This document presents a study on the feasibility and optimal design of a hybrid power system for rural electrification of a small village in Nigeria. The hybrid system considered consists of solar photovoltaic panels, a small hydropower turbine, batteries, and a diesel generator. The study first evaluates the feasibility of integrating a small hydropower plant into an existing water supply dam. It then develops an optimization model to determine the optimal sizing of each component in the hybrid system to minimize costs while ensuring reliability. The model is validated by comparing its results to those from the HOMER software using correlation coefficient and root mean square error tests. The developed model is found to better correlate with HOMER results and have a lower error,
Planning and Designing a Stand Alone Solar Power System for Multi-Building Or...IJMER
The purpose of this project is to discover ways to produce energy with alternate sources. This presents current status, major achievements and future aspects of solar energy in India and evaluation of current energy policies for conquering the obstructions and implementing solar for the future is also been presented. Solar energy is expected to play a very significant role in the future especially in developing countries, but it has also potential prospects for developed countries. Solar radiation is an integral part of different renewable energy resources like PV power, solar thermal power, solar heater etc.
This consists of Study of the Solar cell, Solar Photovoltaic Technology, Planning and Designing a Stand Alone Solar Power System for Multi Building in an Organization where Solar energy plays an important role for the power supply in case of emergency by replacing Diesel Generator set i.e. DG Set.
This gives a detail planning and designing of solar power system of 80KW demand per hour for Al-Falah School of engineering and technology, Brown hills college of engineering and technology, central canteen, masjid, Hostel as well as Al-Falah School of Training and Education.
Implementation of solar pv battery and diesel generator based electric vehic...Asoka Technologies
In this paper, a solar PV (Photovoltaic) array, a battery energy storage (BES), a diesel generator (DG) set and grid based EV charging station (CS) is utilized to provide the incessant charging in islanded, grid connected and DG set connected modes. The charging station is primarily designed to use the solar photovoltaic PV array and a BES to charge the electric vehicle (EV) battery. However, in case of exhausted storage battery and unavailable solar PV array generation, the charging station intelligently takes power from the grid or DG (Diesel Generator) set. However, the power from DG set is drawn in a manner that, it always operates at 80-85% loading to achieve maximum fuel efficiency under all loading conditions. Moreover, in coordination with the storage battery, the charging station regulates the generator voltage and frequency without a mechanical speed governor. It also ensures that the power drawn from the grid or the DG set is at unity power factor (UPF) even at nonlinear loading. Moreover, the PCC (Point of Common Coupling) voltage is synchronized to the grid/ generator voltage to obtain the ceaseless charging. The charging station also performs the vehicle to grid active/reactive power transfer, vehicle to home and vehicle to vehicle power transfer for increasing the operational efficiency of the charging station. The operation of the charging station is experimentally validated using the prototype developed in the laboratory.
In Off-Grid solar power system, the battery is included for storage. Energy stored in this battery can be used as per requirement. A small scale diesel generator is also recommended for additional power in case of bad weather condition.
Planning and Designing a Stand Alone Solar Power System for Multi-Building Or...IJMER
The purpose of this project is to discover ways to produce energy with alternate sources. This presents current status, major achievements and future aspects of solar energy in India and evaluation of current energy policies for conquering the obstructions and implementing solar for the future is also been presented. Solar energy is expected to play a very significant role in the future especially in developing countries, but it has also potential prospects for developed countries. Solar radiation is an integral part of different renewable energy resources like PV power, solar thermal power, solar heater etc.
This consists of Study of the Solar cell, Solar Photovoltaic Technology, Planning and Designing a Stand Alone Solar Power System for Multi Building in an Organization where Solar energy plays an important role for the power supply in case of emergency by replacing Diesel Generator set i.e. DG Set.
This gives a detail planning and designing of solar power system of 80KW demand per hour for Al-Falah School of engineering and technology, Brown hills college of engineering and technology, central canteen, masjid, Hostel as well as Al-Falah School of Training and Education.
Implementation of solar pv battery and diesel generator based electric vehic...Asoka Technologies
In this paper, a solar PV (Photovoltaic) array, a battery energy storage (BES), a diesel generator (DG) set and grid based EV charging station (CS) is utilized to provide the incessant charging in islanded, grid connected and DG set connected modes. The charging station is primarily designed to use the solar photovoltaic PV array and a BES to charge the electric vehicle (EV) battery. However, in case of exhausted storage battery and unavailable solar PV array generation, the charging station intelligently takes power from the grid or DG (Diesel Generator) set. However, the power from DG set is drawn in a manner that, it always operates at 80-85% loading to achieve maximum fuel efficiency under all loading conditions. Moreover, in coordination with the storage battery, the charging station regulates the generator voltage and frequency without a mechanical speed governor. It also ensures that the power drawn from the grid or the DG set is at unity power factor (UPF) even at nonlinear loading. Moreover, the PCC (Point of Common Coupling) voltage is synchronized to the grid/ generator voltage to obtain the ceaseless charging. The charging station also performs the vehicle to grid active/reactive power transfer, vehicle to home and vehicle to vehicle power transfer for increasing the operational efficiency of the charging station. The operation of the charging station is experimentally validated using the prototype developed in the laboratory.
In Off-Grid solar power system, the battery is included for storage. Energy stored in this battery can be used as per requirement. A small scale diesel generator is also recommended for additional power in case of bad weather condition.
Modelling and voltage control of the solar wind hybrid micro-grid with optimi...Asoka Technologies
Electricity generation from the wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are highly dependent upon weather conditions. Their intermittent nature leads to fluctuations in their output. Therefore, the need for rapid compensation for energy transmission and distribution systems is increasingly important. Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) can be adopted for reactive power compensation and for decreasing the voltage fluctuation caused by the system and renewable energy sources. This study presents modelling of a Solar PV-Wind Hybrid Micro-grid and the increase of the stable operating limit of the system in case of the incorporation of STATCOM is examined. The major contribution of this paper is the optimization of gain parameters of four PI controllers in STATCOM control circuit based on genetic algorithms (GA) and Bacteria Foraging Algorithm (BFA) and therefore obtaining better responses and voltage stability in terms of nonlinear nature of solar-wind hybrid micro-grid. The Simulink models of the system architecture include a wind turbine model, a solar PV power system model and a STATCOM. It is certified that the voltage fluctuation at the end of the bus bar is reduced by 8% using conventional PI controller, by 10% for GA-based PI controller, and by 15% for BFA based PI controller under variable load. The results obtained by GA and BFA-based optimization of PI controllers are compared with that of the conventional controller and better results attained.
Daymark Energy Advisors Principal Consultant Stan Faryniarz spoke on energy storage technologies as part of the session "Storage Project & Policy Successes: Enhancing Renewables Integration & Resilience" at The 2016 Renewable Energy Vermont (REV 2016) Conference.
Power Management in PV-Battery-Hydro Based Standalone MicrogridAsoka Technologies
This paper proposes a high-efficiency two stage three-level grid-connected photovoltaic inverter. This work deals with the frequency regulation, voltage regulation, power management and load levelling of solar photovoltaic (PV)-battery-hydro based microgrid (MG). In this MG, the battery capacity is reduced as compared to a system, where the battery is directly connected to the DC bus of the voltage source converter (VSC). A bidirectional DC–DC converter connects the battery to the DC bus and it controls the charging and discharging current of the battery. It also regulates the DC bus voltage of VSC, frequency and voltage of MG. The proposed system manages the power flow of different sources like hydro and solar PV array. However, the load levelling is managed through the battery. The battery with VSC absorbs the sudden load changes, resulting in rapid regulation of DC link voltage, frequency and voltage of MG. Therefore, the system voltage and frequency regulation allows the active power balance along with the auxiliary services such as reactive power support, source current harmonics mitigation and voltage harmonics reduction at the point of common interconnection. The experimental results under various steady state and dynamic conditions, exhibit the excellent performance of the proposed system and validate the design and control of proposed MG.
A Novel Technique for Enhancing Active and Reactive Power Quality for Renewab...IJMER
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies and results.
Solar pv array fed brushless dc motor driven water pumpAsoka Technologies
This work deals with the utilization of solar photovoltaic (SPV) energy in the brushless DC (BLDC) motor driven water pump. A DC-DC boost converter, used as an intermediate power conditioning unit plays a vital role in efficiency enhancement of SPV array and soft starting of the BLDC motor with proper control. The speed control of BLDC motor is performed by PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) control of the voltage source inverter (VSI) using DC link voltage regulator. No additional control or current sensing element is required for speed control. The behavior of proposed pumping system is demonstrated by evaluating its various performances through MATLAB/simulink based simulation study.
An integrated boost resonant converter for photovoltaic applicationsAsoka Technologies
Effective photovoltaic power conditioning requires efficient power conversion and accurate maximum power point tracking to counteract the effects of panel mismatch, shading, and general variance in power output during a daily cycle. In this paper, the authors propose an integrated boost resonant converter with low component count, galvanic isolation, simple control, as well as
high efficiency across a wide input and load range. Provided is a discussion of the converter synthesis, key operational features, converter design procedure, and loss analysis, as well as experimental verification by way of a 250-W prototype with a California Energy Commission efficiency of 96.8%.
Stand-alone Hybrid systems become appreciating issues that ensure the required electricity to consumers. The development of a stand-alone Hybrid system becomes a necessity for multiple applications The enhance energy security. To achieve this objective, we have proposed an accurate dynamic model using Multi-Agent System (MAS) in which a solar energy System (SES) serves as the main load supply, an energy Backup System (ERS) is based on a fuel cell and Electrolyzer for long-term energy storage and an Ultra Capacitor (UCap) storage system deployed as a short-time storage. To cooperate with all systems, an Intelligent Power Management (IPM) based on a specific MAS is included. Thus, to prove the performance of the system, we tested and simulated it using the Matlab/Simulink environment.
Power flow control of hybrid micro grids using modified uipcAsoka Technologies
Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) controlled modified Unified Inter-Phase Power Controller (UIPC). For study, a classic hybrid micro-grid connected to grid comprising of a AC micro-grid and a DC micro-grid is taken into account. These micro-grids are interconnected employing a modified UIPC, rather than using the power converters connected in parallel. As the first input of this paper is the standard structure of UIPC, which used three power converters in every phase. It was then modified such as number of power converters is used less and implemented for the control of the exchange of power between AC-DC microgrids. In every phase there is one power electronic converter in the improved structure. It is called as Line Power Converter (LPC). Also there is Bus Power Converter (BPC) to regulate the voltage of the DC bus. The Line Power Converters links the AC micro-grid to the main grid. The DC buses are also linked with them. It can be operated in Inductance Mode (IM) as well as Capacitance Mode (CM). The control structure of LPCs has an Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Controller in it. For hybrid micro-grids, the capability of the suggested power flow control strategy is confirmed by the MATLAB simulation results.
Standalone Photovoltaic Water Pumping System Using Induction Motor Drive with...Asoka Technologies
A simple and efficient solar photovoltaic (PV) water pumping system utilizing an induction motor drive (IMD) is presented in this paper. This solar PV water pumping system comprises of two stages of power conversion. The first stage extracts the maximum power from a solar PV array by controlling the duty ratio of a DC-DC boost converter. The DC bus voltage is maintained by the controlling the motor speed. This regulation helps in reduction of motor losses because of reduction in motor currents at higher voltage for same power injection. To control the duty ratio, an incremental conductance (INC) based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control technique is utilized. A scalar controlled voltage source inverter (VSI) serves the purpose of operating an IMD. The stator frequency reference of IMD is generated by the proposed control scheme. The proposed system is modeled and its performance is simulated in detail. The scalar control eliminates the requirement of speed sensor/encoder. Precisely, the need of motor current sensor is also eliminated. Moreover, the dynamics are improved by an additional speed feedforward term in the control scheme. The proposed control scheme makes the system inherently immune to the pump’s constant variation. The prototype of PV powered IMD emulating the pump characteristics, is developed in the laboratory to examine the performance under different operating conditions.
Novel High Performance Stand Alone Solar PV System with High Gain, High Effic...Asoka Technologies
This paper proposes a novel 3- stand-alone solar PV system configuration that uses high gain, high efficiency (96%) dc-dc converters both in the forward power stage as well as the bidirectional battery interface. The high voltage gain converters enable the use of low voltage PV and battery sources. This results in minimization of partial shading and parasitic capacitance effects on the PV source. Series connection of a large number of battery modules is obviated, preventing the overcharging and deep discharging issues that reduce the battery life. Also, the proposed configuration facilitates "required power tracking (RPT)" of the PV source as per the load requirements eliminating the use of expensive and 'difficult to manage' dump loads. High performance inverter operation is achieved through abc to dq reference frame transformation, which helps in generating precise information about the load's active power component for RPT, regulation of ac output voltage and minimization of control complexity. Inverter output voltage is regulated by controlling the modulation index of sinusoidal pulse width modulation, resulting in a stable and reliable system operation. The active power demand is controlled by regulating the dc link voltage. All the analytical, simulation and experimental results of this work are presented.
Performance Analysis of Autonomous Hybrid Distributed Generation Based on Typ...ijtsrd
It is undeniable fact that even though fossil fuels are likely more to fulfill the requirements of energy, the rare of natural resources and their harmful contents for the environment have directed people to search for new energy sources like renewable resources such as hydropower, biomass, wind, solar and other types of clean energy. In order to highlight the proposed methodology, PV Diesel generator DG with battery energy system BESS based on two typical control strategies, load following LF control strategy and cycle charging CC control strategy, have been analyzed by using HOMER Software to supply the Makyiyay village which is located at 22.02 north latitude and 96.56 east longitude in the Naungkhyo Township, Southern Shan State in Myanmar. The yearly average solar radiation of that area is 4.895kWh m2 day and it is very important to prepare a proper load data to meet the current situation of the target village which has 45 household numbers. By calculating the total load demand, the peak demand of that proposed village is 34kW. The fractions of energy production from PV array and diesel generator of the proposed PV Diesel BESS hybrid system using LF control strategy are 60 and 40 to meet the demand. Moreover, the proposed hybrid system based on LF control strategy provides the lowest TNPC, COE and carbon emission than the hybrid system based on CC control strategy according to the evaluation results. In contrast, the analysis of evaluation results shows that the PV Diesel ESS based on LF control choice is more economically possible than that system based on CC control. Phyu Phyu Win | Zin Mar "Performance Analysis of Autonomous Hybrid Distributed Generation Based on Typical Control Strategies for Rural Electrification in Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26695.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26695/performance-analysis-of-autonomous-hybrid-distributed-generation-based-on-typical-control-strategies-for-rural-electrification-in-myanmar/phyu-phyu-win
Modelling and voltage control of the solar wind hybrid micro-grid with optimi...Asoka Technologies
Electricity generation from the wind and solar photovoltaic (PV) systems are highly dependent upon weather conditions. Their intermittent nature leads to fluctuations in their output. Therefore, the need for rapid compensation for energy transmission and distribution systems is increasingly important. Static Synchronous Compensator (STATCOM) can be adopted for reactive power compensation and for decreasing the voltage fluctuation caused by the system and renewable energy sources. This study presents modelling of a Solar PV-Wind Hybrid Micro-grid and the increase of the stable operating limit of the system in case of the incorporation of STATCOM is examined. The major contribution of this paper is the optimization of gain parameters of four PI controllers in STATCOM control circuit based on genetic algorithms (GA) and Bacteria Foraging Algorithm (BFA) and therefore obtaining better responses and voltage stability in terms of nonlinear nature of solar-wind hybrid micro-grid. The Simulink models of the system architecture include a wind turbine model, a solar PV power system model and a STATCOM. It is certified that the voltage fluctuation at the end of the bus bar is reduced by 8% using conventional PI controller, by 10% for GA-based PI controller, and by 15% for BFA based PI controller under variable load. The results obtained by GA and BFA-based optimization of PI controllers are compared with that of the conventional controller and better results attained.
Daymark Energy Advisors Principal Consultant Stan Faryniarz spoke on energy storage technologies as part of the session "Storage Project & Policy Successes: Enhancing Renewables Integration & Resilience" at The 2016 Renewable Energy Vermont (REV 2016) Conference.
Power Management in PV-Battery-Hydro Based Standalone MicrogridAsoka Technologies
This paper proposes a high-efficiency two stage three-level grid-connected photovoltaic inverter. This work deals with the frequency regulation, voltage regulation, power management and load levelling of solar photovoltaic (PV)-battery-hydro based microgrid (MG). In this MG, the battery capacity is reduced as compared to a system, where the battery is directly connected to the DC bus of the voltage source converter (VSC). A bidirectional DC–DC converter connects the battery to the DC bus and it controls the charging and discharging current of the battery. It also regulates the DC bus voltage of VSC, frequency and voltage of MG. The proposed system manages the power flow of different sources like hydro and solar PV array. However, the load levelling is managed through the battery. The battery with VSC absorbs the sudden load changes, resulting in rapid regulation of DC link voltage, frequency and voltage of MG. Therefore, the system voltage and frequency regulation allows the active power balance along with the auxiliary services such as reactive power support, source current harmonics mitigation and voltage harmonics reduction at the point of common interconnection. The experimental results under various steady state and dynamic conditions, exhibit the excellent performance of the proposed system and validate the design and control of proposed MG.
A Novel Technique for Enhancing Active and Reactive Power Quality for Renewab...IJMER
Renewable energy resources (RES) are being increasingly connected in distribution systems utilizing power electronic converters. This paper presents a novel control strategy for achieving maximum benefits from these grid-interfacing inverters when installed in 3-phase 4-wire distribution systems. The inverter is controlled to perform as a multi-function device by incorporating active power filter functionality. The inverter can thus be utilized as: 1) power converter to inject power generated from RES to the grid, and 2) shunt APF to compensate current unbalance, load current harmonics, load reactive power demand and load neutral current. All of these functions may be accomplished either individually or simultaneously. With such a control, the combination of grid-interfacing inverter and the 3-phase 4-wire linear/non-linear unbalanced load at point of common coupling appears as balanced linear load to the grid. This new control concept is demonstrated with extensive MATLAB/Simulink simulation studies and results.
Solar pv array fed brushless dc motor driven water pumpAsoka Technologies
This work deals with the utilization of solar photovoltaic (SPV) energy in the brushless DC (BLDC) motor driven water pump. A DC-DC boost converter, used as an intermediate power conditioning unit plays a vital role in efficiency enhancement of SPV array and soft starting of the BLDC motor with proper control. The speed control of BLDC motor is performed by PWM (Pulse Width Modulation) control of the voltage source inverter (VSI) using DC link voltage regulator. No additional control or current sensing element is required for speed control. The behavior of proposed pumping system is demonstrated by evaluating its various performances through MATLAB/simulink based simulation study.
An integrated boost resonant converter for photovoltaic applicationsAsoka Technologies
Effective photovoltaic power conditioning requires efficient power conversion and accurate maximum power point tracking to counteract the effects of panel mismatch, shading, and general variance in power output during a daily cycle. In this paper, the authors propose an integrated boost resonant converter with low component count, galvanic isolation, simple control, as well as
high efficiency across a wide input and load range. Provided is a discussion of the converter synthesis, key operational features, converter design procedure, and loss analysis, as well as experimental verification by way of a 250-W prototype with a California Energy Commission efficiency of 96.8%.
Stand-alone Hybrid systems become appreciating issues that ensure the required electricity to consumers. The development of a stand-alone Hybrid system becomes a necessity for multiple applications The enhance energy security. To achieve this objective, we have proposed an accurate dynamic model using Multi-Agent System (MAS) in which a solar energy System (SES) serves as the main load supply, an energy Backup System (ERS) is based on a fuel cell and Electrolyzer for long-term energy storage and an Ultra Capacitor (UCap) storage system deployed as a short-time storage. To cooperate with all systems, an Intelligent Power Management (IPM) based on a specific MAS is included. Thus, to prove the performance of the system, we tested and simulated it using the Matlab/Simulink environment.
Power flow control of hybrid micro grids using modified uipcAsoka Technologies
Neuro Fuzzy Inference System (ANFIS) controlled modified Unified Inter-Phase Power Controller (UIPC). For study, a classic hybrid micro-grid connected to grid comprising of a AC micro-grid and a DC micro-grid is taken into account. These micro-grids are interconnected employing a modified UIPC, rather than using the power converters connected in parallel. As the first input of this paper is the standard structure of UIPC, which used three power converters in every phase. It was then modified such as number of power converters is used less and implemented for the control of the exchange of power between AC-DC microgrids. In every phase there is one power electronic converter in the improved structure. It is called as Line Power Converter (LPC). Also there is Bus Power Converter (BPC) to regulate the voltage of the DC bus. The Line Power Converters links the AC micro-grid to the main grid. The DC buses are also linked with them. It can be operated in Inductance Mode (IM) as well as Capacitance Mode (CM). The control structure of LPCs has an Adaptive Fuzzy Logic Controller in it. For hybrid micro-grids, the capability of the suggested power flow control strategy is confirmed by the MATLAB simulation results.
Standalone Photovoltaic Water Pumping System Using Induction Motor Drive with...Asoka Technologies
A simple and efficient solar photovoltaic (PV) water pumping system utilizing an induction motor drive (IMD) is presented in this paper. This solar PV water pumping system comprises of two stages of power conversion. The first stage extracts the maximum power from a solar PV array by controlling the duty ratio of a DC-DC boost converter. The DC bus voltage is maintained by the controlling the motor speed. This regulation helps in reduction of motor losses because of reduction in motor currents at higher voltage for same power injection. To control the duty ratio, an incremental conductance (INC) based maximum power point tracking (MPPT) control technique is utilized. A scalar controlled voltage source inverter (VSI) serves the purpose of operating an IMD. The stator frequency reference of IMD is generated by the proposed control scheme. The proposed system is modeled and its performance is simulated in detail. The scalar control eliminates the requirement of speed sensor/encoder. Precisely, the need of motor current sensor is also eliminated. Moreover, the dynamics are improved by an additional speed feedforward term in the control scheme. The proposed control scheme makes the system inherently immune to the pump’s constant variation. The prototype of PV powered IMD emulating the pump characteristics, is developed in the laboratory to examine the performance under different operating conditions.
Novel High Performance Stand Alone Solar PV System with High Gain, High Effic...Asoka Technologies
This paper proposes a novel 3- stand-alone solar PV system configuration that uses high gain, high efficiency (96%) dc-dc converters both in the forward power stage as well as the bidirectional battery interface. The high voltage gain converters enable the use of low voltage PV and battery sources. This results in minimization of partial shading and parasitic capacitance effects on the PV source. Series connection of a large number of battery modules is obviated, preventing the overcharging and deep discharging issues that reduce the battery life. Also, the proposed configuration facilitates "required power tracking (RPT)" of the PV source as per the load requirements eliminating the use of expensive and 'difficult to manage' dump loads. High performance inverter operation is achieved through abc to dq reference frame transformation, which helps in generating precise information about the load's active power component for RPT, regulation of ac output voltage and minimization of control complexity. Inverter output voltage is regulated by controlling the modulation index of sinusoidal pulse width modulation, resulting in a stable and reliable system operation. The active power demand is controlled by regulating the dc link voltage. All the analytical, simulation and experimental results of this work are presented.
Performance Analysis of Autonomous Hybrid Distributed Generation Based on Typ...ijtsrd
It is undeniable fact that even though fossil fuels are likely more to fulfill the requirements of energy, the rare of natural resources and their harmful contents for the environment have directed people to search for new energy sources like renewable resources such as hydropower, biomass, wind, solar and other types of clean energy. In order to highlight the proposed methodology, PV Diesel generator DG with battery energy system BESS based on two typical control strategies, load following LF control strategy and cycle charging CC control strategy, have been analyzed by using HOMER Software to supply the Makyiyay village which is located at 22.02 north latitude and 96.56 east longitude in the Naungkhyo Township, Southern Shan State in Myanmar. The yearly average solar radiation of that area is 4.895kWh m2 day and it is very important to prepare a proper load data to meet the current situation of the target village which has 45 household numbers. By calculating the total load demand, the peak demand of that proposed village is 34kW. The fractions of energy production from PV array and diesel generator of the proposed PV Diesel BESS hybrid system using LF control strategy are 60 and 40 to meet the demand. Moreover, the proposed hybrid system based on LF control strategy provides the lowest TNPC, COE and carbon emission than the hybrid system based on CC control strategy according to the evaluation results. In contrast, the analysis of evaluation results shows that the PV Diesel ESS based on LF control choice is more economically possible than that system based on CC control. Phyu Phyu Win | Zin Mar "Performance Analysis of Autonomous Hybrid Distributed Generation Based on Typical Control Strategies for Rural Electrification in Myanmar" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26695.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26695/performance-analysis-of-autonomous-hybrid-distributed-generation-based-on-typical-control-strategies-for-rural-electrification-in-myanmar/phyu-phyu-win
Analysis of Wind Diesel Hybrid System by Homer Softwareijtsrd
A hybrid power system is to avoid the use of depleting fossil fuels, improve the technical performance and reduce the greenhouse gases emission. Depending on the renewable energy sources, it is connected in the main grid or operates separately. Because of these reasons, operation, control and grid integration of renewable sources is a task of fundamental importance in modern power system. Hybrid power system modes must be studied.The simulation was carried out using various combinations of optimization and sensitivity variables developed in HOMER. The economic parameters play central role of deciding the dimension, feasibility and optimization of a proposed system. In order to achieve lowest Net Present Cost NPC , comparison of diesel generating system and wind diesel systems were compares for i economic ii technical and iii environmental parameters. Theingi Htun | Hnin Yu Wai | Myo Win Kyaw "Analysis of Wind-Diesel Hybrid System by Homer Software" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd26729.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/26729/analysis-of-wind-diesel-hybrid-system-by-homer-software/theingi-htun
Feasibility and sustainability analysis of a hybrid microgrid in BangladeshIJECEIAES
The demand for renewable sources-based micro-grid systems is increasing all over the world to address the United Nation’s (UN) sustainable development goal 7 (SDG7) “affordable and clean energy”. However, without proper viability analysis, these micro-grid systems might lead to economic losses to both customers and investors. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the feasibility and sustainability of a hybrid micro-grid system based on available renewable resources in remote hill tracts region of Bangladesh. Nine different scenarios are analyzed here, and a combination of solar, hydro, biogas, and diesel generator systems are found to be the best feasible solution in regard to the least cost of electricity and emission. The optimized result shows that with a renewable fraction of 0.995, the unit levelized cost of energy of the micro-grid system is $0.182 and it emits 54 and 117 times less CO2 compared to grid-based and diesel-based systems. Further, the fuel share of the system being 0.5% and greenhouse gas per energy being 0.06425 kg/KWh, validate the system as highly sustainable and eco-friendly. With the ability to fulfill load demands without interrupting supply, and reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases, the designed microgrid can provide sustainable energy solutions to any hill-tracts of Bangladesh.
FEASIBILITY ANALYSIS OF GRID/WIND/PV HYBRID SYSTEMS FOR INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONWayan Santika
The present study offers technical and economical analyses of grid-connected hybrid power systems for a large scale production industry located in Bali. The peak load of observed system can reach 970.630 kW consuming on average 16 MWh of electricity a day. Software HOMER was utilized as the optimization tool. The proposed hybrid renewable energy systems consist of wind turbines, a PV system, a converter, and batteries. The system is connected to the grid. Optimization results show that the best configuration is the Grid/Wind hybrid system with the predicted net present cost of
-884,896 USD. The negative sign indicates that revenues (mostly from selling power to the grid) exceed costs. The levelized cost of electricity of the system is predicted to be -0.013 USD/kWh. The present study also conducts sensitivity analysis of some scenarios i.e. 50% and 100% increases in grid electricity prices, 50% reduction of PV and WECS prices, and 10 USD and 50 USD carbon taxes per ton CO2 emission. Implications of the findings are discussed.
A NOVEL SYSTEM OPTIMIZATION OF A GRID INDEPENDENT HYBRID RENEWABLE ENERGY SYS...ijscmcj
Hybrid renewable energy based off-grid or distribute power supply has customarily thought to be a solitary
innovation based restricted level of supply to meet the essential needs, without considering dependable
energy procurement to rural or remote commercial enterprises. The aim of the paper is to propose a design
idea off-grid hybrid system to fulfil the load demand of the telecom base station by using renewable energy
resources for rural regions. HOMER software tool is used for simulation and optimization and it also
analysis the total net present cost (TNPC) $100,757, carbon emission is zero percent, initial cost $70,920,
operating cost $2,334, Capacity Shortage 0.17% and the cost of energy (COE) $0.502. The HOMER
simulation outcome gives the most feasible hybrid system configuration for electric power supply to the
remote location telecom base station.
Feasibility Study on Battery Energy Storage System for Mini gridijtsrd
Mini grids defined as a set of electricity generators and battery energy storage system is connected between the load side and the source side. A key feature of mini grids is that they can operate autonomously with no connection to a centralized grid. Gaw Cho village, Sagaing Division, Myanmar is selected because of the higher potential of solar energy. This paper presents the unbalance condition between the load side and the source side because the solar energy is changing under weather condition. Diesel generator is used as a backup system for this proposed area but the operation of the fuel cost increased for long term period. Here, battery energy storage system is used as a secondary supplier to balance between them. This paper focus on to used HOMER software for pointing out the result outcome not be oversizing the system requirement. Using real time data, storage characteristics and HOMER simulations, optimal sizing for both approaches were established. A well design min grid offered available tool for the rural electrification system. Nang Saw Yuzana Kyaing | June Tharaphe Lwin | Chris Tie Lin "Feasibility Study on Battery Energy Storage System for Mini-grid " Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-5 , August 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd27863.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/27863/feasibility-study-on-battery-energy-storage-system-for-mini-grid-/nang-saw-yuzana-kyaing
Integration Planning and Operation Scheduling of Distribution Generation for ...IJERA Editor
Use of distributed renewable energy sources for domestic energy consumption will increase in near future due to
its advantages as being clean and infinite energy generation possibility. This trend allows more efficient energy
consumption because of reducing distribution losses and dependence of domestic appliances to grid distribution.
Electrical energy is an essential ingredient for the development of a nation. In this paper, it is proposed grid
connected solar PV without and with battery at domestic level to minimize the load on live grid during peak
time, excess power export to the grid when the PV generation is more compared to connected load and increase
the participation of renewable energy sources in our daily energy consumption. The decision support program
enables the consumer to implement the most efficient electricity management strategy while achieving the goal
of minimizing the electricity bill and to supply the quality power. The cost of investment and payback periods
are computed for PV system using cost benefit analysis
This paper presents a Stand-alone Hybrid Renewable Energy System (SHRES) as an alternative to fossil fuel based generators. The Photovoltaic (PV) panels and wind turbines (WT) are designed for the Malaysian low wind speed conditions with battery Energy Storage (BES) to provide electric power to the load. The appropriate sizing of each component was accomplished using Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm (NSGA-II) and Multi-Objective Particle Swarm Optimization (MOPSO) techniques. The optimized hybrid system was examined in MATLAB using two case studies to find the optimum number of PV panels, wind turbines system and BES that minimizes the Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) and Cost of Energy (COE). The hybrid power system was connected to the AC bus to investigate the system performance in supplying a rural settlement. Real weather data at the location of interest was utilized in this paper. The results obtained from the two scenarios were used to compare the suitability of the NSGA-II and MOPSO methods. The NSGA-II method is shown to be more accurate whereas the MOPSO method is faster in executing the optimization. Hence, both these methods can be used for techno-economic optimization of SHRES.
Similar to Feasibility and optimal design of a hybrid power system for rural electrification for a small village (20)
Bibliometric analysis highlighting the role of women in addressing climate ch...IJECEIAES
Fossil fuel consumption increased quickly, contributing to climate change
that is evident in unusual flooding and draughts, and global warming. Over
the past ten years, women's involvement in society has grown dramatically,
and they succeeded in playing a noticeable role in reducing climate change.
A bibliometric analysis of data from the last ten years has been carried out to
examine the role of women in addressing the climate change. The analysis's
findings discussed the relevant to the sustainable development goals (SDGs),
particularly SDG 7 and SDG 13. The results considered contributions made
by women in the various sectors while taking geographic dispersion into
account. The bibliometric analysis delves into topics including women's
leadership in environmental groups, their involvement in policymaking, their
contributions to sustainable development projects, and the influence of
gender diversity on attempts to mitigate climate change. This study's results
highlight how women have influenced policies and actions related to climate
change, point out areas of research deficiency and recommendations on how
to increase role of the women in addressing the climate change and
achieving sustainability. To achieve more successful results, this initiative
aims to highlight the significance of gender equality and encourage
inclusivity in climate change decision-making processes.
Voltage and frequency control of microgrid in presence of micro-turbine inter...IJECEIAES
The active and reactive load changes have a significant impact on voltage
and frequency. In this paper, in order to stabilize the microgrid (MG) against
load variations in islanding mode, the active and reactive power of all
distributed generators (DGs), including energy storage (battery), diesel
generator, and micro-turbine, are controlled. The micro-turbine generator is
connected to MG through a three-phase to three-phase matrix converter, and
the droop control method is applied for controlling the voltage and
frequency of MG. In addition, a method is introduced for voltage and
frequency control of micro-turbines in the transition state from gridconnected mode to islanding mode. A novel switching strategy of the matrix
converter is used for converting the high-frequency output voltage of the
micro-turbine to the grid-side frequency of the utility system. Moreover,
using the switching strategy, the low-order harmonics in the output current
and voltage are not produced, and consequently, the size of the output filter
would be reduced. In fact, the suggested control strategy is load-independent
and has no frequency conversion restrictions. The proposed approach for
voltage and frequency regulation demonstrates exceptional performance and
favorable response across various load alteration scenarios. The suggested
strategy is examined in several scenarios in the MG test systems, and the
simulation results are addressed.
Enhancing battery system identification: nonlinear autoregressive modeling fo...IJECEIAES
Precisely characterizing Li-ion batteries is essential for optimizing their
performance, enhancing safety, and prolonging their lifespan across various
applications, such as electric vehicles and renewable energy systems. This
article introduces an innovative nonlinear methodology for system
identification of a Li-ion battery, employing a nonlinear autoregressive with
exogenous inputs (NARX) model. The proposed approach integrates the
benefits of nonlinear modeling with the adaptability of the NARX structure,
facilitating a more comprehensive representation of the intricate
electrochemical processes within the battery. Experimental data collected
from a Li-ion battery operating under diverse scenarios are employed to
validate the effectiveness of the proposed methodology. The identified
NARX model exhibits superior accuracy in predicting the battery's behavior
compared to traditional linear models. This study underscores the
importance of accounting for nonlinearities in battery modeling, providing
insights into the intricate relationships between state-of-charge, voltage, and
current under dynamic conditions.
Smart grid deployment: from a bibliometric analysis to a surveyIJECEIAES
Smart grids are one of the last decades' innovations in electrical energy.
They bring relevant advantages compared to the traditional grid and
significant interest from the research community. Assessing the field's
evolution is essential to propose guidelines for facing new and future smart
grid challenges. In addition, knowing the main technologies involved in the
deployment of smart grids (SGs) is important to highlight possible
shortcomings that can be mitigated by developing new tools. This paper
contributes to the research trends mentioned above by focusing on two
objectives. First, a bibliometric analysis is presented to give an overview of
the current research level about smart grid deployment. Second, a survey of
the main technological approaches used for smart grid implementation and
their contributions are highlighted. To that effect, we searched the Web of
Science (WoS), and the Scopus databases. We obtained 5,663 documents
from WoS and 7,215 from Scopus on smart grid implementation or
deployment. With the extraction limitation in the Scopus database, 5,872 of
the 7,215 documents were extracted using a multi-step process. These two
datasets have been analyzed using a bibliometric tool called bibliometrix.
The main outputs are presented with some recommendations for future
research.
Use of analytical hierarchy process for selecting and prioritizing islanding ...IJECEIAES
One of the problems that are associated to power systems is islanding
condition, which must be rapidly and properly detected to prevent any
negative consequences on the system's protection, stability, and security.
This paper offers a thorough overview of several islanding detection
strategies, which are divided into two categories: classic approaches,
including local and remote approaches, and modern techniques, including
techniques based on signal processing and computational intelligence.
Additionally, each approach is compared and assessed based on several
factors, including implementation costs, non-detected zones, declining
power quality, and response times using the analytical hierarchy process
(AHP). The multi-criteria decision-making analysis shows that the overall
weight of passive methods (24.7%), active methods (7.8%), hybrid methods
(5.6%), remote methods (14.5%), signal processing-based methods (26.6%),
and computational intelligent-based methods (20.8%) based on the
comparison of all criteria together. Thus, it can be seen from the total weight
that hybrid approaches are the least suitable to be chosen, while signal
processing-based methods are the most appropriate islanding detection
method to be selected and implemented in power system with respect to the
aforementioned factors. Using Expert Choice software, the proposed
hierarchy model is studied and examined.
Enhancing of single-stage grid-connected photovoltaic system using fuzzy logi...IJECEIAES
The power generated by photovoltaic (PV) systems is influenced by
environmental factors. This variability hampers the control and utilization of
solar cells' peak output. In this study, a single-stage grid-connected PV
system is designed to enhance power quality. Our approach employs fuzzy
logic in the direct power control (DPC) of a three-phase voltage source
inverter (VSI), enabling seamless integration of the PV connected to the
grid. Additionally, a fuzzy logic-based maximum power point tracking
(MPPT) controller is adopted, which outperforms traditional methods like
incremental conductance (INC) in enhancing solar cell efficiency and
minimizing the response time. Moreover, the inverter's real-time active and
reactive power is directly managed to achieve a unity power factor (UPF).
The system's performance is assessed through MATLAB/Simulink
implementation, showing marked improvement over conventional methods,
particularly in steady-state and varying weather conditions. For solar
irradiances of 500 and 1,000 W/m2
, the results show that the proposed
method reduces the total harmonic distortion (THD) of the injected current
to the grid by approximately 46% and 38% compared to conventional
methods, respectively. Furthermore, we compare the simulation results with
IEEE standards to evaluate the system's grid compatibility.
Enhancing photovoltaic system maximum power point tracking with fuzzy logic-b...IJECEIAES
Photovoltaic systems have emerged as a promising energy resource that
caters to the future needs of society, owing to their renewable, inexhaustible,
and cost-free nature. The power output of these systems relies on solar cell
radiation and temperature. In order to mitigate the dependence on
atmospheric conditions and enhance power tracking, a conventional
approach has been improved by integrating various methods. To optimize
the generation of electricity from solar systems, the maximum power point
tracking (MPPT) technique is employed. To overcome limitations such as
steady-state voltage oscillations and improve transient response, two
traditional MPPT methods, namely fuzzy logic controller (FLC) and perturb
and observe (P&O), have been modified. This research paper aims to
simulate and validate the step size of the proposed modified P&O and FLC
techniques within the MPPT algorithm using MATLAB/Simulink for
efficient power tracking in photovoltaic systems.
Adaptive synchronous sliding control for a robot manipulator based on neural ...IJECEIAES
Robot manipulators have become important equipment in production lines, medical fields, and transportation. Improving the quality of trajectory tracking for
robot hands is always an attractive topic in the research community. This is a
challenging problem because robot manipulators are complex nonlinear systems
and are often subject to fluctuations in loads and external disturbances. This
article proposes an adaptive synchronous sliding control scheme to improve trajectory tracking performance for a robot manipulator. The proposed controller
ensures that the positions of the joints track the desired trajectory, synchronize
the errors, and significantly reduces chattering. First, the synchronous tracking
errors and synchronous sliding surfaces are presented. Second, the synchronous
tracking error dynamics are determined. Third, a robust adaptive control law is
designed,the unknown components of the model are estimated online by the neural network, and the parameters of the switching elements are selected by fuzzy
logic. The built algorithm ensures that the tracking and approximation errors
are ultimately uniformly bounded (UUB). Finally, the effectiveness of the constructed algorithm is demonstrated through simulation and experimental results.
Simulation and experimental results show that the proposed controller is effective with small synchronous tracking errors, and the chattering phenomenon is
significantly reduced.
Remote field-programmable gate array laboratory for signal acquisition and de...IJECEIAES
A remote laboratory utilizing field-programmable gate array (FPGA) technologies enhances students’ learning experience anywhere and anytime in embedded system design. Existing remote laboratories prioritize hardware access and visual feedback for observing board behavior after programming, neglecting comprehensive debugging tools to resolve errors that require internal signal acquisition. This paper proposes a novel remote embeddedsystem design approach targeting FPGA technologies that are fully interactive via a web-based platform. Our solution provides FPGA board access and debugging capabilities beyond the visual feedback provided by existing remote laboratories. We implemented a lab module that allows users to seamlessly incorporate into their FPGA design. The module minimizes hardware resource utilization while enabling the acquisition of a large number of data samples from the signal during the experiments by adaptively compressing the signal prior to data transmission. The results demonstrate an average compression ratio of 2.90 across three benchmark signals, indicating efficient signal acquisition and effective debugging and analysis. This method allows users to acquire more data samples than conventional methods. The proposed lab allows students to remotely test and debug their designs, bridging the gap between theory and practice in embedded system design.
Detecting and resolving feature envy through automated machine learning and m...IJECEIAES
Efficiently identifying and resolving code smells enhances software project quality. This paper presents a novel solution, utilizing automated machine learning (AutoML) techniques, to detect code smells and apply move method refactoring. By evaluating code metrics before and after refactoring, we assessed its impact on coupling, complexity, and cohesion. Key contributions of this research include a unique dataset for code smell classification and the development of models using AutoGluon for optimal performance. Furthermore, the study identifies the top 20 influential features in classifying feature envy, a well-known code smell, stemming from excessive reliance on external classes. We also explored how move method refactoring addresses feature envy, revealing reduced coupling and complexity, and improved cohesion, ultimately enhancing code quality. In summary, this research offers an empirical, data-driven approach, integrating AutoML and move method refactoring to optimize software project quality. Insights gained shed light on the benefits of refactoring on code quality and the significance of specific features in detecting feature envy. Future research can expand to explore additional refactoring techniques and a broader range of code metrics, advancing software engineering practices and standards.
Smart monitoring technique for solar cell systems using internet of things ba...IJECEIAES
Rapidly and remotely monitoring and receiving the solar cell systems status parameters, solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity, are critical issues in enhancement their efficiency. Hence, in the present article an improved smart prototype of internet of things (IoT) technique based on embedded system through NodeMCU ESP8266 (ESP-12E) was carried out experimentally. Three different regions at Egypt; Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira cities were chosen to study their solar irradiance profile, temperature, and humidity by the proposed IoT system. The monitoring data of solar irradiance, temperature, and humidity were live visualized directly by Ubidots through hypertext transfer protocol (HTTP) protocol. The measured solar power radiation in Luxor, Cairo, and El-Beheira ranged between 216-1000, 245-958, and 187-692 W/m 2 respectively during the solar day. The accuracy and rapidity of obtaining monitoring results using the proposed IoT system made it a strong candidate for application in monitoring solar cell systems. On the other hand, the obtained solar power radiation results of the three considered regions strongly candidate Luxor and Cairo as suitable places to build up a solar cells system station rather than El-Beheira.
An efficient security framework for intrusion detection and prevention in int...IJECEIAES
Over the past few years, the internet of things (IoT) has advanced to connect billions of smart devices to improve quality of life. However, anomalies or malicious intrusions pose several security loopholes, leading to performance degradation and threat to data security in IoT operations. Thereby, IoT security systems must keep an eye on and restrict unwanted events from occurring in the IoT network. Recently, various technical solutions based on machine learning (ML) models have been derived towards identifying and restricting unwanted events in IoT. However, most ML-based approaches are prone to miss-classification due to inappropriate feature selection. Additionally, most ML approaches applied to intrusion detection and prevention consider supervised learning, which requires a large amount of labeled data to be trained. Consequently, such complex datasets are impossible to source in a large network like IoT. To address this problem, this proposed study introduces an efficient learning mechanism to strengthen the IoT security aspects. The proposed algorithm incorporates supervised and unsupervised approaches to improve the learning models for intrusion detection and mitigation. Compared with the related works, the experimental outcome shows that the model performs well in a benchmark dataset. It accomplishes an improved detection accuracy of approximately 99.21%.
Developing a smart system for infant incubators using the internet of things ...IJECEIAES
This research is developing an incubator system that integrates the internet of things and artificial intelligence to improve care for premature babies. The system workflow starts with sensors that collect data from the incubator. Then, the data is sent in real-time to the internet of things (IoT) broker eclipse mosquito using the message queue telemetry transport (MQTT) protocol version 5.0. After that, the data is stored in a database for analysis using the long short-term memory network (LSTM) method and displayed in a web application using an application programming interface (API) service. Furthermore, the experimental results produce as many as 2,880 rows of data stored in the database. The correlation coefficient between the target attribute and other attributes ranges from 0.23 to 0.48. Next, several experiments were conducted to evaluate the model-predicted value on the test data. The best results are obtained using a two-layer LSTM configuration model, each with 60 neurons and a lookback setting 6. This model produces an R 2 value of 0.934, with a root mean square error (RMSE) value of 0.015 and a mean absolute error (MAE) of 0.008. In addition, the R 2 value was also evaluated for each attribute used as input, with a result of values between 0.590 and 0.845.
A review on internet of things-based stingless bee's honey production with im...IJECEIAES
Honey is produced exclusively by honeybees and stingless bees which both are well adapted to tropical and subtropical regions such as Malaysia. Stingless bees are known for producing small amounts of honey and are known for having a unique flavor profile. Problem identified that many stingless bees collapsed due to weather, temperature and environment. It is critical to understand the relationship between the production of stingless bee honey and environmental conditions to improve honey production. Thus, this paper presents a review on stingless bee's honey production and prediction modeling. About 54 previous research has been analyzed and compared in identifying the research gaps. A framework on modeling the prediction of stingless bee honey is derived. The result presents the comparison and analysis on the internet of things (IoT) monitoring systems, honey production estimation, convolution neural networks (CNNs), and automatic identification methods on bee species. It is identified based on image detection method the top best three efficiency presents CNN is at 98.67%, densely connected convolutional networks with YOLO v3 is 97.7%, and DenseNet201 convolutional networks 99.81%. This study is significant to assist the researcher in developing a model for predicting stingless honey produced by bee's output, which is important for a stable economy and food security.
A trust based secure access control using authentication mechanism for intero...IJECEIAES
The internet of things (IoT) is a revolutionary innovation in many aspects of our society including interactions, financial activity, and global security such as the military and battlefield internet. Due to the limited energy and processing capacity of network devices, security, energy consumption, compatibility, and device heterogeneity are the long-term IoT problems. As a result, energy and security are critical for data transmission across edge and IoT networks. Existing IoT interoperability techniques need more computation time, have unreliable authentication mechanisms that break easily, lose data easily, and have low confidentiality. In this paper, a key agreement protocol-based authentication mechanism for IoT devices is offered as a solution to this issue. This system makes use of information exchange, which must be secured to prevent access by unauthorized users. Using a compact contiki/cooja simulator, the performance and design of the suggested framework are validated. The simulation findings are evaluated based on detection of malicious nodes after 60 minutes of simulation. The suggested trust method, which is based on privacy access control, reduced packet loss ratio to 0.32%, consumed 0.39% power, and had the greatest average residual energy of 0.99 mJoules at 10 nodes.
Fuzzy linear programming with the intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbersIJECEIAES
In real world applications, data are subject to ambiguity due to several factors; fuzzy sets and fuzzy numbers propose a great tool to model such ambiguity. In case of hesitation, the complement of a membership value in fuzzy numbers can be different from the non-membership value, in which case we can model using intuitionistic fuzzy numbers as they provide flexibility by defining both a membership and a non-membership functions. In this article, we consider the intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem with intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy numbers, which is a generalization of the previous polygonal fuzzy numbers found in the literature. We present a modification of the simplex method that can be used to solve any general intuitionistic fuzzy linear programming problem after approximating the problem by an intuitionistic polygonal fuzzy number with n edges. This method is given in a simple tableau formulation, and then applied on numerical examples for clarity.
The performance of artificial intelligence in prostate magnetic resonance im...IJECEIAES
Prostate cancer is the predominant form of cancer observed in men worldwide. The application of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) as a guidance tool for conducting biopsies has been established as a reliable and well-established approach in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. The diagnostic performance of MRI-guided prostate cancer diagnosis exhibits significant heterogeneity due to the intricate and multi-step nature of the diagnostic pathway. The development of artificial intelligence (AI) models, specifically through the utilization of machine learning techniques such as deep learning, is assuming an increasingly significant role in the field of radiology. In the realm of prostate MRI, a considerable body of literature has been dedicated to the development of various AI algorithms. These algorithms have been specifically designed for tasks such as prostate segmentation, lesion identification, and classification. The overarching objective of these endeavors is to enhance diagnostic performance and foster greater agreement among different observers within MRI scans for the prostate. This review article aims to provide a concise overview of the application of AI in the field of radiology, with a specific focus on its utilization in prostate MRI.
Seizure stage detection of epileptic seizure using convolutional neural networksIJECEIAES
According to the World Health Organization (WHO), seventy million individuals worldwide suffer from epilepsy, a neurological disorder. While electroencephalography (EEG) is crucial for diagnosing epilepsy and monitoring the brain activity of epilepsy patients, it requires a specialist to examine all EEG recordings to find epileptic behavior. This procedure needs an experienced doctor, and a precise epilepsy diagnosis is crucial for appropriate treatment. To identify epileptic seizures, this study employed a convolutional neural network (CNN) based on raw scalp EEG signals to discriminate between preictal, ictal, postictal, and interictal segments. The possibility of these characteristics is explored by examining how well timedomain signals work in the detection of epileptic signals using intracranial Freiburg Hospital (FH), scalp Children's Hospital Boston-Massachusetts Institute of Technology (CHB-MIT) databases, and Temple University Hospital (TUH) EEG. To test the viability of this approach, two types of experiments were carried out. Firstly, binary class classification (preictal, ictal, postictal each versus interictal) and four-class classification (interictal versus preictal versus ictal versus postictal). The average accuracy for stage detection using CHB-MIT database was 84.4%, while the Freiburg database's time-domain signals had an accuracy of 79.7% and the highest accuracy of 94.02% for classification in the TUH EEG database when comparing interictal stage to preictal stage.
Analysis of driving style using self-organizing maps to analyze driver behaviorIJECEIAES
Modern life is strongly associated with the use of cars, but the increase in acceleration speeds and their maneuverability leads to a dangerous driving style for some drivers. In these conditions, the development of a method that allows you to track the behavior of the driver is relevant. The article provides an overview of existing methods and models for assessing the functioning of motor vehicles and driver behavior. Based on this, a combined algorithm for recognizing driving style is proposed. To do this, a set of input data was formed, including 20 descriptive features: About the environment, the driver's behavior and the characteristics of the functioning of the car, collected using OBD II. The generated data set is sent to the Kohonen network, where clustering is performed according to driving style and degree of danger. Getting the driving characteristics into a particular cluster allows you to switch to the private indicators of an individual driver and considering individual driving characteristics. The application of the method allows you to identify potentially dangerous driving styles that can prevent accidents.
Hyperspectral object classification using hybrid spectral-spatial fusion and ...IJECEIAES
Because of its spectral-spatial and temporal resolution of greater areas, hyperspectral imaging (HSI) has found widespread application in the field of object classification. The HSI is typically used to accurately determine an object's physical characteristics as well as to locate related objects with appropriate spectral fingerprints. As a result, the HSI has been extensively applied to object identification in several fields, including surveillance, agricultural monitoring, environmental research, and precision agriculture. However, because of their enormous size, objects require a lot of time to classify; for this reason, both spectral and spatial feature fusion have been completed. The existing classification strategy leads to increased misclassification, and the feature fusion method is unable to preserve semantic object inherent features; This study addresses the research difficulties by introducing a hybrid spectral-spatial fusion (HSSF) technique to minimize feature size while maintaining object intrinsic qualities; Lastly, a soft-margins kernel is proposed for multi-layer deep support vector machine (MLDSVM) to reduce misclassification. The standard Indian pines dataset is used for the experiment, and the outcome demonstrates that the HSSF-MLDSVM model performs substantially better in terms of accuracy and Kappa coefficient.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
2. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Feasibility and optimal design of a hybrid power system for ... (Bankole Adebanji)
6215
Symbol Meaninig Symbol Meaninig
𝐶𝐶 𝑎𝑛 Annual capital cost of each of the component 𝜂 𝐷𝐺 DG conversion efficiency
𝐸𝐶 𝑎𝑛 Annual emission cost generated from DG 𝐶𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 Fuel cost
(𝐷𝑂𝐷) 𝑚𝑎𝑥 Maximum battery Depth of Discharge 𝐶 𝑑𝑖𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑙 Fuel price per litre
(𝐷𝑂𝐷) 𝑚𝑖𝑛 Minimum battery Depth of Discharge 𝑃𝐷𝐺 DG power
1. INTRODUCTION
Renewable energy sources (RES) are now accepted globally to be the most effective solution in
reducing global warming [1-4]. RES provides viable energy supply services that are affordable and
dependable [5, 6]. There is no single energy generating system (composing of RES alone) that is reliable and
cost-effective due to its fluctuating nature. A hybrid system of RES optimally combined with other
conventional energy resources like diesel generator (DG) will serve as a better alternative [2, 7].
Most of the villages in Nigeria are not connected to the grid [8-10]. This is due to the high cost of
grid extension which makes the investment to be less competitive. The rural electrification agency (REA) has
classified Nigeria as one of the potential areas where off-grid hybrid renewable energy can be used
effectively for rural electrification [8, 9]. Off-grid rural populace deserves sustainable, reliable and
cost-effective energy system to serve as an alternative to the environmentally unfriendly and expensive
power supplied by the conventional energy system [11, 12].
Nigeria is naturally blessed with abundant RES which can be used for effective and rapid
development of its rural areas [8, 9, 13]. The abundant RES (high solar irradiance, wind speeds, high stream
flows of rivers and abundant biomass) in these areas can be harnessed to form a hybrid system for a reliable
and sustainable power supply at reduced cost in the rural areas. However, the need for hybrid design to be
optimal in terms of operation and component selection has been a major constraint in obtaining reliable
electricity at a minimum cost. Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) need to be optimal in sizing to
avoid oversizing which raises the cost or undersizing which may reduce the reliability of the system [14, 15].
Succintly put, optimal sizing helps in determining the performance of the hybrid system in terms of cost and
reliability [16-17]. Most of the available hybrid power system (HPS) models are very expensive, complex
and not easily adaptable to suit local conditions for rural electrification [18, 19]. Hence, this work considered
the feasibility of integrating small hydro power (SHP) plants into an existing water supply dam and
the development of a SHP-Solar PV-BATT-DG HPS model for feasibility assessment and optimal sizing of
hybrid renewable energy system in rural areas.
Some of the common types of softwares used for simulation and optimization of hybrid systems are
HOMER, RETScreen, SOLES, INSEL, TRANSYS, HYBRID2, IMBY, SOLSIM, CREST, RAPSYS and
SAM. Out of all these, HOMER developed by the National Renewable Energy Laboratory is the most widely
used [5-7, 20-22]. So many works have been done on HRES, both off-grid [7-13, 16, 23-28] and grid
connected [17, 22, 29]. Barakat et.al [22] examined the viability of grid-connected hybrid system consisting
of Solar PV/Wind and Biomass in a rural village in Egypt using HOMER. Esan et.al [7] conducted
a reliability assessment of an off-grid hybrid system consisting of Solar PV-BATT-DG system in a rural
community-Lade II, Nigeria. The reliability of the results from HOMER simulations was validated using
capacity outage table.
A techno-economic feasibility study was carried out in a remote area of Bangladesh by
Masrur et al., [20]. A microgrid consisting of Solar PV, Wind, DG and BATT were considered to obtain
the optimal energy system. A Solar PV/Wind/DG/BATT hybrid combination was selected as the best
configuration for the village. The study concluded that the hybrid system is efficient in emission reduction.
A study to identify the best solution for a recycled paper mill located in Rio Grande do soul, Southern Brazil
for peak hours (19-22 hours) was conducted by [11]. The method considered the cost at peak hours only,
the reliability was not considered. Somano and Shunki [23] developed a hybrid model consisting of SHP and
Solar PV generators. The different combinations were analyzed for cost-effectiveness. The usage of DG or
biomass was not considered as an alternative supply in case of non-availability of RES at a particular time.
Some authors also used artificial intelligence methods for their works [3, 5, 12, 14-19, 21-24, 29, 30].
A new methodology was introduced by Ogunjuyigbe et.al [12] using small split-diesel generators instead of
a single big DG. Genetic algorithm (GA) was used for the simulation. Salkuti [31] carried out an optimal
operation of grid-connected micro grids consisting of wind, Solar PV, BATT system, electric vehicles and
demand response. Simulations were performed using GAMS software. Jyothi et al [24] conducted a research
on optimal management on a stand-alone of Solar PV/BATT system consisting of Solar PV array, BATT, inverter
and AC loads using maximum power point tracker (MPPT) technique in a MATLAB/Simulink environment.
The work proposed an optimal energy management for improved performance of the Solar PV system.
Even though, several authors have worked on HPS technology, very few papers have been published
on Pumped hydro-SHP-Solar PV-BATT-DG hybrid system using water supply infrastructures [5, 7, 10].
3. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, December 2020 : 6214 - 6224
6216
The level of accuracy of the models described above depends largely on the assumptions made [4]. Looking
critically at the aforementioned related works, it can be seen that most of the works or studies on HPS have
been designed to simulate and/or optimize PV, wind, DG, e.t.c.Very few of the software-based models
(except HOGA and HOMER) have provisions for small hydroelectric energy component. This work
considered the following points:
Feasibility of Pumped hydropower and integration of small hydro power (SHP) plants into an existing
water supply dam.
Design of an optimal HPS model that determines the size and the type of HPS combinations that is most
suitable for an area with due consideration to cost and reliability.
2. RESEARCH METHOD
2.1. Data acquisition and description of the study area
Data for water supply and demand were obtained from Ekiti State Water Corporation, Ado-Ekiti.
Reservoir capacity, river head, flow gauge heights, stream flow rate and climate data were obtained from
benin-owena river basin development authority (BORDA) Benin-city and Akure Airport Meteorological
station, Nigeria [10, 32, 33]. The data used are shown in the appendices 1 and 2. The study area selected for
this work is Ele river water supply dam, Itapaji-Ekiti (7o
49’N, 5o
23’E), Nigeria. Total annual rainfall ranges
between 1350-1400 mm, while temperature ranges between 32o
C-35o
C (dry season) and 21o
C-22o
C
(wet season) [10]. The load demand for the area was obtained through the use of questionaires. The daily
load profile for the study area is as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1. Daily average load profile for dry (January, 2019) and
raining (September, 2019) seasons for Itapaji Ekiti
2.2. Feasibility study of SHP integration and RES evaluation
The feasiblility study was carried out in order to make unbiased technical hydrological decision on
the viability of the dam. The approach adopted was to create a suitable head with a combination of
a sustainable high flow rates with steep gradients for SHP generation. Since the dam was already being used
for water supply, the head and stream flow was adopted. The flow duration curve (FDC)-hydrograph with
daily data was compiled for the past thirty years (1989-2019) [33].
2.3. Pumped hyropower storage (PHS) system
Pumped hydropower storage can be effectively used to mitigate the effect of interminency in other
RES like Solar PV, wind and others. It is the lowest cost energy option [34]. In order for 1 MW rated power
to be raised to a rated head in an upper reservoir, the volume flow rate is calculated as in (1) [34].
𝑄 𝑝 =
𝑃 𝑝×𝜂 𝑝
𝑔×𝜌×ℎ
(1)
4. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Feasibility and optimal design of a hybrid power system for ... (Bankole Adebanji)
6217
The upper reservoir required volume is as given in (2)
𝑉𝑅 = 𝑄 𝑃 × 𝑇 (2)
The meanings of all the symbols are as given in the nomenclature (pp.9).
2.4. Mathematical models of the HPS components
The steps to achieve the modeling of each hybrid component are as outlined in the following
sub-sections.
2.4.1. Small hydropower (SHP) generator
The electrical power output of the SHP unit is given as in (3) [23].
SHP h water net
P gH Q (3)
2.4.2. Solar photovoltaic (PV) model
The maximum power output from the PV cell, 𝑃𝑃𝑉 can be calculated as in (4) [29].
𝑃𝑃𝑉 = 𝑃𝑟−𝑃𝑉 [
𝐺
𝐺 𝑟𝑒𝑓
] [1 + 𝑘𝑇(𝑇𝐶 − 𝑇𝑟𝑒𝑓)] (4)
2.4.3. Battery bank model
The battery capacity,𝐶(𝑡) at a point in time t, is calculated as in (5) [16].
( )
1 B
batt
BUS
P t
C t C t t
V
(5)
𝑃𝐵(𝑡) is as in (6)
B g i
P t E t E t (6)
The value is positive when the battery is charging.
2.4.4. Diesel generator (DG) model
The diesel generator is an energy conversion system from fuel to electricity with a conversion
efficiency of, 𝜂 𝐷𝐺so that it can be described as in (7) [25, 30].
𝐸 𝐷𝐺 = 𝜂 𝐷𝐺 𝐸𝑓𝑓 (7)
A linear model has been assumed for the fuel consumption rate (F) in litres/hour of operation by
the DG [25, 30] given in (8).
0.246 (0.08415 ) /out Ngen
F P P litres hour (8)
The fuel cost,𝐶𝑓𝑢𝑒𝑙 can be calculated using the formula as in (9)
( )fuel diesel s
C C F R (9)
2.5. Optimal design criteria for the HPS model
2.5.1. Problem formulation
The objective function here is an economic function that is constrained in a technical or reliability
function. The problem was modeled according to the loss of power supply probability (LPSP) and total
annualised cost system (ACS). The ACS is as given in equation (10) [14, 29, 35] while the LPSP [14, 29] is
as expressed in (10)
an an an an an
ACS CC RC MC FC EC (10)
5. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, December 2020 : 6214 - 6224
6218
minL SHP PV SOC DG
L
P P P P P
LPSP
P
(11)
This is subject to an inequality constraint as (12)
Min Max
LPSP LPSP LPSP (12)
Reliability evaluation is carried out in the worst conditions as given in (13)
( ) ( )L R
P t P t (13)
2.5.2. Constraints
In order to solve the optimization problem, all the constraints in equations (14-18) must be satisfied [33].
Power balance constraint,
( ) 1SHP PV BATT DG d
P t P t P t P t R P t (14)
Battery capacity constraint,
SOCmin
≤ SOC(t) ≤ SOCmax (15)
Non-negativity constraints,
0 ≤ NPV,P ≤ NPV,Pmax (16)
0 ≤ NSHP ≤ NSPV max (17)
0 ≤ NBAT,P ≤ NBAT,Pmax (18)
2.5.3. Assumptions
It is assumed that the HPS will work continuously for twenty-four hours daily
The electrical load and the RES are constant within one-hour time step
2.6. Optimization procedure
Input parameters for the system optimization are the installation cost, replacement costs, operation
and maintenance costs of all components, discount rate, the efficiency, lifetime of all the components and
lifetime of the projects, specifications of all the components, hourly load demand of the proposed site and
the hourly meteorological data. The different mathematical models of the system components developed in
the previous sections were used for simulating the HPS. The power outputs from the SHP turbine were
calculated using power (3) taking the average stream flows as input. The power outputs from the Solar
PV-arrays were calculated at an hourly basis from the power equation (4) using the hourly solar irradiance
values as the input. The renewable energy was added together and compared with the hourly load demand.
The battery bank and the DG operate depending on whether the total RES is equal, less or more than the load
demand. The flowchart for this simulation is as shown in Figure 2.
Genetic algorithm (GA) was utilized in this simulation to determine the optimal configuration.
GA is very flexible and has better efficiency than classical methods. The four decision variables considered
are number of SHP turbines, (NSHP), number of PV-panels, (NPV) and number of battery bank and the DG
capacity number, (PDG). The population structure is DGBATTPVSHP PNNN ,,, .The annual power supply
simulation was performed repeatedly for each chromosome until it reached the maximum generation after
setting the initial population. In every generation, the best chromosome was preserved and compared with
the best chromosome in the next generation. The best chromosome in the final generation is considered as
the optimum parameters value of the hybrid system. GA based MATLAB m-file code was developed to
determine the optimal configuration of small hydro-photovoltaic-diesel hybrid system of the case study.
6. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Feasibility and optimal design of a hybrid power system for ... (Bankole Adebanji)
6219
Stop battery
discharges &
start DG
Is (DOD ≥
DODmax)?
Is
PR(t)=(PL(t)/
ɳinv)?
Is
PR(t)>(PL(t)/
ɳinv)?
Battery charges
compute new
SOC
Is
SOC>SOCmax
?
Stop battery
charging, Supply
load and dump
load
Charge the
battery and
satisfy the load
Discharges the
battery and
supply the load
Supply Power to
the Load
Is t=8760?
Calculate the power
generated by the
renewables
PR(t)=PSHP(t)+PPV(t)
t=t+1
t=0
Enter SHP, PV,
DG, BATT. Load
data e.t.c
START
YES
NO NO YES YES
YESNO
NO YES
NO
New set of N+,
NsHP, NBatt
Constraints
Evaluation
Fitness function
Evaluation
minimizes ACS
LPSP as a constraint
Cross Over
Selection
Operation
Reach
Maximum
Operation
Store all
combinations
STOP
NO
YES
Figure 2. Flowchart of the hybrid power system model
2.7. Model validationand performance evaluation of the HPS model
HOMER is the most commom cost analysis and validation test for stand alone hybrid
system [5, 7, 23, 35]. The HPS model was then validated by comparing its results with that of HOMER,
using it as a benchmark [36]. The simulation was done in MATLAB environment. The data published by Ani
and Nzeako [13] were used as the validating data. In order to measure the difference between the HOMER
and the developed model, coefficient of correlation (r) and root mean square error (RMSE) were used to
measure the closeness of the results of the two models. The new model was then applied to the case study
area to evaluate its performance.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1. Feasibility study for small hydropower plant integration
It was observed that during the raining season (April-October) there were enough hydro sources to
run the turbine. The stream flow reaches its peak of 15,500 L/S in September. The hydro power potential is to
generate 2.70 MW at maximum discharge of 23.24 m3
/s, 966 kW at average annual discharge of 8.33 m3
/s.
and generate 206.5 kW at minimum discharge of 1.78 m3
/s during dry season with a reservoir capacity
balance of 0.124109
m3
/year. The estimated power demand for the village as at September, 2019 is 621 kW.
The demand forecast for year 2028 is 1210 kW. When the hydro turbines generate 206.5 kW at minimum
discharge during dry season, the power deficit is 414.5 (621-206.5) kW. Consequently, there is need to
complement the hydro power source with another renewable energy source-solar PV.
7. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, December 2020 : 6214 - 6224
6220
3.2. HPS model validation results
The optimal sizing results for both HOMER and the developed model is shown in Table 1.
The simulated results obtained from HOMER showed a good correlation (correlation coefficient (r) is 0.88
while the root mean square error (RMSE) is 0.001) with those obtained from the developed model.
The little difference in the results is due to the different modeling approaches adopted in the modeling of
the generators. However, these do not have significant effect on the overall results. Generally, the results
from the developed model were comparable to those obtained using HOMER. The developed model gives
higher priority to the hydro turbine than the solar panel due to the higher cost of solar panel. This is
especially more economical when a dam-based SHP is used. The developed model is simple, more reliable
and can easily be modified according to the need of a particular project.
Table 1. Validation results
Description HOMER Developed model
SHP (kW ) 10.7 11
PV panel (kW) 10.3 10
DG (kW ) 16 16
BATT (kWhr) 6.9 7
R.F. (%) 0.68 0.70
COE ($/kWhr ) 0.267 0.268
LPSP 0.0054 0.0045
3.3. Application of the model to the study area-Itapaji
The optimal sizing results of the different combinations at peak load demand are as presented in
Table 2 while the average monthly electric power production for the three hybrid combinations were as
presented in Figures 3-5.
Table 2. Optimal sizing result for the three Hybrid combinations at Peak load demand
Component Solar PV-BATT-DG SHP-BATT-DG Pumped Hydro-Solar
PV-BATT-DG
Pumped hydro (kW) 960
SHP (kW) 960
Solar PV (kW) 640 320 64
DG (kW) 400 200 0
BATT (kWhr) 1000 1000 0
COE ($/kWhr) 0.309 0.187 0.068
RF (%) 0.38 0.81 0.98
LPSP 0.0004 0.0004 0.0001
ACS ($) 785,400 675,860 43,313
Operating cost ($) 44,985 24,774 12,572
Figure 3. Monthly average electric production for the solar pv-batt-dg hybrid system at peak load demand
8. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Feasibility and optimal design of a hybrid power system for ... (Bankole Adebanji)
6221
Figure 4. Monthly average electric production for the SHP-Solar
PV-BATT-DG Hybrid system at peak load demand
Figure 5. Monthly average electric production for the Pumped hydro-Solar
PV-BATT-DG Hybrid system at peak load demand
3.3.1. Solar PV-BATT-DG hybrid combination
The Solar PV contributed 1,666,076 kWhr per year while the DG contributed 1,034,304 kWhr per
year. The DG consumed $451,687 litres per annum. The COE at peak load and low load demand was 0.309.
The solar PV and DG sizing values are very high compared to when the SHP and pumped hydro systems
were used. It can be seen from Figure 3 that the hybrid systems made use of both the Solar PV and the DG in
the year. The hybrid system made less use of the DG during the dry season (October-March) when there is
high Solar irradiation and made much use of the DG during the raining season (April-September) when there
is less solar irradiation. This accounted for a very high operating cost. The COE was higher than any other
combinations considered in this work. The cost may be too high for the rural dwellers.
3.3.2. SHP-Solar PV-BATT-DG hybrid combination
The hydro turbine contributed 3,023,323 kWhr per year; PV contributed 726,065 kWhr per year
contributed while the DG contributed 524,634 kWhr per year. The DG consumed $233,091 litres per annum.
The Solar PV and the DG sizing values reduced accordingly. This is because of the high SHP sizing value
which has lower annualized cost than other hybrid components. It can be seen from Figure 4 that the hybrid
systems made use of DG during the months of November-April (dry season with relatively low stream flow).
This accounted for an increase in the cost of production due to high cost of diesel. However, between May
and October ((raining season with relatively high stream flow) there were enough hydro sources to turn
the turbine.
9. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, December 2020 : 6214 - 6224
6222
3.3.3. Pumped hydro-Solar PV-BATT-DG hybrid combination
The pumped hydro contributed 5,749,422 kWhr per year and the PV contributed 13,375 kWhr per
year. The pumped hydro-solar PV-BATT-DG hybrid system showed a better improvement in terms of
annualized cost, COE, RF and operating cost. It can be observed from Table 2 that the DG and the BATT
made no contribution to the electricity production. This is because the pumped hydro system produced
a constant supply throughout the year. This is due to the fact that the pumped water was used and recycled.
During low load demand, the water was pumped and stored in the storage system but when there is peak
demand, the water is used to meet the demand. Thus, this resulted in a very low operating cost, and thereby
lessens environmental effects. The cost of generating the hydro is the least when compared with solar PV and
DG. The COE for both the peak and low load demand scenarios was 0.068 (with RF of 0.98). This will
indeed be more affordable to the rural dwellers.
4. CONCLUSION
This work considered the feasibility of integrating SHP plants into an existing water supply dam and
the development of a SHP-Solar PV-DG HPS model for feasibility assessment and optimal sizing of Hybrid
renewable energy system in rural areas. Optimal sizing of the system’s components for optimum
configuration was done using Genetic Algorithm. The hybrid model’s results were compared with those
obtained from HOMER to verify its validity. The developed model simulation results compared favourably
and very close to those obtained using HOMER. This will serve as a guide for the power system engineers in
the feasibility assessment and optimal design of HPS for rural electrification.
APPENDIX
Appendix 1. Detailed parameters of the components [10, 33]
Solar PV specification SHP Parameters
Module Type RNG 160P Nominal power (kW) 96
𝑃 𝑀𝑎𝑥(𝑊) 160 Available Head 21.6
𝑉𝑂𝐶(𝑉) 22.8 Design flow rate 4.33 m3
/s
𝐼𝑆𝐶(𝐴) 9.47 Turbine efficiency 75%
Module efficiency 14.05% Life time 25%
Dimention (58.3×26.5×1.4) m DG Parameters
NOCT 46° C Size 200 kW
𝑉𝑚𝑝 18.6 Quantity 2
𝐼 𝑚𝑝 8.6 Life time 20,000 hrs
Life time 25 years Price 0.884 $/litre
Battery specifications Converter details
Minimum lifetime 4 years
Initial State of Charge (SOC) 100% Size 791kW
Depth of Discharge (DOD) 80% Life time 15 years
Voltage 12 V Inverter efficiency 90%
Efficiency 80% Rectifier efficiency 85%
Appendix 2. Detailed Cost parameters of the components (Initial, replacement and maintenance costs)
Component Initial cost Replacement cost Operational and maintenance cost
PV module 2500 $/kW 2500 $/kW $5
Hydro turbine $430,247 $430,247 $10,308
Diesel Generator 503.08 $/kW 503.08 $/kW 15 $/hr
Battery 1710 $/kAh 1710 $/kAh 76 $/kAh
Converter $8043 $8043 $0
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The authors expressed their gratitudes to all the staff and students of Ekiti State University,
Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria and Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Nigeria for their invaluable
contributions towards the success of the work.
REFERENCES
[1] A. Hepbasli, “A key review on exergetic analysis and assessment of renewable energy sources for a sustainable
future,” Energy Reviews, vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 593-661, 2008.
10. Int J Elec & Comp Eng ISSN: 2088-8708
Feasibility and optimal design of a hybrid power system for ... (Bankole Adebanji)
6223
[2] D. S. Ashok, “Optimized model for community-based hybrid energy system,” Renewable energy, vol. 2,
pp. 1155-1164, 2007
[3] S. K. Ramoji and B. J. Kumar, “Optimal economical sizing of a PV-wind hybrid energy system using genetic
algorithm and teaching learning based optimization,” International Journal of Avanced Research in Electrical,
Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering, vol. 2, pp. 34-56, 2014.
[4] T. R. Ayodele and A. S. O. Ogunjuyigbe, “Mathemathical methods and software tools for designing and economic
analysis for hybrid energy systems,” International Journal of Renewable Energy, vol. 9 pp. 57-68, 2014.
[5] A. Acakpovi, “Original framework for optimizing hybrid energy supply,” Journal of Energy, vol. 2, pp. 1-10, 2016.
[6] M. Kdair Abd, “Economic viability and profitability assessments of WECS,” International Journal of Electrical
and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 10, no. 2, pp. 1220-1228, 2020.
[7] A. B. Esan, A. F. Agbetuyi, O. Ogboreda, K. Ogbeide, A. A. Awelewa and A. E. Afolabi, “Reliability assessment
of islanded hybrid PV-DG-BATT system for a typical rural community in Nigeria,” Heliyon, pp. 1-13, 2020.
[8] Nigeria Energy Forum, “Accelerating access to sustainable energy for all-scaling up sustainable ruralelectrification
in Nigeria,” Lagos, 17th-18th April, 2018.
[9] D. E. Babatunde, O. M. Babatunde, M. U. Emozemuwire, I. H. Denwigwe, T. E. Okharedia and O. J. Omodora,
“Feasibility analysis of an off-grid photovoltaic-battery energy system for a farm facility,” International Journal of
Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 10, no. 3, pp. 2874-2883, 2020.
[10] B. Adebanji, “Development of a hybrid power system model for rural electrification,” an unpublished Ph.D thesis
submitted to the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology,
Ogbomoso, Nigeria, 2019.
[11] A. Beluco, C. P. Colvara, I. E. Texeira and A. Beluco, “Feasibility study for power generation duringpPeak hours
with a hybrid system in a recycled paper mill,” Computational Water, Energy and Environmental Engineering,
vol. 2, pp. 45-53, 2013.
[12] A. S. O. Ogunjuyigbe, T. R. Ayodele, and O. A. Akinola, “Optimal allocation and sizing of PV/wind/split-
DG/BATThybrid system for minimizing life cycle cost,carbon emission and dump energy of remote residential
building,” Applied Energy, vol. 9, pp. 153-171, 2016.
[13] V.A. Ani,and A.N. Nseako, “Potentials of optimized hybrid system in powering off-gridmacro base transmitter
station site,” International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, vol. 3, pp. 861-871, 2013.
[14] P. Suhane, S. Rangneker and A. Mittel, “Optimal sizing of hybrid energy system using ant colony optimization,”
International Journal of Renewable Energy Research, vol. 4, pp. 683-688, 2014.
[15] T. Honerica and H. Tawanda, “A technical model for optimizing PV/diesel/battery hybrid power systems,” CSIR
Proceedings Science real and Relevant Conference, pp. 23-34, 2010.
[16] Koutroulis, E., Kolokosa, D., Potirakis, A., and kalaitzakis, K., “Methodology for optimal sizing of stand alone
photovoltaic/wind-generator systems using genetic algorithms,” Solar Energy, vol. 80, no. 2, pp. 1072-1088, 2006
[17] R. J. Kumar and M. S. Kalavathi, “Optimal sizing of Satin Bowerbird optimization,” International Journal of
Innovative Technology and Exploringgrid-connected hybrid PV/wind/battery power system using Engineering,
vol. 8, no. 4, 2019.
[18] H. Hildebrand, ”Planning tool for small hydropower development,” Presented at the Technical University of
Georgia in Tbilis on behalf of UNESCO at the International Hydropower Association, pp. 23-57, 1997.
[19] T. Khatib, A. Mohammed and K.Sopian,“A software tool for optimal sizing of PV systems in Malaysia,” Modelling
and Simulations in Engineering, vol. 3, no. 2, pp. 1-11, 2012.
[20] H. Masrur, H. O. R. Howlader, M. E. Lofty, K. R. Khan, J. M. Gerrero and T. Senjyu, “Analysis of techno-
economic environmental suitability of an isolated microgrid system located in a remote island of Bangladesh,”
Sustainability, vol. 12, pp. 1-27, 2020.
[21] O. Skarstein and K. Ulhen, “Design considerations with respect to long term diesel saving in wind/diesel plants,”
Wind Engineering, vol. 13, pp. 136-142, 1989
[22] S. Barakat, M. M. Samy, M. B. Eteiba and Wabi, “Viability study of grid-connected PV/wind/biomass hybrid
energy system for small village in Egypt,” vol. 2, no. 2, pp. 1-5, 2016.
[23] G. Z. Somano and G. Shunki, “Design and modeling of hybrid PV-micro hydro power generation case study Jimma
zone,” American Journal of Electrical Power and Energy System, vol. 2, pp. 43-48, 2017.
[24] V. M. Jyothi, T. V. Muni and SVNL Lalithna, “An optimal energy management system for PV/battery stand
alone,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 6, no. 6, pp. 2538-2544, 2016.
[25] A.Vahabzadeh, F. Separi, M. Samkush and M. Jafari ”Optimal sizing of hybrid energy resources for electricity
distant rural areas of Iran,” CIRD Workshop-Lisbon, pp. 29-30, 2007
[26] S. A. Shezen, S. J. Wei, M. A. Kibria, K. R. Ullan, R. Saidu, W. T. Chong and R. K. Akitur, “Performance analysis
of an off grid wind-PV-DG-BATT hybrid energy system feasible for remote area,” Journal of CleanerProduction,
vol. 4, no. 1, pp. 121-132, 2016.
[27] K. Merugaperumal, D. Ajay and P. Raj, “Feasibility design and techno-economic analysis of hybrid renewable
energy system for rural electrification,” Solar Energy, vol. 188, pp. 1068-1083, 2019.
[28] O. Kour, “Technical and economic analysis of a hybrid power system: A case study for a village in India,” International
Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology, vol. 6, no. 5, pp. 2043-2049, 2019.
[29] Hungxing, “Optimal sizing method for stand-alone hybrid solar-wind system with LPSP technology by using
genetic algorithm,” Solar Energy, vol. 82, pp. 354-367, 2008.
[30] A. K. Dauid, “Simulation of a hybrid power system consisting of wind turbine, PV, storage battery and diesel
generator; Design, optimization and economical evaluation,” International Journal of Energy Engineering,
pp. 56-61, 2011.
11. ISSN: 2088-8708
Int J Elec & Comp Eng, Vol. 10, No. 6, December 2020 : 6214 - 6224
6224
[31] S. R. Salkuti, “Optimal operation management of grid-connected microgrids under uncertainty,” Indonesian
Journal of Electrical and Computer Science (IJEECS), vol. 16, no. 3, pp. 1163-1170, 2019.
[32] BORDA, “Benin-Owena River Basin Development Authority,” Hydrological Year Book, 2011
[33] FMWR, “Pre-feasibility reports on SHP projects,” Federal Ministry of Water Resources-Benin-Owena River Basin
Development Authority, pp. 1-54, 2007.
[34] A. Al-Garallah, “Design of a pumped hydroelectric energy storage (PHES) system for Jordan,” Jordan University, 2017.
[35] R. T. Thahab and A. T. Thahab, “Electrical power generation through concentratedsolar technology for
Southern Cities of Iraq,” International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE), vol. 10, no. 4,
pp. 3789-3800, 2020.
[36] HOMER, “The micropower optimization model, Homer, Energy,” Version 268, 2009.
BIOGRAPHIES OF AUTHORS
Bankole Adebanji received the degree of B.Eng. in Electrical and Electronic Engineering in
1997 from the then Ondo State University, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti State, Nigeria (now Ekiti State
University, Ado-Ekiti ), M.Tech. degree (Electronic and Electrical Engineering) and Ph.D degree
( Power System Engineering and Machine) from Ladoke Akintola University of Technology
(LAUTECH), Ogbomoso, Nigeria in 2010 and 2019 respectively. His researh interest are
Renewable energy, Power system engineering, Hybrid, Small hydro and optimization. He is
a resgistered COREN Engineer and a member of Nigerian Society of Engineers (MNSE). He is
currently lecturing in the Electrical and Electronic Engineering department of Ekiti State
University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria.
Adepoju Gafari A. received the degree of B.Tech. in Electronic and Electrical Engineering
from the Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso in 1997; M.Sc. degree from
University of Lagos and Ph.D. from Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso in
1999 and 2011 respectively. He is currently a Professor of power system Engineering in
the Department of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Ladoke Akintola University of
Technology, Ogbomoso. His research interests are: power system Engineering and Machines;
Power Electronic Converters and Electric Drives; and Renewable Energy Engineering.
Olulope P.K had been a University lecturer since June 2002 till date at the Ekiti State
University, Nigeria. He completed his Doctoral degree in Power System Engineering from
the University of Cape Town, South Africa. He completed his Master degree program (M.Eng.)
in Electrical and Electronic Engineering from the University of Benin, Edo State, Nigeria and
Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng) at Ekiti State University in 2005 and 2002 respectively. He is
a registered member of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), a registered
member of the Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN) and the Nigeria
Society of Engineers (NSE).His Research interest is on the application of Computational
intelligence to power system, integration of renewable energy and distributed generation into
power grid.
Fasina Emmanuel Taiwo received B. Eng. from Ekiti State University Ado Ekiti, Nigeria in
1998 and M. Tech. from Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria in
2012. He completed his Ph.D. from Cardiff University, UK in 2019. He is a registered member
of the Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria (COREN) and the Nigeria Society of
Engineers (NSE). He is currently a lecturer in Ekiti State University, Ado Ekiti, Nigeria.
His main interest includes power system analysis and control, Integration of distributed
generation, storage, and electric vehicle into the grid, localised energy systems, deregulation and
electricity transmission pricing.
Oluwumi Adetan holds a Bachelor of Engineering (B.Eng.) degree in Electrical and Electronic
Engineering from the then Ondo State University, Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria (Now Ekiti State
University, Nigeria), a Master of Engineering (M.Eng.) degree in Electrical and Electronic
Engineering (Communication Option) from the Federal University of Technology, Akure,
Nigeria. He completed in 2014 his Doctoral degree in Electronic Engineering from
the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. His research interests are on radio wave
propagation and to study the effects of rain on microwave propagation and wireless
communications systems. He is a registered member of the Council for the Regulation of
Engineering in Nigeria (COREN). He is currently a Senior Lecturer in the Department of
Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Ekiti State University, Nigeria.