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![SASIKUMAR VK ; Professor [ BTE ] ,
METS School Of Engineering
KRISHNADAS;
AJAL.A.J ; Assistant Professor [ CSE ] ,
Assistant Professor [ ECE ] , SAHRDAYA CET
FISAT - KOCHI
PAPER TITLE](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ewaste-121104042044-phpapp01/85/E-waste-2-320.jpg)
![Primary vs. secondary ore deposits
Primary Ore Secondary Ore
[g/t] [g/t]
Device PWB
Gold 9 280 1’400
Palladium 5 73 370
Platinum 3 3 14
Source: Empa, Graedel
Gallium 100 23 118
Lithium 7’000-20’000 10’000-20’000 (Battery)
41](https://image.slidesharecdn.com/ewaste-121104042044-phpapp01/85/E-waste-41-320.jpg)
Uploaded byAJAL A J
E waste
This document discusses e-waste and its management. It defines e-waste as obsolete electronic equipment like computers, TVs, and cell phones. E-waste is a growing problem due to the toxins it contains and risks of improper disposal. When e-waste is burned or dumped, its components like lead, mercury, and flame retardants can pollute the environment and harm human health. However, e-waste also contains valuable materials that can be recovered through formal recycling. Proper e-waste management and recycling can help address this issue in a more sustainable manner.
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E waste
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- 2. SASIKUMAR VK ;Professor [ BTE ] , METS School Of Engineering KRISHNADAS; AJAL.A.J ; Assistant Professor [ CSE ] , Assistant Professor [ ECE ] , SAHRDAYA CET FISAT - KOCHI PAPER TITLE
- 4. e-waste: Definition Ar ethose electronic equipments/ products that connect with power plug, batteries which have become obsolete due to : - advancement in technology - changes in fashion, style and status - nearing the end of their useful life
- 6. ELECTRONIC WASTE Electronic waste,"e-waste" or "Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment" ("WEEE") is a waste consisting of any broken or unwanted electrical or electronic appliance. It is a point of concern considering that many components of such equipment are considered toxic and are not biodegradable.
- 7. • Washing Machine • Cartridges • Mobile Phones • Military electronic • Computers • Mother board • Servers • Alarm • Telecom • Sirens • TV • Automobile Catalytic • Calculators Converter • Audio • Sensor • Scanners • CD • Printers • Security Device • Air Conditioner • Microwave Classification: types of e-waste
- 8. E-waste at themanufacturers gates! Photo | September 5, 2005 http://www.greenpeace.org/india/en/Multimedia/Photos/e-waste-at-the-manufacturers-g/
- 11. What is E-Waste… E-Waste constitutes end of life electronic and electrical equipment Hazardous: Contains toxic elements and has to be treated in an environmentally friendly manner Data security: Business, Financial and legal data might be extracted by unscrupulous recyclers Regulatory: E -Waste should be given to only CPCB approved recyclers Source for Metals: Less energy intensive and cheaper source for base and precious metals. Lowers the carbon footprint Sustainable: As the demand for metals is growing recycling would play a major part in ensuring sustainable development 11
- 12. Why is eWastea Problem? Increasing Increased More Human Rapid Consumer More Hazardous Health Technology Electronic eWaste Materials Risks Changes Purchases Landfilled
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- 30. International cooperation ine-waste management Dakar Guiyu Bangalore Bogotá Cape Town 30
- 31. Sustainable Recycling Industries (newprogramme funded by Swiss SECO)) Policies & Standards for Responsible Recycling (global) India South Africa Hazardous substances in Recycling of cooling and freezing (WEEE) plastics appliances Ghana & Egypt Sustainable management of e-waste Life Cycle Inventories (Brazil, Egypt, India, South Africa) 31
- 32. E-waste is thefastest groing waste stream 2012 total: ~45 mln tonnes Source: Huisman 2012 32
- 33. Key message 1 E-waste is the fastest groing waste stream 33
- 34. Key message 2 E-waste can contain hazardous substances and its improper treatment leads to adverse effects for human health and the environment 34
- 35. Hazardous substances inEEE Substance Occurence in EEE Possible adverse effects PBDEs, PBBs Flame retardants in plastics Hormonal effects, under thermal treatment possible formation of dioxines and furanes Polychlorinated Condensers, transformers Cancer, effects on the immune system, reproductive biphenyls (PCB) system, nervous system, endocrine system and other health effects Chlorofluorocarbo Cooling units, insulation foam deleterious effect on the ozone layer -> increased n (CFC) incidence of skin cancer / genetic damage Americium (Am) Smoke detectors radioactive element Antimony Flame retardants in plastics carcinogenic potential Arsenic gallium arsenide inlight emitting skin diseases, decrease nerve conduction velocity, lung diodes cancer brain swelling, muscle weakness, damage to the heart, liver Barium Getters in CRT and spleen Cadmium NiCd-batteries, fluorescent layer symptoms of poisoning (weakness, fever, headache, chills, (CRT screens), printer inks and sweating and muscular pain), lung cancer and kidney toners damage irritating to eyes, skin and mucous membranes, DNA Chromium VI Data tapes, floppy-disks damage vomiting, diarrhea, convulsions, coma or even death, CRT screens, batteries, printed appetite loss, abdominal pain, constipation, fatigue, Lead wiring boards sleeplessness, irritability and headache Fluorescent lamps, some alkaline brain and liver damage Mercury batteries, switches 35 © Empa/Switzerland, 20 July 2009
- 36. Improper treatment ofe-waste (e.g. India / China)
- 37. Issues related toimproper treatment of e-waste Ref: Sepúlveda, A, Schluep M, et al. 2010. A review of the environmental fate and effects of hazardous substances released from electrical and electronic equipments during recycling: Examples from China and India. Environmental Impact Assessment Review. 30(1):28–41. 37
- 38. Example dioxine emissionsfrom cable burning ■ Dioxine emission from cable burning is one of the main issues in many developing countries ■ Observation Accra/Ghana ■ ~200 kg cable are burnt per hour ■ 10-20% from e-waste (rest mainly from cars) ■ Extrapolated to West Africa 3-7 % of total European Dioxine emissions to air 38
- 39. Key message 3 E-waste contains valuable resources which offers opportunities for urban mining and job creation 39
- 40. At least 57elements are used in EEE Nicht gleich Wert (Source: Behrendt et al. 2007) 40
- 41. Primary vs. secondaryore deposits Primary Ore Secondary Ore [g/t] [g/t] Device PWB Gold 9 280 1’400 Palladium 5 73 370 Platinum 3 3 14 Source: Empa, Graedel Gallium 100 23 118 Lithium 7’000-20’000 10’000-20’000 (Battery) 41
- 43. What Are TheToxic Components? www.news.bbc.co.uk Electronic Waste Recycling
- 44. Status of endof life computers
- 45. What’s Inside yourPC ? PVC (polyvinyl chloride) - Cable insulation, plastic cases PBDE's (Polybrominated diphenyl ethers ) added to plastic case wire insulation Beryllium - Power supply boxes which contain silicon controlled rectifiers Lead – CRT’s {screen, frit,neck } PC’s {batteries, printed wiring boards} Lithium - Li-batteries Mercury provide back-lighting in LCD's, in some alkaline batteries and switches
- 46. Lead in CRT’s Ofthe amount of lead contained in a PC, the majority is embedded in glass that makes up the monitor’s cathode ray tube (CRT). A CRT is comprised of a panel (the monitor face), the funnel, the neck and the frit. The majority of the lead is found in the frit, which is the material used to hold panel to funnel The total lead in a CRT constitutes, on average, 2.08 pounds for a 17 inch monitor7 Panel CRT 0-2% lead Frit 65-75% lead Funnel glass 22-25% lead Neck (that holds the electron gun) 28-30% lead
- 47. End of lifeTV sets
- 48. Current e-Waste Handling… Circuit Board Open Burning Cable Burning in Open Acid Stripping CRT Cracking & Dumping All content is the proprietary and confidential property of ATTERO Recycling, not to be copy or distributed. 11/04/12 48
- 49. E Waste RecyclingProcess… E-WASTE SEGREGATION GLASS SHREDDING PLASTIC ALUMINIU NON- IRON M FERROUS NON- RECYCLABLE METALLURGICAL RECYCLABLE PROCESS Pyrolysis METALS CARBON Furnace Oil Gas BLACK All content is the proprietary and confidential property of ATTERO Recycling, not to be copy or distributed. 11/04/12 49
- 50. Pollution control equipments(i) CRT dismantling area hood
- 51. Pollution control equipments(ii) cyclone and dust collector 6 m high chimney
- 52. Storage of hazardouswaste batteries, condensators and tapes CRT glass capacitors
- 53. Modern Recycling Plants Allcontent is the proprietary and confidential property of ATTERO Recycling, not to be copy or distributed. 11/04/12 53
- 54. Occupational safety andhealth equipments fire extinguisher protective glass, and first aid kit mask and gloves
- 55. 1 . Segregationand storage storage of received material
- 56. 2. Storage (i) storageboxes for large size segregated material
- 57. 3.Functional testing service room computer testing
- 58. 4. Dismantling dismantling ofnon-functional appliances dismantling of CRT tubes
- 59. 5.Scrap recovery segregation ofCPU tools used for dismantling and segregation components
- 60. Why Do WeNeed National Legislation? Current eWaste regulations create uneven regulatory regime • Some states/localities have already enacted legislation • Difficult for manufacturers to comply state-to-state • Only large-quantity generators are regulated • Majority of eWaste created by households & smaller quantity generators – not currently regulated Electronic Waste Recycling
- 61. RE-MANUFACTURING is next best : Dis-assemble old eqpt and use parts for repair of similar items or use in new items, e.g. old memory and hard drives into simpler CPUs for schools. RE-USE IS THE BEST POLICY even for defective items : cell-phones for SMS for deaf & dumb, keyboard + monitor for typing classes, VCR used as VCP, TVs downgraded, washing - machines for manual use. Industrial eWaste from control panels or phone exchanges for ? ? ? ? ?
- 62. eWaste Recycling isa thriving business in India Copper, silver, gold, platinum, palladium are recovered in secrecy by highly polluting methods: burning of PCBs, treatment with acids or cyanide salts, mostly from imported scrap. Gas displays & tubes are dumped.
- 63. INDIA NEEDS A MANDATORY e-TAKE - BACK POLICY like the EU’s Directive 94/62/EC of 1994, or EU’s 1998 Ordinance on Avoidance & Recovery of Packaging Waste. In Germany, Duales System (a Ltd Co) organises the nationwide collection, sorting & recycling of post-consumer packaging, funded pro-rata by user firms. See www.gruener-punkt.de
- 66. The European Waste Strategy Reduce the Reduce the hazardousnes impacts on the s of waste environment Reduce the amount of waste
- 67. bizarre crafts createdfrom e-waste.
- 68. EXTENDED PRODUCER RESPONSIBILITY EPR EPR means full life-cycle accountability: Producers of products must be made financially, physically and legally responsible for their products till the end. This encourages reduced resource and energy use + pollution prevention thru less hazardous & more recyclable mat’ls.
- 69. Manufacturer Responsibilities Notify RetailersAbout Covered Products (April 1st each year and per DTSC regulations) Provide Information to Consumer – Where To Recycle – How to Recycle – Where to Return – How to Dispose – Provide Toll-Free Number & Internet Web Site ( www.eRecycle.org)
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- 73. EFFECTS ON HUMANS: In a study spearheaded by the EWG, researchers at two major lab- oratories found an average of 200 industrial compounds, pollutants, and other chemicals in 10 newborn babies, with a total of 287 chemicals found in the group.
- 74. Cadmium in Plastics in cables batteries Lead in solder joints
- 75. Burning of CircuitBoard on stove
- 76. WASTE AS ARESOURCE: WASTE MANAGEMENT e - Waste Recycling is a thriving business in India
- 77. Producer Responsiblity inpractice - producers view design recycling manufacturing how to close the gap ? use / service market 77
- 78. Producer Responsiblity in practice - producers view design for recycling recycling Use of recycled technology materials development cost advantage use / service market 78
- 79. Processes 1. Collection and storage 2. Segregation 3. Functional Testing 4. Dismantling 5. Scrap recovery
- 80. 2. Storage (ii) storagebins for small size segregated material flat wires CPUs plastic from watches
- 81. Process flow Collection of e-waste Segregation and Sale to metal Metal scrap storage recycler Sale to plastic Plastic scrap Examination of recycler Eventual add of Eventual refurbishment or components refurbishment reuse possibilities Sale to authorized Batteries battery recyclers Manufacture of new Sale to second Dismantling products hand market Large e-waste CRT glass recycler PCB Boards of low Sale to PCB Recovery of and high quality smelters Recovery of scrap reusable components Non recyclable Storage until hazardous waste hazwaste landfill is (e.g. backup tapes) operational (TSDF)
- 82. Collection , Transportationand Recycling of Dry Waste ( e – WASTE COLLECTION UNIT ) Hou nts se ura to H ou Resta se Airport RECYCLING House to House Hotel n CENTRE tio y Sta Indu stri lwa es Rai als Ins pit tit Hos ut es
- 83. e-Waste: Growth Three categoriesof WEEE account for almost 90% of the generation: Large Household appliances: 42.1% Information and communications: 33.9% technology equipment Consumer Electronics: 13.7%
- 84. Pollution Control Equipment Chimney with hood (height 6 m) CRT dismantling chamber with vacuum Cyclone and dust collector Separate storage for hazardous wastes Air pollution monitoring certificate available from certified Laboratory.
- 85. Recycling rates ofmetals –Investigation of 62 different metals –The metals are grouped into four categories •9 ferrous metals: iron, manganese, nickel, chromium etc. •8 non-ferrous metals: aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, tin, magnesium etc. •8 precious metals: gold, silver, platinum, palladium, rhodium etc. •37 specialty metals: indium, gallium, lithium, tantalum, rare earth metals, tellurium etc. –Only a few metals, like iron and platinum, currently have an end-of-life recycling rate of above 50% –The most important metric is the end-of-life recycling rate •A high end-of-life recycling rate for a metal indicates a high efficiency of the related post -consumer recycling system
- 86. Global Sustainability Sustainability “ability of a current generation to meet its needs without compromising the future generation to meet theirs” The Chalenge How to maintain the balance ? Society – preserve human health Economy – assure economic growth Environment – save the planet Practical Actions Work for the preservation of the planet Society – intelligent consumption Economy – environmental business Environment – green products and process
- 87. The problem recyclability toxicity energy
- 88. Assessment methodology &analysis Component 1 Component 2 Product Waste Consume Collect Recover Dispose Function Material Energy Importers Manufacturers v v Consumer Collection 2nd hand Market Recyclers Inciniration Disposal Retailer & Trader
- 89. India generates closeto 500,000 tons e-waste p.a. Expected to touch a million ton by 2011
- 90. CAT ON THEWALL
- 91. Sources, Effects andDisposal of e-Waste - Special Focus On Four Metro Cities
- 92. WASTE PILING UP Broadbreak up appears as under: Mumbai : 50,000 tons Delhi : 35,000 Bangalore : 30,000 Chennai : 25,000 Kolkata : 19,000 Ahmedabad : 14,000 Hyderabad : 13,000 Pune : 10,000 Indore : 8,000
- 93. Collection & Recyclingof Waste Materials
- 95. Import container unloadingin New Delhi
- 99. Pollution from Recycling of Imported Waste Acid bath to take metals from IC chips are removed from PCB PCB by using heat.
- 100. e-Waste Disposal Methods • Internal Reallocation • Sell at Auction • Sell to certified eWaste Buyers • Return to Originating Supplier, at no cost • Pay an eWaste Recycler to dispose
- 101. HOW E-WASTE CANBE MANAGED?
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- 103. NEWTON’S WORDS The greatest discovery of Newton is the gravitational force. Newton always wondered at the absence of a gravitational repulsive force. Such puzzles and wonders made him realize the limitations of his model. This is clearly seen when he said, ”I am like a child playing on the shore with pebbles and shells while whole ocean lies before me”
- 104. Let’s Jointly Sustaina Green Environment! All the precedents and working models are there before us. Let us now act ! Thank you. U can catch me @ https://www.facebook.com/ajal4u All content is the proprietary and confidential property of ATTERO Recycling, not to be copy or distributed. 11/04/12 104
- 105. Thank you foryour attention
- 107. “Education is the manifestation of perfection already in the man” -Swami Vivekananda
Editor's Notes
- #13 Moore’s Law: Gordon Moore, cofounder of Intel predicted that computer processor speeds would double every eighteen months. 1965 idea behind it is the main driver of legislation for recycling eWaste. Technology changes rapidly New software for computer applications such as streaming music and videos and animating presentations are not supported by older systems. But its relatively cheap to replace them with computers that can support the technology. (Click away.)
- #44 These materials could cause harm to the kidney, brain and nervous system function or cause cancer. According to the EPA, the most common method for human exposure to these chemicals is through their leaching into bodies of water and bioaccumulating in the animals we eat. Texas Senate Research Center
- #53 Power supplies Ask what they do with the glass
- #57 refaire les 3 tit images
- #61 The Electronic Waste Recycling and Consumer Protection Act proposes that recycling of eWaste be promoted by offering tax credits of $8 per unit for recyclers who collect 5000 or more units and $15 per unit for consumers who bring their ewaste to be recycled. The Act also calls for ewaste to fall under a stricter category of waste than simply solid waste and eventually, once adequate collection programs exist, become unlawful to dispose of. The Act also prescribes an EPA feasibility study to review the collecting of advance recycling fees, collecting of end of life fees and the possibility of holding manufacturers responsible for the cost of recycling. After one year of enactment the EPA would also be required to assess the success of the program and the possibility of including other electronic waste streams in the Act.
- #70 It will be up to manufacturers to notify retailers of those electronic products on which to charge fees. But another aspect of this law is that manufacturers can play a key role in consumer education. Where to return obsolete electronic products for recycling or disposal, how to properly handle and what toll-free phone numbers to call for help will go a long way in resolving this dilemma.
- #74 To our knowledge this work represents the first reported cord blood tests for 261 of the targeted chemicals, and the first reported detections of at least 209 chemicals. Scientists refer to this contamination as a person's body burden. The study found a broad array of pollutants that collectively are known to present potential risks to nearly every organ and system in the body:• Of the 287 chemicals found in newborn umbilical cord blood, 180 cause cancer in humans or animals, 217 are toxic to the brain and nervous system, and 208 cause developmental problems. The dangers of exposure to these chemicals in combination has never been studied.• We detected 287 chemicals of 413 tested (69 percent) in umbilical cord blood samples from 10 newborn babies, with a range of between 154 and 231 for each child. We found 101 chemicals in all babies tested.• Our tests targeted nine chemical classes; we detected at least half of the analyzed chemicals in each class.
- #75 Use pictures or samples to point out the many materials in PCs Add crt picture lead Add lcd picture, mercury Add flame retardants in plastics
- #82 TSDF = Transfer Storage Disposal Facilities
- #100 These are two typical pollution of e-waste recycling in Guiyu. Left hand side is the process using acid to take gold and other metals from printed circuit board. They do not treat wastewater, just discharge it into rivers. Right hand side is the process removing IC tip and solders from printed circuit board, using heat. There are hundreds of such workshop in this area. Several chemicals might cause air pollution.