This paper proposes a design and modeling of grid connected hybrid renewable energy power generation. The
energy system having a photo voltaic (PV) panel, Srg wind turbine and fuel cell (sofc) for continuous power
flow management. Fuel cells (storage & generating) are added to ensure uninterrupted power supply due to the
discontinuous nature of solar and wind resources. Renewable energy generated during times of plenty can be
stored for use during periods when sufficient electricity is not available. But storing this energy is a difficult
task: batteries and similar technologies perform well over short timescales, but over periods of weeks or months
a different approach is necessary. Energy storage in the form of hydrogen is one such possibility: excess
electricity is fed into an electrolyser to split water into its constituent parts, oxygen and hydrogen. The hydrogen
is then used in fuel cells to produce electricity when needed which will overcome the problem of storage. This
work is mainly concentrated on the design, analysis and modelling of Fuel cells and Analysis and modelling of
Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) in the application of Wind Energy Generation and pv cell. Also an
effective approach is proposed in this thesis to ensure renewable energy diversity and effective utilization. The
pv cell, wind and fuel cell renewable energy system is digitally simulated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK
software environment and fully validated for efficient energy utilizations and enhanced interface power quality
under different operating conditions and load excursions
An Higher Case Operation and Analysis of a Multiple Renewable Resources Conne...IJERA Editor
In our nation the usage of electricity is increasing day-by-day. According to that conserdations, the generated
power from the non-renewable sources will not satisfy the demands properly. so for these purpose, by using
multiple renewable sources, it will be very useful to some type of dc applications. The power produced from the
individual renewable sources will not be satisfy the demand at all times. So by integration of a multiple
renewable sources such as wind and solar a huge amount of power will be produced. These power will be
coordinated to the ac grid or directly to dc consumers. For integration of renewable sources an aggregated model
has to be proposed. In according to these operation BESS (battery energy storage system)is equipped with the
system for maintaining the power balance. For obtaining the power balance the adaptive droop control technique
has to be proposed and droop curves are evaluated. The droop characteristics are selected on the basis of the
deviation between the optimized and real-time SOC of the BESS. In these paper, the operational analysis can be
performed when real time soc is higher than the optimised soc and droop curves are plotted.
Stand-alone Hybrid systems become appreciating issues that ensure the required electricity to consumers. The development of a stand-alone Hybrid system becomes a necessity for multiple applications The enhance energy security. To achieve this objective, we have proposed an accurate dynamic model using Multi-Agent System (MAS) in which a solar energy System (SES) serves as the main load supply, an energy Backup System (ERS) is based on a fuel cell and Electrolyzer for long-term energy storage and an Ultra Capacitor (UCap) storage system deployed as a short-time storage. To cooperate with all systems, an Intelligent Power Management (IPM) based on a specific MAS is included. Thus, to prove the performance of the system, we tested and simulated it using the Matlab/Simulink environment.
Comparative analysis of electrochemical energy storage technologies for smart...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a comparative analysis of different forms of electrochemical energy storage technologies for use in the smart grid. This paper addresses various energy storage techniques that are used in the renewable energy sources connected to the smart grid. Energy storage technologies will most likely improve the penetrations of renewable energy on the electricity network. Consequently, energy storage systems could be the key to finally replacing the need for fossil fuel with renewable energy. It is hard to evaluate the different types of energy storage techniques between themselves due to the fact that each technology could be used in a different way and are more like compliments. Subsequently, for the purposes of this paper, it is seen that the use of energy storage technologies will increase the supply, and balances out the demand for energy.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Solar Wind Hybrid Generation System Integration with Gridijtsrd
Wind and solar energy are becoming popular owing to the abundance, availability and ease of harnessing the energy for electrical power generation. This paper focuses on an integrated hybrid renewable energy system consisting of wind and solar energies. Grid tied power generation systems make use of solar PV or wind turbines to produce electricity and supply the load by connecting to the grid. In this study, the HOMER Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable MATLAB modeling has been used to model the power system, its physical behavior and its life cycle cost. Through the use of simulations, the installation of ten 2 MW wind turbines and 2.5 MW solar PV was evaluated. Shahid Ahmad Malik | Muhammad Shahid "Solar-Wind Hybrid Generation System Integration with Grid" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38452.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/38452/solarwind-hybrid-generation-system-integration-with-grid/shahid-ahmad-malik
An Higher Case Operation and Analysis of a Multiple Renewable Resources Conne...IJERA Editor
In our nation the usage of electricity is increasing day-by-day. According to that conserdations, the generated
power from the non-renewable sources will not satisfy the demands properly. so for these purpose, by using
multiple renewable sources, it will be very useful to some type of dc applications. The power produced from the
individual renewable sources will not be satisfy the demand at all times. So by integration of a multiple
renewable sources such as wind and solar a huge amount of power will be produced. These power will be
coordinated to the ac grid or directly to dc consumers. For integration of renewable sources an aggregated model
has to be proposed. In according to these operation BESS (battery energy storage system)is equipped with the
system for maintaining the power balance. For obtaining the power balance the adaptive droop control technique
has to be proposed and droop curves are evaluated. The droop characteristics are selected on the basis of the
deviation between the optimized and real-time SOC of the BESS. In these paper, the operational analysis can be
performed when real time soc is higher than the optimised soc and droop curves are plotted.
Stand-alone Hybrid systems become appreciating issues that ensure the required electricity to consumers. The development of a stand-alone Hybrid system becomes a necessity for multiple applications The enhance energy security. To achieve this objective, we have proposed an accurate dynamic model using Multi-Agent System (MAS) in which a solar energy System (SES) serves as the main load supply, an energy Backup System (ERS) is based on a fuel cell and Electrolyzer for long-term energy storage and an Ultra Capacitor (UCap) storage system deployed as a short-time storage. To cooperate with all systems, an Intelligent Power Management (IPM) based on a specific MAS is included. Thus, to prove the performance of the system, we tested and simulated it using the Matlab/Simulink environment.
Comparative analysis of electrochemical energy storage technologies for smart...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
This paper presents a comparative analysis of different forms of electrochemical energy storage technologies for use in the smart grid. This paper addresses various energy storage techniques that are used in the renewable energy sources connected to the smart grid. Energy storage technologies will most likely improve the penetrations of renewable energy on the electricity network. Consequently, energy storage systems could be the key to finally replacing the need for fossil fuel with renewable energy. It is hard to evaluate the different types of energy storage techniques between themselves due to the fact that each technology could be used in a different way and are more like compliments. Subsequently, for the purposes of this paper, it is seen that the use of energy storage technologies will increase the supply, and balances out the demand for energy.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Solar Wind Hybrid Generation System Integration with Gridijtsrd
Wind and solar energy are becoming popular owing to the abundance, availability and ease of harnessing the energy for electrical power generation. This paper focuses on an integrated hybrid renewable energy system consisting of wind and solar energies. Grid tied power generation systems make use of solar PV or wind turbines to produce electricity and supply the load by connecting to the grid. In this study, the HOMER Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable MATLAB modeling has been used to model the power system, its physical behavior and its life cycle cost. Through the use of simulations, the installation of ten 2 MW wind turbines and 2.5 MW solar PV was evaluated. Shahid Ahmad Malik | Muhammad Shahid "Solar-Wind Hybrid Generation System Integration with Grid" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-2 , February 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38452.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/38452/solarwind-hybrid-generation-system-integration-with-grid/shahid-ahmad-malik
Daymark Energy Advisors Principal Consultant Stan Faryniarz spoke on energy storage technologies as part of the session "Storage Project & Policy Successes: Enhancing Renewables Integration & Resilience" at The 2016 Renewable Energy Vermont (REV 2016) Conference.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR CRITICAL LOADS USING POWER ELECTRONICSrenukasningadally
The work aims at an Energy Management System (EMS) for Critical loads using Power Electronics. Here hybrid power sources (Grid and Solar cells) with battery have been used to supply the power to the critical loads at all times, suppose an end user increases his critical loads or non-critical loads this EMS system helps to maintain continuous power supply to these loads. Solar or Photovoltaic cells have been used for storing energy through battery and these batteries will discharge the stored energy at two conditions, one is when grid is shut down for short duration or for a long duration and another one is when there sudden increase in load by users
DESIGN AND MODELLING OF STANDALONE HYBRID POWER SYSTEM WITH MATLAB/SIMULINKMichael George
This paper presents a standalone hybrid power system using wind/PV/diesel/Battery energy system with Matlab/Simulink environment. PV & Wind are the primary power sources of the system and battery is used as a backup for long run application. Here we have also compare the performance of PV/Wind/Battery connected system with PV/Wind/Diesel connected hybrid power system. The most frequently used renewable energy sources are those consisting of PV module and/or wind Turbine with/or Diesel generator, and some energy storage or backup system.
This document is about the Importance of Energy Storage, how to the energy can be stored and the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of Energy storage elements
This report discusses new advances in technologies like regenerative breaking, mass production that reduces cost, battery management system, and higher battery life and battery efficiency are the few of the techies that made electric cars a within the reach of the common man.
GRAPHENE WILL BECOME THE GAME CHANGER - it is a thinnest and strongest material ever tested and high efficient capacity to overcome in all fields especially in biomedical and energy storage applications.
Experimental study on transient response of fuel celljournalBEEI
This research work discusses a control strategy to enhance the transient response of the fuel cell and boost the real and reactive power flow from grid connected to fuel cell. The current output of the fuel cell depends on the availability of hydrogen in the fuel cell stack, a battery bank is implemented to supply the transient current and to prevent it from hydrogen saturation. The battery should only supply when there is a transient. During steady state the total power is produced by the fuel cell by regulating its hydrogen input. A prototype of the system will be created to study a control scheme which regulates the current from an input source and a battery which is connected to a dc motor. The control philosophy is based on d-q transformation and subsequently generating a reference signal that is tracked by an IGBT based inverter. The speed of the motor is controlled using pulse with modulation. The dynamic modeling of the standalone fuel cell that is connected to a dc motor is carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. The simulation results show that the control scheme works well, although the dynamic response of the system can be improved. The testing carried on the prototype proves that the concept works well, but a hydrogen control scheme should be developed to improve the efficiency of the control scheme.
There is need for an energy storage device capable of transferring high power in transient situations
aboard naval vessels. Currently, batteries are used to accomplish this task, but previous research has
shown that when utilized at high power rates, these devices deteriorate over time causing a loss in lifespan.
It has been shown that a hybrid energy storage configuration is capable of meeting such a demand while
reducing the strain placed on individual components. While designing a custom converter capable of
controlling the power to and from a battery would be ideal for this application, it can be costly to develop
when compared to purchasing commercially available products. Commercially available products offer
limited controllability in exchange for their proven performance and lower cost point - often times only
allowing a system level control input without any way to interface with low level controls that are
frequently used in controller design. This paper proposes the use of fuzzy logic control in order to provide
a system level control to the converters responsible for limiting power to and from the battery. A system
will be described mathematically, modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, and a fuzzy logic controller will be
compared with a typical controller.
Modelling & Simulation of PV Module Connected with Three-Port DC ConverterDr. Amarjeet Singh
Of the world’s electricity is being generated through conventional sources of energy like coal and atomic energy. People have realized the dire effect of using these fuels, and the amount of CO2 being released into the environment. There has been a shift in emphasis towards cleaner ways of generating electricity in recent years. Solar energy is abundantly available and the cleanest renewable energy source available in the world and is ready to use for a variety of applications, such as the generation of electricity for residential, commercial, or industrial consumption and have become very competitive solutions. It can be seen that there is trend of solar photovoltaics (PV), which has seen rapid growth over the years. The increasing trend of adopting PV system allows consumers to be known as producers or “Prosumers”.
This report evaluates how solar PV can be used in combination with a battery bank along with three port converter to fulfill the requirement. Power production from PV cannot be consistent due to factors like the weather although The main benefits of solar power are that it can be easily installed cost of generation is low as there is no requirement for fuel and require very little maintenance Distributed maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and autonomous are achieved with the proposed configuration. The input-port of each TPC is connected to an independent PV energy source to achieve individual MPPT, and the output-ports of these TPCs are connected with load. Fully modular design is achieved by using Simulink/matlab.
Physical design and modeling of 25 v dc dc boost converter for stand alone so...ecij
As per the present development the shortage in powe
r all over the world seems to be abundance.
Renewable energy sources are the capable energy sou
rce along with the accessible resources of energy.
Among all the renewable resources of energy, solar
PV technology is most acceptable due to its
considerable advantage over other form of renewable
sources. Calculating the output of PV system is a
key
aspect. The main principle of this paper is to pres
ent physical modeling and simulation of solar PV sy
stem
and DC-DC boost converter in SIMSCAPE library of MA
TLAB. The benefit by SIMSCAPE library is that it
models the system physically and the outcome obtain
s from it will be considering all the physical resu
lt. In
this paper the output of solar cell has been interf
aced with the boost converter. The system model in
SIMSCAPE can be directly converted into hardware fo
r implement for actual time application
Voltage Profile Improvement of distribution system Using Particle Swarm Optim...IJERA Editor
Distributed generations (DGs) play an important role in distribution networks. Distributed generation (DG) exists in distribution systems and is installed by either the utility or the customers. Distributed Generators (DGs) are now commonly used in distribution systems to reduce the power disruption in the power system network. Due to the installation of DGs in the system, the total power loss can be reduced and voltage profile of the buses can be improved due to this power quality of the distribution system is improved. Studies show that non-optimal locations and non-optimal sizes of DG units may lead to losses increase, together with bad effect on voltage profile. So, this paper aims at determining optimal DG allocation and sizing. To do so, the optimization technique named Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used .this Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) approach), capable to establish the optimal DG allocation and sizing on a distribution network. This paper presents optimal placement and estimation of distributed generation (DG) capacity using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) approach in the distribution systems to reduce the real power losses and to gain voltage profile improvement. The proposed (PSO) based approach is tested on an IEEE 30-bus test system.
Daymark Energy Advisors Principal Consultant Stan Faryniarz spoke on energy storage technologies as part of the session "Storage Project & Policy Successes: Enhancing Renewables Integration & Resilience" at The 2016 Renewable Energy Vermont (REV 2016) Conference.
ENERGY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR CRITICAL LOADS USING POWER ELECTRONICSrenukasningadally
The work aims at an Energy Management System (EMS) for Critical loads using Power Electronics. Here hybrid power sources (Grid and Solar cells) with battery have been used to supply the power to the critical loads at all times, suppose an end user increases his critical loads or non-critical loads this EMS system helps to maintain continuous power supply to these loads. Solar or Photovoltaic cells have been used for storing energy through battery and these batteries will discharge the stored energy at two conditions, one is when grid is shut down for short duration or for a long duration and another one is when there sudden increase in load by users
DESIGN AND MODELLING OF STANDALONE HYBRID POWER SYSTEM WITH MATLAB/SIMULINKMichael George
This paper presents a standalone hybrid power system using wind/PV/diesel/Battery energy system with Matlab/Simulink environment. PV & Wind are the primary power sources of the system and battery is used as a backup for long run application. Here we have also compare the performance of PV/Wind/Battery connected system with PV/Wind/Diesel connected hybrid power system. The most frequently used renewable energy sources are those consisting of PV module and/or wind Turbine with/or Diesel generator, and some energy storage or backup system.
This document is about the Importance of Energy Storage, how to the energy can be stored and the advantages and disadvantages of the different types of Energy storage elements
This report discusses new advances in technologies like regenerative breaking, mass production that reduces cost, battery management system, and higher battery life and battery efficiency are the few of the techies that made electric cars a within the reach of the common man.
GRAPHENE WILL BECOME THE GAME CHANGER - it is a thinnest and strongest material ever tested and high efficient capacity to overcome in all fields especially in biomedical and energy storage applications.
Experimental study on transient response of fuel celljournalBEEI
This research work discusses a control strategy to enhance the transient response of the fuel cell and boost the real and reactive power flow from grid connected to fuel cell. The current output of the fuel cell depends on the availability of hydrogen in the fuel cell stack, a battery bank is implemented to supply the transient current and to prevent it from hydrogen saturation. The battery should only supply when there is a transient. During steady state the total power is produced by the fuel cell by regulating its hydrogen input. A prototype of the system will be created to study a control scheme which regulates the current from an input source and a battery which is connected to a dc motor. The control philosophy is based on d-q transformation and subsequently generating a reference signal that is tracked by an IGBT based inverter. The speed of the motor is controlled using pulse with modulation. The dynamic modeling of the standalone fuel cell that is connected to a dc motor is carried out using MATLAB/SIMULINK platform. The simulation results show that the control scheme works well, although the dynamic response of the system can be improved. The testing carried on the prototype proves that the concept works well, but a hydrogen control scheme should be developed to improve the efficiency of the control scheme.
There is need for an energy storage device capable of transferring high power in transient situations
aboard naval vessels. Currently, batteries are used to accomplish this task, but previous research has
shown that when utilized at high power rates, these devices deteriorate over time causing a loss in lifespan.
It has been shown that a hybrid energy storage configuration is capable of meeting such a demand while
reducing the strain placed on individual components. While designing a custom converter capable of
controlling the power to and from a battery would be ideal for this application, it can be costly to develop
when compared to purchasing commercially available products. Commercially available products offer
limited controllability in exchange for their proven performance and lower cost point - often times only
allowing a system level control input without any way to interface with low level controls that are
frequently used in controller design. This paper proposes the use of fuzzy logic control in order to provide
a system level control to the converters responsible for limiting power to and from the battery. A system
will be described mathematically, modeled in MATLAB/Simulink, and a fuzzy logic controller will be
compared with a typical controller.
Modelling & Simulation of PV Module Connected with Three-Port DC ConverterDr. Amarjeet Singh
Of the world’s electricity is being generated through conventional sources of energy like coal and atomic energy. People have realized the dire effect of using these fuels, and the amount of CO2 being released into the environment. There has been a shift in emphasis towards cleaner ways of generating electricity in recent years. Solar energy is abundantly available and the cleanest renewable energy source available in the world and is ready to use for a variety of applications, such as the generation of electricity for residential, commercial, or industrial consumption and have become very competitive solutions. It can be seen that there is trend of solar photovoltaics (PV), which has seen rapid growth over the years. The increasing trend of adopting PV system allows consumers to be known as producers or “Prosumers”.
This report evaluates how solar PV can be used in combination with a battery bank along with three port converter to fulfill the requirement. Power production from PV cannot be consistent due to factors like the weather although The main benefits of solar power are that it can be easily installed cost of generation is low as there is no requirement for fuel and require very little maintenance Distributed maximum power point tracking (MPPT) and autonomous are achieved with the proposed configuration. The input-port of each TPC is connected to an independent PV energy source to achieve individual MPPT, and the output-ports of these TPCs are connected with load. Fully modular design is achieved by using Simulink/matlab.
Physical design and modeling of 25 v dc dc boost converter for stand alone so...ecij
As per the present development the shortage in powe
r all over the world seems to be abundance.
Renewable energy sources are the capable energy sou
rce along with the accessible resources of energy.
Among all the renewable resources of energy, solar
PV technology is most acceptable due to its
considerable advantage over other form of renewable
sources. Calculating the output of PV system is a
key
aspect. The main principle of this paper is to pres
ent physical modeling and simulation of solar PV sy
stem
and DC-DC boost converter in SIMSCAPE library of MA
TLAB. The benefit by SIMSCAPE library is that it
models the system physically and the outcome obtain
s from it will be considering all the physical resu
lt. In
this paper the output of solar cell has been interf
aced with the boost converter. The system model in
SIMSCAPE can be directly converted into hardware fo
r implement for actual time application
Voltage Profile Improvement of distribution system Using Particle Swarm Optim...IJERA Editor
Distributed generations (DGs) play an important role in distribution networks. Distributed generation (DG) exists in distribution systems and is installed by either the utility or the customers. Distributed Generators (DGs) are now commonly used in distribution systems to reduce the power disruption in the power system network. Due to the installation of DGs in the system, the total power loss can be reduced and voltage profile of the buses can be improved due to this power quality of the distribution system is improved. Studies show that non-optimal locations and non-optimal sizes of DG units may lead to losses increase, together with bad effect on voltage profile. So, this paper aims at determining optimal DG allocation and sizing. To do so, the optimization technique named Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is used .this Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) approach), capable to establish the optimal DG allocation and sizing on a distribution network. This paper presents optimal placement and estimation of distributed generation (DG) capacity using Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) approach in the distribution systems to reduce the real power losses and to gain voltage profile improvement. The proposed (PSO) based approach is tested on an IEEE 30-bus test system.
Reduction of Outage Probability in Fast Rayleigh Fading MIMO Channels Using OFDMIJERA Editor
Multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) techniques are used in wireless communications for achieving high spectral efficiency; however, a fast fading spatial channel can increase the outage probability of a MIMO system if not taken care of. This paper investigates the use of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) modulation technique for a MIMO system operating in fast Rayleigh fading channels with the aim of eliminating outage probabilities in the MIMO systems. Simulation results show that the MIMO-OFDM system gives significant reduction in outage probabilities compared to the conventional MIMO system.
Business Savvy From the Start: Excel in an Entry Level JobRasmussen College
If you’re in an entry level position looking to make your way up the corporate ladder, you have to stand out amongst other candidates and colleagues in this competitive job market. How you dress, email etiquette, and the relationships you build could make or break your climb. Our subject matter expert, George Alland, shares business insight to ensure entry level candidates make the most out of their first job.
Watch the presentation: https://www.youtube.com/watch?feature=player_embedded&v=HK5QDvvhVWU
Featured Speaker:
George Alland
Full-time Online Instructor
Rasmussen College
Tese Doutorado: Participaçãp e deliberação - análise do impacto dos usos da n...Dimas Soares Ferreira
Trabalho de pesquisa que analisa profundamente o impacto dos usos das NTICs sobre os processos de participação e deliberação pública no âmbito dos orçamentos participativos digitais e semi-digitais de Belo Horizonte e Recife.
To Minimize the Waiting Time and Waiting Time Cost of Dumpers, Waiting in a Q...IJERA Editor
Waiting line problems arise because there is too much demand on the facilities so that we can say that there is an excess of waiting time or inadequate number of service facilities. At the stone crusher plant mine the dumpers come to load from the loader. The crusher plant has 11 dumpers and these 11 dumpers make 88 trips during 8-hour day. The company has one loader to load all the dumpers, which results in a formation of long waiting line or queue. Due to this queue there is a long waiting time in queue of dumpers and cost associated with waiting time of dumpers. Queuing theory can quite effectively analyze such queuing phenomenon. In this research paper I have applied the queuing theory to the stone crusher plant mine, where the queue of dumpers formed at the loading station. By applying the single channel queuing theory I analyzed the current situation of the stone crusher plant mine and find the problems of the current system. To overcome the above problems I have applied the multi-channel queuing theory to minimize the waiting time in queue of dumpers and very high cost associated with waiting time of dumpers. In the new system not only waiting time in queue of dumpers and very high cost associated with waiting time of dumpers is reduced but also there is an efficient utilization of dumpers and loaders along with provide the profitable situation to the crusher plant.
Design of a Sample and Hold Circuit using Rail to Rail Low Voltage Compact Op...IJERA Editor
This paper presents a low power high performance and higher sampling speed sample and hold circuit. The
proposed circuit is designed at 180 nm technology and has high linearity. The circuit can be used for the ADC
frontend applications and supports double sampling architecture. The proposed sample and hold circuit has
common mode range beyond rail to rail and uses two differential pairs transistor stages connected in parallel as
its input stage.
EDUCAÇÃO AMBIENTAL CRÍTICA NA FORMAÇÃO DO EDUCADOR: UMA PEDAGOGIA
TRANSFORMADORA
Jéssica do Nascimento Rodrigues – UFRJ e UFRRJ
Mauro Guimarães – UFRRJ
Agência Financiadora: CAPES
A Review on Power Flexibility, Generation and Distribution Systemijtsrd
Distributed power generation is the latest field because of the ability to accommodate various types of Renewable alternative energy sources, its hidden potential to improve the energy efficiency and power system capability, and its promise for power reliability and security. Many distributed energy sources exist such solar energy, fuel cell, micro turbine, and wind energy. Distributed power generation concept has been implemented in various places with various degree of complexity. A comprehensive review on the distributed power generation is presented in this paper. Rahul Gokhle | Pramod Kumar Rathore "A Review on Power Flexibility, Generation and Distribution System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46379.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46379/a-review-on-power-flexibility-generation-and-distribution-system/rahul-gokhle
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Electric Power Management for a Grid Connected Renewable Energy Sourcestheijes
Operation of a grid connected hybrid system for renewable energy sources has been presented. The hybrid system composed of a photovoltaic (PV) array and a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) is considered. The operation modes used in the hybrid system are unit-power control (UPC) and the feeder-flow control (FFC) modes. In the UPC mode, variations of load demand are compensated by the main grid because the hybrid source output is regulated to reference power. Renewable energy is currently widely used because fossils are known to endanger the environment. One of these resources is solar energy. The photovoltaic (PV) array normally uses a maximum power point tracking (MPPT) technique to continuously deliver the highest power to the load when there are variations in temperature. The disadvantage of PV energy is that the PV output power depends on weather conditions and cell irradiation and temperature, making it an uncontrollable source. Moreover, the sun is not available during the night. In order to overcome these inherent drawbacks, alternative sources, such as PEMFC in the hybrid system are used. By changing FC output power, the hybrid source output becomes controllable. Therefore, the reference value of the hybrid source output is determined. In the FFC mode, the feeder flow is regulated to a constant, the extra load demand is picked up by the hybrid source, and, hence, the feeder reference power must be known. Thus the hybrid system can maximize the generated power when load is heavy and minimizes the load shedding area.
GENERATION OF POWER THROUGH HYDROGEN – OXYGEN FUEL CELLSinventy
Research Inventy : International Journal of Engineering and Science is published by the group of young academic and industrial researchers with 12 Issues per year. It is an online as well as print version open access journal that provides rapid publication (monthly) of articles in all areas of the subject such as: civil, mechanical, chemical, electronic and computer engineering as well as production and information technology. The Journal welcomes the submission of manuscripts that meet the general criteria of significance and scientific excellence. Papers will be published by rapid process within 20 days after acceptance and peer review process takes only 7 days. All articles published in Research Inventy will be peer-reviewed.
SPACE VECTOR MODULATION BASED INDUCTION MOTOR DRIVEpreeti naga
This paper describes an analysis of local PV-wind hybrid systems for supplying electricity to a private house, farmhouse or a small company with electrical power depending on the need at the site. The major system components, work principle and specific working condition are presented in this paper
Sizing Optimization of Stand-Alone Wind Power System Using Hybrid Energy Stor...ijsrd.com
In this study, the hydrogen production potential and costs by using wind/electrolysis system were considered. In order to evaluate costs and quantities of produced hydrogen, number of wind-turbines and hub heights are considered as the variable Levelized cost of electricity method was used in order to determine the cost analysis of wind energy and hydrogen production. The results of calculations brought out that the electricity costs of the wind turbines and hydrogen production costs of the electrolyzers are decreased with the increase of turbine hub height. The maximum hydrogen production quantity was obtained 1420KWh/year.
IJERA (International journal of Engineering Research and Applications) is International online, ... peer reviewed journal. For more detail or submit your article, please visit www.ijera.com
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Hybrid Photovoltaic and thermoelectric systems more effectively converts solar energy into electrical energy. Two sources of energy are used one of the energy is solar,that converts radiant light into electrical energy and heat energy which will convert heat into electricity.Photovoltaic cells and thermoelectric modules are used to capture and convert the energy into electricity.Furthermore solar-thermoelectric hybrid system is environmental friendly and has no harmful emissions.Solar-thermoelectric hybrid system increases the overall reliability without sacrificing the quality of power generated.In this paper an overview of the previous research and development of technological advancement in the solar-thermoelectric hybrid systems is presented.
Fuzzy logic control of hybrid systems including renewable energy in microgrids IJECEIAES
With a growing demand for more energy from subscribers, a traditional electric grid is unable to meet new challenges, in the remote areas remains the extension of the conventional electric network very hard to do make prohibitively expensive. Therefore, a new advanced generation of traditional electrical is inevitable and indispensable to move toward an effective, economical, green, clean and self-correcting power system. The most well-known term used to define this next generation power system is micro grid (MG) based on renewable energy sources (RES). Since, the energy produced by RES are not constant at all times, a wide range of energy control techniques must be involved to provide a reliable power to consumers. To solve this problem in this paper we present a fuzzy logic control of isolated hybrid systems (HRES) including renewable energy in micro-grids to maintain a stability in voltage and frequency output especially in the standalone application. The considered HRES combine a wind turbine (WT) and photovoltaic (PV) panels as primary energy sources and an energy storage system (ESS) based on battery as a backup solution. Simulation results obtained from MATLAB/Simulink environment demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in decreasing the electricity bill of customer.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
A grid connected hybrid generation system (HGS) consisting of wind energy conversion System (WECS)/Photo voltaic (PV) System/solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is designed and simulated by using Matlab/Simulink. SOFC is the replacement of battery, attached to produce the clean energy when these renewable energy sources are unable to produce required amount of electric power. A controller is used to regulate the flow of H2 through the valveto the SOFC and the rest amount of H2 is stored in storage tank. Also, an operational control strategy (OCS) is developed to utilize maximum amount of power of PV to the required load and rest amount of power is coming from wind to fulfill the load demand. Hence, the electrolyzer is supplied by the wind power to convert the water in to H2 and oxygen. Also the power quality factor (PQF) analysis is exercised to measure the quality of power transmission.
Analysis of Fuel Cell Based Multilevel DC-DC Boost Converter for Induction MotorIJMTST Journal
In this paper new topologies and interleaving modulation concepts for multilevel DC-DC boost converter
enabling a significantly less loss and a reduced chip size of the power semiconductors are proposed. The
distributed generation (DG) systems based on the renewable energy sources have rapidly developed in
recent years. These DG systems are powered by micro sources such as fuel cells, photovoltaic (PV) systems,
and batteries. Fuel cells are considered to be one of the most promising sources of distributed energy because
of their high efficiency, low environmental impact and scalability. Non-isolated high step-up DC-DC
converters are required in the industrial applications. Many of these conventional DC–DC converters have the
disadvantages of operating at high duty-cycle, high switch voltage stress and high diode peak current. A
three-level step up converter is implemented to boost the fuel cell stack voltage of 96V to 340V. The proposed
converter consists a system of fuel cell based Multilevel DC-DC converter with PI controller is modeled and
simulated by using Matlab/Simulink.
Similar to Design and Modeling of Grid Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy Power Generation (20)
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
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Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
Design and Modeling of Grid Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy Power Generation
1. M. Kishore Reddy et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 5), September 2014, pp.158-164
www.ijera.com 158 | P a g e
Design and Modeling of Grid Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy Power Generation M. Kishore Reddy, D. Gireesh Kumar, Dr.J.Viswantha Rao Department of EEE, Qis College of Engineering & Technology, Ongole, India Assistant Professor, Department of EEE, Qis College of Engineering & Technology, Ap,India
Professor M.Tech, PhD, Department of EEE, Qis College of Engineering & Technology,Ap,India Abstract
This paper proposes a design and modeling of grid connected hybrid renewable energy power generation. The energy system having a photo voltaic (PV) panel, Srg wind turbine and fuel cell (sofc) for continuous power flow management. Fuel cells (storage & generating) are added to ensure uninterrupted power supply due to the discontinuous nature of solar and wind resources. Renewable energy generated during times of plenty can be stored for use during periods when sufficient electricity is not available. But storing this energy is a difficult task: batteries and similar technologies perform well over short timescales, but over periods of weeks or months a different approach is necessary. Energy storage in the form of hydrogen is one such possibility: excess electricity is fed into an electrolyser to split water into its constituent parts, oxygen and hydrogen. The hydrogen is then used in fuel cells to produce electricity when needed which will overcome the problem of storage. This work is mainly concentrated on the design, analysis and modelling of Fuel cells and Analysis and modelling of Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) in the application of Wind Energy Generation and pv cell. Also an effective approach is proposed in this thesis to ensure renewable energy diversity and effective utilization. The pv cell, wind and fuel cell renewable energy system is digitally simulated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK software environment and fully validated for efficient energy utilizations and enhanced interface power quality under different operating conditions and load excursions
Keywords: Photovoltaic (PV) system, SRG based wind Turbine, Fuel cell, Grid
I. INTRODUCTION
Now-a-days increasing the energy consumption has become a primary concern, the soaring cost and the exhaustible nature of fossil fuel, and the worsening global interest in renewable energy sources increase of fossil fuel resources and the need of reducing CO2 emissions, grid connected renewable power systems have gained outstanding interest[1]. Energy is considered as an important mechanism in a country for the development, but in the current situation, the energy consumption is insufficient and the price is increasing [2]. The abundant energy available in nature can be harnessed and converted to electricity in a sustainable way to supply the necessary power to elevate the living standards of the people without access to the electricity grid[3]. The advantages of using renewable energy sources for generating power in remote islands are obvious such as the cost of transported fuel are Often prohibitive fossil fuel and that there is increasing concern on the issues of climate change and global warming. PV cells convert the energy from sunlight into DC electricity and wind turbine convert the energy from wind of renewable energy and fossil fuel generators together with an energy storage system and power conditioning system, is known as a hybrid power system.
Renewable energy system has an ability to provide 24-hour grid quality electricity to the load. This system offers a better efficiency, flexibility of planning and environmental benefits compared to the diesel generator stand-alone system. The operational and maintenance costs of the diesel generator can be decreased as a consequence of improving the efficiency of operation and reducing the operational time which also means less fuel usage. The system also gives the opportunity for expanding its capacity in order to cope with the increasing demand in the future. This can be done by increasing either the rated power of diesel generator, renewable generator or both of them. Financial markets are awakening to the future growth potential of renewable and other new energy technologies, and this is a likely harbinger of the economic reality of truly competitive renewable energy systems. In integrated electricity grids the load equalizes due to the large number of consumers and its statistical application. This is how base, medium and peak load are defined which are covered by dedicated base, medium and peak load power plant to minimize the electricity cost price. Base load is needed continuously 24 hours per day, medium load is required in consecutive 3 to 6 hours and peak load is required in shorter sequences. Unfortunately, this cost effective procedure cannot be transferred to Hybrid
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN ACCESS
2. M. Kishore Reddy et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 5), September 2014, pp.158-164
www.ijera.com 159 | P a g e
Power Systems in most of the cases. Thus, different energy management structures have to be applied. These energy management structures vary with the size of the Hybrid Power System depending on the financially optimal system design. Fig.1.1Shows line diagram of hybrid solar-wind- fuel cell system. It includes PV panels and/or wind turbines and/or solid oxide fuel cell. These energy systems are considered as one of the cost effective solutions to meet energy requirements of remote areas. It have developed the Hybrid Optimization by Genetic Algorithms (HOGA) program helping to determine the optimal configuration of the hybrid PV/fuel cell. presented a techno-economic analysis based on solar and wind biased months for an autonomous hybrid PV/wind energy/fuel cell system. Fig.1.1 Schematic of a hybrid solar-wind-fuel cell system Fig1.2 shows, Grid Connected Photovoltaic/Wind turbine/ Fuel cell Hybrid system. It comprises of Photovoltaic panel, Wind turbine, Fuel cell. Grid Connected Photovoltaic/Wind turbine/Fuel cell Hybrid System technology is the key for an efficient use of distributed energy sources. PV and wind turbine are being major energy source enables the dc loads and AC loads to be connected directly to the DC bus and grid. In the hybrid generator system, they are integrated and complement with each other in order to meet performance targets of the generation system and access to the most economic power generation.
Figure 1.2 Grid Connected Photovoltaic/Wind turbine/Fuel cell Hybrid System
II. SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL
2.1 Working of Solid Oxide Fuel cell
In principle, a fuel cell operates like a battery. By contrast, batteries store electrical energy chemically and hence represent a thermodynamically closed system. Unlike a battery however, a fuel cell does not run down or require recharging. It will produce electricity and heat as long as fuel and an oxidizer are supplied. Both batteries and fuel cells are electrochemical devices. As such, both have a positively charged anode, a negatively charged cathode and an ion-conducting material called an electrolyte [4]. Fuel cells are classified by their electrolyte material. SOFCs employ a solid state electrolyte and operate at the highest temperature (1000°C/1800°F) of all fuel cell types. The SOFC uses a solid yittra-stabilized zirconium ceramic material as the electrolyte layer. In general, the solid phase design is simpler than PAFCs or MCFCs since it requires only two phases (gas-solid) for the charge transfer reactions at the electrolyte-electrode interface. The two-phase contact simplifies the design because it eliminates corrosion and electrolyte management concerns commonly associated with the liquid electrolyte fuel cells. During operation, oxidant (usually air) enters the cathode compartment and, after the electrode reaction, oxygen ions migrate through the electrolyte layer to the anode where hydrogen is oxidized. The operating temperature of SOFCs is sufficiently high to provide the necessary heat for the endothermic reforming reaction. SOFCs, therefore, are more tolerant of fuel impurities and can operate using hydrogen and carbon monoxide fuels directly at the anode. They don’t require costly external reformers or catalysts to produce hydrogen. The basic components of a typical fuel cell include two electrodes, an anode and cathode where the reactions take place. An electrolyte is sandwiched between anode and the cathode which allows the ions to cross over, while blocking the electrons. The electrolyte also allows the ions that are formed to cross-over to the other electrode, which happens because of the tendency of charged particles migrating to regions of lower electrochemical energy. The reduction reaction is carried out at the cathode where molecular oxygen reacts with the electrons supplied from external circuit to produce oxide ions. The oxygen ions migrate through the solid electrolyte to anode where they combine with the hydrogen molecule to produce water, Carbon dioxide and electrons. The electrons flow through the externally connected circuit to reach the cathode, doing electrical work and producing electrical energy in the process. Water is produced at the anode on recombination of oxygen ions and electrons with hydrogen, as opposed to PEMFCs where water is produced at the cathode. Under operation, SOFC can
Infinite Bus
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3. M. Kishore Reddy et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 5), September 2014, pp.158-164
www.ijera.com 160 | P a g e
use either an oxygen ion-conducting electrolyte or a
proton conducting electrolyte.
2.2 Mathematical model of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell
The following are the assumptions made in
developing the mathematical model of fuel cell
stack
fuel cell is fed with hydrogen and oxygen
the gases considered are ideal that is their
chemical and physical properties are not
correlated to the pressure
Nernst equation is applicable
Fuel cell temperature is stable at all times
Electrode channels are small enough so that the
pressure drop across them is negligible Without
losses:
The concept of Gibbs free energy is very
important in the development of a fuel cell model.
The Gibbs free energy can be defined as the energy
available to do the external work, neglecting any work
done by changes in the pressure and or volume of the
reactants and products of the fuel cell [3].
Δgf = gf of products − gf of reactants
The reversible open circuit voltage of a fuel cell
is given by
With losses:
Considering the Nernst equation
When partial pressures of hydrogen, oxygen and
water are considered.
The hydrogen gas might be part of a mixture of
and C from a fuel reformer, together with
product steam. The oxygen will nearly always be
part of air. It is also often the case that the pressure
on both the cathode and the anode is
approximately the same – this simplifies the
design.
Figure 2.1 Simulink model of SOFC
III. PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM
3.1 Photovoltaic module
A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device
that converts solar energy into electricity by the
photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic is the field of
technology and research related to the application of
solar cells as solar energy. Sometimes the term solar
cell is reserved for devices intended specifically to
capture energy from sunlight, while the term
photovoltaic cell is used when the source is un
specified. The general mathematical model for the
solar cell has been studied over the past three decades
[5]. The model of PV power plant used in this study
is based on the dy- namic PV model developed and
validated in our previous work . The following
equation model the current of the PV cell [6].
where Igc is the light generated current, Io is the dark
saturation current dependant on the cell temperature,
q is the electric charge (1.6 × 10–19 C), KB is the
Boltzmann’s constant, F is the cell idealizing factor,
Tc is the cell’s absolute temperature, vd is the diode
voltage, and Rp is the parallel resistance.
af
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3.2Maximum Power Point Technique ( MPPT)
Photovoltaic (PV) array under
uniform irradiance exhibits a voltage-current
characteristics with an unique point, called the
maximum power point (MPP), where the array
produces maximum output power. A typical solar
panel converts only 30 to 40 percent of the incident
solar irradiation into electrical energy. Maximum
power point tracking technique is used to improve the
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4. M. Kishore Reddy et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 4, Issue 9( Version 5), September 2014, pp.158-164
www.ijera.com 161 | P a g e
efficiency of the solar panel. According to Maximum
Power Transfer theorem, the power output of a circuit
is maximum when the thevenin impedance of the
circuit (source impedance) matches with the load
impedance.
One significant problem in PV systems is the
probable mismatch between the operating
characteristics of the load and the PV array. When a
PV array is directly connected to a load, the system's
operating point will be at the intersection of the V-I
curves of the PV array and load. Under most
conditions, this operating point is not at the PV
array's maximum power point (MPP). To overcome
this problem, an MPPT can be used to maintain the
PV array's operating point at the MPP.
Figure 3.2.MPPT FOR PV CELL
IV. SWITCHED RELUCTANCE
GENERATOR
4.1 SR Based Wind Energy Generation
Wind is a natural source of energy related to the
low and medium speed range. In order to extract
energy from the wind, machine that can be controlled
to generate at variable speed are preferred/of
advantage to ensure optimum performance. . Among
the common types of machines used for wind energy
are: double fed induction generator (DFIG), induction
generator and also synchronous generator. The
potential candidate to the group is the Switched
Reluctance Generator (SRG) which comprises of SR
generator, power converter and controller as shown.
The doubly salient poles structure and the phase coils
concentrated only in the stator poles are remarkable
features of this machine. There is a minimal thermal
loss in the rotor and it is easy to construct and to
maintain. It does not have any windings or magnets
on the rotor poles. A switched reluctance generator
(SRG) belongs to the new, modern types of brushless,
electronically commutated, rotating electrical
machines.
The operation of the machine as a generator is by
controlling the switching sequence of the power
converter during the decreasing inductance profile. It
is referred to as a doubly salient pole due to the salient
pole of its stator and rotor structure. Salient pole refers
to the structure of the element protruding from the
yoke into the air gap. Rotor and stator are made of
steel laminations and only the stator poles have
windings concentrated around it. This leaves the rotor
free from windings, magnets and brushes. The
windings of one stator pole are connected in series
with the opposite stator to form one phase. The
windings can be arranged in such a way that more
than 2 opposite stator poles can form one phase.
Typical configuration of the machine includes 3 phase
6 stator or4rotor(6/4)or12/8and4phase8/6or16/12
Figure 4.1. Configuration of switched reluctance
generator: (a) 4 phase 8/6 and (b) 3 phase 12/8.
1 D Zero-Order
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5. M. Kishore Reddy et al Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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4.2 SRG Working Principle The operation of SRG depends entirely on synchronized excitation of the set of stator windings to create continuous rotation of rotor. The movement of rotor with respect to excited stator phase varies the inductance of the machine periodically from maximum to minimum hence torque and power is produced. During the aligned position of rotor and stator, inductance is maximum and minimum during the non-aligned position. The operation of Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) is similar to Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM). However, for SRG the excitation of stator phase must be made when rotor is moving pass the stator when inductance is decreasing as shown in Figure 6(a)(ii) and 1(b) whereas for motoring the excitation is on the increasing inductance region. Movement of rotor in an out of alignment with the stator poles creates variation of reluctance flux path[4.5]. It can be seen that this variation creates conversion of energy. Hence in every cycle the flux must be established and returned to zero before excitation of the next phase. The torque (T) is produced by the tendency of the rotor moving to the excited stator phase winding where minimum reluctance occurs independent of direction of current flow as shown by equation
Figure 4.2. Variation of inductance with respect to movement of rotor. (a) Rotor movement with respect to stator; i) Maximum inductance, minimum reluctance (full alignment); ii) Inductance decreasing linearly; iii) Minimum inductance (mis-alignment); (b) Complete inductance profile with respect to rotor position.
4.3 Control Methods for SRG:
The heart of the SRG depends on its control strategy which is through proper switching of power electronic devices as shown in Figure. Careful placement of the firing angles must be made to ensure continuous operation of the generator as well as maximizing its efficiency. It has been mentioned that by increasing the excitation current, output power will increase as compared to increasing speed. Also the firing angles determine the area of flux linkage which corresponds to energy converted per stroke [9]. Current research shows that the output power and voltage depend on angular speed and excitation voltage. By adjusting the excitation voltage the out-put power can be controlled. This shows the importance of firing angles on output power. Due to its inherent characteristics such as nonlinearity its optimal control is difficult to achieve. The main reason is because there are various combinations of firing angles that would produce the same amount of output power. This implies that its efficiency, torque ripple and dc link current are also different according to the various angle combi-nations. Figure4.3. Basic control model for SRG
Fig 4.4. Simulink model of SRG based wind turbine
Fig.5 DC voltage vs time simulation output characteristics’ for an sofc using 100 cells in series
1
m
Discrete,
Ts = 1e-005 s.
Generator speed (pu)
Pitch angle (deg)
Wind speed (m/s)
u)
Wind Turbine
T
Out1
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Rate Limiter
A
B
C
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r]
[Vabc_B1]
[Iabc_B1]
[wr]
[Iabc_B1]
[wr]
[Vabc_B1]
PI
Vabc_B1
Iabc_B1
wr
m
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1/100
5
Constant
Vabc
Iabc
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C
a
b
c
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Fig.6Fuel cell AC voltage vs time and current vs time output characteristics after inversion Fig.7 Hybrid Power System DC output voltage
Fig.8Hybrid AC voltage vs time and current vs time output characteristics’ after inversion Fig.9 output voltage and current of srg based wind turbine
V. CONCLUSION
Hybrid systems are the right solution for a clean energy production and hybridizing solar and wind power sources provide a realistic form of power generation. In this proposed system, Grid Connected Photovoltaic/Wind turbine/Fuel cell(sofc) generator hybrid system can be used to supply continuous power to the AC/DC loads. Solar panels and wind turbine are the Main energy sources of the proposed grid connected system. Diesel generators are the auxiliary energy sources of the proposed grid connected system. Solar power generation and Wind power generation are the independent power generation can effectively solve the problem without electricity in the power demand conditions. The power management developed helps integration of PV power and Wind power in to the gird as peak loads are shaved. The analysis and modelling of Fuel Cells and Analysis and modelling of Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) in the application of Wind Energy Generation and pv cell obtained. The results are good for the future improvements in the integrated systems. The SRG is used for the Wind energy generator which is having a very good control for the low speed applications in power generation. Also an effective approach is proposed in this paper to ensure renewable energy diversity and effective utilization.
REFERENCES
[1] Yann Riffonneau, Seddik bacha, Franck barruel and Stephanie Plane, “optimal power flow management for Grid connected PV system ”IEEE Transactions on sustainable energy, vor, no.3, PP.309-320, july 2011. [2] Rajesh Kumar, R.A.Gupta and Ajay Kumar Bansal,”Economic analysis and a Power Management of a stand-alone wind/Photovoltaic hybrid energy system using biogeography based optimization algorithm”, smarm and evolutionary computation, Elsevier,PP33-43,2013 [3] Mohamed A. H. El-Sayed , Adel M. Sharaf, Senior Member IEEE “Hybrid Wind-Fuel Cell Renewable Energy Utilization Scheme for Village Electricity”. Proceedings of the 14th International Middle East Power Systems Conference (MEPCON’10), Cairo University, Egypt, December 19-21, 2010, Paper ID 132. [4] Y. H. Li, S. Rajakaruna, Member, IEEE, and S. S. Choi, Member, IEEE “Control of a Solid Oxide 0885- 8969. Fuel Cell Power Plant in a Grid-Connected System” 2005 IEEE [5] M. G. Villalva, J. R. Gazoli and E. R. Filho, “Compre- hensive Approach to Modeling and Simulation of PV Ar- rays,” IEEE Power Electronics, Vol. 24, No. 5, 2009, pp. 1198-1208. doi:10.1109/TPEL.2009.2013862
[6] E. M. Natsheh and A. Albarbar, “Photovoltaic Model with MPP Tracker for Stand-Alone/Grid Connected Ap-
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plications,” IET Conference on Renewable Power Gen- eration, Edinburgh, 6-8 September 2011, pp. 1-6. doi:10.1049/cp.2011.0205 [7] Amissa Arifin, Ibrahim Al-Bahadly “Switched Reluctance Generator for Variable Speed Wind Energy Applications” SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH JOURNAL Smart Grid and Renewable Energy, 2011, 2, 27-36 [8] H. Chen, “Implementation of a Three-Phase Switched Reluctance Generator System for Wind Power Applica-tions,” 14th Symposium on Electromagnetic Launch Technology, Victoria, 2008, pp. 1-6. doi:10.1109/ELT.2008.104 [9] R. Cardenas, W. F. Ray and G. M. Asher, “Switched re-Luctance Generators for Wind Energy Applications,” 26th Annual IEEE Power Electronics Specialists Confe-rence, Atlanta, 1995, pp. 559-564. [10] E. Darie and C. Cepisca, “The Use of Switched Reluc-tance Generator in Wind Energy Applications,” 13th Power Electronics and Motion Control Conference, Poz-nan, 2008, pp. 1963-1966. doi:10.1109/ EPEPEMC.2008.4635553
AUTHOR’S
Author 1: Mr.M.Kishore Reddy was born in the year 1991.He received BTech Degree in the field of Electrical & Electronics Engineering from JNTU,Hyderabad on 2012.He is pursing MTech (Power Systems) at Qis College of Engineering & Technology, Ongole, AP.He is interested in Power Systems Operations & Control (Generation & Transmission), Smart Grid Email: maram.kishorereddy@gmail.com Author 2: Mr.D.Gireesh Kumar received BTech Degree and MTech Degree in the field of Elecrical & Electronics Engineering. Presently he is working as Assistant Professor in Qis College Of Engineering & Technology, Ongole, AP.He is interested in Advanced Digital Signal Processing and Machines. He thought several subjects for under graduate and post graduate students. Email: gireeshkumar218@gmail.com Author 3: Dr.J. Viswantha Rao Professor, M.Tech, PhD Department of EEE