IOSR Journal of Humanities and Social Science is an International Journal edited by International Organization of Scientific Research (IOSR).The Journal provides a common forum where all aspects of humanities and social sciences are presented. IOSR-JHSS publishes original papers, review papers, conceptual framework, analytical and simulation models, case studies, empirical research, technical notes etc.
This is my first research paper publication at international journal of advance researches. tittled "Environment and Health Issues Associated with E-wastage"
The document discusses managing electronic waste (e-waste) in India. It outlines the main sources of e-waste as imports, government and private sector discards, and individual households. E-waste contains hazardous substances like heavy metals and brominated flame retardants that can harm human health and the environment if not handled properly. The government and industries both have important roles to play in regulating e-waste and promoting environmentally sound recycling and disposal practices.
This document discusses e-waste management issues in India. It defines e-waste as old or obsolete electrical and electronic equipment such as computers, mobile phones, televisions, etc. E-waste is growing rapidly due to short life cycles and planned obsolescence of electronic devices. Most e-waste in India is handled by the informal sector using unsafe recycling methods that release toxic substances like lead, cadmium, and mercury into the environment. This poses serious health risks. While e-waste contains recoverable materials, the current practices are inefficient and polluting. The document outlines the responsibilities of producers under India's E-Waste Management Rules and calls for better implementation of regulations to promote formal, safe recycling of e-
e waste and its management.
E-waste is electronic products that are unwanted, not working, and nearing or at the end of their “useful life.” Computers, televisions etc.
This document discusses e-waste, which is defined as discarded electrical and electronic equipment. It notes that e-waste is one of the fastest growing waste streams due to high obsolescence rates of electronics. E-waste contains toxic components like lead, cadmium, and mercury if improperly treated or discarded. Developed countries generate most e-waste but export it to developing countries in violation of international agreements. In India, e-waste is illegally imported and then crudely recycled, polluting the environment due to a lack of regulation. The document classifies e-waste and examines its composition and the health effects of some common toxic components like lead, cadmium, and mercury.
The document discusses electronic waste (e-waste) and its management. It provides background on e-waste, noting that it is waste from discarded electronic devices that are quickly replaced due to technological advances. It then discusses several key points around e-waste including that it contains hazardous materials, the short lifespans of electronics contribute to large volumes of e-waste, and that improper disposal can harm human health and the environment. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of proper e-waste recycling and management.
This document provides information about Deshwal E-Waste Recycler, an authorized e-waste recycling company in Rajasthan, India. It discusses [1] the company's experience in electronics sales and motivation for starting e-waste recycling, [2] definitions and types of e-waste, [3] current unsafe disposal techniques, and [4] the company's environmentally friendly recycling process and membership benefits for customers.
This is my first research paper publication at international journal of advance researches. tittled "Environment and Health Issues Associated with E-wastage"
The document discusses managing electronic waste (e-waste) in India. It outlines the main sources of e-waste as imports, government and private sector discards, and individual households. E-waste contains hazardous substances like heavy metals and brominated flame retardants that can harm human health and the environment if not handled properly. The government and industries both have important roles to play in regulating e-waste and promoting environmentally sound recycling and disposal practices.
This document discusses e-waste management issues in India. It defines e-waste as old or obsolete electrical and electronic equipment such as computers, mobile phones, televisions, etc. E-waste is growing rapidly due to short life cycles and planned obsolescence of electronic devices. Most e-waste in India is handled by the informal sector using unsafe recycling methods that release toxic substances like lead, cadmium, and mercury into the environment. This poses serious health risks. While e-waste contains recoverable materials, the current practices are inefficient and polluting. The document outlines the responsibilities of producers under India's E-Waste Management Rules and calls for better implementation of regulations to promote formal, safe recycling of e-
e waste and its management.
E-waste is electronic products that are unwanted, not working, and nearing or at the end of their “useful life.” Computers, televisions etc.
This document discusses e-waste, which is defined as discarded electrical and electronic equipment. It notes that e-waste is one of the fastest growing waste streams due to high obsolescence rates of electronics. E-waste contains toxic components like lead, cadmium, and mercury if improperly treated or discarded. Developed countries generate most e-waste but export it to developing countries in violation of international agreements. In India, e-waste is illegally imported and then crudely recycled, polluting the environment due to a lack of regulation. The document classifies e-waste and examines its composition and the health effects of some common toxic components like lead, cadmium, and mercury.
The document discusses electronic waste (e-waste) and its management. It provides background on e-waste, noting that it is waste from discarded electronic devices that are quickly replaced due to technological advances. It then discusses several key points around e-waste including that it contains hazardous materials, the short lifespans of electronics contribute to large volumes of e-waste, and that improper disposal can harm human health and the environment. The document concludes by emphasizing the importance of proper e-waste recycling and management.
This document provides information about Deshwal E-Waste Recycler, an authorized e-waste recycling company in Rajasthan, India. It discusses [1] the company's experience in electronics sales and motivation for starting e-waste recycling, [2] definitions and types of e-waste, [3] current unsafe disposal techniques, and [4] the company's environmentally friendly recycling process and membership benefits for customers.
This presentation discusses electronic waste (e-waste) management. It defines e-waste as old or discarded electronic devices such as computers, phones, appliances, and more. It then lists sources of e-waste such as small businesses and households. E-waste contains hazardous materials like lead, cadmium, and mercury. While dangerous, e-waste can also be a source of valuable materials like plastics, metals, and batteries. Common e-waste disposal methods include recycling, landfilling, and incineration, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. The presentation emphasizes the importance of proper e-waste management policies and practices in India.
The document discusses electrical and electronic waste (e-waste). It provides information on the sources of e-waste including individual households, businesses, manufacturers/retailers, imports, and the secondary market. It describes the categories of e-waste and the major components. The document also addresses the generation of e-waste in India, the associated environmental and health hazards of improper e-waste disposal, and the opportunities for recycling e-waste to recover valuable materials and promote green jobs.
The document discusses e-waste management issues in Kerala, India. It notes that e-waste generation is increasing globally by 5-10% annually due to rapid changes in technology and affordability of devices. Only 5% of e-waste is recovered. E-waste contains hazardous materials like lead, mercury, and chemicals that can damage health if improperly disposed. In India, 90% of e-waste is handled by the unauthorized sector and most ends up in landfills or being improperly recycled. The Kerala government has partnered with a company to collect e-waste from across the state to scientifically recycle it. Stricter regulations and a national organization are needed to properly manage India's large e-waste volumes.
This is the report created by me as part of the Environmental Course during my BTech degree.
In this pdf, I discuss about the E-Waste. The factors causing it, the health issues due to e-waste, current scenario, potential business model, statistics related to deaths due to e-waste.
Market Research Report :E-Waste Market in India 2012Netscribes, Inc.
For the complete report, get in touch with us at : info@netscribes.com
Electronics and electrical products including computer and its equipments are one of the highest consumed products in India. With rapidly increasing electronics consumption, electronic waste generated by such product has also grown and expected to skyrocket in the coming years. With billions of consumer spread across the nation and e-waste being handled largely by unorganized sector, organized, efficient and proper e-waste management is the need of the hour.
The report begins with ‘Introduction’ section covering overview regarding electronic waste which provides basic idea of what is e-waste, why is it harmful and the needs of managing such waste.
The ‘Market Overview’ section elaborates global & domestic market state of e-waste management. It is accompanied by a plethora of statistical information regarding e-waste in global scenario as well as in India such as global & domestic market size in terms of volume of e-waste generation, revenue generated from e-waste management and other related information. The section also elaborates major global e-waste exportation route denoting source and destination countries.
The section continues with emphasis on information regarding domestic market including e-waste produced in India, projected increase in the same, amount of e-waste recycled yearly, volumes of e-waste created by major electronic products, yearly e-waste importation in the country and other related information. It continues with major e-waste generating products and its hazardous contents which details various products, its components and hazardous contents of each product and component. It aims to provide a basic idea of the kind of e-waste created in the country on a day-to-day basis. The section ends with ‘E-waste Value Chain’ that illuminates the flow of e-waste generating products movement amongst producers, distributors, consumers and recyclers.
It is followed by ‘Scope in India’ section which elaborates on various scope areas and product verticals for e-waste in India. Specific product verticals have been highlighted with information regarding each of their market state and opportunity areas for e-waste management.
Next ‘E-Waste Management’ section covers the basic procedure of e-waste management for a particular company from e-waste management planning to obtaining license, e-waste disposal and documentation. This section also elaborates the basic procedure of electronic waste management in India. Followed by a section ‘Roles of E-Waste Stakeholders’ which emphasizes on essential role each stakeholder must play to achieve favourable results in e-waste management.
The report continues with ‘Drivers & Challenges’ section elaborating the major furtherance & impediments for e-waste management in India. Both the ‘drivers’ and ’challenges’ are equally stressed upon to provide clear idea regarding the probable
In this research paper, researcher has tried to focus on What is present scenario of E waste management in India & What are the procedures and methods used in its handling?
E waste as a problem and its managementSaurabh Patel
E-waste or electronic waste refers to obsolete, unwanted or unusable electronic and electrical devices. Rapid changes in technology and consumption patterns have led to a growing amount of e-waste generated globally each year. India generates around 20 lakh tonnes of e-waste annually, with Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Delhi being the top producing states. Most e-waste in India is handled by the informal sector without proper health and safety standards, exposing workers and the environment to toxic materials. International agreements and national regulations have been implemented to promote the environmentally sound management of e-waste, but challenges remain around enforcement, awareness, and the dominance of the informal sector.
This document discusses e-waste and its management. It defines e-waste as obsolete electronic equipment like computers, TVs, and cell phones. E-waste is a growing problem due to the toxins it contains and risks of improper disposal. When e-waste is burned or dumped, its components like lead, mercury, and flame retardants can pollute the environment and harm human health. However, e-waste also contains valuable materials that can be recovered through formal recycling. Proper e-waste management and recycling can help address this issue in a more sustainable manner.
E-waste consists of discarded electronic items like computers and appliances. India generates about 9 lakh tonnes of e-waste annually, which is often handled improperly. Exposure to e-waste can cause health issues since it contains toxic materials like lead, mercury, cadmium. Current disposal methods in India like acid baths are unsafe. Proper recycling and enforcement of e-waste laws is needed to protect both workers and the environment from e-waste.
The document discusses electronic waste (e-waste) and its impacts. It notes that e-waste is growing rapidly worldwide due to the electronics industry. E-waste contains toxic materials that can harm human health and the environment if not properly handled. The document outlines the composition of e-waste, sources of e-waste generation in India and globally, and the environmental and health hazards posed by e-waste, particularly from toxic materials like lead, mercury, and dioxins/furans released during improper recycling and disposal.
This document discusses e-waste management. It begins with an introduction that describes how electronic waste has increased due to short product lifecycles and advancing technology. Most e-waste ends up in landfills, but it can be partially recycled due to its material composition. The document then discusses how e-waste differs from other waste due to its dangerous and valuable materials. It notes that while recycling can retrieve metals, e-waste recycling is mostly done in Asia using unsafe methods. The document concludes by discussing environmental problems caused by e-waste and technological changes to reduce such impacts.
This document provides information about TES-AMM Corporation (China) Ltd, a company that specializes in electronic waste management. It discusses China's growing production of e-waste and the environmental and health issues related to improper recycling. It outlines the regulations China has implemented to strengthen e-waste recycling, including the establishment of a special fund and requirements for labeling and qualified recyclers. The document also describes TES-AMM's global network of recycling facilities and provides details on some of its key sites in China.
Technologies for Sustainable e-Waste Management SolutionsErnesto Empig
The document discusses technologies for sustainable e-waste management. It begins by defining e-waste and outlining the different categories of electrical and electronic equipment covered by EU directives. It then provides details on policies, regulations, and institutions related to e-waste management in developed countries, which generally follow principles of extended producer responsibility. Initiatives by international organizations to address e-waste management gaps in developing countries are also summarized.
This presentation discusses electronic waste (e-waste) in India. It begins with background information on e-waste and its components. The objectives are outlined as minimizing illegal recycling and promoting safe recycling. E-waste is a growing problem due to its toxic materials like lead, mercury, and cadmium. Management options discussed include reuse, recycling, and disposal. The Clean e-India initiative aims to establish e-waste collection programs. On a local level, students are initiating an e-waste collection program in Nagpur to collect mobile phone chargers and adapters. In conclusion, a national framework and public awareness is needed for environmentally sound e-waste management.
E-waste or electronic waste refers to old, end-of-life electronics that are discarded. India generates around 0.8 million tons of e-waste annually, which is growing by 10% each year. E-waste contains hazardous materials like lead, cadmium, and mercury and needs to be properly managed to avoid environmental pollution and health impacts. Common approaches to managing e-waste include reuse, refurbishment, material recovery through formal recycling, and environmentally-sound disposal. However, in India much of the e-waste is handled by the informal sector, which recovers valuable materials but can also lead to environmental and health issues due to unsafe practices. Improved regulations, take-back programs, and awareness
Today we all are surrounded by huge pollution.They are ready to attack us all together in the form of Air-pollution,water-pollution,sound-pollution etc.Electronic wastes are one of them which are dominating our lives and livings.If it is ignored or under-estimated now then it will be too late for our future generations to get control over it.So we should come all together in a wrestling ring against these pollutions and kick them away from our environment and eco-system.
Lithium Battery & E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling Industry. Battery Recycling as a Business. Electronic Waste Management, Disposal and Recycling
E-Waste
Electronic waste, or e-waste, is a term for electronic products that have become unwanted, non-working or obsolete, and have essentially reached the end of their useful life. Because technology advances at such a high rate, many electronic devices become “trash” after a few short years of use. In fact, whole categories of old electronic items contribute to e-waste such as VCRs being replaced by DVD players, and DVD players being replaced by Blu-ray players. E-waste is created from anything electronic: computers, TVs, monitors, cell phones, PDAs, VCRs, CD players, fax machines, printers, etc.
Electronics (E-waste) Recycling
Electronics waste, commonly known as e-scrap and e-waste, is the trash we generate from surplus, broken and obsolete electronic devices. E-waste or electronics recycling is the process of recovering material from old devices to use in new products.
See more
https://goo.gl/eu3T1A
https://goo.gl/RqkYhF
https://goo.gl/FdTZ14
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
Tags
E Waste Recycling Plant, E-Waste Recycling, E Waste Management, e Waste Recycling Plant in India, e-Waste Recycling Plant Cost, E-Waste Recycling Plant Project Report, Starting an E-Waste Recycling Plant, E-Waste Recycling Business, Electronic Waste, Business Setup for E-Waste Recycling, Electronics (E-Waste) Recycling, E-Waste or E-Scrap Recycling, Electronic Waste Management, E Waste Recycling and Recovery, Environment Friendly Electronic Waste Management, Electronic Waste Recycling, E-Waste Management, Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Recycling & Disposal, Disposal of Electronic Waste (E-Waste), Electronic Waste Disposal, E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling and Management, Battery Recycling, Recycling of Automotive Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Batteries, Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling, Battery Recycling Plant, E – Waste Management Project, e-Waste Management Project Report Pdf, Cost of Setting up E-Waste Recycling Plant in India, E-Waste Project Ideas, e-Waste Management Project in India, Lithium Battery Recycling Process, How to Recycle Batteries, Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Industry, Recycling the Hazardous Waste of Lithium Ion Batteries, Li-Ion Batteries Recycling, Battery Scrap Recycling, Project Report on Battery Recycling Industry, Detailed Project Report on E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling, Project Report on Li-Ion Batteries Recycling, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling
This document compares e-waste management practices between India and the US. In the US, consumer recycling options exist like donating or sending electronics back to manufacturers. Many corporations also offer takeback and recycling programs open to the public. In India, the government should establish regulatory agencies and laws around e-waste. Industries should take responsibility for the waste they generate and ensure proper training for handlers. Both countries need improved practices to protect the environment from e-waste.
A Study To Locate The Difference Between Active And Passive Recovery After St...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Exercise recovery involves a number of Post-exercise Steps that are essential for any exercise
regime, regardless of fitness level, the type of physical activity or the exercise intensity. Exercise recovery does
not take long or require much effort, but it is often neglected. The exercise recovery is mainly of two types one is
Active Recovery and the other is passive Recovery. Active Recovery is the term used for cooling down (with slow
jogging, stretching etc. ) after a high intensive work out and Passive Recovery is Stopping dead, doing nothing
again until he head out on his next run a couple of days later. The results of a study suggest that an active
recovery of 3 minutes between High intensity, short duration exercise bouts significantly increase peak power
and average power compared to a passive recovery, irrespective of changes in blood lactate levels. Several
research studies have been conducted in this specific area in the international level but the effort is supposed to
be weaker with respect to Indian Sport Scientists. Feeling the importance of recovery in the sport field and
considering its application in a wider range or rather as an effort to make it much more acceptable to the sport
society the investigator under the guidance of her supervisor envisaged to conduct the study entitled “A study to
locate the difference between active and passive recovery after strenuous workout.” The subjects for the present
study were 20 male trained athletes from Howrah and Purba Medinipur districts of West Bengal who were
selected randomly from a coaching camp. In the present study, the investigator has considered the following
things such as their – Age, sex, Height of the subject, Resting Heart Rate, Post Exercise Heart Rate, After Active
Recovery Heart Rate, After Passive Recovery Heart Rate. The scholar made the athletes to run 600 mts. and
recorded their Heart Rate just after completion of the workout and also recorded their HR after one minute of
complete rest the same procedure was repeated but in between the athletes were directed to perform active
recovery i.e. slow jogging. From data analysis it appears that the Active recovery is superior in comparison to
the Passive recovery because the recovery range is greater. Thus the scholar arrived at the explicit conclusion
that active recovery is better than passive recovery between exercise bouts or after strenuous workout.
Key Words: Active recovery, Passive Recovery, Strenuous workout.
Link Stability Based On Qos Aware On - Demand Routing In Mobile Ad Hoc NetworksIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that considers link stability and quality of service (QoS) metrics. The protocol estimates link quality based on node mobility prediction using GPS data. It calculates a "cost" metric factoring in link stability and power consumption to select paths with more stable, lower-cost links. Simulation results show the proposed protocol achieves higher throughput and packet delivery ratio compared to existing protocols, with lower control overhead. Future work could incorporate additional link quality metrics and statistical classifiers to further optimize path selection in MANETs.
This presentation discusses electronic waste (e-waste) management. It defines e-waste as old or discarded electronic devices such as computers, phones, appliances, and more. It then lists sources of e-waste such as small businesses and households. E-waste contains hazardous materials like lead, cadmium, and mercury. While dangerous, e-waste can also be a source of valuable materials like plastics, metals, and batteries. Common e-waste disposal methods include recycling, landfilling, and incineration, each with their own advantages and disadvantages. The presentation emphasizes the importance of proper e-waste management policies and practices in India.
The document discusses electrical and electronic waste (e-waste). It provides information on the sources of e-waste including individual households, businesses, manufacturers/retailers, imports, and the secondary market. It describes the categories of e-waste and the major components. The document also addresses the generation of e-waste in India, the associated environmental and health hazards of improper e-waste disposal, and the opportunities for recycling e-waste to recover valuable materials and promote green jobs.
The document discusses e-waste management issues in Kerala, India. It notes that e-waste generation is increasing globally by 5-10% annually due to rapid changes in technology and affordability of devices. Only 5% of e-waste is recovered. E-waste contains hazardous materials like lead, mercury, and chemicals that can damage health if improperly disposed. In India, 90% of e-waste is handled by the unauthorized sector and most ends up in landfills or being improperly recycled. The Kerala government has partnered with a company to collect e-waste from across the state to scientifically recycle it. Stricter regulations and a national organization are needed to properly manage India's large e-waste volumes.
This is the report created by me as part of the Environmental Course during my BTech degree.
In this pdf, I discuss about the E-Waste. The factors causing it, the health issues due to e-waste, current scenario, potential business model, statistics related to deaths due to e-waste.
Market Research Report :E-Waste Market in India 2012Netscribes, Inc.
For the complete report, get in touch with us at : info@netscribes.com
Electronics and electrical products including computer and its equipments are one of the highest consumed products in India. With rapidly increasing electronics consumption, electronic waste generated by such product has also grown and expected to skyrocket in the coming years. With billions of consumer spread across the nation and e-waste being handled largely by unorganized sector, organized, efficient and proper e-waste management is the need of the hour.
The report begins with ‘Introduction’ section covering overview regarding electronic waste which provides basic idea of what is e-waste, why is it harmful and the needs of managing such waste.
The ‘Market Overview’ section elaborates global & domestic market state of e-waste management. It is accompanied by a plethora of statistical information regarding e-waste in global scenario as well as in India such as global & domestic market size in terms of volume of e-waste generation, revenue generated from e-waste management and other related information. The section also elaborates major global e-waste exportation route denoting source and destination countries.
The section continues with emphasis on information regarding domestic market including e-waste produced in India, projected increase in the same, amount of e-waste recycled yearly, volumes of e-waste created by major electronic products, yearly e-waste importation in the country and other related information. It continues with major e-waste generating products and its hazardous contents which details various products, its components and hazardous contents of each product and component. It aims to provide a basic idea of the kind of e-waste created in the country on a day-to-day basis. The section ends with ‘E-waste Value Chain’ that illuminates the flow of e-waste generating products movement amongst producers, distributors, consumers and recyclers.
It is followed by ‘Scope in India’ section which elaborates on various scope areas and product verticals for e-waste in India. Specific product verticals have been highlighted with information regarding each of their market state and opportunity areas for e-waste management.
Next ‘E-Waste Management’ section covers the basic procedure of e-waste management for a particular company from e-waste management planning to obtaining license, e-waste disposal and documentation. This section also elaborates the basic procedure of electronic waste management in India. Followed by a section ‘Roles of E-Waste Stakeholders’ which emphasizes on essential role each stakeholder must play to achieve favourable results in e-waste management.
The report continues with ‘Drivers & Challenges’ section elaborating the major furtherance & impediments for e-waste management in India. Both the ‘drivers’ and ’challenges’ are equally stressed upon to provide clear idea regarding the probable
In this research paper, researcher has tried to focus on What is present scenario of E waste management in India & What are the procedures and methods used in its handling?
E waste as a problem and its managementSaurabh Patel
E-waste or electronic waste refers to obsolete, unwanted or unusable electronic and electrical devices. Rapid changes in technology and consumption patterns have led to a growing amount of e-waste generated globally each year. India generates around 20 lakh tonnes of e-waste annually, with Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, and Delhi being the top producing states. Most e-waste in India is handled by the informal sector without proper health and safety standards, exposing workers and the environment to toxic materials. International agreements and national regulations have been implemented to promote the environmentally sound management of e-waste, but challenges remain around enforcement, awareness, and the dominance of the informal sector.
This document discusses e-waste and its management. It defines e-waste as obsolete electronic equipment like computers, TVs, and cell phones. E-waste is a growing problem due to the toxins it contains and risks of improper disposal. When e-waste is burned or dumped, its components like lead, mercury, and flame retardants can pollute the environment and harm human health. However, e-waste also contains valuable materials that can be recovered through formal recycling. Proper e-waste management and recycling can help address this issue in a more sustainable manner.
E-waste consists of discarded electronic items like computers and appliances. India generates about 9 lakh tonnes of e-waste annually, which is often handled improperly. Exposure to e-waste can cause health issues since it contains toxic materials like lead, mercury, cadmium. Current disposal methods in India like acid baths are unsafe. Proper recycling and enforcement of e-waste laws is needed to protect both workers and the environment from e-waste.
The document discusses electronic waste (e-waste) and its impacts. It notes that e-waste is growing rapidly worldwide due to the electronics industry. E-waste contains toxic materials that can harm human health and the environment if not properly handled. The document outlines the composition of e-waste, sources of e-waste generation in India and globally, and the environmental and health hazards posed by e-waste, particularly from toxic materials like lead, mercury, and dioxins/furans released during improper recycling and disposal.
This document discusses e-waste management. It begins with an introduction that describes how electronic waste has increased due to short product lifecycles and advancing technology. Most e-waste ends up in landfills, but it can be partially recycled due to its material composition. The document then discusses how e-waste differs from other waste due to its dangerous and valuable materials. It notes that while recycling can retrieve metals, e-waste recycling is mostly done in Asia using unsafe methods. The document concludes by discussing environmental problems caused by e-waste and technological changes to reduce such impacts.
This document provides information about TES-AMM Corporation (China) Ltd, a company that specializes in electronic waste management. It discusses China's growing production of e-waste and the environmental and health issues related to improper recycling. It outlines the regulations China has implemented to strengthen e-waste recycling, including the establishment of a special fund and requirements for labeling and qualified recyclers. The document also describes TES-AMM's global network of recycling facilities and provides details on some of its key sites in China.
Technologies for Sustainable e-Waste Management SolutionsErnesto Empig
The document discusses technologies for sustainable e-waste management. It begins by defining e-waste and outlining the different categories of electrical and electronic equipment covered by EU directives. It then provides details on policies, regulations, and institutions related to e-waste management in developed countries, which generally follow principles of extended producer responsibility. Initiatives by international organizations to address e-waste management gaps in developing countries are also summarized.
This presentation discusses electronic waste (e-waste) in India. It begins with background information on e-waste and its components. The objectives are outlined as minimizing illegal recycling and promoting safe recycling. E-waste is a growing problem due to its toxic materials like lead, mercury, and cadmium. Management options discussed include reuse, recycling, and disposal. The Clean e-India initiative aims to establish e-waste collection programs. On a local level, students are initiating an e-waste collection program in Nagpur to collect mobile phone chargers and adapters. In conclusion, a national framework and public awareness is needed for environmentally sound e-waste management.
E-waste or electronic waste refers to old, end-of-life electronics that are discarded. India generates around 0.8 million tons of e-waste annually, which is growing by 10% each year. E-waste contains hazardous materials like lead, cadmium, and mercury and needs to be properly managed to avoid environmental pollution and health impacts. Common approaches to managing e-waste include reuse, refurbishment, material recovery through formal recycling, and environmentally-sound disposal. However, in India much of the e-waste is handled by the informal sector, which recovers valuable materials but can also lead to environmental and health issues due to unsafe practices. Improved regulations, take-back programs, and awareness
Today we all are surrounded by huge pollution.They are ready to attack us all together in the form of Air-pollution,water-pollution,sound-pollution etc.Electronic wastes are one of them which are dominating our lives and livings.If it is ignored or under-estimated now then it will be too late for our future generations to get control over it.So we should come all together in a wrestling ring against these pollutions and kick them away from our environment and eco-system.
Lithium Battery & E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling Industry. Battery Recycling as a Business. Electronic Waste Management, Disposal and Recycling
E-Waste
Electronic waste, or e-waste, is a term for electronic products that have become unwanted, non-working or obsolete, and have essentially reached the end of their useful life. Because technology advances at such a high rate, many electronic devices become “trash” after a few short years of use. In fact, whole categories of old electronic items contribute to e-waste such as VCRs being replaced by DVD players, and DVD players being replaced by Blu-ray players. E-waste is created from anything electronic: computers, TVs, monitors, cell phones, PDAs, VCRs, CD players, fax machines, printers, etc.
Electronics (E-waste) Recycling
Electronics waste, commonly known as e-scrap and e-waste, is the trash we generate from surplus, broken and obsolete electronic devices. E-waste or electronics recycling is the process of recovering material from old devices to use in new products.
See more
https://goo.gl/eu3T1A
https://goo.gl/RqkYhF
https://goo.gl/FdTZ14
Contact us:
Niir Project Consultancy Services
An ISO 9001:2015 Company
106-E, Kamla Nagar, Opp. Spark Mall,
New Delhi-110007, India.
Email: npcs.ei@gmail.com , info@entrepreneurindia.co
Tel: +91-11-23843955, 23845654, 23845886, 8800733955
Mobile: +91-9811043595
Website: www.entrepreneurindia.co , www.niir.org
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E Waste Recycling Plant, E-Waste Recycling, E Waste Management, e Waste Recycling Plant in India, e-Waste Recycling Plant Cost, E-Waste Recycling Plant Project Report, Starting an E-Waste Recycling Plant, E-Waste Recycling Business, Electronic Waste, Business Setup for E-Waste Recycling, Electronics (E-Waste) Recycling, E-Waste or E-Scrap Recycling, Electronic Waste Management, E Waste Recycling and Recovery, Environment Friendly Electronic Waste Management, Electronic Waste Recycling, E-Waste Management, Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Recycling & Disposal, Disposal of Electronic Waste (E-Waste), Electronic Waste Disposal, E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling and Management, Battery Recycling, Recycling of Automotive Lithium-Ion (Li-Ion) Batteries, Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling, Battery Recycling Plant, E – Waste Management Project, e-Waste Management Project Report Pdf, Cost of Setting up E-Waste Recycling Plant in India, E-Waste Project Ideas, e-Waste Management Project in India, Lithium Battery Recycling Process, How to Recycle Batteries, Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling Industry, Recycling the Hazardous Waste of Lithium Ion Batteries, Li-Ion Batteries Recycling, Battery Scrap Recycling, Project Report on Battery Recycling Industry, Detailed Project Report on E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling, Project Report on Li-Ion Batteries Recycling, Pre-Investment Feasibility Study on E-Waste (Electronic Waste) Recycling, Techno-Economic feasibility study on Lithium-Ion Battery Recycling
This document compares e-waste management practices between India and the US. In the US, consumer recycling options exist like donating or sending electronics back to manufacturers. Many corporations also offer takeback and recycling programs open to the public. In India, the government should establish regulatory agencies and laws around e-waste. Industries should take responsibility for the waste they generate and ensure proper training for handlers. Both countries need improved practices to protect the environment from e-waste.
A Study To Locate The Difference Between Active And Passive Recovery After St...IOSR Journals
Abstract: Exercise recovery involves a number of Post-exercise Steps that are essential for any exercise
regime, regardless of fitness level, the type of physical activity or the exercise intensity. Exercise recovery does
not take long or require much effort, but it is often neglected. The exercise recovery is mainly of two types one is
Active Recovery and the other is passive Recovery. Active Recovery is the term used for cooling down (with slow
jogging, stretching etc. ) after a high intensive work out and Passive Recovery is Stopping dead, doing nothing
again until he head out on his next run a couple of days later. The results of a study suggest that an active
recovery of 3 minutes between High intensity, short duration exercise bouts significantly increase peak power
and average power compared to a passive recovery, irrespective of changes in blood lactate levels. Several
research studies have been conducted in this specific area in the international level but the effort is supposed to
be weaker with respect to Indian Sport Scientists. Feeling the importance of recovery in the sport field and
considering its application in a wider range or rather as an effort to make it much more acceptable to the sport
society the investigator under the guidance of her supervisor envisaged to conduct the study entitled “A study to
locate the difference between active and passive recovery after strenuous workout.” The subjects for the present
study were 20 male trained athletes from Howrah and Purba Medinipur districts of West Bengal who were
selected randomly from a coaching camp. In the present study, the investigator has considered the following
things such as their – Age, sex, Height of the subject, Resting Heart Rate, Post Exercise Heart Rate, After Active
Recovery Heart Rate, After Passive Recovery Heart Rate. The scholar made the athletes to run 600 mts. and
recorded their Heart Rate just after completion of the workout and also recorded their HR after one minute of
complete rest the same procedure was repeated but in between the athletes were directed to perform active
recovery i.e. slow jogging. From data analysis it appears that the Active recovery is superior in comparison to
the Passive recovery because the recovery range is greater. Thus the scholar arrived at the explicit conclusion
that active recovery is better than passive recovery between exercise bouts or after strenuous workout.
Key Words: Active recovery, Passive Recovery, Strenuous workout.
Link Stability Based On Qos Aware On - Demand Routing In Mobile Ad Hoc NetworksIOSR Journals
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a new routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs) that considers link stability and quality of service (QoS) metrics. The protocol estimates link quality based on node mobility prediction using GPS data. It calculates a "cost" metric factoring in link stability and power consumption to select paths with more stable, lower-cost links. Simulation results show the proposed protocol achieves higher throughput and packet delivery ratio compared to existing protocols, with lower control overhead. Future work could incorporate additional link quality metrics and statistical classifiers to further optimize path selection in MANETs.
Modified Pure Radix Sort for Large Heterogeneous Data Set IOSR Journals
The document presents a modified pure radix sort algorithm for sorting large heterogeneous data sets. It discusses problems with traditional radix sort algorithms and previous work optimizing radix sort. The proposed algorithm divides the data into numeric and string clusters. It then distributes the numeric data into subsets of equal length which are sorted in parallel using an approach that bypasses certain digits in each pass. String data is sorted by assigning numbers to identical strings. The algorithm is tested on two machines and shows improved performance over traditional radix sort and quicksort, providing sorting times 10-20% faster for large heterogeneous datasets.
Critical barriers impeding the delivery of Physical Education in Zimbabwean p...IOSR Journals
Abstract: This article reviews and analyses the critical factors that have contributed to the trivialisation and
the consequent non teaching of Physical Education in Zimbabwean primary and secondary schools. The paper
analyses and reviews relevant Zimbabwean studies and literature in order to come up with a pattern that
explains the major reasons for the non teaching of this significant, but often neglected subject. The paper also
projects forward by presenting practical suggestions for improvement of the status quo.
Keywords: Physical education delivery, impeding factors, primary and secondary schools, Zimbabwe
Square Microstrip Antenna with Dual Probe for Dual Polarization in ISM BandIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents the design of antenna operating in ISM band at 2.4 GHz. The designed square patch antenna is dual polarized with two rectangle shaped slot inserted on the patch. The FR4 dielectric material is used for the antenna consist of Dual probe feed with ground plane. HFSS software is used for the simulation which shows the result for isolation as 28 dB, antenna gain of 5.96 dB and bandwidth 222MHz. Keywords: Dual feed, Dual polarization, ISM Band, Probe Feed, Square MSA
A Survey on Various Receivers for UWB CommunicationIOSR Journals
Abstract: Ultra Wideband (UWB) is an inherent technology used in current wired and wireless communication systems. These systems share the radio frequency spectrum with narrowband signals and also provide high data rates, low cost, greater bandwidth, good time domain resolution and improved channel capacity. UWB technology has attracted a lot of inquisitiveness in researchers worldwide. There are several challenges in designing a UWB receiver such as channel estimation and interference mitigation. In multi-user environments, multiple access interference (MAI) degrades the performance of UWB systems. To prevail over these challenging issues, an adaptive and robust receiver needs to be designed to alleviate interference in all types of environments. In this paper, the different types of receiver structures like Rake, energy, correlation, suboptimal, near-optimal and adaptive nonlinear rake receivers are surveyed and their performances are analyzed. This survey helps to realize superior bit error rates (BER) and excellent signal-to-noise ratios (SNR). Keywords: Adaptive nonlinear rake receivers, Correlation receivers, Energy detectors, Rake receivers, Ultra wideband (UWB).
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is an open access international journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
A Quantified Approach for large Dataset Compression in Association MiningIOSR Journals
Abstract: With the rapid development of computer and information technology in the last several decades, an
enormous amount of data in science and engineering will continuously be generated in massive scale; data
compression is needed to reduce the cost and storage space. Compression and discovering association rules by
identifying relationships among sets of items in a transaction database is an important problem in Data Mining.
Finding frequent itemsets is computationally the most expensive step in association rule discovery and therefore
it has attracted significant research attention. However, existing compression algorithms are not appropriate in
data mining for large data sets. In this research a new approach is describe in which the original dataset is
sorted in lexicographical order and desired number of groups are formed to generate the quantification tables.
These quantification tables are used to generate the compressed dataset, which is more efficient algorithm for
mining complete frequent itemsets from compressed dataset. The experimental results show that the proposed
algorithm performs better when comparing it with the mining merge algorithm with different supports and
execution time.
Keywords: Apriori Algorithm, mining merge Algorithm, quantification table
Effect of time-of-day specific obese training on body composition and physica...IOSR Journals
The best strategy for management of obese, outside pharmacological interventions, is physical exercise associated to diet. Recent research has discovered that the problem of obesity is largely due to a biological clock and that lipid oxidation is higher in the evening compared to the morning and at night compared to day. The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of time-of-day specific obese training on body composition and physical capacity in obese following a low calorie diet. 20 sedentary pre-obese and obese with a mean BMI of 34.3 kg/m2 aged 20 to 47 years subjects participated in a concurrent strength and specific endurance training for obese. Subjects were divided into two training groups: a Morning training Group (MG: n = 10) and an Evening training Group (EG: n=10). The specific training associated to lower caloric diet has increased physical capacity (17,7% for EG and 15,6% for MG), decreased body weight (7,3% for EG and 6% for MG) fat percentage (19,5% for EG and 11,3% for MG) and waist circumference (10,2% for EG and 8,2% for MG) in both groups. Afternoon training was more effective than morning training on fat loss (24.9% for EG versus 15.9% for MG) and on lean mass variation (+2.9% for EG versus -0.5% for MG).
Physicochemical and Bacteriological Analyses of Sachets Water Samples in Kano...IOSR Journals
Physicochemical and bacteriological analyses of sachets water samples in Kano metropolis were
carried out using standard procedures to assess the quality of such water consumed in the area. Samples were
collected from four different water depots in different parts of Kano metropolis. The results showed variations in
the concentrations of the analyzed parameters in the water samples. The pH values ranged from 6.97±0.20 to
7.25±0.33; Electrical Conductivity ranged from 176 ±0.02 to 282±0.25μS/cm; Alkalinity ranged from 0.17±0.02
to 0.69±0.28 mg/l; Total solids were in the range of 100.30±0.25 to 157.34±0.30mg/l. Total Dissolved Solids
ranged from 67.80±0.30 to 84.70±0.23mg/l; Total Suspended Solids ranged from 15.60±0.36 to75.84±0.02mg/;
Total Hardness ranged from 85.00±0.03 to 103.00±0.20 mg/ and turbidity ranged from 0.60±0.21 to 2.23±0.32
NTU. Escherichia coli (E.coli) were not detected in all the samples. The levels of some of the anions analyzed
ranged from 0.03±0.00 mg/l NO2
- to 7.06 ±0.02 mg/l SO4
2-. Similarly, the levels of some of the heavy metals
analyzed ranged from 0.12±0.02mg/l Cu to 0.71±0.01mg/l Fe. Accordingly, the water samples were colourless
and odourless. In general, the concentrations of all the parameters analyzed in the samples were below or
within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits, indicating that the sachets water were safe for
human consumption.
The document discusses finding positive numbers a, b, and c such that an + bn = cn. It considers two cases: when an + bn is divisible by (a+b)2 and when it is not. It derives solutions for specific values of n and conditions for finding solutions for any n. The key results are:
1) Positive numbers satisfying the equation will be of the form x = k3n + nk1h1, y = k2n + nk1h1, z = k1n - nk1h1, when none are multiples of n.
2) When one is a multiple of n, the numbers will be x = k3n + nk2h2,
Developing Design Cracker Anacardium occidentale (mente) for Home IndustrialIOSR Journals
These purpose of my research was to design the peeled of cutting and made its quality and quantity
of the cracker mente. The method for evaluation was designing and testing several peel models, testing crack
effectively, and testing for its quality and quantity cracker. With developing design craker mente, we found the
cracker home industrial. The cracker mente have developed design a cutting knife with follow the mente’s the
top of the ellipse knife. The length effectively was the maximum produce cracker quality is 8 mm with width
mente average 25-27 mm. The result of the desain knife for cracker mente has to be grade mente quality to
produce to be 79,25% each 1 kg with time peeling take 26 menit, 55 detik.
Kata kunci : Peeling mente.
Numerical Solution of Nth - Order Fuzzy Initial Value Problems by Fourth Orde...IOSR Journals
In this paper, a numerical method for Nth - order fuzzy initial value problems (FIVP) based on
Seikkala derivative of fuzzy process is studied. The fourth order Runge-Kutta method based on Centroidal Mean
(RKCeM4) is used to find the numerical solution and the convergence and stability of the method is proved. This
method is illustrated by solving second and third order FIVPs. The results show that the proposed method suits
well to find the numerical solution of Nth – order FIVPs.
This document analyzes and compares the performance of CMOS and FinFET logic technologies. It discusses key parameters for both technologies including gate area, gate capacitance, channel length, delay, subthreshold leakage current, and power dissipation. CMOS has advantages of low power consumption but suffers from short channel lengths. FinFET addresses this issue with a longer channel gate but higher power. The document provides equations to calculate parameters like power dissipation, delay dependence on input rise/fall time, impact of loading capacitance on gate delay, subthreshold leakage current, and threshold voltage for both CMOS and FinFET technologies.
This document summarizes research on failure factors of ERP (enterprise resource planning) projects in Iranian manufacturing industries. Through interviews with ERP experts and a questionnaire sent to IT, operations, and production employees, the researchers identified the most significant failure factors. The top four factors were lack of sufficient training, lack of management support, lack of financial support, and employee resistance to change. Less than 40% saw lack of experience as a major factor. Most respondents felt that training could help overcome inexperience. The researchers concluded these human and organizational factors were more important causes of ERP project failures in Iran than technical complications.
1. Beniseed (Sesamum indicum) was analyzed for its nutritional composition, mineral content, and physicochemical properties of its oil. It was found to be a good source of protein, fat, fiber, minerals and had favorable oil properties.
2. Rats were fed diets containing either 5% Beniseed oil or 5% groundnut oil for 8 weeks. Both groups gained weight and showed no adverse effects in blood analysis or organ pathology.
3. Histological examination of some organs found minor abnormalities like thickening of lung tissue and changes in liver cells, but nothing significant between the two diet groups. The study suggests Beniseed oil could be a potential replacement for other edible
This document describes the design and analysis of a 4-bit Johnson counter using 16nm FinFET technology. FinFETs help address short channel effects in smaller transistors and reduce power consumption compared to conventional CMOS. The document first discusses the FinFET structure and manufacturing process. It then presents the design of a low-power single edge-triggered D flip-flop using FinFETs. A 4-bit Johnson counter is implemented using four of these D flip-flops in a ring configuration. Simulation results show the FinFET D flip-flop consumes less power and the Johnson counter has lower power and area compared to designs using traditional flip-flops.
This document reports on a study that examined the effects of service quality and product quality on corporate image, customer satisfaction, and customer trust using structural equation modeling. Data was collected through surveys of 149 savings account customers of Bank Negara Indonesia in four cities in East Java Province. The results of the study found that service quality had a significant positive effect on corporate image and customer satisfaction. Product quality also had a significant positive effect on corporate image, customer value, and customer satisfaction. Corporate image was found to have a significant positive effect on customer trust, and customer satisfaction had a significant positive effect on customer trust.
Analyzing Employee’s Heart rate using Nonlinear Cellular Automata modelIOSR Journals
Non-linear Cellular Automata model is a simulation tool which can be used to diagnosis the intensity of the disease. This paper aims to study the Heart rate behavior between normal respiratory patients and healthy controls/unhealthy controls. We also discuss about Heart Rate Variability (HRV) of employee’s through non-linear Cellular Automata model. Cellular Automata model gives us striking results for further studies
This document summarizes a research paper about using sliding mode control to track the maximum power point of a DC-DC boost converter in a photovoltaic system. A sliding mode controller estimates the maximum power point as a reference to force the PV system to operate at this point. The proposed system with sliding mode control is tested using MATLAB/SIMULINK under constant and varying solar irradiance conditions. The maximum power is tracked and delivered to charge a battery, increasing the charging current and reducing charging time. Keywords include sliding manifold, solar irradiance, and photovoltaic system.
Seminar presentation on Electronic waste/E wasteEr Gupta
Electronic waste or E waste may be defined as, computers, office electronic equipment, entertainment devices & many other electronic or electrical devices which are unwanted, broken & discarded by their original users are known as ‘E-Waste’ or ‘Electronic Waste’
This document summarizes a seminar presentation on e-waste. It defines e-waste as discarded electronic devices such as computers and entertainment equipment. It discusses the various sources and categories of e-waste and the composition of hazardous materials like lead, mercury, and cadmium that are found in e-waste. India generates about 4.1 million tons of e-waste annually, which is growing at 10% per year. Current e-waste disposal practices like landfilling and incineration release toxins into the environment. The document advocates for better e-waste recycling practices like disassembly to recover valuable materials and reduce environmental contamination.
E-Waste or Electronic Waste may be defined as discarded computers, office electronic equipment, entertainment device electronics, mobile phones, television sets and refrigerators. This definition includes used electronics which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal.
Excessive Increment in E-Waste System and its Prohibition through Green Compu...Editor IJCATR
In the current scenario, the information and communication technology have made drastic changes in our daily routine like
industries, institution and almost in each field. In today’s world there is a large amount of usage of electronic equipments which are
giving rise to many problems. The energy consumption from such devices also leading to various global warming issues. At the
same time they are leading to many problems like problems of massive amount 0of hazardous waste and other wastes which are
generated from electronic equipment
Therefore here we will discuss about various consequences of e-waste , their effects and management of these toxic ad dangerous wastes
so as to make the process energy efficient and environment friendly
This document discusses electronic waste (e-waste) management. It notes that e-waste is one of the fastest growing waste streams due to rapid technological innovation and replacement of outdated electronics. E-waste contains toxic materials like lead, cadmium, mercury, which can harm human health and the environment if not properly managed. The document outlines the sources and composition of e-waste. It discusses the hazards of improper e-waste disposal methods like landfilling and incineration. The document then describes some e-waste recycling processes and calls for extended producer responsibility and improved legislation to promote sustainable e-waste management.
Introduction- e - waste – definition - sources of e-waste– hazardous substances in e-waste - effects of e-waste on environment and human health- need for e-waste management– e-waste handling rules - waste minimization techniques for managing e-waste – recycling of e-waste - disposal treatment methods of e- waste – mechanism of extraction of precious metal from leaching solution-global Scenario of E-waste – E-waste in India- case studies.
This document presents information on electronic waste (e-waste) management. It discusses what e-waste is, categories of e-waste, toxic components, dangers of e-waste, international initiatives for e-waste management, and the recycling scenario in India. The informal recycling of e-waste in India is highlighted as a concern due to occupational and environmental hazards. Benefits of formal e-waste recycling include metal recovery, conservation of resources, and reduction of pollution.
E-waste refers to obsolete, broken, or discarded electrical or electronic devices. The document discusses the sources, composition, impacts, and proper disposal of e-waste. It notes that e-waste is one of the fastest growing waste streams and contains hazardous materials like lead, mercury, and cadmium. Improper disposal of e-waste through landfilling or incineration can pollute the environment and harm human health. Recycling e-waste helps reduce these impacts and recover valuable materials. Individual actions like recycling old electronics can help address the growing problem of e-waste.
This document provides an overview of e-waste (electronic waste) processing. It begins by defining e-waste and listing some of the common electronic devices that are considered e-waste. It then discusses some of the drawbacks of e-waste, such as security and privacy risks from discarded hard drives and environmental pollution caused by chemicals in electronics. The document outlines the need for e-waste processing to reduce pollution and notes some of the equipment used in processing, including equipment for processing cathode ray tubes, printed circuit boards, and cables/wires. It provides a brief overview of how e-waste is typically processed, including dismantling, shredding, and separating materials. It also mentions some of the difficulties in processing
This document provides an overview of e-waste (electronic waste) processing. It begins by defining e-waste and listing some of the common electronic devices that are considered e-waste. It then discusses some of the drawbacks of e-waste, such as security and privacy risks from discarded hard drives and environmental pollution from chemicals in electronics. It explains that e-waste processing is needed to reduce pollution and conserve natural resources. The key equipment used in e-waste processing is described. Typical e-waste processing involves dismantling, shredding, and separating components to recover metals and plastics. The challenges and benefits of e-waste processing are summarized before concluding with the responsibility of mankind in processing e-waste.
This document discusses electronic waste (e-waste), including its definition, production, composition, disposal issues, health problems, and management. It notes that e-waste includes obsolete or discarded electrical/electronic equipment like computers, TVs, and cell phones. About 50 million metric tons of e-waste are produced globally each year, with improper disposal releasing toxic materials that can harm the environment and human health. The document outlines some steps to properly manage e-waste, including detoxification to remove hazardous components, shredding the materials into pieces, and refining to extract reusable components.
The document provides an overview of electronic waste (e-waste) management in India. It defines e-waste as discarded electrical or electronic devices, and notes that e-waste contains toxic materials like lead, cadmium, and mercury that can contaminate the environment if not properly disposed of. The document categorizes e-waste and details India's e-waste generation rates, noting that Maharashtra and Delhi are the top producers. It also discusses the health and environmental hazards of materials found in e-waste like arsenic, cadmium, and mercury.
This document provides an overview of electronic waste (e-waste) management in India. It defines e-waste as discarded electrical or electronic devices, and notes that India generates about 1.7 million tonnes of e-waste annually, making it the fifth largest producer globally. The document categorizes e-waste and outlines its composition. It discusses the environmental and health hazards of improperly disposed e-waste, such as the leaching of heavy metals into soil and water. The document emphasizes the need for proper e-waste recycling given the large gap between e-waste generation and recycling in India. It provides an overview of the e-waste management process and lists some major e-waste management companies in India.
This document provides an overview of electronic waste (e-waste) management in India. It defines e-waste as discarded electrical or electronic devices, and notes that India generates about 1.7 million tonnes of e-waste annually, making it the fifth largest producer globally. The document categorizes e-waste and outlines its composition. It discusses the environmental and health hazards of improperly disposed e-waste, such as the leaching of heavy metals into soil and water. The document emphasizes the need for proper e-waste recycling given the large gap between e-waste generation and recycling in India. It provides an overview of India's e-waste management process and some of the top e-waste management companies in the country.
This document discusses e-waste management. It defines e-waste as obsolete electronic devices, outlines its various components and generators. E-waste is growing rapidly due to technology obsolescence and contains toxic materials like lead, cadmium and mercury. Most e-waste in India is handled by the informal sector using dangerous practices, while formal recycling is increasing. Effective e-waste management requires an integrated approach between informal and formal sectors along with policies, collection systems and public awareness.
The document discusses the issue of electronic waste (e-waste) and focuses on the village of Guiyu, China as a case study. Guiyu has become one of the largest e-waste sites in the world due to the import of millions of tons of discarded electronics annually from other countries. Primitive recycling techniques used in Guiyu expose workers and the local environment to toxic heavy metals and chemicals. Proper e-waste management and recycling is needed to address the health and environmental problems caused by the rapid growth of discarded electronics.
A Comprehensive Study On E Waste Management: Present Situation And Future Imp...Mosfiqur Rahman
This document provides an overview of e-waste management in Bangladesh. It discusses the environmental and health hazards posed by e-waste, such as the release of heavy metals into the air, water and soil. Currently, informal and unsafe recycling practices are common in Bangladesh. The document then outlines international initiatives and policies for e-waste management, as well as strategies for reducing e-waste such as inventory management, product redesign, and recovery/reuse programs. It notes challenges in Bangladesh include a lack of awareness and proper regulations. Overall, the document analyzes the current situation of e-waste in Bangladesh and potential solutions to improve management and reduce environmental contamination.
E-waste is a growing problem around the world as more electronics are discarded. There are four main ways to deal with e-waste: landfilling,
incinerating, reusing, and recycling. However, landfilling and incinerating e-waste are not ideal due to toxic materials in electronics that can harm
the environment and human health when disposed of improperly. Better solutions are needed to reduce e-waste, such as increasing reuse and recycling.
The document discusses e-waste, which is waste from electrical and electronic goods that have reached the end of their life. It notes that 50 million tons of e-waste is produced globally each year, with India contributing 2.7 million tons. E-waste contains hazardous materials and should not be dumped with other waste. It provides examples of common e-waste items and discusses recycling best practices and the roles of government, industry and individuals in proper e-waste management.
E waste is the serious problem of technology boom in india-convertedserampore college
Electronic waste or E-waste is any broken or unwanted electrical or electronic appliance. E-waste includes computers, consumer electronics, phones, medical equipments, toys and other items that have been discarded by their original users-Waste also include waste which is generated during manufacturing or assembling of such equipments
As per Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management of Wasted published by MoEF & CPCB in March, 2008- E-waste is defined as the wastes generated from used electronic devices and household appliances which are not fit for their for their original intended use and are destined for recovery, recycle or disposal.
In the draft E-waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2010 to be finalized and notified by MoEF e-waste is defined as waste electrical and electronic equipment, whole or in part listed in schedule -1 and scraps or rejects from their manufacturing and repair process, which are intended to be discarded.
As per Basel Action Network (1992) “E-waste encompasses a broad and growing range of electronic devices ranging from large households devices such as refrigerators, cell phones, personal stereos, and consumer electronics to computers which have been discarded by their users.” As per StEP(2005) E-waste refers to “...the reverse supply chain which collects products no longer desired by a given consumer and refurbishes for other consumers, recycles. Or otherwise processes wastes.”
This document provides a technical review of secure banking using RSA and AES encryption methodologies. It discusses how RSA and AES are commonly used encryption standards for secure data transmission between ATMs and bank servers. The document first provides background on ATM security measures and risks of attacks. It then reviews related work analyzing encryption techniques. The document proposes using a one-time password in addition to a PIN for ATM authentication. It concludes that implementing encryption standards like RSA and AES can make transactions more secure and build trust in online banking.
This document analyzes the performance of various modulation schemes for achieving energy efficient communication over fading channels in wireless sensor networks. It finds that for long transmission distances, low-order modulations like BPSK are optimal due to their lower SNR requirements. However, as transmission distance decreases, higher-order modulations like 16-QAM and 64-QAM become more optimal since they can transmit more bits per symbol, outweighing their higher SNR needs. Simulations show lifetime extensions up to 550% are possible in short-range networks by using higher-order modulations instead of just BPSK. The optimal modulation depends on transmission distance and balancing the energy used by electronic components versus power amplifiers.
This document provides a review of mobility management techniques in vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs). It discusses three modes of communication in VANETs: vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), and hybrid vehicle (HV) communication. For each communication mode, different mobility management schemes are required due to their unique characteristics. The document also discusses mobility management challenges in VANETs and outlines some open research issues in improving mobility management for seamless communication in these dynamic networks.
This document provides a review of different techniques for segmenting brain MRI images to detect tumors. It compares the K-means and Fuzzy C-means clustering algorithms. K-means is an exclusive clustering algorithm that groups data points into distinct clusters, while Fuzzy C-means is an overlapping clustering algorithm that allows data points to belong to multiple clusters. The document finds that Fuzzy C-means requires more time for brain tumor detection compared to other methods like hierarchical clustering or K-means. It also reviews related work applying these clustering algorithms to segment brain MRI images.
1) The document simulates and compares the performance of AODV and DSDV routing protocols in a mobile ad hoc network under three conditions: when users are fixed, when users move towards the base station, and when users move away from the base station.
2) The results show that both protocols have higher packet delivery and lower packet loss when users are either fixed or moving towards the base station, since signal strength is better in those scenarios. Performance degrades when users move away from the base station due to weaker signals.
3) AODV generally has better performance than DSDV, with higher throughput and packet delivery rates observed across the different user mobility conditions.
This document describes the design and implementation of 4-bit QPSK and 256-bit QAM modulation techniques using MATLAB. It compares the two techniques based on SNR, BER, and efficiency. The key steps of implementing each technique in MATLAB are outlined, including generating random bits, modulation, adding noise, and measuring BER. Simulation results show scatter plots and eye diagrams of the modulated signals. A table compares the results, showing that 256-bit QAM provides better performance than 4-bit QPSK. The document concludes that QAM modulation is more effective for digital transmission systems.
The document proposes a hybrid technique using Anisotropic Scale Invariant Feature Transform (A-SIFT) and Robust Ensemble Support Vector Machine (RESVM) to accurately identify faces in images. A-SIFT improves upon traditional SIFT by applying anisotropic scaling to extract richer directional keypoints. Keypoints are processed with RESVM and hypothesis testing to increase accuracy above 95% by repeatedly reprocessing images until the threshold is met. The technique was tested on similar and different facial images and achieved better results than SIFT in retrieval time and reduced keypoints.
This document studies the effects of dielectric superstrate thickness on microstrip patch antenna parameters. Three types of probes-fed patch antennas (rectangular, circular, and square) were designed to operate at 2.4 GHz using Arlondiclad 880 substrate. The antennas were tested with and without an Arlondiclad 880 superstrate of varying thicknesses. It was found that adding a superstrate slightly degraded performance by lowering the resonant frequency and increasing return loss and VSWR, while decreasing bandwidth and gain. Specifically, increasing the superstrate thickness or dielectric constant resulted in greater changes to the antenna parameters.
This document describes a wireless environment monitoring system that utilizes soil energy as a sustainable power source for wireless sensors. The system uses a microbial fuel cell to generate electricity from the microbial activity in soil. Two microbial fuel cells were created using different soil types and various additives to produce different current and voltage outputs. An electronic circuit was designed on a printed circuit board with components like a microcontroller and ZigBee transceiver. Sensors for temperature and humidity were connected to the circuit to monitor the environment wirelessly. The system provides a low-cost way to power remote sensors without needing battery replacement and avoids the high costs of wiring a power source.
1) The document proposes a model for a frequency tunable inverted-F antenna that uses ferrite material.
2) The resonant frequency of the antenna can be significantly shifted from 2.41GHz to 3.15GHz, a 31% shift, by increasing the static magnetic field placed on the ferrite material.
3) Altering the permeability of the ferrite allows tuning of the antenna's resonant frequency without changing the physical dimensions, providing flexibility to operate over a wide frequency range.
This document summarizes a research paper that presents a speech enhancement method using stationary wavelet transform. The method first classifies speech into voiced, unvoiced, and silence regions based on short-time energy. It then applies different thresholding techniques to the wavelet coefficients of each region - modified hard thresholding for voiced speech, semi-soft thresholding for unvoiced speech, and setting coefficients to zero for silence. Experimental results using speech from the TIMIT database corrupted with white Gaussian noise at various SNR levels show improved performance over other popular denoising methods.
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The document summarizes a study of different microstrip patch antenna configurations with slotted ground planes. Three antenna designs were proposed and their performance evaluated through simulation: a conventional square patch, an elliptical patch, and a star-shaped patch. All antennas were mounted on an FR4 substrate. The effects of adding different slot patterns to the ground plane on resonance frequency, bandwidth, gain and efficiency were analyzed parametrically. Key findings were that reshaping the patch and adding slots increased bandwidth and shifted resonance frequency. The elliptical and star patches in particular performed better than the conventional design. Three antenna configurations were selected for fabrication and measurement based on the simulations: a conventional patch with a slot under the patch, an elliptical patch with slots
1) The document describes a study conducted to improve call drop rates in a GSM network through RF optimization.
2) Drive testing was performed before and after optimization using TEMS software to record network parameters like RxLevel, RxQuality, and events.
3) Analysis found call drops were occurring due to issues like handover failures between sectors, interference from adjacent channels, and overshooting due to antenna tilt.
4) Corrective actions taken included defining neighbors between sectors, adjusting frequencies to reduce interference, and lowering the mechanical tilt of an antenna.
5) Post-optimization drive testing showed improvements in RxLevel, RxQuality, and a reduction in dropped calls.
This document describes the design of an intelligent autonomous wheeled robot that uses RF transmission for communication. The robot has two modes - automatic mode where it can make its own decisions, and user control mode where a user can control it remotely. It is designed using a microcontroller and can perform tasks like object recognition using computer vision and color detection in MATLAB, as well as wall painting using pneumatic systems. The robot's movement is controlled by DC motors and it uses sensors like ultrasonic sensors and gas sensors to navigate autonomously. RF transmission allows communication between the robot and a remote control unit. The overall aim is to develop a low-cost robotic system for industrial applications like material handling.
This document reviews cryptography techniques to secure the Ad-hoc On-Demand Distance Vector (AODV) routing protocol in mobile ad-hoc networks. It discusses various types of attacks on AODV like impersonation, denial of service, eavesdropping, black hole attacks, wormhole attacks, and Sybil attacks. It then proposes using the RC6 cryptography algorithm to secure AODV by encrypting data packets and detecting and removing malicious nodes launching black hole attacks. Simulation results show that after applying RC6, the packet delivery ratio and throughput of AODV increase while delay decreases, improving the security and performance of the network under attack.
The document describes a proposed modification to the conventional Booth multiplier that aims to increase its speed by applying concepts from Vedic mathematics. Specifically, it utilizes the Urdhva Tiryakbhyam formula to generate all partial products concurrently rather than sequentially. The proposed 8x8 bit multiplier was coded in VHDL, simulated, and found to have a path delay 44.35% lower than a conventional Booth multiplier, demonstrating its potential for higher speed.
This document discusses image deblurring techniques. It begins by introducing image restoration and focusing on image deblurring. It then discusses challenges with image deblurring being an ill-posed problem. It reviews existing approaches to screen image deconvolution including estimating point spread functions and iteratively estimating blur kernels and sharp images. The document also discusses handling spatially variant blur and summarizes the relationship between the proposed method and previous work for different blur types. It proposes using color filters in the aperture to exploit parallax cues for segmentation and blur estimation. Finally, it proposes moving the image sensor circularly during exposure to prevent high frequency attenuation from motion blur.
This document describes modeling an adaptive controller for an aircraft roll control system using PID, fuzzy-PID, and genetic algorithm. It begins by introducing the aircraft roll control system and motivation for developing an adaptive controller to minimize errors from noisy analog sensor signals. It then provides the mathematical model of aircraft roll dynamics and describes modeling the real-time flight control system in MATLAB/Simulink. The document evaluates PID, fuzzy-PID, and PID-GA (genetic algorithm) controllers for aircraft roll control and finds that the PID-GA controller delivers the best performance.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Future of Agility: Supercharging Digital Transfor...Neo4j
Leonard Jayamohan, Partner & Generative AI Lead, Deloitte
This keynote will reveal how Deloitte leverages Neo4j’s graph power for groundbreaking digital twin solutions, achieving a staggering 100x performance boost. Discover the essential role knowledge graphs play in successful generative AI implementations. Plus, get an exclusive look at an innovative Neo4j + Generative AI solution Deloitte is developing in-house.
GraphSummit Singapore | The Art of the Possible with Graph - Q2 2024Neo4j
Neha Bajwa, Vice President of Product Marketing, Neo4j
Join us as we explore breakthrough innovations enabled by interconnected data and AI. Discover firsthand how organizations use relationships in data to uncover contextual insights and solve our most pressing challenges – from optimizing supply chains, detecting fraud, and improving customer experiences to accelerating drug discoveries.
Introducing Milvus Lite: Easy-to-Install, Easy-to-Use vector database for you...Zilliz
Join us to introduce Milvus Lite, a vector database that can run on notebooks and laptops, share the same API with Milvus, and integrate with every popular GenAI framework. This webinar is perfect for developers seeking easy-to-use, well-integrated vector databases for their GenAI apps.
Climate Impact of Software Testing at Nordic Testing DaysKari Kakkonen
My slides at Nordic Testing Days 6.6.2024
Climate impact / sustainability of software testing discussed on the talk. ICT and testing must carry their part of global responsibility to help with the climat warming. We can minimize the carbon footprint but we can also have a carbon handprint, a positive impact on the climate. Quality characteristics can be added with sustainability, and then measured continuously. Test environments can be used less, and in smaller scale and on demand. Test techniques can be used in optimizing or minimizing number of tests. Test automation can be used to speed up testing.
Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
The choice of an operating system plays a pivotal role in shaping our computing experience. For decades, Microsoft's Windows has dominated the market, offering a familiar and widely adopted platform for personal and professional use. However, as technological advancements continue to push the boundaries of innovation, alternative operating systems have emerged, challenging the status quo and offering users a fresh perspective on computing.
One such alternative that has garnered significant attention and acclaim is Nitrux Linux 3.5.0, a sleek, powerful, and user-friendly Linux distribution that promises to redefine the way we interact with our devices. With its focus on performance, security, and customization, Nitrux Linux presents a compelling case for those seeking to break free from the constraints of proprietary software and embrace the freedom and flexibility of open-source computing.
Dr. Sean Tan, Head of Data Science, Changi Airport Group
Discover how Changi Airport Group (CAG) leverages graph technologies and generative AI to revolutionize their search capabilities. This session delves into the unique search needs of CAG’s diverse passengers and customers, showcasing how graph data structures enhance the accuracy and relevance of AI-generated search results, mitigating the risk of “hallucinations” and improving the overall customer journey.
A tale of scale & speed: How the US Navy is enabling software delivery from l...sonjaschweigert1
Rapid and secure feature delivery is a goal across every application team and every branch of the DoD. The Navy’s DevSecOps platform, Party Barge, has achieved:
- Reduction in onboarding time from 5 weeks to 1 day
- Improved developer experience and productivity through actionable findings and reduction of false positives
- Maintenance of superior security standards and inherent policy enforcement with Authorization to Operate (ATO)
Development teams can ship efficiently and ensure applications are cyber ready for Navy Authorizing Officials (AOs). In this webinar, Sigma Defense and Anchore will give attendees a look behind the scenes and demo secure pipeline automation and security artifacts that speed up application ATO and time to production.
We will cover:
- How to remove silos in DevSecOps
- How to build efficient development pipeline roles and component templates
- How to deliver security artifacts that matter for ATO’s (SBOMs, vulnerability reports, and policy evidence)
- How to streamline operations with automated policy checks on container images
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 6DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 6. In this session, we will cover Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI webinar offers an in-depth exploration of leveraging cutting-edge technologies for test automation within the UiPath platform. Attendees will delve into the integration of generative AI, a test automation solution, with Open AI advanced natural language processing capabilities.
Throughout the session, participants will discover how this synergy empowers testers to automate repetitive tasks, enhance testing accuracy, and expedite the software testing life cycle. Topics covered include the seamless integration process, practical use cases, and the benefits of harnessing AI-driven automation for UiPath testing initiatives. By attending this webinar, testers, and automation professionals can gain valuable insights into harnessing the power of AI to optimize their test automation workflows within the UiPath ecosystem, ultimately driving efficiency and quality in software development processes.
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into integrating generative AI.
2. Understanding how this integration enhances test automation within the UiPath platform
3. Practical demonstrations
4. Exploration of real-world use cases illustrating the benefits of AI-driven test automation for UiPath
Topics covered:
What is generative AI
Test Automation with generative AI and Open AI.
UiPath integration with generative AI
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Communications Mining Series - Zero to Hero - Session 1DianaGray10
This session provides introduction to UiPath Communication Mining, importance and platform overview. You will acquire a good understand of the phases in Communication Mining as we go over the platform with you. Topics covered:
• Communication Mining Overview
• Why is it important?
• How can it help today’s business and the benefits
• Phases in Communication Mining
• Demo on Platform overview
• Q/A
In the rapidly evolving landscape of technologies, XML continues to play a vital role in structuring, storing, and transporting data across diverse systems. The recent advancements in artificial intelligence (AI) present new methodologies for enhancing XML development workflows, introducing efficiency, automation, and intelligent capabilities. This presentation will outline the scope and perspective of utilizing AI in XML development. The potential benefits and the possible pitfalls will be highlighted, providing a balanced view of the subject.
We will explore the capabilities of AI in understanding XML markup languages and autonomously creating structured XML content. Additionally, we will examine the capacity of AI to enrich plain text with appropriate XML markup. Practical examples and methodological guidelines will be provided to elucidate how AI can be effectively prompted to interpret and generate accurate XML markup.
Further emphasis will be placed on the role of AI in developing XSLT, or schemas such as XSD and Schematron. We will address the techniques and strategies adopted to create prompts for generating code, explaining code, or refactoring the code, and the results achieved.
The discussion will extend to how AI can be used to transform XML content. In particular, the focus will be on the use of AI XPath extension functions in XSLT, Schematron, Schematron Quick Fixes, or for XML content refactoring.
The presentation aims to deliver a comprehensive overview of AI usage in XML development, providing attendees with the necessary knowledge to make informed decisions. Whether you’re at the early stages of adopting AI or considering integrating it in advanced XML development, this presentation will cover all levels of expertise.
By highlighting the potential advantages and challenges of integrating AI with XML development tools and languages, the presentation seeks to inspire thoughtful conversation around the future of XML development. We’ll not only delve into the technical aspects of AI-powered XML development but also discuss practical implications and possible future directions.
Unlocking Productivity: Leveraging the Potential of Copilot in Microsoft 365, a presentation by Christoforos Vlachos, Senior Solutions Manager – Modern Workplace, Uni Systems
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
In his public lecture, Christian Timmerer provides insights into the fascinating history of video streaming, starting from its humble beginnings before YouTube to the groundbreaking technologies that now dominate platforms like Netflix and ORF ON. Timmerer also presents provocative contributions of his own that have significantly influenced the industry. He concludes by looking at future challenges and invites the audience to join in a discussion.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
Effective Application Security in Software Delivery lifecycle using Deployment Firewall and DBOM
The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
How to Get CNIC Information System with Paksim Ga.pptxdanishmna97
Pakdata Cf is a groundbreaking system designed to streamline and facilitate access to CNIC information. This innovative platform leverages advanced technology to provide users with efficient and secure access to their CNIC details.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !KatiaHIMEUR1
Today, after several years of existence, an extremely active community and an ultra-dynamic ecosystem, Kubernetes has established itself as the de facto standard in container orchestration. Thanks to a wide range of managed services, it has never been so easy to set up a ready-to-use Kubernetes cluster.
However, this ease of use means that the subject of security in Kubernetes is often left for later, or even neglected. This exposes companies to significant risks.
In this talk, I'll show you step-by-step how to secure your Kubernetes cluster for greater peace of mind and reliability.
Securing your Kubernetes cluster_ a step-by-step guide to success !
H01044657
1. IOSR Journal Of Humanities And Social Science (IOSR-JHSS)
Volume 10, Issue 4 (May. - Jun. 2013), PP 46-57
e-ISSN: 2279-0837, p-ISSN: 2279-0845.
www.Iosrjournals.Org
www.iosrjournals.org 46 | Page
Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Management in India: A Review
Dr. Kousar Jahan Ara Begum
Prof. & Principal, BES College, IV Block, Jayanagar, Bangalore – 560011
Abstract: Introduction: Electronic waste, e-waste, e-scrap, or waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment
(WEEE) describes discarded electrical devices. There is a lack of consensus as to whether the term should
apply to resale, reuse, and refurbishing industries, or only to product that cannot be used for its intended
purpose. Informal processing of electronic waste in developing countries may cause serious health and
pollution problems, though these countries are also most likely to reuse and repair electronics. Some electronic
scrap components, Such as CRTs (Cathode Ray Tubes), may contain contaminants such as lead, cadmium,
beryllium, or brominated flame retardants. Even in developed countries recycling and disposal of e-waste may
involve significant risk to workers and communities and great care must be taken to avoid unsafe exposure in
recycling operations and leaching of material such as heavy metals from landfills and incinerator ashes. Scrap
industry and USA EPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency) officials agree that materials should
be managed with caution, but many believe that environmental dangers of used electronics have been
exaggerated.
WHAT IS E-WASTE?
Rapid changes in technology, changes in media (tapes, software, MP3), falling prices, and planned obsolescence
have resulted in a fast-growing surplus of electronic waste around the globe.
An estimated 50 million tons of E-waste are produced each year in the world. The USA discards 30 million
computers each year and 100 million phones are disposed of in Europe each year. The Environmental
Protection Agency estimates that only 15-20% of e-waste is recycled, the rest of these electronics go directly
into landfills and incinerators. EPA estimates for 2006-7.
E-Waste Composition:
The various parts / materials / composition of e-waste may be divided broadly into six categories such as Iron
and steel, used for casings and frames
• Non-ferrous metals, especially copper used in cables, and aluminium
• Glass used for screens, windows
• Plastic used as casing, in cables and for circuit boards
• Electronic components
• Others (rubber, wood, ceramic etc.).
E-Waste Scenario in India:
The Indian information technology industry has a prominent global presence today largely due to the
software sector. More recently, policy changes have led to a tremendous influx of leading multinational
companies into India to set up manufacturing facilities, R&D centres and software development facilities. The
domestic market is getting revitalized due to buoyant economic growth and changing consumption patterns.
This growth has significant economic and social impacts. The increase of electronic products, consumption rates
and higher obsolescence rate leads to higher generation of electronic waste (e-waste). The increasing
obsolescence rates of electronic products added to the huge import of junk electronics from abroad create
complex scenario for solid waste management in India.
E-waste recycling firm started formally first in Karnataka.
Parthasarathy‟s ISO 14001 model, developed with help from Germany‟s GTZ and Switzerland‟s
EMPA uses a simple, indigenous method that manually dismantles goods like computers, printers, cartridges
and other peripherals, segregates and pulverizes, all in an environmentally benign manner. "Less than five
percent of waste generated reaches the organized recycling sector", says P. Parthasarathy director of India‟s first
e-recycling firm, the Bangalore-based E-Parisara.
E-Parisara‟s 50-odd customers are all major corporate, including IBM, Lucent-Alcatel, Hewlett
Packard, Intel, Infosys and Motorola.
2. Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Management In India: A Review
www.iosrjournals.org 47 | Page
Definitions
“Electronic Waste” may be defined as discarded computers, office electronic equipment, entertainment
device electronics, mobile phones, television sets and refrigerators. This definition includes used electronics
which are destined for reuse, resale, salvage, recycling, or disposal. Others define the re-usable (working and
repairable electronics) and secondary scrap (copper, steel, plastic, etc.) to be “commodities”, and reserve the
term “waste” for residue or material which is dumped by the buyer rather than recycled, including residue from
reuse and recycling operations. Because loads of surplus electronics are frequently commingled (good,
recyclable, and non-recyclable), several public policy advocates apply the term “e-waste” broadly to all surplus
electronics. Cathode Ray Tubes (CRT) are considered one of the hardest types to recycle. CRTs have relatively
high concentration of lead and phosphors (not phosphorus), both of which are necessary for the display. The
United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) includes discarded CRT monitors in its category of
“hazardous household waste” but considers CRTs that have been set aside for testing to be commodities if they
are not discarded, speculatively accumulated, or let unprotected from weather and other damage.
Debate continues over the distinction between “commodity” and “waste” electronics definitions. Some
exporters are accused of deliberately leaving difficult-to-recycle, obsolete, or non-repairable equipment mixed
in loads of working equipment (though this may also come through ignorance, or to avoid more costly treatment
processes).
Components / Parts of Computer:
The various components / parts of computers are as follows.
Mother Board, SMPS (Switch Mode Power Supply), RAM (Random Access Memory), Hard Disk, Processors,
Capacitors, IC‟s (Integrated Circuits), Main Board, Magnetic Touching Sheet, CD Drive, Floppy Drive and
Diodes etc..
Components / Parts of Television: The various components / parts of televisions are as follows.
Capacitors, Resistors, Transformers, STR(Supply Transformer Regulator), Integrated Circuits (IC‟s), LOT(Line
output Transformer),Tuners, Condensers, CPT Socket (Colour Picture Tube), Zenor Diode and Normal Diode
etc.
Components / Parts of Mobile Phone:
The various components / parts of mobile phones are as follows.
Lens, internal antenna, aerial, speakers, earpiece, microphone, microphone connectors, loud speakers, buzzers,
ringers, charging blocks, system connectors, chassis, slide mechanism, ribbon cables, sim slot covers, readers,
backup, battery, battery clip, covers, battery contacts, connectors and kea pad membrane etc.
E-Waste Composition:
The various parts / materials / composition of e-waste may be divided broadly into six categories such as Iron
and steel, used for casings and frames
• Non-ferrous metals, especially copper used in cables, and aluminium
• Glass used for screens, windows
• Plastic used as casing, in cables and for circuit boards
• Electronic components
• Others (rubber, wood, ceramic etc.).
Hazardous Substances in E- Waste -Environmental and Health Effects:
E-waste is much more hazardous than many other municipal wastes because electronic gadgets contain
thousands of components made of deadly chemicals and metals like lead, cadmium, chromium, mercury,
polyvinyl chlorides (PVC), brominated flame retardants, beryllium, antimony and phthalates. Long-term
exposure to these substances damages the nervous systems, kidney, bones, reproductive and endocrine systems.
Some of them are carcinogenic and neurotoxic. A study conducted by Greenpeace in 2005 in electronic
recycling yards in Delhi clearly indicates the presence of high levels of hazardous chemicals including dioxins
and furans in the areas where this primitive / unauthorized recycling takes place. Disposal of e-wastes is a
critical problem faced and poses a threat to both health and vital components of the ecosystem. There are
number of channels through which e-waste goes to the environment. E-waste that is land filled produces
contaminated leachates, which eventually pollute the groundwater. Acids and sludge obtained from melting
computer chips, if disposed on the ground causes acidification of soil, leading to contamination of water
resources. Incineration of e-wastes can emit toxic fumes and gases, thereby polluting the surrounding air.
Improper recycling and recovery methods can have major impacts on the environment. Crude forms of
dismantling can often lead to toxic emissions, which pollute the air and there by also expose the workers to the
harmful materials. The most dangerous form of recycling and recovery from e-waste is the open air burning of
3. Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Management In India: A Review
www.iosrjournals.org 48 | Page
circuit boards (made of plastic) in order to recover copper and other metals. Extraction of metals through acid
bath method or through mercury amalgamation also contributes to environmental degradation.
The toxic materials present in the equipments can be environmental as well as health hazard. Mercury
will leach when certain electronic devices, such as circuit breakers are destroyed. Not only does the leaching of
mercury poses problems, the vaporization of metallic mercury and dimethylene mercury is also of concern. The
same is true for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) from condensers. When brominated flame retardant plastic or
cadmium containing plastics are land filled, both polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) and cadmium may
leach into the soil and groundwater. It has been found that significant amounts of lead are dissolved from broken
lead containing glass, such as the cone glass of cathode ray tubes, gets mixed with acid waters and are a
common occurrence in landfills. The rapid growth and faster change in modules of computers, cell phones and
consumer electronics becomes major issue that enhances the amount of e-waste generation. Hazardous
substances their occurrences and impact on environment and human health is as follows.
Table No. 1.1
Hazardous Substances, their Occurrences and Impacts on Environment and Human Health
Substance Occurrence in e-waste Environmental and Health relevance
PCB (polychlorinated
biphenyls)
Condensers, transformers Cause cancer, effects on the immune
system, reproductive system, nervous
system, endocrine system and other
health effects. Persistent and
bioaccumulataion
TBBA (tetrabromo-
bisphenol-A) • PBB
(polybrominated
biphenyls) • PBDE
(polybrominated
diphenyl ethers)
fire retardants for plastics
(thermoplastic components, cable
insulation) TBBA is presently the
most widely used flame retardant in
printed wiring boards and covers for
components
can cause long-term period injuries to
health acutely poisonous when burned
Chlorofluorocarbon
(CFC)
Cooling unit, insulation foam Combustion of halogenated substances
may cause toxic emissions.
PVC (polyvinyl
chloride)
cable insulation High temperature processing of cables
may release chlorine, which is
converted
to dioxins and furans.
Arsenic small quantities in the form of
gallium arsenide within light
emitting diodes
acutely poisonous and on a long-term
perspective injurious to health
Barium Getters in CRT may develop explosive gases
(hydrogen)
if wetted
Beryllium power supply boxes which contain
silicon controlled rectifiers,
beamline components
Harmful if inhaled
Cadmium rechargeable NiCd-batteries,
fluorescent layer (CRTscreens),
printer inks and toners .
acutely poisonous and injurious to
health
on a long-term perspective
Chromium VI data tapes, floppy-disks acutely poisonous and injurious to
health
on a long-term perspective causes
allergic reactions
Gallium arsenide light-emitting diode (LED) injurious to health
Lead CRT screens, batteries, printed
wiring boards
causes damage to the nervous system,
circulatory system, kidneys causes
learning disabilities in children
Lithium Li-batteries may develop explosive gases
(hydrogen)
if wetted
Mercury is found in the fluorescent lamps
that provide backlighting in LCDs,
in some alkaline batteries and
mercury wetted switches
acutely poisonous and injurious to
health
on a long-term perspective
Nickel rechargeable NiCd-batteries or
NiMHbatteries, electron gun in
CRT
may cause allergic reactions
Rare earth elements fluorescent layer (CRT-screen) Irritates skin and eyes
4. Electronic Waste (E-Waste) Management In India: A Review
www.iosrjournals.org 49 | Page
(Yttrium, Europium)
Zinc sulphide is used on the interior of a CRT
screen, mixed with rare earth metals
toxic when inhaled
Toxic organic
Substances
condensers, liquid crystal display
Toner Dust toner cartridges for laser printers /
copiers
Health risk when dust is inhaled risk of
explosion
(Source: Report on Assessment of Electronic Wastes in Mumbai-Pune Area- MPCB, March 2007)
Initiatives in E Waste Management:
The Secretariat of the Basal Convention (SBC) has taken a number of initiatives in e-waste
management. A pilot project on e-waste management in the Asia and the Pacific Region has been supported by
SBC in which India is participating. SBC has also facilitated a Mobile Phone Partnership Program (MP3) with
public private partnership. The MP3 has evolved guidelines for environmentally sound management and trans
boundary movement of mobile phones. GTZ and MAIT carried out two studies on E- Waste Generation,
Disposal and Recycling of Electronic Waste in Delhi and also in other parts of India.
The Department of Information Technology has implemented a project on
“Environmental Management in Semiconductor and Printed Circuit Board Industry in India” in
association with United Nations Environment Program (UNEP). The electronic production processes were
evaluated to explore environmental implications, promote cleaner production technologies and reduction of
hazardous substances in the electronic products.
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) with the help of IRG-Systems South Asia Private Limited
(IRGSSA) prepared a status report on “ Management, Handling and Practices of E Waste Recycling in Delhi”
during 2004- 2005. Based on these studies it was realized that guidelines for Environmentally Sound
Management (ESM) of E-Waste is very much essential. As a first step towards ESM, guidelines have been
published. The Hazardous Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 1989 and amended in 2000
and 2003. These rules have been notified under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 which talk about e-waste
also.The Hazardous Waste (Management, Handling and Trans boundary Movement) Rules, 2008 has been
notified under Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. This rule also deals with e-waste.
E-Waste Scenario in India:
The Indian information technology industry has a prominent global presence today largely due to the
software sector. More recently, policy changes have led to a tremendous influx of leading multinational
companies into India to set up manufacturing facilities, R&D centres and software development facilities. The
domestic market is getting revitalized due to buoyant economic growth and changing consumption patterns.
This growth has significant economic and social impacts. The increase of electronic products, consumption rates
and higher obsolescence rate leads to higher generation of electronic waste (e-waste). The increasing
obsolescence rates of electronic products added to the huge import of junk electronics from abroad create
complex scenario for solid waste management in India.
At the consumer end disposal of e-waste or used product is a big issue. In India computers and
peripherals are recycled / reused much more than they are in developed countries. Till the last decade
affordability of computers was limited to only a socio- economically advantaged section of the population.
In Indian Scenario, electronics industry has emerged as the fastest growing segment both in terms of production
and exports. The share of software services in electronics and IT sector has gone up from 38.7% in 1998-99 to
61.8% in 2003-04. A review of the industry statistics show that in 1990-91, hardware accounted for nearly 50%
of total revenues while software‟s share was 22%. The scenario changed by 1994-95, with hardware share
falling to 38% and software‟s share rising to 41%. This shift in the IT industry began with liberalization, and
the opening up of Indian markets together with which there was a change in India‟s import policies vis-à-vis
hardware leading to substitution of domestically produced hardware by imports. Since the early 1990s, the
software industry has been growing at a compound annual growth rate of over 46% (supply chain management,
1999). Output of computers in value terms, for example, increased by 36.0, 19.7 and 57.6% in 2000-01, 2002-
2003, and 2003-04, respectively. Within this segment, the IT industry is prime mover with an annual growth
rate of 42.4% between 1995 and 2000. By the end of financial year 2005-06, India had an installed bae of 4.64
million desktops, about 431 thousand notebooks and 89 thousand servers. According to the estimates made by
Manufacturers Association of Information Technology (MAIT) the Indian PC industry is growing at a 25%
compounded annual growth rate.
The e-waste inventory based on this obsolescence and rate and installed base in India for the year 2005
has been estimated to be 146180-00 tonnes. This is expected to exceed 8,00,000 tonnes by 2012. There is a
lack of authentic and comprehensive data on e-waste availability for domestic generation of e-waste and the
various State Pollution Controls Boards have initiated the exercise to collect data on e-waste generation.
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Sixty-five cities in India generate more than 60% of the total e-waste generated in India. Ten states generate
70% of the total e-waste generated in India. Maharashtra ranks first followed by Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarath, Madya Pradesh and Punjab in the list of e-waste
generating states in India. Among top ten cities generating e-waste, Mumbai ranks first followed by Delhi,
Bangalore, Chinnai, Kolkata, Ahmedabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Surat and Nagpur. There are two small e-waste
dismantling facilities are functioning in Chinnai and Bangalore. There is no large scale organized e-waste
recycling facility in India and the entire recycling exists in un-organised sector.
The Indian information technology industry has a prominent global presence today largely due to the
software sector. More recently, policy changes have led to a tremendous influx of leading multinational
companies into India to set up manufacturing facilities, R&D centres and software development facilities. The
domestic market is getting revitalized due to buoyant economic growth and changing consumption patterns.
This growth has significant economic and social impacts. The increase of electronic products, consumption rates
and higher obsolescence rate leads to higher generation of electronic waste (e-waste). The increasing
obsolescence rates of electronic products added to the huge import of junk electronics from abroad create
complex scenario for solid waste management in India.
At the consumer end disposal of e-waste or used product is a big issue. In India computers and
peripherals are recycled / reused much more than they are in developed countries. Till the last decade
affordability of computers was limited to only a socio-economically advantaged section of the population.
Resale and reuse of computers continues to be high as does dependency on assembled machines. No reliable
figures are available as yet to quantify the e-waste generation. Increasingly as computers are becoming more
affordable and there is greater access to technology, the turnover of machines could definitely be higher. Apart
from the consumer end, another source of more obsolete computers in the market is from the large software
industry where use of cutting edge technology, greater computing speed and efficiency necessarily increase the
rate of obsolescence. In the same way as the standard of living is growing high / dealers are providing monthly
payment/ instalment facilities / banks are providing loans in a comparatively easy way, affordability of
televisions, mobile phones and other house hold appliances are enormously increasing. As the consumption
pattern increases, e- waste generation also increases. The top ten States and Cities in India generating e- waste
are as follows.
Table no. 1.2
The top ten States in India generating e- waste are as follows.
E-Waste / WEEE Generation in Top Ten States
S. No. States WEEE(Tones) Percentage %
1. Maharashtra 20270.59 18.49
2. Tamil Nadu 13486.24 12.30
3. Andhra Pradesh 12780.33 11.66
4. Uttar Pradesh 10381.11 9.47
5. West Bengal 10059.36 9.18
6. Delhi 9729.15 8.87
7. Karnataka 9118.74 8.32
8. Gujarath 8994.33 8.20
9. Madhya Pradesh 7800.62 7.11
10. Punjab 6958.46 6.35
Total 109578.93 100
Source: EMPTRI
From the above table, it is noted that Andhra Pradesh and Karnataka stands 3rd
and 7th
respective in the list
among the e- waste generators. As regards to the cities, Bangalore is 2nd and Hyderabad is 5th in generation of
e- waste. Northern India is not a leading generator, it happens to be the leading processing center of e-waste in
the country. There are three formal recyclers in the South of India (at Chennai, Hyderabad and Bangalore) and
one in Western India.
According to Manufacturer‟s Association for Information Technology (MAIT) report, India in 2007
generated 3,80,000 tones of e-waste from discarded Computers, Televisions and Mobile Phones. This is
projected to grow to more than 8,00,000 tones by 2012 with a growth rate of 15 %. The estimate includes 50,
000 tones of such e-waste imported from developed countries as charity for reuse, which mostly end up in
informal recycling yards either immediately or once the re-used product is discarded. This is a conservative and
restricted estimate. Complex, ambiguous definitions of second-hand electronic equipment has made it difficult
for the customs department to trace, identify and stop the illegal in-flow of e-waste.
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Table no. – 1.3
E-Waste/WEEE Generation in Top Ten Cities
S.no. City WEEE (Tones) Percentage
1. Mumbai 11017.1 24.02
2. Delhi 9730.3 21.21
3. BANGALORE 4648.4 10.13
4. Chennai 4132.2 9.00
5. Kolkata 4025.3 8.77
6. Ahmedabad 3287.5 7.16
7. HYDERABAD 2833.5 6.17
8. Pune 2584.2 5.63
9. Surat 1836.5 4.00
10. Nagpur 1768.9 3.85
Total 45863.9 100
Source: E-Waste Management in India-Consumer voice, April 2009
The authorized e-waste recycling facilities in India capture only 3% of total e-waste generated, the rest makes its
way to informal recycling yards in major cities like Delhi, Mumbai, Hyderabad and Bangalore. This is because
businesses sell their discarded equipment to informal recyclers for quick money without realizing the hazardous
implications it causes to health and environment. E-waste contains over 1,000 different substances, many of
which are toxic, and creates serious pollution upon disposal. Due to the extreme rates of obsolescence, e-waste
produces much higher volumes of waste in comparison to other consumer goods. The increasingly rapid
evolution of technology combined with rapid product obsolescence has effectively rendered everything
disposable due to which e-waste is generated at alarming rates.
Take back Policy in India:
As regards to the take back policy in India, Apple, Microsoft, Panasonic, PCS, Philips, Sharp, Sony,
Sony Ericsson and Toshiba observes take back option at their production plant. Samsung claims to have a take
back service but only one collection point for the whole of India, other nine branded companies do not have take
back service. Two brands stand out as having the best take back practice in India, HCL and WIPRO. Other
brands that do relatively well are Nokia, Acer, Motorola and LGE.
Resale and reuse of computers:
Resale and reuse of computers continues to be high as does dependency on assembled machines. No
reliable figures are available as yet to quantify the e-waste generation. Increasingly as computers are becoming
more affordable and there is greater access to technology, the turnover of machines could definitely be higher.
Apart from the consumer end, another source of more obsolete computers in the market is from the large
software industry where use of cutting edge technology, greater computing speed and efficiency necessarily
increase the rate of obsolescence. In the same way as the standard of living is growing high / dealers are
providing monthly payment/ instalment facilities / banks are providing loans in a comparatively easy way,
affordability of televisions, mobile phones and other house hold appliances are enormously increasing. As the
consumption pattern increases, e- waste generation also increases.
What makes e-waste?
Discarded electronics devices like TVS, PCs, floppies, CDs, batteries, switches, telephones, ACs, cell
phones, electronic toys, refrigerators, washing machines, dryers, kitchen utensils and even aircraft parts.
Computer account for 25 per cent of e-waste.
Why is it hazardous?
Unorganized recycling and backyard scrap-trading from close to 100 per cent of total e-waste
processing activity. About 25,000 are employed at scrap-yard in Delhi alone where 10,000 to 20,000 tonnes of
e-waste is handled every year. There are e-waste scrap yards in Merut, Ferozabad, Chennai, Bangalore and
Mumbai.
Here to 1,700 IT companies, Bangalore is fast becoming a dumping ground for electronic waste
generated by these firms. The city generates 8,000 tonnes of e-waste annually. The pilot project to manage e-
waste without causing ecological damage has been set up with the backing of the State Pollution Control Board,
which would like to see the project replicated in other cities of the country as well.
The business model is simple. Most software firms in the city such as IBM, HP, Lucent and Mphasis
have agreements with E-Parisaraa to collect their e-waste . E-Parisaraa pays these firms for the e-waste and
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brings it to their processing facilities in Dobbespet, in the outskirts of the city. What makes E-Parisaraa
different is that, unlike the backyard handling of e-waste, there is no melting involved in the sorting.
The waste enters the disassembly-line process where it is dismantled and sorted in plastic, rubber and metal
sheets. The leftover printed circuit boards (PCBs) and glass items such as tubes go to the next stage where they
are then cut into strips and powered.
International Scenario in E-waste
Globally, WEEE/E-waste are most commonly used terms for electronic waste. At UNEP web site, it is
cited that “e-waste is a generic term encompassing various forms of electrical and electronic equipment (EEE)
that are old, end-of-life electronic appliances and have ceased to be of any value to their owners”. There is no
standard definition of WEEE/E-waste. A number of countries have come out with their own definitions,
interpretation and usage of the term “E-waste/WEEE”. The most widely accepted definition of WEEE/E-waste
is as per EU directive, which is followed in member countries of European Union and other countries of Europe.
At first WEEE/E-waste definition as per EU directive, which is followed in member countries as per EU
directive has been described followed by description of definitions in Cannada, Japan, USA, Basel Convention
and OECD.
Table - 1.4
E-Waste Generation International
Sl. No.
Country
Total E-Waste
Generated tones/
year
Year
1. Switzerland 66,o42* 2003
2. Germany 1,100.000 2005
3. United Kingdom 915,000 1998
4. U.S.A 2,124,400 2000
5. Taiwan 14,036 2003
6. Thailand 60,000 2003
7. Denmark 118,000 1997
8. Cannada 67,000 2008*
9. India 8,00,000 2012
Source - From various agencies of the different countries, also see references.
(*) This is the quantity of e-waste generated in Switzerland that is physically weighed
Notes: The table above gives only an overview of the quantities of e-waste generated in
different countries. It is difficult to make direct country to country comparisons regarding e-
waste quantities, because each country has as different categories of appliances counted in e-
waste and different methodologies of estimation.
Basel Convention
Basel Convention covers all discarded/disposed materials that possess hazardous characteristics as well
as all wastes considered hazardous on a national basis. Annex VIII, refers to e-waste, which is considered
hazardous under Art. 1, par. 1(a) of the Convention: A1180 Waste electrical and electronic assemblies or scrap
containing components such as accumulators and other batteries included on list A, mercuryswitches, glass from
cathode-rat tubes and other activated glass and PCB-capacitors, or contaminated with Annex I constituents (e.g.,
cadmium, mercury, lead, polychlorinated biphenyl) to an extent that they possess any of the characteristics
contained in Annex III. Annex IX, contains the mirror entry, B1110 Electrical and Electronic assemblies given
below.
• Electronic assemblies consisting only of metals or alloys
• Waste electrical and electronic assemblies or scrap (including printed circuit boards) not containing
components such as accumulators and other batteries included on List A, mercury-switches, glass from cathode-
ray tubes and other activated glass and PCB-capacitors, or not contaminated.
OECD (2001)
WEEE / E-waste have been defined as “any appliance using an electric power supply that has reached its end-
of-life.”
Other Countries
European Union (EU)
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Definition as per EU directive has been described below. Countries, which have transposed this
definition into their national legislations are Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia,
Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Netherlands,
Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.
Ontario
The Waste Electronic and Electrical Equipment (WEEE) regulation under the Waste Diversion Act,
2002 (WDA) was filed on December 14, 2004. The regulation designates seven categories of electronic and
electrical equipment as waste, and targets more than 200 items that could be designated, including computers,
telephones, broadcast equipment, televisions and CD players, children's toys, power tools, lawn mowers and
navigational and medical instruments. Products targeted under Ontario WEEE legislation are given in below.
Table No: 1.5
Products Designated under Ontario Legislation
Priority Categories List of WEEE Products
Household Appliances • Air conditioners
• Clothes dryers
• Clothes washers
• Stove
• Dishwashing machines
• Freezers
• Refrigerators
IT Equipment • CD-ROM and disk drives
• Computers (desktop,
handheld, laptop,
notebook, notepad)
• Monitors (CRT, LCD,
plasma)
• PDAs
• Keyboard, mouse,
• terminals
• Printers, copiers,
typewriters
Telecommunications
equipment
• Fax/telephone answering
machine
• Modems
• Pagers
• Telephones (cell,
cordless, wire)
Audio-Visual
Equipment
• Sound equipment
• Cameras
• Televisions
• Video player,
projector, recorder
Source: Ontario Legislation
Saskatchewan
“The Waste Electronic Equipment Regulations” filed on October 13, 2005 under The Environmental
Management and Protection Act, 2002, defines WEEE/ E-waste as “waste electronic equipment”, which means
electronic equipment that the consumer no longer wants.
“Electronic Equipment” means any electronic equipment listed in Column 1 of Table 1 of these regulations.
This table includes following electronic equipment
• Personal desktop computer, including the central processing unit and all other parts
• contained in the computer
• Personal notebook computer, including the central processing unit and all other
• parts contained in the computer
• Computer monitor, including cathode ray tube, liquid crystal display and plasma,
• Computer mouse, including cables
• Computer printer including dot matrix; ink jet; laser; thermal and computer printer
• with scanning or facsimile capabilities or both
• Television (cathode ray tube, liquid crystal display, plasma and rear projection)
Japan
There is no specific definition of WEEE/ E-waste as defined in the regulatory system.
E-waste is covered under laws to promote recycling within Japan. The two major laws covering broad range of
E-waste items are “The Law for Recycling of Specified Kinds of Home Appliances (Home Appliances
Recycling Law)” enacted in 1998 and “The Law for Promotion of the Effective Utilization of Resources”
enacted in 2000.
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In “The Law for Recycling of Specified Kinds of Home Appliances (Home Appliances Recycling Law)”, E-
waste is referred as ”Used Consumer Electric Goods Discarded by Consumers”. This law covers TVs,
Refrigerators, Washing Machines and Air Conditioners.
In “The Law for Promotion of the Effective Utilization of Resources”, E-waste is covered under “Used goods
and by-products” which have been generated and their large part is discarded. This law covers personal
computers (home and office) and other electronic items. According to this law “Used goods” means any articles
that are collected, used or unused, or is disposed of (except radioactive materials or those contaminated thereby).
“By-product” means any articles obtained secondarily in the process of manufacturing, processing, repair or sale
of the product; in the process of supply of energy; or in the process of construction pertaining to architecture and
civil engineering (hereinafter referred to as “construction work”) except radioactive materials or those
contaminated thereby.
USA
According to USEPA, Electronic products that are “near” or at the “end of their useful life” are referred
to as “e-waste” or “e-scrap.” Recyclers prefer the term “e-scrap” since “waste” refers only to what is left after
the product has been reused, recovered or recycled. However, “E-waste” is the most commonly used term.
In developed countries, currently, it equals 1% of total solid waste generation and is expected to grow to 2% by
2010. In USA, it accounts 1% to 3% of the total municipal waste generation. In EU, historically, e-waste is
growing three times faster than average annual municipal solid waste generation. A recent source estimates that
total amount of e-waste generation in EU ranges from 5 to 7 million tonnes per annum or about 14 to 15kg per
capita and is expected to grow at a rate of 3% to 5% per year. In developing countries, it ranges 0.01% to 1% of
the total municipal solid waste generation. In China
and India, though annual generation per capita is less than 1 kg, it is growing at an exponential pace.
Significance of the Study
• Electronic waste or e-waste is one of the rapidly growing environmental problems of the world.
• Rising levels of penetration of computers and communication equipments is irreversible, but unless we
handle with skill and determination, it will mean permanent disastrous to the world.
• In India, the electronic waste management assumes greater significance not only due to the generation of
our own waste but also dumping of e-waste particularly computer waste from the developed countries.
• With extensively using computers and electronic equipments and people dumping old electronic goods for
new ones, the amount of E-waste generated has been steadily increasing.
• All big metropolitan cities, generates sizeable amount of e-waste.
• At present Bangalore alone generates about 8000 tonnes of computer waste annually and in the absence of
proper disposal, they find their way to scrap dealers.
After the mid of 2009 one formal authorized recycler by name Earth Sense has established its
recycling facility in Hyderabad in collaboration with already existing formal recycler, by name E- Parisaraa in
Bangalore. Although these recyclers do exist but most of the waste finds its way into un authorized recycling
centres / scrap dealers etc. for quick money. The workers are
women and children in most of these units. On an enquiry they informed that there is no health problem but a
study need to be taken up to find the actual pollution load generated and health problems among the workers.
Important Objectives of Environment & Forests Central Pollution Control Board:
Objective of the Guidelines
The objective of these Guidelines is to provide guidance for identification of various sources of waste
electrical and electronic equipments (e-waste) and prescribed procedures for handling e-waste in an
environmentally sound manner.
These Guidelines shall apply to all those who handle e-waste which includes the generators, collectors,
transporters, dismantlers, recyclers and stakeholders of e-wastes irrespective of their scale of operation.
In India, there are no specific environmental laws or Guidelines for e-waste. None of the existing environmental
laws have any direct reference to electronic waste or refer to its handling as hazardous in nature. However
several provisions of these laws may apply to various aspects of electronic wastes. Since e-waste or its
constituents fall under the category of “hazardous” and “non-hazardous waste”, they shall be covered under the
purview of “The HAZARDOUS Waste Management Rules, 2003”.
Composition of e-waste is very diverse and differs in products across different categories. Broadly, it consists
of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, plastic, glass, wood & plywood, printed circuit boards, concrete and
ceramics, rubber and other items. Iron and steel constitutes about 50% of the e-waste followed by plastics
(21%). Non-ferrous metals (13%) and other constituents. Non-ferrous metals consist of metals like copper,
aluminum and precious metals e.g., silver, gold, platinum, palladium etc. The presence of elements like lead
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mercury, arsenic, cadmium, selenium and hexavalent chromium and flame retardants beyond threshold
quantities in e-waste classifies them as hazardous waste.
The e-waste inventory based on this obsolescence rate and installed base in India for the year 2005 has
been estimated to be 146180.00 tones. This is expected to exceed 8, 00,000 tones by 2012. There is a lack of
authentic and comprehensive data on e-waste availability for domestic generation of e-waste and the various
State Pollution Control Boards have initiated the exercise to collect data on e-waste generation.
Sixty-five cities in India generate more than 60% of the total e-waste generated in India. Ten states generate
70% of the total e-waste generated in India. Maharashtra ranks first followed by Tamil Nadu, Andhra Pradesh,
Uttar Pradesh, West Bengal, Delhi, Karnataka, Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh and Punjab in the list of e-waste
generating states in India. Among top ten cities generating e-waste, Mumbai ranks first followed by Delhi,
Bangalore, Chennai, Kolkata, Ahmadabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Surat and Nagpur.
All the three levels of e-waste treatment are based on material flow. The material flows from 1st
level
to 3rd
level treatment. Each level treatment consists of unit operations, where e-waste is treated and output of 1st
level treatment serves as input to 2nd
level treatment. After the third level treatment, the residues are disposed of
either in TSDF or incinerated. The efficiency of operations at first and second level determines the quantity of
residues going to TSDF or incineration.
The establishment of E-waste Recycling & Treatment Facility shall be in line with the existing
Guidelines/best practices/requirements in India for establishing and operating “Recycling and Treatment and
Disposal Facilities” for hazardous wastes. Such facilities shall be set up in the organized sector. However, the
activities presently operating in the informal sector need to be upgraded to provide a support system for the
integrated facility. This would enable to bring the non-formal sector in the main stream of the activity and
facilitate to ensure environmental compliances.
The procedures for setting up & management of e waste facility shall include licenses from all appropriate
governing authorities such as environmental clearance, recycler registration from Central Pollution Control
Board under HW Rules, obtaining of consents under water act, Air act and authorization from the state pollution
control board.
The Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) is an environment protection strategy that makes the producer
responsible for the entire life cycle of the product, especially for take back, recycle and final disposal of the
product. Thus the producers‟ responsibility is extended to the post-consumer stage of the product life cycle.
This needs to be included in the legislative framework making EPR a mandatory activity associated with the
production of electronic and electrical equipments over a period of time.
These Guidelines are reference document for the management handling and disposal of e-wastes. These are
intended to provide guidance and broad outline, however, the specific methods of treatment and disposal for
specific wastes under question. These Guidelines provide the minimum practice required to be followed in the
management of e-wastes and State Department of Environment or State Pollution Control Board may prescribe
more stringent norms as deemed necessary.
Need for the Guidelines for Environmentally Sound Management
Based on the outcome of the studies carried out and the consensus arrived at the National Workshop on
electronic waste management held in March 2004 and June
2005 organized by CPCB and Ministry of Environment & Forests an assessment was made of the existing
practice in the e-waste management.
REGULATORY REGIME FOR E-WASTE
In India, there are no specific environmental laws or Guidelines for e-waste.
None of the existing environmental laws have any direct reference to electronic waste or refer to its handling as
hazardous in nature. However several provisions of these laws may apply to various aspects of electronic
wastes. Since e-waste or its constituents fall under the category of “hazardous” and “non-hazardous waste”,
they shall be covered under the purview of “The Hazardous Waste Management Rules, 2003”.
Given important objectives and guidelines, the important positive achievements of E-waste management and
recycling are ---
E-waste recycling firm started formally first in Karnataka.
Parthasarathy‟s ISO 14001 model, developed with help from Germany‟s GTZ and Switzerland‟s
EMPA uses a simple, indigenous method that manually dismantles goods like computers, printers, cartridges
and other peripherals, segregates and pulverizes, all in an environmentally benign manner. "Less than five
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percent of waste generated reaches the organized recycling sector", says P. Parthasarathy director of India‟s first
e-recycling firm, the Bangalore-based E-Parisara.
E-Parisara‟s 50-odd customers are all major corporate, including IBM, Lucent-Alcatel, Hewlett
Packard, Intel, Infosys and Motorola.
All players in this field, NGOs, Activists, E-recyclers and agencies are now preparing to go to the Indian
government to request a comprehensive, law on e-waste generation, manufacturing, importing and exporting.
3. "The guidelines issued by the central pollution control board earlier this year on e-waste management are not
mandatory. We want a separate law,‟‟ says Parathasarathy
Policy Recommendations
A major component of the initiative‟s activities is to provide technical expertise for Informed policy
making at various levels. Technical models for the management of e- Waste have been suggested and
thoroughly discussed in various fore, allowing for Incorporating the concerns of the different stakeholders.
Recently, the initiative has
been involved in suggesting models for the management of e-waste in India through A concept note. The main
objective of this concept note is to create a consensus Amongst all the stakeholders in arriving at an acceptable
and feasible solution for India. The aim is also to raise issues that stimulate the necessary debate to fine-tune
The proposed models, paving the way towards a regulated and organized e-waste Management system in India.
The concept note proposes that the various steps in Providing a new direction to WEEE management system in
India is as follows: Conceptualizing and defining the necessary building blocks for a proper e- Waste
management model in India.
Creating a broad consensus amongst the various stakeholders of WEEE
Management system about the viability of the proposed Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) models.
Implementation of the EPR model.
Legislation based on regular monitoring and evaluation of the model.
This concept note focuses on the first step, thereby, proposing the building blocks for An e-waste management
system for India. The optimal model for India would only Emerge after necessary deliberations and dialogue
over the building blocks and a Broad consensus over the roles and responsibilities of the various stakeholders.
Moreover, the note also suggests that these building blocks would be essential for any Suggested model, be it a
Collective Responsibility or an Individual Responsibility Model. The Collective Responsibility Model bestows
the management responsibilities Of the entire system on a collective industry body referred to as the Producer
Responsibility Organization.
The Individual Responsibility Model, on the other hand, Suggests that individual producers design the optimal
management system for the e- Waste generated by their products. Since both models have certain disadvantages,
in Addition to their distinct advantages, a combination of the two models might Constitute the optimal model for
India. However, as mentioned above, the building Blocks for both the models, discussed in the concept note in
detail, remain the same And is the focus of the concept note. One of the key lacunae in the present scenario is
the absence of a regulatory Framework for the management of e-waste. A regulatory framework, besides
being regulatory, is also enabling if the proper implementation body exists. In the case of e- Waste, a proper
regulatory framework would need to enable proper collection and Recycling and to „set the rules‟ therein. Clear-
cut responsibilities and requirements go A long way in ensuring that there is adequate investment by responsible
actors on the Ground and not providing that clarity only continues the chaos. Moreover, as stated Above, the
legal framework needs to ensure the health and safety standards of the People involved in the operations, along
with issues of emissions to the environment And waste emerging from such operations. Several laws already
tackle these aspects, Though there are no guidelines explaining how they apply to e-waste. A first crucial Step is
to look at these existing laws and define clearly their application to e-waste Recycling. A specific legislation for
e-waste can then be formulated to ‘fill the gaps’ Not covered by existing law. Further, it is essential to not only
streamline the existing Set-ups but also attract recyclers who make the recycling process safe and efficient.
Government incentives like providing land, financial subsidies, and so on can go a Long way in ensuring a
viable collection and recycling system. Therefore, any Legislation must be in line with right incentives for the
involved stakeholders. Keeping the objectives and concerns mentioned above in mind, one of the ultimate Aims
of the activities of the initiative is also to stimulate discussion amongst the Various stakeholders for the
development of a regulatory framework that is Acceptable to all stakeholders. The initiative was, and is still,
involved in drawing up The guidelines for the management and handling of e-waste. A national-level workshop
was organized under the initiative to discuss the guidelines. However, at The time, there were no proper
guidelines for the management of e- Waste in the country.
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Notes and References:
[1]. BAN & SVTC/ with Contributions from Toxics Link, SCOPE and Greenpeace, China. 2002. Exporting Harm- The High Tech
Trashing of Asia. (Website http://ban.org/E-waste/technotrashfinalcomp.pdf viewed on 2007/07/15).
[2]. Beary, H., 2005. Bangalore faces e-waste hazards. (Website http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4222521.stm viewed on
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