Japan operates a plastic pyrolysis plant that typically processes one tone per day of plastics, producing medium and light oil is shown in Fig.5 [16-18].The oil is combusted to provide the energy
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requirements of the pyrolysis system and exported for combustion to raise steam for both thermal and electrical
power generation.
Fig.5 Schematic diagram of the MCC Yukaki Ltd. 1 ton per day plastics pyrolysis system
The process of conversion waste plastic to liquid fuel consists of three main stages; pretreatment,
generation and application which is indicated in Fig.5 and can be described as follow:
Pretreatment stage: The pretreatment stage includes sorting for the removal of unsuitable materials from
incoming waste plastic, crushing and storing the crushed plastic in the storage chamber.
Generation stage: The generation process takes place in a stainless steel cylindrical reactor with an opening at
each end of its upper section: one opening for raw material feeding and the other for waste removal. It is
operated in ambient pressure at temperatures lower than 500 degrees Celsius. There are also different types of
reactors and heating equipment. Both kiln-type and screw-type reactors have been proposed, while induction
heating by electric power has been developed as an alternative to using a burner. The output of the reactor is
stored in the reservoir tank and the residue outs from the bottom of the reactor to the residue receiver.
Application stage: In this stage the generated oil is pumped to the storage tank from which it also pumped to the
heavy oil tank and to the power generation unit.
VII. Hybrid System Components
7.1 Photovoltaic Array
Photovoltaic (PV) Solar energy is used as the base-load power source. PV array size is dependent on
the load profile, solar radiation, and renewable fraction. The PV modules used were Polycrystalline silicon with
130W Maximum Power. The details of solar module properties are shown in Table II [19].
Table II: Specifications of PV module
Parameter Value
Maximum power (Pmax) 130 Wp
Open circuit voltage (Voc) 21.5 V
Maximum power point voltage(Vmpp) 17.4 V
Short circuit current (Isc) 7.99 A
Maximum power point current (Impp) 7.49 A
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7.2 Diesel Generator (DG)
Diesel generator (DG) technology is widespread and the development of the power plant is relatively
easy. A diesel generator is in service at times when the PV array fails to meet the load. Due to few inherent
advantages of diesel generator listed below, it is used as a backup source of power generation [20-21].
a) It attains full load operating condition very quickly.
b) Highly qualified people are not required to operate this generator because of simplicity of application.
c) In a few seconds it can be started and it can gain rated speed.
d) Under varying load condition stability is maintained.
e) Installation requires smaller place compare to other generating systems.
Diesel generator is a combination of a diesel engine with an electric generator (alternator) to generate
electrical energy. The diesel generator comprises a speed governor, a diesel engine, an excitation system and a
synchronous generator.
The governor and the diesel engine system control the generator speed and provide mechanical power
to the generator. A speed regulator and an actuator are the main components of this system. A 25 kW KOBOTA
diesel generator is chosen in this study.
7.3 Battery
Battery is used as a storage device which has two operation modes: charging and discharging. Excess
electricity from PV and diesel can be stored in the battery. The purpose of the battery is to alleviate the
mismatch between the load demand and electricity generation. The storage batteries are a key factor in a hybrid
system of renewable energy; it allows to minimize the number of starting/stopping cycle of the diesel generator
which reduces the problem of its premature wear, and to satisfy the request of the load in spite of solar source
fluctuations.
The battery type chosen is Trojan Battery. It is a 6 volt, 225 AH Flooded Lead Acid Battery T-105,
which is perfectly suited for use in renewable energy systems where lowest life-cycle cost is the key
consideration [22].
7.4 Inverter
The inverter is used to interface the DC voltage to the consumer load AC requirements. The PV arrays
produce direct current (DC) at a voltage that depends on the design and the solar radiation. The DC power then
runs to an inverter, which converts it into AC voltage. The inverter size is rated based on the selected PV size, in
order to maximize the quantity of energy which is harvested from the PV arrays. A 25 KW inverter is used in
this study.
VIII. Power System Mathematical Model
The development of the mathematical model of the hybrid power system sources which are used for
supplying the electrical system of waste plastic recycling process is described in this section.
8.1 Modeling of Diesel Engine
The diesel engine is a combination of an internal combustion (IC) engine and governor. The governor
comprises speed controller and actuator. The governor of a diesel engine maintains the constant speed
throughout the operation of diesel engine. The regulator and the actuator transfer functions can be expressed
by Eq. (1) and Eq. (2) as follow [21]:
(1 )
(1 )
2
1 2T s T s
k T s
H
r r
r ra
r
(1)
(1 ) (1 )
(1 )
2 3
1
s T s T s
T s
H
a a
a
a
(2)
Where, kr is the regulator gain, Tr1, Tr2 and Tr3 are the regulator time constants, Ta1, Ta2 and Ta3 are the
actuator time constants. The differential equations describing the diesel engine and speed regulation are given
by Eq. (3) and Eq. (4) [21]:
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ref
c k
dt
dP 1
(3)
( )
1 2
2
2
B
ref
C
B m
R
k
k P
dt
dm
(4)
Where,
Pc is the compression ratio; mB is the diesel engine fuel consumption rate (kg/sec),
K1 is the governor summing loop amplification factor,
R is the diesel engine permanent speed droop,
ref is the reference speed of engine in rad/sec,
The engine is represented by a gain K2 and a dead time 2,
The dead time can be expressed as [21]:
Nn N
st
4
60
2
60
2 (5)
Where, st =4 for four stroke engine, N is the speed in rpm, and n is the number of cylinders.
The mechanical power (Pm) output produced as a result of combustion is [21]:
m B P C m 1
(6)
Where, C1 is proportionality constant, η is the efficiency. The numerical values of these constant parameters are
listed in Table III [21].
Table III: Values of constant parameters of the diesel model
Constants Parameter Numeric values
Tr1, Tr2 and Tr3 0.01, 0.001 and 0.2
Ta1, Ta2 and Ta3 0.25, 0.009 and 0.0384
Kr 40
Engine Time Delay 0.24
8.2 Modeling of PV Array
PV array consists of many modules connected in series and parallel to provide the desired output
terminal voltage, current and power. The output current (I) from the PV cell is found by applying the
Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) [3].
SC d I I I
(7)
Where, Isc is the short-circuit current that is equal to the photon generated current, and Id is the current shunted
through the intrinsic diode. The diode current Id is given by the Shockley’s diode equation [3]:
( kT 1)
qV
d o I I e
(8)
Where: Io is the reverse saturation current of diode (A), q is the electron charge (1.602×10-19 C), V is the voltage
across the diode (V), k is the Boltzmann’s constant (1.381×10-23 J/K), T is the junction temperature in Kelvin
(K). Replacing Id of Eq. (7) by Eq. (8) gives the current-voltage relationship of the PV cell.
( kT 1)
qV
SC o I I I e
(9)
The reverse saturation current of diode (Io) is constant under the constant temperature and found by
setting the open circuit condition. Using Eq. (9) let I = 0 (no output current) and solve for Io.
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0 ( kT 1)
qV
SC o I I e
(10)
( kT 1)
qV
SC o I I
(11)
8.3 Battery Model
The battery model describing the relationship between the voltage, current and the state of charge can
be found in [23]. The terminal voltage of a battery can be expressed in terms of its open circuit voltage and the
voltage drop across the internal resistance of the battery as given in the following equation [23]:
B oc B B V E I R
(12)
Where VB is battery terminal voltage (V), EOC is battery open circuit voltage (V), IB is battery current (A)
(positive when charging and negative when discharging), RB is internal resistance of the battery (ohms). The
open circuit voltage, EOC, is expressed as a logarithmic function of the state of charge of the battery using the
flowing formula [23]:
E VF blog(SOC) oc
(13)
Where VF is a full charge rest voltage (V), b is an empirical constant, and SOC is battery state of charge. The
battery state of charge is the instantaneous ratio of the actual amount of charge stored in the battery and the total
charge capacity of the battery at a certain battery current. In the model, it is estimated as [23]:
( ) 0 BC
Q
SOC SOC
(14)
Where SOC0 is the previous SOC, Q is amount of exchanged charge from the previous time to the time of
interest (C), and BC is battery capacity (C). The exchanged charge, Q, in Eq. (14) can be determined by
summing up the charge flowing over the period of interest which is expressed as [23]:
(15)
Where IB is battery current (A), the value of IB can be positive or negative depending on whether the battery is
charging or discharging. The positive or negative value therefore represents the direction of the charge that
flows into or out of the battery, respectively. The variation of the internal resistance of battery, RB, is mainly due
to two components; namely, the resistance of the electrode, Relectrode, and the resistance of the electrolyte,
Relectrolyte as indicated by the following equation [23]:
B electrode electrolyte R R R
(16)
Relectrode and Relectrolyte are a function of SOC, which can be expressed as:
( ) 1 2 R r r SOC electrode
(17)
1
3 4 ( ) R r r SOC electrolyte (18)
Where, r1, r2, r3 and r4 are empirical constants. It is noted that as these constants have different values for
charging and discharging modes, the values of Relectrode and Relectrolyte are therefore different in those modes as
well. Table IV indicates the values of various parameters for the battery model in this study.
Q I dt
t
B
0
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Table IV: Values of various parameters for the battery model in this study [23]
IX. System Controller Artificial intelligence (AI) techniques are becoming useful as alternate approaches to conventional techniques or as components of integrated systems. They have been used to solve complicated practical problems in various areas and are becoming more and more popular nowadays. Neural Network controller (NNC) is a computational structure where many simple computational elements, called artificial neurons, perform a nonlinear function of their inputs. Such computational units are massively interconnected and are able to model a system by means of a training algorithm. This algorithm attempts to minimize an error measure that is computed in different ways depending on the specific technique used to adjust the connections (i.e., the learning algorithm) [24]. Neural networks have the potential to provide some of the human characteristics of problem solving that are difficult to simulate using the logical, analytical techniques of expert system or standard software technologies. A control system, which includes the NNC, is developed for achieving the coordination between the components of a PV/Diesel/Battery hybrid system as well as control the energy flow. The purpose of the controller in this work is to ensure that the demand is supplied at all times. The control unit controls the system under weather fluctuation conditions by comparing the summation of PV generator power, diesel generated power and battery power with the reference load power. The difference between them is the error of power which is fed as input to the controller which attempts to reduce the difference between the actual power and the reference load power. The developed NNC which is shown in Fig. 6 is employed a 2-neuron input layer, an 8-neuron hidden layer and 1-neuron output layer. The input parameters to the NNC are; the reference load power (PLref) and the error signal (difference between the reference load power and the total output generated power). The output of the NNC is the variation of the battery power PBattery. Control Strategy of the System A power management controller is designed for the system to coordinate the power flows among the different power sources. The block diagram of the PV/ Diesel/ Battery hybrid energy system with the associated NNC is shown in Fig.7. During the operation of the hybrid PV/ Diesel/ Battery system, different situations may appear: The input to the controller is the reference load power and the error signal (E) which is the difference between the reference load power (PLref) and the total system power (PPV, PDG, PB). The suggested power management strategy can be described by the following three situations shown in Table V. Fig. 6 NNC architecture used for controlling the operation of the PV/ Diesel/Battery system
Discharging Mode
Charging Mode
Parameter
12.662V 0.724 0.055 ohms –0.010 ohms 4.270 ohms–1 –100.730 ohms–1
13.250V 0.810 0.062 ohms 0.046 ohms 95.638 ohms–1 52.671 ohms–1
For open circuit voltage (Eoc) VF B For internal resistance (RB) r1 r2 r3 r4
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Fig.7 The block diagram of the PV/ Diesel / Battery power system with NNC Table V: Different situations of controller action for the PV /Diesel/Battery system
X. System Simulation In this section, the SIMULINK model of hybrid power system based on PV array and diesel generator set is briefly described. MATLAB/ SIMULINK software is used to model the proposed hybrid system. Figure 8 shows the MATLAB/ SIMULINK diagram of the hybrid power system. The system consists of a number of units which are PV array, diesel generator, storage battery bank, load and NNC unit.
Fig. 8 MATLAB/ SIMULINK block diagram of the PV/ Diesel/Battery with NNC
Controller Action
Power Situation
Situation
The controller puts the battery in charge condition. When the battery capacity reaches a maximum value, the control system stops the charging process.
PtPL
1
The controller puts the battery in the discharge condition. If the battery capacity decreases to its minimum level, Cbatmin, the control system disconnects the load.
PtPL
2
The storage capacity remains unchanged.
Pt=PL
3
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XI. Result and Discussion In this section the performance of the PV/ Diesel/Battery power system is evaluated and compared, for two different days (one day in winter and the other in summer). The simulation results of PV/ Diesel /Battery system are reported to verify the effectiveness of the proposed controller under variable weather conditions. Although, the PV generator is the base power source, supplying its maximum output depending on solar radiation levels, the diesel generator and battery bank contribution depending on the load demand. The power generation of the hybrid power system components such as PV generated power, diesel power and battery power for a typical two days in summer and winter are investigated. Figure 9 shows the typical power profile generated by a PV generator for two days in the year, one in winter and the other in summer. A PV generator offers power production during the day’s hours between 3:00-18:30 o'clock in summer day, and during winter day between 5:00-15:30 o'clock. The variations of PV output power have the same tendency as the solar insolation. Fig.9 The l power profile generated by a PV generator for two days Figure 10 shows the typical power profile generated by a diesel generator in two days in the year, one in summer and another in winter. The diesel generator is shown to operate only to supply the deficit in peak load power in conjunction with the battery bank. It is observed that, the diesel generated power in winter is larger than that produced in summer. Fig.10 The power profile generated by a diesel generator in two days
The power profile of battery in two days in the year, one in winter and the other in summer is indicated in Fig. 11. When the generated electrical power from both the PV and diesel generator is greater than the power needed by the load, the energy surplus is stored in the battery and the battery is in charge state and the battery power is positive. So it could be clear from Fig. 11 that, when the generated power is more than the required load power, the controller is able to charge the battery bank, and when the required load power is more than generated power of the hybrid system then the controller is able to discharge the battery bank. Power from the battery bank changes (discharge/charge) to maintain the power stability of the system. Figure 12 indicates the NNC output through 24 hours, the error resulting with NNC is approximately zero during the whole day. Thus, it is clear that whatever the day is in summer or in winter the load is completely covered, and this is achieved by
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adjusting the battery and/or the diesel to supply the complementary power when there is a deficit on the PV power noitareneg, which is shown to be variable according to the incident solar insolation level for the summer and winter days. Fig. 11 The power profile of battery in two days in the year Fig. 12 NNC output through 24 hours in two days in the year XII. Conclusion In this paper, a hybrid PV/Diesel/Battery system with appropriate power flow controller was designed and modeled for powering the waste plastic recycling process. A simulation of hybrid PV/Diesel/Battery system using MATLAB/ SIMULINK software was performed. Artificial Neural Network Controller model was developed to simulate the performance of PV/Diesel/Battery power system. The simulation results showed that the performance of the suggested hybrid power system is satisfactory under transient solar and load power conditions. Also the developed NNC can successfully regulate the power flow through the system components and the load. The produced liquid fuel from the waste plastic recycling process is considered as a source of power which can be used as a fuel for the diesel generator power source. REFERENCE [1] Anke Brems, Jan Baeyens, and Raf Dewil , Recycling and recovery of post-consumer plastic solid waste in a European context, thermal science, 16( 3) , 2011, 669-685. [2] Ayhan Demirbas, M. Fatih Demirbas, Green energy and technology algae energy, algae as new source of biodiesel (Dordrecht Heidelberg New York, Springer Verlag London Limited, 2010). [3] Jitendra Kasera, Ankit Chaplot, Jai Kumar Maherchandani, Modeling and simulation of wind-PV hybrid Power system using MATLAB/Simulink, IEEE Students’ Conference on Electrical, Electronics and Computer Science, 2012, pp. 1-4. [4] Lekhasri Samantsinghar & D K Behera, Energy recovery through depolymerisation of plastic reclaimed from MSW- a feasibility study for Bhubaneswar, International Journal of Sustainable Development And Green Economics (IJSDGE), 1 (1), 2012, 14-19.
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