This paper analyses the electrical energy
consumption of two residential halls at University of Dhaka
and design the best approach to diminish the electrical energy
consumption and reduce the carbon emission and achieve
efficient energy utilization in the halls. Fazlul Haque Muslim
Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall were selected for a
detailed study of electricity consumption. Series of data were
taken to estimate the electrical energy consumption and the
electrical energy losses across different loads. Afterwards with
the results of electrical usage, an energy stability was made by
considering the energy efficient electrical appliances along
with a solar photovoltaic system to reduce the electrical energy
wastage and reduce the carbon emission to maintain the
environment clean. Overall energy losses can be minimized up
to 40% and 41% at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall respectively with new energy
efficient devices. A total of 43% and 44% energy consumption
can be reduced at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall with the proposed new energy
management system that implies to utilize solar energy using
solar photovoltaic. The emission of carbon reduction estimate
was about 302 tons and 290 tons of CO2 at Fazlul Haque
Muslim Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall
respectively. The payback period of the investment to replace
the electrical appliances with energy efficient appliances and
to install a solar photovoltaic system is 2.45 years.
Integrated Energy System Modeling of China for 2020 by Incorporating Demand R...Kashif Mehmood
Electricity and heat energy carriers are mostly produced by the fossil fuel sources that are
conventionally operated independently, but these carriers have low efficiency due to heat losses. Moreover,
a high share of variable renewable energy sources disrupts the power system reliability and flexibility.
Therefore, the coupling of multiple energy carriers is underlined to address the above-mentioned issues that
are supported by the latest technologies, such as combined heat and power, heat pumps, demand response,
and energy storages. These coupling nodes in energy hubs stimulate the conversion of the electric power
system into the integrated energy system that proves to be cost-effective, flexible, and carbon-free. The
proposed work uses EnergyPLAN to model electricity, district, and individual heating integrated energy
system of China for the year 2020. Furthermore, the addition of heat pumps, thermal storage, and demand
response is analyzed in different scenarios to minimize the annual costs, fuel consumption, and CO2
emissions. Technical simulation strategy is conducted for optimal operation of production components that
result in the reduction of the above-mentioned prominent factors while calculating the critical and exportable
excess electricity production. The simulation results demonstrate that demand response and thermal storage
significantly enhance the share of variable renewable energy sources. In addition, it substantially reduces the
annual costs and fuel consumption, while heat pump increases the system efficiency
Energy Conservation through Smart Building and Smart Lighting SystemIJMREMJournal
Energy conservation is an extensive topic due to the propagation of electricity demand and challenges globally
and is regarded as one of the most significant issues affects the power system quality, global environment and
consumers. Smart building is a technology that can connect everything to networks or systems to monitor and
control them in various areas such as offices, energy-consuming devices especially in laboratories, security
devices etc. Nevertheless, people's perception about using smart technology for energy saving is still in the mind’s
eye. This means that people discuss about environmental awareness readily. Due to the availability of electricity
and its elemental role, regulating consumers’ behaviours towards power savings can be a challenge. Remarkably,
the gap in today's smart technology design in smart buildings is the compassionate of consumers’ attitudes and
the merging of this perspective into the smart technology. Implementation of PLC based controlling system is a
convenient method to save the power and energy strategy for whole building. Furthermore, prepare a lighting
scheme can results a rapid response in energy conservation. Consequently, PLC Automatic system removes the
human intervention which makes the process smart and energy reduction will gives benefits to the consumers in
terms of reducing the cost of electricity bills. Nonetheless, contemporary buildings’ energy conservation has been
significant solution to cope with the rising electricity necessity.
Integrated Energy System Modeling of China for 2020 by Incorporating Demand R...Kashif Mehmood
Electricity and heat energy carriers are mostly produced by the fossil fuel sources that are
conventionally operated independently, but these carriers have low efficiency due to heat losses. Moreover,
a high share of variable renewable energy sources disrupts the power system reliability and flexibility.
Therefore, the coupling of multiple energy carriers is underlined to address the above-mentioned issues that
are supported by the latest technologies, such as combined heat and power, heat pumps, demand response,
and energy storages. These coupling nodes in energy hubs stimulate the conversion of the electric power
system into the integrated energy system that proves to be cost-effective, flexible, and carbon-free. The
proposed work uses EnergyPLAN to model electricity, district, and individual heating integrated energy
system of China for the year 2020. Furthermore, the addition of heat pumps, thermal storage, and demand
response is analyzed in different scenarios to minimize the annual costs, fuel consumption, and CO2
emissions. Technical simulation strategy is conducted for optimal operation of production components that
result in the reduction of the above-mentioned prominent factors while calculating the critical and exportable
excess electricity production. The simulation results demonstrate that demand response and thermal storage
significantly enhance the share of variable renewable energy sources. In addition, it substantially reduces the
annual costs and fuel consumption, while heat pump increases the system efficiency
Energy Conservation through Smart Building and Smart Lighting SystemIJMREMJournal
Energy conservation is an extensive topic due to the propagation of electricity demand and challenges globally
and is regarded as one of the most significant issues affects the power system quality, global environment and
consumers. Smart building is a technology that can connect everything to networks or systems to monitor and
control them in various areas such as offices, energy-consuming devices especially in laboratories, security
devices etc. Nevertheless, people's perception about using smart technology for energy saving is still in the mind’s
eye. This means that people discuss about environmental awareness readily. Due to the availability of electricity
and its elemental role, regulating consumers’ behaviours towards power savings can be a challenge. Remarkably,
the gap in today's smart technology design in smart buildings is the compassionate of consumers’ attitudes and
the merging of this perspective into the smart technology. Implementation of PLC based controlling system is a
convenient method to save the power and energy strategy for whole building. Furthermore, prepare a lighting
scheme can results a rapid response in energy conservation. Consequently, PLC Automatic system removes the
human intervention which makes the process smart and energy reduction will gives benefits to the consumers in
terms of reducing the cost of electricity bills. Nonetheless, contemporary buildings’ energy conservation has been
significant solution to cope with the rising electricity necessity.
Power Generation in The Chemical IndustryIJRTEMJOURNAL
The chemical industry, particularly the production of organic and inorganic base chemicals, has
a high demand for electrical and thermal power. In the chemical industry, power drives processes and
profitability. With most of the chemical industries aiming to expand, having their own power generation plant is
an emerging necessity. This paper provides a brief overview of the various ways in which the chemical industry
has been generating power to meet the needs of its plants and, in some cases, selling the surplus power
produced.
Integration Planning and Operation Scheduling of Distribution Generation for ...IJERA Editor
Use of distributed renewable energy sources for domestic energy consumption will increase in near future due to
its advantages as being clean and infinite energy generation possibility. This trend allows more efficient energy
consumption because of reducing distribution losses and dependence of domestic appliances to grid distribution.
Electrical energy is an essential ingredient for the development of a nation. In this paper, it is proposed grid
connected solar PV without and with battery at domestic level to minimize the load on live grid during peak
time, excess power export to the grid when the PV generation is more compared to connected load and increase
the participation of renewable energy sources in our daily energy consumption. The decision support program
enables the consumer to implement the most efficient electricity management strategy while achieving the goal
of minimizing the electricity bill and to supply the quality power. The cost of investment and payback periods
are computed for PV system using cost benefit analysis
This paper analyzes influences of renewable fraction on grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) for office building energy systems. The fraction of renewable energy has important contributions on sizing the grid-connected PV systems and selling and buying electricity, and hence reducing net present cost (NPC) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. An optimum result with the lowest total NPC for serving an office building is achieved by employing the renewable fraction of 58%, in which 58% of electricity is supplied from the PV and the remaining 42% of electricity is purchased from the grid. The results have shown that the optimum grid-connected PV system with an appropriate renewable fraction value could greatly reduce the total NPC and CO2 emission.
Energy Auditing/ Energy conservation ppt by Varun Pratap SinghVarun Pratap Singh
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Unit-1:
PPT for Energy Conservation Subject (Updated Aug,2018).
Analysis and Design of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System – Lebanon CaseIJERA Editor
The depletion of fossil fuels and their environmental consequences have prompted searching for other sources of energy aiming to global status amelioration. In the recent past, renewable energy sources have been considered as alternatives for the fossil fuel energy sources. The unexpected pattern of natural resources assesses integrated utilization of these sources to provide persistent and reliable power supply to the consumers. The technology’s advantages, requirements and related improvements are underlined and results are generalized. This paper covers the design of a solar and wind based hybrid renewable system presenting calculations and considerations in order to achieve an optimized design. Since hybrid systems performance relies mainly on geographical an d meteorological aspects, the study will consider the case of the Mediterranean area and in particular Lebanon.
Conservation of Energy: a Case Study on Energy Conservation in Campus Lightin...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
An Optimization Model for A Proposed Trigeneration System IJERA Editor
The combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems play an important role in the reduction of carbon emissions and the increase of energy efficiency for businesses and social organizations. Because of its potentials, tri-generation system has become a preference during the last decade. In this paper a hybrid trigeneration system is proposed for a university campus. The system is also important because it uses renewable energy sources as well as non-renewable energy sources. The objective of this paper is to propose an optimization model for this new Tri-generation system
Techno-Economic Analysis of Biomass Integrated Electricity Generation Systemtheijes
With Ghana’s quest to accomplish a nationwide electrification where 100% of citizens will have access to electricity, various power projects are underway. However, in spite of the fact that there is an abundance of biomass resource, little attention has been paid to the potential of this resource in power generation. This paper discusses the energy potential of cocoa pod husks of which over a million tonnes are produced but wasted annually. A biomass integrated combined electricity generation system is simulated using cocoa pod husks as fuel with the aspen plus simulation software. An ORC and a bottoming Stirling Engine generator integrated into a biomass gasification plant generates 1.3 MW of power at an overall plant efficiency of 36.69%. A comparison with an existing 2.5 MW solar power plant showed that although the total capital cost for the biomass integrated combined power plant was higher, it was more economical in the long term operations as the payback time for the difference in capital cost is approximately 12.55 years. The biomass integrated power plant however produces 1.98 GWh more power than the solar power plant annually. Also it is realised that the national electricity production will be increased by 4.8% if all the cocoa pod husks are used biomass fuel to generate electricity using the same plant configuration and specifications
Analysis of Wind Diesel Hybrid System by Homer Softwareijtsrd
A hybrid power system is to avoid the use of depleting fossil fuels, improve the technical performance and reduce the greenhouse gases emission. Depending on the renewable energy sources, it is connected in the main grid or operates separately. Because of these reasons, operation, control and grid integration of renewable sources is a task of fundamental importance in modern power system. Hybrid power system modes must be studied.The simulation was carried out using various combinations of optimization and sensitivity variables developed in HOMER. The economic parameters play central role of deciding the dimension, feasibility and optimization of a proposed system. In order to achieve lowest Net Present Cost NPC , comparison of diesel generating system and wind diesel systems were compares for i economic ii technical and iii environmental parameters. Theingi Htun | Hnin Yu Wai | Myo Win Kyaw "Analysis of Wind-Diesel Hybrid System by Homer Software" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26729.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26729/analysis-of-wind-diesel-hybrid-system-by-homer-software/theingi-htun
A Distinctive Analysis between Distributed and Centralized Power Generationpaperpublications3
Abstract: The role of Distributed Generation (DG) is ever increasingly being recognized as a supplement and an alternative to large conventional Centralized Generation (CG). Besides, there is also a debate regarding the genuine prospects of DG; always prevailed between industry stakeholders and other interest groups. Within the scope of this review, a comparative study of CG and DG has been presented. In this report, a broad spectrum of issues is being considered to depict the paradigm, drives, shortcomings and future challenges for CG and DG.
Optimizing Size of Variable Renewable Energy Sources by Incorporating Energy ...Kashif Mehmood
The electricity sector contributes to most of the global warming emissions generated from
fossil fuel resources which are becoming rare and expensive due to geological extinction and climate
change. It urges the need for less carbon-intensive, inexhaustible Renewable Energy Sources (RES) that
are economically sound, easy to access and improve public health. The carbon-free salient feature is the
driving motive that propels widespread utilization of wind and solar RES in comparisons to rest of RES.
However, stochastic nature makes these sources, variable renewable energy sources (VRES) because it brings
uncertainty and variability that disrupt power system stability. This problem is mitigated by adding energy
storage (ES) or introducing the demand response (DR) in the system. In this paper, an electricity generation
network of China by the year 2017 is modeled using EnergyPLAN software to determine annual costs,
primary energy supply (PES) and CO2 emissions. The VRES size is optimized by adding ES and DR (daily,
weekly, or monthly) while maintaining critical excess electricity production (CEEP) to zero. The results
substantiate that ES and DR increase wind and solar share up to 1000 and 874 GW. In addition, it also
reduces annual costs and emissions up to 4.36 % and 45.17 %
Power Generation in The Chemical IndustryIJRTEMJOURNAL
The chemical industry, particularly the production of organic and inorganic base chemicals, has
a high demand for electrical and thermal power. In the chemical industry, power drives processes and
profitability. With most of the chemical industries aiming to expand, having their own power generation plant is
an emerging necessity. This paper provides a brief overview of the various ways in which the chemical industry
has been generating power to meet the needs of its plants and, in some cases, selling the surplus power
produced.
Integration Planning and Operation Scheduling of Distribution Generation for ...IJERA Editor
Use of distributed renewable energy sources for domestic energy consumption will increase in near future due to
its advantages as being clean and infinite energy generation possibility. This trend allows more efficient energy
consumption because of reducing distribution losses and dependence of domestic appliances to grid distribution.
Electrical energy is an essential ingredient for the development of a nation. In this paper, it is proposed grid
connected solar PV without and with battery at domestic level to minimize the load on live grid during peak
time, excess power export to the grid when the PV generation is more compared to connected load and increase
the participation of renewable energy sources in our daily energy consumption. The decision support program
enables the consumer to implement the most efficient electricity management strategy while achieving the goal
of minimizing the electricity bill and to supply the quality power. The cost of investment and payback periods
are computed for PV system using cost benefit analysis
This paper analyzes influences of renewable fraction on grid-connected photovoltaic (PV) for office building energy systems. The fraction of renewable energy has important contributions on sizing the grid-connected PV systems and selling and buying electricity, and hence reducing net present cost (NPC) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emission. An optimum result with the lowest total NPC for serving an office building is achieved by employing the renewable fraction of 58%, in which 58% of electricity is supplied from the PV and the remaining 42% of electricity is purchased from the grid. The results have shown that the optimum grid-connected PV system with an appropriate renewable fraction value could greatly reduce the total NPC and CO2 emission.
Energy Auditing/ Energy conservation ppt by Varun Pratap SinghVarun Pratap Singh
Download Link (Copy URL):
https://sites.google.com/view/varunpratapsingh/teaching-engagements
Unit-1:
PPT for Energy Conservation Subject (Updated Aug,2018).
Analysis and Design of a Hybrid Renewable Energy System – Lebanon CaseIJERA Editor
The depletion of fossil fuels and their environmental consequences have prompted searching for other sources of energy aiming to global status amelioration. In the recent past, renewable energy sources have been considered as alternatives for the fossil fuel energy sources. The unexpected pattern of natural resources assesses integrated utilization of these sources to provide persistent and reliable power supply to the consumers. The technology’s advantages, requirements and related improvements are underlined and results are generalized. This paper covers the design of a solar and wind based hybrid renewable system presenting calculations and considerations in order to achieve an optimized design. Since hybrid systems performance relies mainly on geographical an d meteorological aspects, the study will consider the case of the Mediterranean area and in particular Lebanon.
Conservation of Energy: a Case Study on Energy Conservation in Campus Lightin...IJMER
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) is Peer reviewed, online Journal. It serves as an international archival forum of scholarly research related to engineering and science education.
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) covers all the fields of engineering and science: Electrical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Computer Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Aerospace Engineering, Thermodynamics, Structural Engineering, Control Engineering, Robotics, Mechatronics, Fluid Mechanics, Nanotechnology, Simulators, Web-based Learning, Remote Laboratories, Engineering Design Methods, Education Research, Students' Satisfaction and Motivation, Global Projects, and Assessment…. And many more.
An Optimization Model for A Proposed Trigeneration System IJERA Editor
The combined cooling, heating, and power (CCHP) systems play an important role in the reduction of carbon emissions and the increase of energy efficiency for businesses and social organizations. Because of its potentials, tri-generation system has become a preference during the last decade. In this paper a hybrid trigeneration system is proposed for a university campus. The system is also important because it uses renewable energy sources as well as non-renewable energy sources. The objective of this paper is to propose an optimization model for this new Tri-generation system
Techno-Economic Analysis of Biomass Integrated Electricity Generation Systemtheijes
With Ghana’s quest to accomplish a nationwide electrification where 100% of citizens will have access to electricity, various power projects are underway. However, in spite of the fact that there is an abundance of biomass resource, little attention has been paid to the potential of this resource in power generation. This paper discusses the energy potential of cocoa pod husks of which over a million tonnes are produced but wasted annually. A biomass integrated combined electricity generation system is simulated using cocoa pod husks as fuel with the aspen plus simulation software. An ORC and a bottoming Stirling Engine generator integrated into a biomass gasification plant generates 1.3 MW of power at an overall plant efficiency of 36.69%. A comparison with an existing 2.5 MW solar power plant showed that although the total capital cost for the biomass integrated combined power plant was higher, it was more economical in the long term operations as the payback time for the difference in capital cost is approximately 12.55 years. The biomass integrated power plant however produces 1.98 GWh more power than the solar power plant annually. Also it is realised that the national electricity production will be increased by 4.8% if all the cocoa pod husks are used biomass fuel to generate electricity using the same plant configuration and specifications
Analysis of Wind Diesel Hybrid System by Homer Softwareijtsrd
A hybrid power system is to avoid the use of depleting fossil fuels, improve the technical performance and reduce the greenhouse gases emission. Depending on the renewable energy sources, it is connected in the main grid or operates separately. Because of these reasons, operation, control and grid integration of renewable sources is a task of fundamental importance in modern power system. Hybrid power system modes must be studied.The simulation was carried out using various combinations of optimization and sensitivity variables developed in HOMER. The economic parameters play central role of deciding the dimension, feasibility and optimization of a proposed system. In order to achieve lowest Net Present Cost NPC , comparison of diesel generating system and wind diesel systems were compares for i economic ii technical and iii environmental parameters. Theingi Htun | Hnin Yu Wai | Myo Win Kyaw "Analysis of Wind-Diesel Hybrid System by Homer Software" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26729.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26729/analysis-of-wind-diesel-hybrid-system-by-homer-software/theingi-htun
A Distinctive Analysis between Distributed and Centralized Power Generationpaperpublications3
Abstract: The role of Distributed Generation (DG) is ever increasingly being recognized as a supplement and an alternative to large conventional Centralized Generation (CG). Besides, there is also a debate regarding the genuine prospects of DG; always prevailed between industry stakeholders and other interest groups. Within the scope of this review, a comparative study of CG and DG has been presented. In this report, a broad spectrum of issues is being considered to depict the paradigm, drives, shortcomings and future challenges for CG and DG.
Optimizing Size of Variable Renewable Energy Sources by Incorporating Energy ...Kashif Mehmood
The electricity sector contributes to most of the global warming emissions generated from
fossil fuel resources which are becoming rare and expensive due to geological extinction and climate
change. It urges the need for less carbon-intensive, inexhaustible Renewable Energy Sources (RES) that
are economically sound, easy to access and improve public health. The carbon-free salient feature is the
driving motive that propels widespread utilization of wind and solar RES in comparisons to rest of RES.
However, stochastic nature makes these sources, variable renewable energy sources (VRES) because it brings
uncertainty and variability that disrupt power system stability. This problem is mitigated by adding energy
storage (ES) or introducing the demand response (DR) in the system. In this paper, an electricity generation
network of China by the year 2017 is modeled using EnergyPLAN software to determine annual costs,
primary energy supply (PES) and CO2 emissions. The VRES size is optimized by adding ES and DR (daily,
weekly, or monthly) while maintaining critical excess electricity production (CEEP) to zero. The results
substantiate that ES and DR increase wind and solar share up to 1000 and 874 GW. In addition, it also
reduces annual costs and emissions up to 4.36 % and 45.17 %
Review on Optimization of Microgrid Using Various Optimization TechniquesIJAEMSJORNAL
The development of a smart grid includes the microgrid. Microgrids are essential to the development of the present and future electricity networks, as they can provide many advantages to the expanding and complex power systems, such as better power quality, increased integration of clean and renewable energy sources, increased efficiency, and increased network stability and reliability., etc. It is basically a small power system which has distributed energy resources (like renewable energy etc.). This paper conducts a literature review on Optimization Algorithms of Microgrid. We provide a summary of the typical system structure, which consists of energy end users, energy distribution systems, energy storage systems, and energy generation systems. Finally, we identify areas for future microgrid research challenges.
A Review on Integration of Wind Turbines in Distributed Generation Power Systemijtsrd
Wind power is one of the mostly used renewable source of energy generated in recent decades. To be systems that are directly connected to the grid system, it is important to use the high voltage and get the high voltage converted from the turbine. Energy storage is needed to operate the electrical system efficiently. These storage areas are continuously controlled to coincide with the generation and operation of the system and, thus, to maintain the electrical frequency in prescribed limits. They are usually provided with standard integrated composite units such as hydraulic or thermal power plants. With the continuous depletion of these generating plants for non synchronous power plants e.g. wind and solar the rate of saturation of the synchronization power in the system decreases. Speed instability of wind presents the incredible difficulty of planning the wind power available in advance. For this reason, the purpose of this paper is to introduce the techniques developed in recent years and, as such, provide a control solution that mimics the conditions of various wind turbines. Aman Malik | Kavita Sharma "A Review on Integration of Wind Turbines in Distributed Generation Power System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-6 , October 2020, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd33302.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/33302/a-review-on-integration-of-wind-turbines-in-distributed-generation-power-system/aman-malik
Design and Modeling of Grid Connected Hybrid Renewable Energy Power GenerationIJERA Editor
This paper proposes a design and modeling of grid connected hybrid renewable energy power generation. The
energy system having a photo voltaic (PV) panel, Srg wind turbine and fuel cell (sofc) for continuous power
flow management. Fuel cells (storage & generating) are added to ensure uninterrupted power supply due to the
discontinuous nature of solar and wind resources. Renewable energy generated during times of plenty can be
stored for use during periods when sufficient electricity is not available. But storing this energy is a difficult
task: batteries and similar technologies perform well over short timescales, but over periods of weeks or months
a different approach is necessary. Energy storage in the form of hydrogen is one such possibility: excess
electricity is fed into an electrolyser to split water into its constituent parts, oxygen and hydrogen. The hydrogen
is then used in fuel cells to produce electricity when needed which will overcome the problem of storage. This
work is mainly concentrated on the design, analysis and modelling of Fuel cells and Analysis and modelling of
Switched Reluctance Generator (SRG) in the application of Wind Energy Generation and pv cell. Also an
effective approach is proposed in this thesis to ensure renewable energy diversity and effective utilization. The
pv cell, wind and fuel cell renewable energy system is digitally simulated using the MATLAB/SIMULINK
software environment and fully validated for efficient energy utilizations and enhanced interface power quality
under different operating conditions and load excursions
The Opportunity of Using Wind to Generate Power as a Renewable Energy:"Case o...IJERA Editor
The demand ofsustainable energy is increased daily by expanding our cities and creating new cities and suburbswith huge towers besides increasing in population,moreover the environment and human life is threatening by the pollutions resulted from energy generation. For this reason the researchersattracted todevelop renewable energy and explore its large benefits and unit capacity. Wind power is one of the clean renewable energy resources.Therefore the importance of implementing this resource in Kuwait draws our attention to make this research to emphasis on the technical and economic aspects due to acceptable environmental conditions. Whereas, in some areas of the world, such as in Japan, has some geographical and electrical restrictions such as power fluctuating for land wind generation. And the introductionof large amount of wind power generation tends to be extremely difficult and even impossible in some location. This research is aimed to concentrate on the visibility of utilizing the wind energy as complementary source for the existing steam and gas turbine power stations in Kuwait, furthermore point out the economical perspectives that will guide us to take the right decision. The location of wind farms is very important in this aspect where we cannot build such projects inside the cities between buildings besides meeting the minimum requirements for economic generation. The study prove to us that even at a location which is almost close to the inhabitants buildings ( Kuwait airport ) can get accepted results the historical data was collected from the weather station at internet. The implementation of wind turbine farms is foreseen to be economic in generation for long run and encouragestepping up toward putting the infrastructure design. Furthermoreit is an opportunity for creating new job vacancies.
A proton-exchange membrane fuel cell and ultra-capacitor system model for sta...TELKOMNIKA JOURNAL
Energy consumption by sector in Malaysia is rising significantly, especially for residential and commercial sectors, and is expected to continue to increase in the upcoming years. The existing power generated from a proton-exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system may be insufficient to sustain peak load demands during peak periods in stationary residential applications. The presence of an ultra-capacitor (UC) bank would be beneficial as a support as it can supply a large burst of power. The integration of PEMFC and UC has the potential to provide an effective way to supply power demands, has better energy efficiency, and is also economically friendly. In this research, we demonstrate a proposed combined PEMFC and UC bank that operates in parallel. A novel design methodology and dynamic model for both PEMFC and UC systems as energy sources have been developed for stand-alone residential applications. The simulation results are shown in Matlab Simulink. These results are based on mathematical and dynamic models of the system being shown.
Advancements in energy storage technologies for smart grid developmentIJECEIAES
In the modern world, the consumption of oil, coal natural gas, and nuclear energy has been causing by a serious environmental problem and an ongoing energy crisis. The generation and consumption of renewable energy sources (RESs) such as solar and wind tidal, can resolve the problem but the nature of the RESs is fluctuating and intermitted. This evolution brings a lot of challenges in the management of electrical grids. The paper reviewed the advancements in energy storage technologies for the development of a smart grid (SG). More attention was paid to the classification of energy storage technologies based on the form of energy storage and based on the form of discharge duration. The evaluation criteria for the energy storage technologies have been carried out based on technological dimensions such as storage capacity, efficiency, response time, energy density, and power density, the economic dimension such as input cost and economic benefit; and the environmental dimension such as emission and stress on ecosystem, social demission such as job creation and social acceptance were also presented in this paper.
Abstract:
In this paper, parabolic trough solar thermal plants are proposed. Two key parameters, solar multiple (SM) and full load hours of thermal energy storage (TES), are optimised by maximising the annual energy and minimising the levelized cost of electricity (LCOE). This work presents a comparative study, based on the 4E (energy–exergy–environment–economic) analysis, of the optimised plant with a reference plant. The performance evaluation of the optimised plant is carried out in eight different locations of Bangladesh. The result obtained shows that the salt plant has the best performance compared to that of the thermal oil plant. The salt plant requires a lower LCOE of 9.86 ¢/kWh. It also possesses a maximum capacity factor of 39.5% and generates the highest annual energy of 171.1 GWh. From the feasibility study, Cox’s Bazar is found as the best location of eight different regions of Bangladesh
https://doi.org/10.1080/14786451.2019.1649263
Peak Shaving Using Grid-Connected Solar Panels Case Study: Ministry of Islami...IJERA Editor
The main purpose of this paper is to introduce the application of renewable energy, namely solar energy,for peak shaving during peak loads and to investigate the feasibility of using grid-connected solar system for electricity generation in Ministry of Awqaf mosques. PVsyst software is used to find the optimal design for total connected load of 80 kW. The technical performance of 80 kWgrid-connected photovoltaic (PV) solar systems was investigated. Applying renewable energy in building is required by Kuwait government, all sectors should use 30% of the consumed energy from renewable energy in year 2030. The total cost of the solar systems for 1400 mosques is around 512 million dollars and the total cost of energyis39 milliondollars per year according to 0.2 dollarwhich mean that the payback period within 13 years.Based on the study results, the development of grid-connected photovoltaic (PV)solar system in Awqaf mosques in Kuwait could be economically viable and provide peak shaving during peak loads.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
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Total Ionization Cross Sections due to Electron Impact of Ammonia from Thresh...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
In the present paper, we have employed modified Khare-BEB method [Atoms, (2019)] to evaluate total ionization cross sections by the electron impact for ammonia in energy range from the ionization threshold to 10 MeV. The theoretical ionization cross sections have been compared to the available previous theoretical and experimental results. The collision parameters dipole matrix squared M_j^2 and CRP also have been calculated. The present calculations were found in remarkable agreement with the available experimental results.
A Case Study on Small Town Big Player – Enjay IT Solutions Ltd., BhiladDr. Amarjeet Singh
Adequately trained Manpower is a problem that affects the IT industry as a whole, but it is particularly acute for Enjay IT Solution. Enjay's location in a semi-urban or rural area makes it even more difficult to find a talented employee with the right skills. As the competition for skilled workers grows, it becomes more difficult to attract and keep those workers who have the requisite training and experience.
Effect of Biopesticide from the Stems of Gossypium Arboreum on Pink Bollworm ...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Pink bollworm and Lepidoptera development quickly in numbers which is a typical animal group that produces around 100 youthful ones inside certain days or weeks. This assault influences the harvests broadly in the tropical and sub-tropical temperature areas. Thus, to keep up with the yield of harvests the vermin ought to be kept away by utilizing pesticides. The unnecessary measure of the purpose of pesticides influences the dirt, land, and as well as human well-being, and contaminates the climate. Thus, an ozone-accommodating biopesticide is extracted from the stems of the Gossypium arboreum. Thus, the extraction of biopesticide from the stems of Gossypium arboreum demonstrated that the quantity of pink bollworm and Lepidoptera is diminished step by step in the wake of showering the arrangement on the impacted region of the plant because of the presence of the gossypol.
Artificial Intelligence Techniques in E-Commerce: The Possibility of Exploiti...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
E-Commerce has transformed business as we know over the past few decades. The rapid increasing use of the Internet and the strong purchasing power in Saudi Arabia have had a strong impact on the evolution of E-Commerce in the country. Saudi Arabia is yet another country that will release artificial intelligence power to fuel its growth in the economic world. Recently, artificial intelligence (AI) applications that can facilitate e-commerce processes have been widely used. The impact of using artificial intelligence (AI) concepts and techniques on the efficiency of e-commerce, particularly has been overlooked by many prior studies. In this paper, a literature review was conducted to explore and investigate possible applications of AI in E-Commerce that can help Saudi Arabian businesses.
Factors Influencing Ownership Pattern and its Impact on Corporate Performance...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This study on factors influencing Ownership pattern and its impact on corporate performance has used five industries data viz Automobile industry, IT industry, Banking industry, Oil & Gas industry and pharmaceutical industry for five years from 2017 to 2021. First the factors influencing ownership pattern was identified and later its impact on corporate performance was analysed. Multiple Regression, ANOVA and Correlation was used in SPSS 28. Percentage of independent directors on the board and size of the company has significant impact on Indian Promotor holding and non-institutional ownership has significant impact on corporate performance.
An Analytical Study on Ratios Influencing Profitability of Selected Indian Au...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
Every country with a well-developed transportation network has a well-developed economy. The automobile industry is a critical engine of the nation's economic development. The automobile industry has significant backward and forward links with every area of the economy, as well as a strong and progressive multiplier impact. The automotive industry and the auto component industry are both included in the vehicle industry. It includes passenger waggons, light, medium, and heavy commercial vehicles, as well as multi-utility vehicles such as jeeps, three-wheelers, military vehicles, motorcycles, tractors, and auto-components such as engine parts, batteries, drive transmission parts, electrical, suspension and chassis parts, and body and other parts. In the last several years, India's automobile sector has seen incredible growth in sales, production, innovation, and exports. India's car industry has emerged as one of the best in the world, and the auto-ancillary sector is poised to assist the vehicle sector's expansion. Vehicle manufacturers and auto-parts manufacturers account for a significant component of global motorised manufacturing. Vehicle manufacturers from across the world are keeping a close eye on the Indian auto sector in order to assess future demand and establish India as a global manufacturing base. The current research focuses on three automotive behemoths: TATA Motors, MRF, and Mahindra & Mahindra.
A Study on Factors Influencing the Financial Performance Analysis Selected Pr...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The growth of a country's banking sector has a significant impact on its economic development. The banking sector plays a critical role in determining a country's economic future. A well-planned, structured, efficient, and viable banking system is an essential component of an economy's economic and social infrastructure. In modern society, a strong banking system is required because it meets the financial needs of the modern society. In a country's economy, the banking system plays a crucial role. Because it connects surplus and deficit economic agents, the bank is the most important financial intermediary in the economy. The banking system is regarded as the economy's lifeline. It meets the financial needs of commerce, industry, and agriculture. As a result, the country's development and the banking system are intertwined. They are critical in the mobilisation of savings and the distribution of credit to various sectors of the economy. India's private sector banks play a critical role in the country's economic development. So The financial performance of private sector banks must be evaluated carefully.
An Empirical Analysis of Financial Performance of Selected Oil Exploration an...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
After the United States, China, and Japan, India was the world's fourth biggest consumer of oil and petroleum products. The nation is significantly reliant on crude oil imports, the majority of which come from the Middle East. The Indian oil and gas business is one of the country's six main sectors, with important forward links to the rest of the economy. More than two-thirds of the country's overall primary energy demands are met by the oil and gas industry. The industry has played a key role in placing India on the global map. India is now the world's sixth biggest crude oil user and ninth largest crude oil importer. In addition, the country's portion of the worldwide refining market is growing. India's refining industry is now the world's sixth biggest. With plans for Reliance Petroleum Limited to commission another refinery with a capacity of 29 MTPA next 16 to its 33 MTPA refinery in Jamnagar, Gujarat, this position is projected to be enhanced. As a consequence, the Reliance refinery would be the biggest single-site refinery in the world. Based on secondary data gathered from CMIE, the current research examines the ratios influencing the profitability of selected oil exploration and production businesses in India during a 10-year period.
Since 1991, thanks to economic policy liberalization, the Indian economy has entered an era in which Indian businesses can no longer disregard global markets. Prior to the 1990s, the prices of a variety of commodities, metals, and other assets were carefully regulated. Others, which were not rolled, were primarily dependant on regulated input costs. As a result, there was no uncertainty and, as a result, no price fluctuations. However, in 1991, when the process of deregulation began, the prices of most items were deregulated. It has also resulted in the exchange being partially deregulated, easing trade restrictions, lowering interest rates, and making significant advancements in foreign institutional investors' access to the capital markets, as well as establishing market-based government securities pricing, among other things. Furthermore, portfolio and securities price volatility and instability were influenced by market-determined exchange rates and interest rates. As a result, hedging strategies employing a variety of derivatives were exposed to a variety of risks. The Indian capital market will be examined in this study, with a focus on derivatives.
Theoretical Estimation of CO2 Compression and Transport Costs for an hypothet...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
SEI S.p.a. presented a project to build a 1320 MW coal-fired power plant in Saline Joniche, on the Southern tip of Calabria Region, Italy, in 2008. A gross early evaluation about the possibility to add CCS (CO2 Capture & Storage) was performed too. The project generated widespread opposition among environmental associations, citizens and local institutions in that period, against the coal use to produce energy, as a consequence of its GHG clima-alterating impact. Moreover the CCS (also named Carbon Capture & Storage or more recently CCUS: Carbon Capture-Usage-Storage) technology was at that time still an unknown and “mysterious” solution for the GHG avoiding to the atmosphere. The present study concerns the sizing of the compression and transportation system of the CCS section, included in the project presented at the time by SEI Spa; the sizing of the compression station and the pipeline connecting the plant to the possible Fosca01 offshore injection site previously studied as a possible storage solution, as part of a coarse screening of CO2 storage sites in the Calabria Region. This study takes into account the costs of construction, operation and maintenance (O&M) of both the compression plant and the sound pipeline, considering the gross static storage capacity of the Fosca01 reservoir as a whole as previously evaluated.
Analytical Mechanics of Magnetic Particles Suspended in Magnetorheological FluidDr. Amarjeet Singh
In this paper, the behavior of MR particles has been systematically investigated within the scope of analytical mechanics. . A magnetorheological fluid belongs to a class of smart materials. In magnetorheological fluids, the motion of magnetic particles is controlled by the action of internal and external forces. This paper presents analytical mechanics for the interaction of system of particles in MR fluid. In this paper, basic principles of Analytical Mechanics are utilized for the construction of equations.
Techno-Economic Aspects of Solid Food Wastes into Bio-ManureDr. Amarjeet Singh
Solid waste is health hazard and cause damage to the environment due to improper handling. Solid waste comprises of Industrial Waste (IW), Hazardous Waste (HW), Municipal Solid Waste (MSW), Electronic waste (E-waste), Bio-Medical Waste (BMW) which depend on their supply & characteristics. Food waste or Bio-waste composting and its role in sustainable development is explained in food waste is a growing area of concern with many costs to our community in terms of waste collection, disposal and greenhouse gases. When rotting food ends up in landfill it turns into methane, a greenhouse gas that is particularly damaging to the environment. Composting is biochemical process in which organic materials are biologically degraded, resulting in the production of organic by products and energy in the form of heat. Heat is trapped within the composting mass, leading to the phenomenon of self-heating. This overall process provide us Bio-Manure.
Crypto-Currencies: Can Investors Rely on them as Investment Avenue?Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The purpose of this study is to examine investors’ perceptions about investing in crypto-currencies. We think that investors trust in crypto-currencies is largely driven by crypto-currency comprehension, trust in government, and transaction speed. This is the first study to examine crypto-currencies from the investor’s perspective. Following that, we discover important antecedents of crypto-currency confidence. Second, we look at the government's role in crypto-currencies. The importance of this study is: first, crypto-currencies have the potential to disrupt the current economic system as the debate is all about impact of decentralization of transactions; thus, further research into how it affects investors trust is essential; and second, access to crypto-currencies. Finally, if Fin-Tech companies or banks want to enter the bitcoin industry may not attract huge advertising costs as well as marketing to soothe clients' concerns about investing in various digital currencies The research sheds light on indecisiveness in the context of marketing aspects adopted by demonstrating investors are aware about the crypto.
Awareness of Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) among Student of the Catanduanes S...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The Island Province of Catanduanes is prone to all types of natural hazards that includes torrential and heavy rains, strong winds and surge, flooding and landslide or slope failures as a result of its geographical location and topography. RA 10121 mandates local DRRM bodies to “encourage community, specifically the youth, participation in disaster risk reduction and management activities, such as organizing quick response groups, particularly in identified disaster-prone areas, as well as the inclusion of disaster risk reduction and management programs as part of youth programs and projects. The study aims to determine the awareness to disaster of the student of the Catanduanes State University. The disaster-based questionnaire was prepared and distributed among 636 students selected randomly from different Colleges and Laboratory Schools in the University
The Catanduanes State University students understood some disaster-related concepts and ideas, but uncertain on issues on preparedness, adaptation, and awareness on the risks inflicted by these natural hazards. Low perception on disaster risks are evidently observed among students. The responses of the students could be based on the efficiency and impact of the integration of DRR education in the senior high school curriculum. Specifically, integration of the concepts about the hazards, hazard maps, disaster preparedness, awareness, mitigation, prevention, adaptation, and resiliency in the science curriculum possibly affect the knowledge and understanding of students on DRR. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM.
The study further recommends that teachers and instructor must also be capacitated in handling disaster as they are the prime movers in the implementation of the DRRM in education. Preparedness drills and other forms of capacity building must be done to improve awareness of the student towards DRRM. Core subjects in Earth Sciences must be reinforced with geologic hazards. Learning competencies must also be focused on hazard identification and mapping, and coping with different geologic disaster.
The 1857 war was a watershed moment in the history of the Indian subcontinent. The battle has sparked academic debate among historians and sociologists all around the world. Despite the fact that it has been more than 150 years, this battle continues to pique the interest of historians. The war's causes and events that occurred throughout the conflict, persons who backed the British and anti-British fighters, and the results and ramifications, are all aspects of this conflict. In terms of outcomes, many academics believe that the war was a failure for those who started it. It is often assumed that the Indians who battled the British in this conflict were unable to achieve their goals. Many gains accrued to Indians as a result of the conflict, but these achievements are overshadowed by the dispute over the war's failure. This research effort focuses on the war's achievements for India, and the significance of those achievements.
Haryana's Honour Killings: A Social and Legal Point of ViewDr. Amarjeet Singh
Life is unpredictably unpredictable. Nobody knows what will happen in the next minute of their lives. In this circumstance, every human being has the right and desire to conduct their lives according to their own desires. No one should be forced to live a life solely for the benefit and reputation of others. Honour killing is defined as the assassination of a person, whether male or female, who refuses to accept the family's arranged marriage or decides to move her or his marital life according to her or his wishes solely because it jeopardizes the family's honour. The family's supreme authority looks after the family's name but neglects to consider the love and affection shared among family members. I have discussed honour killing in India in my research work. This sort of murder occurs as a result of particular triggers, which are also examined in relation to the role of the law in honour killing. No one can be released free if they break the law, and in this case, it is a felony that violates various regulations designed to safeguard citizens. This crime is similar to many others, but it is distinct enough to be differentiated in the report. When the husband is of low social standing, it lowers the position and caste of the female family, prompting the male family members to murder the girl. But they forget that the girl is their kid and that while rank may be attained, a girl's life can never be replaced, and that caste is less valuable than the girl's life and love spent with them.
Optimization of Digital-Based MSME E-Commerce: Challenges and Opportunities i...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
The impact caused by the Covid-19 Pandemic on Micro and Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) was so severe and fatal
that not a few went out of business. The heavy burden is borne by MSME actors due to social restrictions imposed by the
government, the declining purchasing power of the people, a product that continues to decline until capital runs out. Plus
inadequate knowledge in carrying out marketing strategies and product innovations are the main trigger for the lack of
enthusiasm for MSME actors as well as bankruptcy. MSME digitalization-based e-commerce is an opportunity and the right
solution in dealing with the obstacles caused by the impact of Covid-19, as well as a challenge for MSME actors to design old
ways in new ways through digital business.
Modal Space Controller for Hydraulically Driven Six Degree of Freedom Paralle...Dr. Amarjeet Singh
This paper presents the Modal space decoupled control for a hydraulically driven parallel mechanism has been presented. The approach is based on singular values decomposition to the properties of joint-space inverse mass matrix, and mapping of the control and feedback variables from the joint space to the decoupling modal space. The method transformed highly coupled six-input six-output dynamics into six independent single-input single-output (SISO) 1 DOF hydraulically driven mechanical systems. The novelty in this method is that the signals including control errors, control outputs and pressure feedbacks are transformed into decoupled modal space and also the proportional gains and dynamic pressure feedback are tuned in modal space. The results indicate that the conventional controller can only attenuate the resonance peaks of the lower eigenfrequencies of six rigid modes properly, and the peaking points of other relative higher eigenfrequencies are over damped, The further results show that it is very effective to design and tune the system in modal space and that the bandwidth increased substantially except surge (x) and sway (y) motions, each degree of freedom can be almost tuned independently and their bandwidths can be increased near to the undamped eigenfrequencies.
It is a known fact that a large number of Steel Industry Expansion projects in India have been delayed due to regulatory clearances, environmental issues and problems pertaining to land acquisition. Also, there are challenges in the tendering phase that affect viability of projects thus delaying implementation, construction phase is beset with over-runs and disputes and last but not the least; provider skills are weak all across the value chain. Given the critical role of Steel Sector in ensuring a sustained growth trajectory for India, it is imperative that we identify the core issues affecting completion of infrastructure projects in India and chalk out initiatives that need to be acted upon in short term as well as long term.
A blockchain is a decentralised database that is shared across computer network nodes. A blockchain acts as a database, storing information in a digital format. The study primarily aims to explore how in the future, block chain technology will alter several areas of the Indian economy. The current study aims to obtain a deeper understanding of blockchain technology's idea and implementation in India, as well as the technology's potential as a disruptive financial technological innovation.
Secondary sources such as reports, journals, papers, and websites were used to compile all the data. Current and relevant information were utilised to help understand the research goals. All the information is rationally organised to fulfil the objectives. The current research focuses on recommendations for enhancing India's Blockchain ecosystem so that it may become one of the best in the world at utilising this new technology.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Explore the innovative world of trenchless pipe repair with our comprehensive guide, "The Benefits and Techniques of Trenchless Pipe Repair." This document delves into the modern methods of repairing underground pipes without the need for extensive excavation, highlighting the numerous advantages and the latest techniques used in the industry.
Learn about the cost savings, reduced environmental impact, and minimal disruption associated with trenchless technology. Discover detailed explanations of popular techniques such as pipe bursting, cured-in-place pipe (CIPP) lining, and directional drilling. Understand how these methods can be applied to various types of infrastructure, from residential plumbing to large-scale municipal systems.
Ideal for homeowners, contractors, engineers, and anyone interested in modern plumbing solutions, this guide provides valuable insights into why trenchless pipe repair is becoming the preferred choice for pipe rehabilitation. Stay informed about the latest advancements and best practices in the field.
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Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Design and Analysis of Algorithms-DP,Backtracking,Graphs,B&B
Integrated Energy Management of Residential Halls at University of Dhaka by Using Energy Efficient Appliances and Solar PV System
1. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 1, (February 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.1.7
87 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Integrated Energy Management of Residential Halls at University of
Dhaka by Using Energy Efficient Appliances and Solar PV System
Md. Tahmid Farhan Himel1
and Ahnaf Tahmid Nahian2
1
Postgraduate Student, Institute of Energy, University of Dhaka, BANGLADESH
2
Postgraduate Student, Institute of Energy, University of Dhaka, BANGLADESH
1
Correspondence Author: tahmid.himel@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
This paper analyses the electrical energy
consumption of two residential halls at University of Dhaka
and design the best approach to diminish the electrical energy
consumption and reduce the carbon emission and achieve
efficient energy utilization in the halls. Fazlul Haque Muslim
Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall were selected for a
detailed study of electricity consumption. Series of data were
taken to estimate the electrical energy consumption and the
electrical energy losses across different loads. Afterwards with
the results of electrical usage, an energy stability was made by
considering the energy efficient electrical appliances along
with a solar photovoltaic system to reduce the electrical energy
wastage and reduce the carbon emission to maintain the
environment clean. Overall energy losses can be minimized up
to 40% and 41% at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall respectively with new energy
efficient devices. A total of 43% and 44% energy consumption
can be reduced at Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall and Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall with the proposed new energy
management system that implies to utilize solar energy using
solar photovoltaic. The emission of carbon reduction estimate
was about 302 tons and 290 tons of CO2 at Fazlul Haque
Muslim Hall and Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall
respectively. The payback period of the investment to replace
the electrical appliances with energy efficient appliances and
to install a solar photovoltaic system is 2.45 years.
Keywords— Energy Audit, Solar Photovoltaic, Carbon
Emission
I. INTRODUCTION
Electrical energy is the most expedient one
between various forms of energy, which is the driving force
behind all types of human activities, growths and researches
in other areas of technologies. According to Bangladesh
Power Development Board, the installed power generation
capacity is about 16982 MW, derated power generation
capacity is 16344 MW out of which 440 MW is generated
by coal-fired power plants, 9469 MW from gas power
plants, 3595 MW from HFO, 1666 MW from HSD, 230
MW from hydro power stations and 660 MW are imported
in 2018 [1]. Nevertheless of this, Bangladesh still agonizes
from main shortage of electricity generation to fulfil the
daily demand and the peak demand would be about 17,304
MW in FY2020 and 25,199 MW in 2025 [2]. Solar, biomass
& wind are the protruding candidate among the accessible
renewable energy sources in Bangladesh. Hypothetically,
Bangladesh gets 69,751 TWh energy every year which is
3000 times higher than the conservative electricity
generation [3]. In Bangladesh Per annum, solar radiation has
an average power density of 100-300 W/m2
which can
generate 100 MW electricity with an area of 3-10 km2
with a
panel of 10% efficiency [4]. In a year with 6.8% (10,000
km2
) of the land of Bangladesh, per capita 3000 kWh
electricity mandate can be attained [5]. The government of
Bangladesh acmes the requirement of installing rooftop solar
PV system due to the scarcity of land. Researcher have
found that 1000 MW of solar PV electricity with 75 W
capacity of the solar module can be produced by the total
accessible sunny rooftops area in Dhaka city which is
10.554 km2
. [6] In Bangladesh only 1.7% suitable land area
is used for producing electricity from solar PV as the
accessible presence of grid connection [7]. Researcher found
that solar PV operated in a grid-connected mode with 10%
efficiency of solar PV system and 200 W/m2
annual typical
value of solar radiation can produce about 50,174 MW of
grid electricity in Bangladesh. [8] Furthermore prevailing
engendering power are also wasted both in industrial site as
well as household by using low efficiency but high power
rating equipment. Energy Audit is measured to be one of the
vital and obligatory components to save energy bills and to
preserve national energy possessions of a country like
Bangladesh which is greatly depend on upon natural
possessions for power generation. [9]
A. Energy Management [10]
Energy Management is well defined by the
approach of modifying and optimizing energy, using
systems and techniques so as to diminish energy necessities
per unit of output while holding relentless or sinking total
costs of making the output from these systems.
The determinations of energy management are stated
below:
Improving energy efficiency and plummeting
energy use, thereby plummeting costs
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Diminish greenhouse gas emissions and advance
air quality
Emerging and keeping effective monitoring,
reporting and controlling approach for astute
energy practice.
To diminish energy costs, environmental
possessions, and unwanted without disturbing
production and quality.
Taking new and better techniques to growth
returns from energy funds through study and
development.
B. Energy Audit [10]
An energy audit is defined by categorizing energy
losses, measuring them, assessing conservation potential,
developing technological options for conservation and
assessing techno economics for the procedures
recommended.
To contribute a progressive alignment to the
energy cost reduction, preemptive maintenance.
To possess attention on variations that arises in the
energy costs, availability, and reliability of supply
of energy.
To decide on the suitable energy mix, classify
energy conservation technologies and retrofit for
energy preservation equipment.
1. Electrical Equipment Audit
Electrical apparatus audit is defined by auditing
any equipment powered by the electricity or electrical
appliances It is significant to audit the electrical apparatus
like lights, fan includes ceiling fan and stand fan, computer,
air conditioner, refrigerator, and elevators are prominently
connected to the electrical energy consumption and used in
any type of building such as- in residential, commercials
and in industries. Number of equipment, wattage ratings
and operation time are the key parameter used in this audit.
2. Lighting Audit
In Bangladesh more than 30% of the total
electrical energy is consumed by lighting system with
desired level of illumination. [11] About 25% to 35% of the
total generated power in the world is consumed by lighting
system where 15% and 30% of electrical energy is
consumed by lighting system in residential buildings and
commercial buildings respectively. [12] At the present time,
for getting equal luminous level Fluorescent Lamps (FLs)
and Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFLs) is preferred to
Incandescent Lamps due to three to four times higher
efficiency and two to three times higher lifetime [12]. FLs
and CFLs are discharged lamps and they require ballast
which produces high initial voltage across lamp tube for
essential lamp ignition and to limit the lamp current [13].
Magnetic ballast bring out extra heat losses across the
ballast [13] whereas Electronic ballast is much more
effective than Magnetic ballast although lifetime of
Electronic ballast is lower than the Magnetic ballast [14].
Usage of lighting energy can be diminished by 75% to 90%
likened to the conventional practice [15]. In Bangladesh,
frequently Incandescent and Fluorescent lights were used
[16]. Besides with High Intensity discharge lamps (HIDs)
such as, Low Pressure Sodium Lamps (LPSLs), High
Pressure Sodium lamps (HPSL), Halogen Lamps (HL) and
energy efficient bulbs known as Light emitting diode (LED)
which is willingly available in markets, and this energy
efficient bulb can diminish energy consumption by 50%
[17,18]. As a developing country Bangladesh needs to look
towards energy efficient equipment due to many aspects
[19].
The aspects are on the following:
1. Higher expenditure in erecting new power plants.
2. Progressive population increases the power demand.
3. Absence of capital for the financing in alternate options.
4. Huge impact of carbon emissions on environment due to
increased energy consumption [19]
Thus, substituting towards energy saving light
technologies can retrieve substantial quantity of energy
[20].
3. Higher Rating Electrical Appliance Audit
a. Air Conditioner
Cooling capacity, Air flow, Noise,
Dehumidification, Power consumption, EER & SEER are
the key factors for selecting suitable air conditioners. [21]
To attain a certain room temperature and humidity
the heat load in a room that has to be removed is
well-defined by cooling capacity. Cooling capacity
is expressed in terms of BTU's/hour, where one
ton of cooling capacity equivalents to 12,000
BTU's/hour. Cooling capacity increases with the
higher rate of BTU/hour.
The typical design parameter is to set 24°C and
55% relative humidity which are most prosperous
to human body [22].
The lesser the power consumption, the more is the
efficiency of the air conditioner. [21]
EER (energy efficiency ratio) is the ratio of rated
cooling capacity and input power, the higher the
value of EER, the more efficient the air
conditioner is. [21]
SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) is the
ratio of the total cooling capability of equipment
that is delivered over the whole season (Btu) and
the total energy in Watt-hours it will consume.
SEER will be greater in efficient equipment. [21]
b. Ceiling Fan
Fan size, Blade angle, CFM, Types of motor used
in ceiling fan are the key aspects for selecting energy
efficient ceiling fan.
Fan size is indicated by the diameter of the circle
that revolving blades are made. Comfort level of a
room is directly related to the room size with the
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fan size. Different fan size of 24-42”, 44-50”, 52-
60”, 62” are more suitable for 80 Sq.ft, 100-150
Sq.ft, 150-300 Sq.ft, and larger than 300 Sq.ft
respectively. [23]
Angle between the blades should be of 12-14°
otherwise it will be flat and reduce the air flow.
[23]
The air flow in cubic feet per minute is defined by
CFM, higher CFM diminish the cooling cost
which should be at least 6000-7000 CFM. [23]
Almost 50% power is consumed by a ceiling fan
using BLDC (Brush Less DC) motor than that of a
fan using split phase induction motor. [24]
Power consumption can be reduced from 70-75W
to 45-50W by achieving higher speed. [24]
70 TWh electrical energy will save and can
diminish 25 million tons of emission in a year by
utilizing energy efficient practice in all fans sold
by 2020 worldwide and connect them properly.
[25].
c. Computer Monitor
Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) monitors consume
around 100W where LCD monitors consume less
power than CRT [26].
LED monitors are more effective than CRT and
LCD as it consume lesser power. [26]
Moreover to this, power can save by taking the
following steps:
By connecting automated sensor based fans.
By setting timers in air conditioner.
By setting the monitors in optimum brightness
level which is about 15-30 percent for each LCD
monitors can efficiently diminish power. [27]
II. METHODOLOGY
The energy consumed in Fazlul Haque Muslim
Hall, University of Dhaka is delivered by only one energy
source and that is electricity comes from local utility
suppliers named DPDC (Dhaka Power Distribution
Company). Numbers of the light are counted through visual
inspection within each zone to help classify the Lighting
Power Densities (LPD).
In these hall rooms a lot of energy was consumed
by the different types of electronic devices.
At the first step the electrical load was measured
and the data was calculated. The calculation was divided in
two slabs peak hour energy consumption and off-peak hour
energy consumption. The energy consumption in different
areas of the hall was calculated. Then the top energy
consuming devices was selected and was considered the
energy efficient devices and the overall calculation was
done again. By comparing the two calculations energy
savings was calculated and corresponding reduction of
carbon emission was also calculated. A certain portion of
electrical energy was proposed with solar photovoltaic
system with the proper sizing and installation cost.
Fig 1 Flow chart of methodology
III. EXPERIMENTAL WORK
A. Electrical Load Calculation of Fazlul Haque Muslim
Hall, University of Dhaka
Table: 1 Lists of electrical equipment
Electrical
Equipment
Rating(W)
Table Fan 40
Tube Light 55
Ceiling Fan 105
Table Lamp 60
Desktop Computer 150
Laptop 50
Mobile Charger 4
52’’Led Television 70
Refrigerator 450
Electric Iron 1000
Air Conditioner 3517 w or 1 ton or
12000 BTU/hr.
Electric Trimmer 300
Table 2 Total Energy consumption of Fazlul Haq
Muslim Hall, University of Dhaka
Building
Name
Daily
Energy
Demand
(kWh)
Peak Energy
Consumption
(kWh)
Off-Peak
Energy
consumption
(kWh)
South 1413.744 485.4 928.344
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Building
Main
Building
1449.244 508.18 941.064
Mosque 13.755 13.755
Provost
Office
44.66 44.66
Reading
Room
58.77 16.05 42.72
Canteen 8.12 3.045 5.075
Dining
Hall
26.1 11.07 15.03
Television
Room
13.36 8.35 5.01
Saloon 7.08 2.78 4.3
Iron room 35.625 11.875 23.75
Total 3070.458 1046.75 2023.708
All kinds of electrical data was analyzed and
numerous types of energy efficiency measures were
recommended. The load of living rooms were analyzed and
some drawbacks were found. The unit of electricity is
consumed by the students of the hall is a vast amount per
day.
According to the existing tariff fixed by
government’s power Distribution Company in Dhaka, this
two hall has fallen into the F category: Medium voltage,
General Purposes (11kv). From the tariff plan, in peak hour
the rate of per unit i.e. per kWh is 10.06 BDT and in off-
peak hour per unit rate is 7.25 BDT.
Fig: 2 Energy consumption in different location in the
hall
Fig 3 Energy consumption in peak hour in different
location in the hall
Table 3 Cost of electricity bill
Peak-
hour
(7-
12pm)
bill
(BDT)
Off-peak
hour bill
(BDT)
Total
daily
electricit
y bill
(BDT)
Monthl
y
electrici
ty bill
(BDT)
Annual
ly
electrici
ty bill
(BDT)
10531 14672 25203 756090 907308
0
Fig 4 Top Energy Consuming Appliances
B. Electrical Load Calculation of Fazlul Haque Muslim
Hall by considering energy efficient electrical appliances
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Table 4 Rating of energy efficient electrical equipment
Electrical Equipment Rating(W)
Table Fan 15
Tube Light 39
Ceiling Fan 40
Table Lamp 48
Desktop Computer 70
Laptop 50
Mobile Charger 4
52’Led Television 70
Refrigerator 450
Electric Iron 1000
Air Conditioner 3517 w or 1 ton or
12000 BTU/hr
Electric Trimmer 300
Table 5 Total Energy consumption of Fazlul Haq
Muslim Hall using energy efficient appliances
Building
Name
Daily
Energy
Demand
(kwh)
Peak Energy
Consumption
(kwh)
Off-Peak
Energy
consumption
(kwh)
South
Building
858.56 304.88 553.68
Main
Building
842.972 313.362 529.61
Mosque 7.28 7.28
Provost
Office
32.168 32.168
Reading
Room
30.51 8.475 22.035
Canteen 4.104 1.539 2.565
Dining
Hall
17.184 7.188 9.996
Television 6.88 4.3 2.58
Room
Saloon 4.17 1.81 2.36
Iron room 32.955 10.985 21.97
Total 1836.783 652.539 1184.244
Table 6 Top 5 major devices that save most electrical
energy
Appli
ance
Nam
e
Ener
gy
savin
g
appli
ance
name
Tota
l
Qua
ntity
Cons
umpt
ion
by a
single
appli
ance
(watt
)
Energ
y
saving
by a
single
applia
nce
(watt)
Daily
consu
mptio
n
(kwh)
Savin
g
energ
y
(kwh
)
4 feet
tube
light
T-6
or T-
8
590 55 39 475.5
3
335.0
1
Table
fan
Table
fan
456 40 15 304 114
56”
ceilin
g fan
Energ
y star
rated
ceilin
g fan
411 105 40 726.0
75
273.6
Deskt
op
Deskt
op
with
LED
monit
or
325 150 70 728.5
5
339.9
9
Table
lamp
Table
lamp
626 60 48 242.5
2
194.0
16
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Fig 5 Comparison of conventional energy consumption
and energy efficient consumption
Table 7 Cost of electricity bill using energy efficient
appliance
Peak-
hour
(7-
12pm)
bill
(BDT)
Off-
peak
hour
bill
(BDT)
Total
daily
electricity
bill
(BDT)
Monthly
electricity
bill
Annually
electricity
bill
(BDT)
6565 8586 15151 454530 5530115
The generation of electricity is typically based on
the burning and consumption of various fossil fuels in
Bangladesh. To generate 1 MWh of electricity 0.67 tons of
CO2 is emitted to the environment [28].
Table 8 Comparison of electricity unit and electrical bill
Paramet
er
Convention
al
electricity
consumptio
n
Energy
efficient
electricity
consumpti
on
Saving
s
Total
electricity
1121 671 450
unit
annually
(MWh)
Total
bill(BDT)
annually
9073080 5530115 354296
5
C. Electrical Load Calculation of Dr. Muhammad
Sahidullah Hall by considering conventional electrical
appliances
Table 9 Total Energy consumption of Dr. Muhammad
Sahidullah Hall, University of Dhaka
Building
Name
Daily
Energy
Demand
(kWh)
Peak
Energy
Demand
(kWh)
Off-Peak
Demand
(kWh)
Main
Building
1584.5 534.93 1049.07
Building-
1
459.28 153.45 305.83
Building-
2
660.094 172.535 487.559
Mosque 13.755 13.755
Provost
Office
44.66 44.66
Reading
Room
58.77 16.05 42.72
Canteen 8.12 3.045 5.075
Dining
Hall
26.1 11.07 15.03
Television
Room
13.86 8.35 5.01
Saloon 7.08 2.78 4.3
Iron
Room
35.625 11.875 23.75
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Total 2911.85 915.05 1996.76
Fig 6 Energy consumption in different location in the
hall
Fig 7 Energy consumption in peak hour in different
location in the hall
Table 10 Cost of electricity bill
Peak
hour
(7-12pm)
bill (BDT)
Off-
peak
hour
bill
(BDT)
Total
daily
electricity
bill
(BDT)
Monthly
electricity
bill
(BDT)
Annually
electricity
bill
(BDT)
9206 14477 23683 710490 8644295
D. Electrical Load Calculation of Dr. Muhammad
Sahidullah Hall by considering energy efficient electrical
appliances
Table 10 Total Energy consumption of Dr. Mohammad
Sahidullah Hall considering energy efficient electrical
appliances
Building
Name
Daily
Energy
Demand
(kWh)
Peak
Energy
Consumpti
on
(kWh)
Off-Peak
Energy
consumptio
n
(kWh)
Main
Building
929 328.33 600.67
Building-
1
272.5 94.71 177.8
Building-
2
387 136 251
Mosque 7.28 7.28
Provost
Office
32.168 32.168
Reading
Room
30.51 8.475 22.035
Canteen 4.104 1.539 2.565
Dining
Hall
17.184 7.188 9.996
Television
Room
6.88 4.3 2.58
Saloon 4.17 1.81 2.36
Iron room 32.955 10.985 21.97
Total 1723.8 593.34 1130.5
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Fig 8 Comparison of conventional energy consumption
and energy efficient consumption.
Table 11 Cost of electricity bill using energy efficient
appliance
Peak-
hour
(7-
12pm)
bill
(BDT)
Off-
peak
hour
bill
(BDT)
Total
daily
electricity
bill
(BDT)
Monthly
electricity
bill
Annually
electricity
bill
(BDT)
5969 8197 14166 424980 5170590
Table 12 Comparison of electricity unit and electrical
bill and carbon emission
Parameter Conventiona
l electricity
consumption
Energy
efficient
electricity
consumptio
n
Savings
Total
electricity unit
annually(MWh
)
1063 630 433
Total bill
(BDT)
annually
8644295 5170590 347370
5
Carbon
emission
annually(tons
of CO2 )
713 423 290
E. Sizing of Solar photovoltaic system for Mosque,
Reading room, Canteen
Among the total electricity of Fazlul Haque
Muslim Hall, University of Dhaka and Dr. Mohammad
Sahidullah Hall, University of Dhaka about 6% of
electricity is consumed by mosque, canteen, and reading
room with the conventional electrical equipment with the
conventional power source which leads enormous amount
of electricity wastage and GHG emission. If the
conventional electrical equipment and conventional power
source is switched by energy rating electrical equipment
and solar photovoltaic then it would be more economical
and environmentally friendly.
Table 13 AC load calculation for reading room
Load Daily
use
hour
Watt
age
(W)
Watt-
hour/d
ay
Inv
erte
r
effi
cien
cy
AC
load
expr
esse
d as
dc
(watt
hour
/day
s)
Total
AC
load
expres
sed as
dc(wa
tt-
hour/d
ays)
T-6 or
T-8
18 39 702 90
%
780 25*78
0=195
00
Energ
y
rated
ceilin
g fan
18 40 720 90
%
800 18*80
0=144
00
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Total 33900
Total electricity demand= 33900 watt-hour/day
1. Array sizing:
Required peak watt = 33900/4=8475 Wp
Battery efficiency = 80%
Peak watt = 8475/0.8=10593.75
Consider 20% design margin = 10593.75*1.2=12713 Wp
No of PV module =12713/260= 48.89≈49 modules
2. Battery sizing:
Battery capacity= load in watt-hour per day * days of
autonomy / maximum percentage
=33900*3/0.8=127125
Nominal Battery voltage: 12v
AH of Battery = 127125/12= 10593.75 AH
No. of Battery =10593.75/200= 52.9≈53
3. Charge controller:
Charge controller rating 12V, 10A
Each modules is 260 Wp; Voc=37.40 V, Isc=9.27 A
No.of charge controller required= No.of
modules/2=49/2=25
4. Inverter sizing:
Peak Ac load=79 w
Increase the size by 25% for safety
Peak AC load=79*1.25=98.75 w=0.098 Kw
5. Total system cost:
Module cost= Wp of 49 module* cost per
Wp=49*260*34=433160 BDT
Charge controller cost= 25*700=17500 BDT
Battery cost= 53*19500=1033500 BDT
Inverter cost= 10000*0.098=980 BDT
Miscellaneous cost= 20000 BDT
Total cost= 433160+17500+1033500+980+20000=1505140
BDT.
Table 14 Summary of Solar photovoltaic sizing of
canteen, reading room, and mosque
Array
Sizing
Charge
controller
sizing
Batte
ry
sizing
Inve
rter
sizin
g
(K
W)
Total
Syste
m
cost
(BDT
)
Cant
een
Rating:23
0Wp,
Voc=36.9
V
Isc=8.32A
No of PV
module=8
Rating:12V
,10A
No of
charge
controller=
4
Ratin
g:12V
,100
A
No of
batter
y
=15
0.09
8
26134
0
Read
ing
room
Rating:26
0Wp,
Voc=37.4
0v
Isc=9.27
No of PV
module=4
9
Rating:12V
,10A
No.of
Charge
controller=
25
Ratin
g:
12V,
200
AH
No of
Batter
y=53
0.09
8
15051
40
Mos
que
Rating:26
0Wp,
Voc=37.4
0v
Isc=9.27
No of PV
module=1
2
Rating:12V
,10A
No of
charge
controller=
6
Ratin
g:12V
,200A
H
No of
Batter
y=13
0.23
6
38926
0
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IV. RESULT & ANALYSIS
Off Peak
Demand(k
wh)
66%
Peak(7-
12pm)
Demand(k
wh)
34%
Daily Demand Pattern
Off PeakDemand(kwh) Peak(7-12pm) Demand(kwh)
Fig 9 Daily demand pattern in the Fazlul Haque Muslim
Hall
In a day Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall University of
Dhaka consume the electrical energy =3070.458 kWh
So annually this hall consumes about = 1120.72
MWh
Fig 10 Top energy consumption for different load Fazlul
Haque Muslim Hall
Fig 11 Savings After energy efficiency measures (EEM)
Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall
Fig 12 Reduction of carbon emission Fazlul Haque
Muslim Hall
Fig 13 Daily demand pattern in the hall Dr. Mohammad
Sahidullah Hall, University of Dhaka
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In a day Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall,
University of Dhaka consume the electrical energy
=2911.85 kWh
So annually this hall consumes about = 1063
MWh
Fig 14 Top energy consumption for different load Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall, University of Dhaka
Fig 15 Savings after efficiency measures (EEM) at Dr.
Mohammad Sahidullah Hall, University of Dhaka
Fig 16 Reduction of carbon emission Dr. Mohammad
Sahidullah Hall, University of Dhaka
The electrical energy consumption pattern of the
hall was analyzed and noticed some significant key factor.
The Key factors are given below:
1. Lack of suitable ventilation system which
consumes more electrical energy.
2. Higher rating of electrical equipment.
3. Absence of proper power system protection.
4. Unconsciousness of students about energy savings
makes waste of a vast amount of electrical energy.
In Fazlul Haque Muslim Hall, University of Dhaka the
most five energy consuming appliances are already
indicated if we consider these five appliances by energy
efficient appliances then we can save almost 40% of our
valuable electrical energy and we’ll save a big amount of
450MWh of total electricity annually and annually savings
of carbon emission is 302 ton of CO2.
In Dr. Mohammad Sahidullah Hall, University of
Dhaka, the most five energy consuming appliances are
previously indicated if we switch these five appliances by
energy efficient appliances then we can save almost 41% of
our valuable electrical energy and we’ll save a big amount
of 433 MWh of total electricity annually and annually
savings of carbon emission is 290 ton of CO2.
A solar photovoltaic system was designed for
reading room, canteen, and mosque for both the hall, all
these three have consumed 3% of total electricity of the
entire hall, if the design is executed practically then it will
save 3% of electricity for each hall which is (92+87=179)
kWh electricity per day and reduce 0.12 ton of carbon
emission per day.
Table 15 Overall fieldwork and prediction at a glance
Fazlul
Haque
Muslim
Hall
Dr.
Mohammad
Sahidullah
Hall
Daily Peak
electricity energy
consumption
(kWh)
1046.75 915.05
Daily Off-peak
electrical energy
consumption
(kWh)
2023.708 1996.76
Daily electrical
energy
3070.458 2911.85
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consumption
(kWh)
Annual electrical
energy
consumption
(MWh)
1121 1063
Annual electricity
bill (BDT)
9073080 8644295
Annually energy
efficient electricity
consumption
(MWh)
671 630
Annually savings
of total electricity
(MWh)
450 433
Energy savings
percentage
40% 41%
Annually energy
efficient electricity
bill (BDT)
5530115 5170590
Annually savings
of total electricity
bill(BDT)
3542965 3473705
Annually carbon
emission (tons of
CO2),
Conventional
electricity
consumption
752 713
Annually carbon
emission (tons of
CO2), energy
efficient electricity
consumption (ton)
450 423
Annually savings
of carbon emission
302 290
(ton)
Reduction rate 40% 41%
V. PAYBACK PERIOD
The payback period is the amount of time that is
estimated before an investment will be refunded in the form
of income. Payback period means the period of time that a
project needs to recover the money financed in it. The
payback period of a project is stated in years and is
computed using the following formula:
Payback Period= Investment necessary for a
project / Net yearly cash inflow
If the payback period of a project calculated by the
above formula is shorter than or equal to the management’s
maximum desired payback period, the project is accepted
otherwise it is banned.
Each energy efficient small fan price is 3000 BDT,
T-6 light price is 500 BDT, ceiling fan price is 3000 BDT,
LED monitor price is 7000 BDT, and table lamp price is
300 BDT (approximately).
Table 16 Energy Efficient appliances cost in Fazlul
Haque Muslim Hall
Energy
Efficient
Applianc
es
No.of
applianc
es
Per Unit
Appliances
Cost(Approximate
ly)
Total
Applianc
es
Cost(BD
T)
T-6 light 590 500 295000
Ceiling
Fan
411 3000 1233000
LED
Monitor
325 7000 2275000
Table Fan 456 3000 1368000
Table
Lamp
626 300 187800
Total 5358800
Table 17 Energy Efficient appliances cost in
Dr.Mohammad Sahidullah Hall
Energy
Efficient
Appliance
s
No. of
applian
ces
Per Unit
Appliances Cost
(Approximately)
Total
Appliances
Cost(BDT)
T-6 light 752 500 376000
Ceiling
Fan
394 3000 1182000
LED
Monitor
308 7000 2156000
Table Fan 291 3000 873000
13. International Journal of Engineering and Management Research e-ISSN: 2250-0758 | p-ISSN: 2394-6962
Volume- 9, Issue- 1, (February 2019)
www.ijemr.net https://doi.org/10.31033/ijemr.9.1.7
99 This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Table
Lamp
596 300 178800
Total 4765800
Solar PV installation price in canteen, reading
room and Mosque is 261340 BDT, 1505140 BDT, and
389260 BDT respectively. Total= 2155740 BDT, for two
hall total cost is = 2155740*2=4311480 BDT.
Total cost = 5358800+4765800+4311480=
14436080 BDT
According to refinance scheme of Bangladesh Bank, the
interest rate is 9%, if the preliminary amount of investment
is borrowed from the bank for three years.
The interest of this 14436080 will be =1299247.2
BDT (annually), for three years= 3897742 BDT
The Total amount that have to be paid is
=14436080+3897742= 18333822 BDT
Annually savings of total electricity bill for Fazlul
Haque Muslim Hall is= 3542965 BDT
Annually savings of total electricity bill for
Dr.Mohammad Shahidullah Hall= 3473705 BDT
Annually savings of total electricity bill for the
canteen of two hall is= 49222 BDT
Annually savings of total electricity bill for
reading room of the two hall is= 343964 BDT
Annually savings of total electricity bill for
mosque of the two hall is= 72799 BDT
Initial cash flow or the savings for a year is
=3542965+3473705+49222+343964+72799=7482655
BDT
So, Payback period= 18333822 BDT / 7482655
BDT = 2.45 years.
VI. CONCLUSION
The electrical equipment of the two halls were
found very high rating which has extra consumption of
electricity, beside awareness is one of the reason for
wastage of huge electricity. Moreover the savings not only
measures in terms of money but also increase the
penetration rate of electricity. In the hall there is sufficient
potential of sun radiation but shortage of place to install
solar photovoltaic system for the entire hall electricity
consumption. For this purpose if we take a certain
percentage of electricity from the solar PV system along
with switching the high electricity consuming equipment by
energy star rated equipment then it would diminish the
wastage of electricity and carbon emission. . In this paper, a
comprehensive study has been made to diminish the
electrical energy consumption in the two residential hall of
University of Dhaka. It highlights the amount of electricity
savings respectively is 450 MWh and 433 MWh annually
and annually savings of carbon emission is 302 ton and 290
ton of CO2. The payback period of the total investment to
save the electrical energy is 2.45 years. Absence of proper
training on electrical energy efficiency, solar photovoltaic
installation, development of enough technicians and
manpower so that they can effortlessly and reliably install
energy efficiency devices, solar equipment, reducing the
production cost of energy efficiency components are some
key aspects that are still in very initial state.
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