This study deals with optimization of drive shaft using the ANSYS. Substitution of Titanium drive shafts over the conventional steel material for drive shaft has increasing the advantages of design due to its high specific stiffness, strength and low weight. Drive shaft is the main component of drive system of an automobile. Use of conventional steel for manufacturing of drive shaft has many disadvantages such as low specific stiffness and strength. Many methods are available at present for the design optimization of structural systems. This paper discusses the past work done on drive shafts using ANSYS and design and modal analysis of shafts made of Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-7Nb).
FE Analysis of Hollow Propeller Shaft using Steel and Composite Material then...ijsrd.com
Conventional Drive shaft have less specific modulus and strength, increased weight. But the drive shaft made of composite material have advantages like they have high specific modulus and strength, reduced weight, lower fuel consumption. Different available composite material are like Boron epoxy, E-glass, Kevlar epoxy, etc. They have lighter in weight, longer life with higher critical speed and may be optimized the design. The drive shaft of TATA-407 was chosen, the modelling of the drive shaft assembly was done using Solid works and ANSYS used for predicting analysis results. To estimate stresses under subjected loads using FEA Further comparisons carried out for both steel and composite material.
INVESTIGATION OF COMPOSITE TORSION SHAFT USING MATERIAL MATRIX IN FEAIjripublishers Ijri
have found application in many areas of daily life for quite some time. Often it is not realized that the application makes
use of composite materials.
This research attempt is made to evaluate the sustainability of composite material such as FRP (fiber rein forced polymer)
and CRFP (carbon reinforced fiber polymer) epoxy/glass for the purpose of automotive transmission application
using finite element method in Ansys.
Initially literature review will be done to understand the approach.
3D model will be prepared to carryout analysis on model.
Structural and vibrational analysis will be done by implementing different layer orientations on FRP & CRFP’S.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
FE Analysis of Hollow Propeller Shaft using Steel and Composite Material then...ijsrd.com
Conventional Drive shaft have less specific modulus and strength, increased weight. But the drive shaft made of composite material have advantages like they have high specific modulus and strength, reduced weight, lower fuel consumption. Different available composite material are like Boron epoxy, E-glass, Kevlar epoxy, etc. They have lighter in weight, longer life with higher critical speed and may be optimized the design. The drive shaft of TATA-407 was chosen, the modelling of the drive shaft assembly was done using Solid works and ANSYS used for predicting analysis results. To estimate stresses under subjected loads using FEA Further comparisons carried out for both steel and composite material.
INVESTIGATION OF COMPOSITE TORSION SHAFT USING MATERIAL MATRIX IN FEAIjripublishers Ijri
have found application in many areas of daily life for quite some time. Often it is not realized that the application makes
use of composite materials.
This research attempt is made to evaluate the sustainability of composite material such as FRP (fiber rein forced polymer)
and CRFP (carbon reinforced fiber polymer) epoxy/glass for the purpose of automotive transmission application
using finite element method in Ansys.
Initially literature review will be done to understand the approach.
3D model will be prepared to carryout analysis on model.
Structural and vibrational analysis will be done by implementing different layer orientations on FRP & CRFP’S.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE PROPELLER SHAFTEagle .
In this project we are comparing the conversational steel with CFRP (Carbon fibre reinforced plastic)& GFRP (glass fiber reinforced plastic). Finally we providing that the composite driven shaft is more suitable than that of conventional driven shaft
1.a literature review on composite material for drive shaftEditorJST
A drive shaft is a pivoting part that transmits control from the motor to the differential apparatus of a
back wheel drive vehicles. The steel driveshaft is utilized as a part of car, these days this steel drive shaft is
supplanted by composite material drive shaft. It has been demonstrated that composite drive shafts are
successful in over-coming the confinements, for example, weight, vibrational qualities and basic speed. Their
flexible properties can be tailored to increase the torque as well as the rotational speed at which they operate.
The drive shafts are used in automotive ,aircraft and aerospace applications. The automotive industry is
exploiting composite material technology for structural components construction in order to obtain there
reduction of the weight without decrease in vehicle quality and reliability. The drive shafts are utilized as a part
of car, air ship and aviation applications. It is known that energy conservation is one of the most important
Indeed, the very way of the composite materials (fiber and resinous fastener) permits drive-shafts to be intended
to meet particular basic operational characteristics ,and accordingly custom fitted to coordinate the prerequisites
of individual applications. The consequence of this are utilized for demonstrating of carbon/epoxy composite
drive shaft and steel drive shaft utilizing CAD programming to perform static, clasping and modular
examination of both drive shaft utilizing ANSYS programming.
Structural and Fatigue Analysis of Two Wheeler Lighter Weight Alloy WheelIOSR Journals
Importance of wheel in the automobile is obvious. The vehicle may be towed without the engine but
at the same time even that is also not possible without the wheels, the wheels along the tire has to carry the
vehicle load, provide cushioning effect and cope with the steering control. Generally wheel spokes are the
supports consisting of a radial member of a wheel joining the hub to the rim. The most commonly used materials
for making Wheel spokes are with features of excellent lightness, thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance,
characteristics of casting, low temperature, high damping property, machine processing and recycling, etc. This
metal main advantage is reduced weight, high accuracy and design choices of the wheel. This metal is useful for
energy conservation because it is possible to re-cycle. Spokes make vehicles look great but at the same time they
require attention in maintenance. To perform their functions best, the spokes must be kept under the right
amount of tension. The two main types of motorcycle rims are solid wheels, in which case the rim and spokes
are all cast as one unit and the other spoke wheels, where the motorcycle rims are laced with spokes. These
types of wheels require unusually high spoke tension, since the load is carried by fewer spokes. If a spoke does
break, the wheel generally becomes instantly unridable also the hub may break. Presently, for motor-cycles
Aluminium alloy wheels are used, currently now replacing by new magnesium alloy due its better properties
than Al-alloy. An important implication of this paper or the problem stated here is to “analyse the stress and the
displacement distribution comparing the results obtained”. In addition, this work extends Proper analysis of the
wheel plays an important role for the safety of the rider. This paper deals with the static &fatigue analysis of the
wheel. The present work attempts to analyse the safe load of the alloy wheel, which will indicate the safe drive is
possible. A typical alloy wheel configuration of Suzuki GS150R commercial vehicle is chosen for study. Finite
element analysis has been carried out to determine the safe stresses and pay loads
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of Rack and Pinion under dynamic conditionsnagaraju kondrasi
Based on physical and thermal properties graphite cast iron has got more strength than sand cast Mg alloy and it is clear from the results that the load carrying capacity of former is larger than the later. Hence Graphite cast iron is preferred for the manufacture of rack and pinion.
In static structural analysis the total deformation and von - mises stresses are more in sand cast Mg alloy than graphite cast iron. Hence graphite cast iron has better strength than Sand cast Mg alloy.
In modal analysis the number mode shapes are higher for graphite cast iron than sand cast Mg alloy.
Under transient conditions the total deformation of Graphite CI is less than that of Sand cast mg alloy. Hence former is preferred under Transient conditions.
Under fatigue loads the damage is more in sand cast Mg alloy. Hence graphite CI is preferred for manufacturing of Rack and pinion.
Hence Keeping all the analysis in view the graphite cast iron is preferred over sand cast Mg alloy.
It is a connection between the transmission and rear axle.
It is a long cylindrical structure of two piece steel drive shafts, consists of three universal joints, center supporting bearing and a brack.
Design & Analysis of Composite Propeller ShaftIJSRD
A Propeller Shaft is the connection between the transmission and the rear axle of the vehicles. The function of propeller shaft is to transmit the power from engine to the rear wheel in case of front engine drive vehicle. High quality steel (Steel SM45) is most commonly used material. The steel drive shaft consists of three universal joints, a center supporting bearing and a bracket, which increase the total weight of a system. The Power transmission can be improved through reducing its weight. According to previous researches many have done the various experiments to reduce the weight by changing the ply thickness, fiber orientation angle, number of plies but until now no one has studied the effect on the properties of the composite formed by changing volume fraction of carbon fiber & epoxy resin. The focus of this work will be to investigate either replacing steel structure of propeller shaft by composite structure such as carbon fiber & epoxy resin to minimize the cost and weight, also to check the suitability of composite structures by experimental method and software testing.
Capacity Enhancement of MIMO-OFDM System in Rayleigh Fading ChannelIOSR Journals
Abstract: MIMO-OFDM system in Rayleigh Fading Channel is very popular technique for mobile communication now a day’s for research. Here we want increase the capacity of MIMO-OFDM of system by using adaptive modulation, Algebraic Space-Time Codes (ASTC) encoder for MIMO Systems are based on quaternion algebras .we found that ergodic capacity has some limitation which reduce the system’s performance to overcome this we use ASTC code . ASTC code are full rank, full rate and non vanishing constant minimum determinant for increasing spectral efficiency and reducing Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) . Keywords— Adaptive modulation ASTC code, Capacity, BER, Ergodic capacity, PAPR, Spectral Efficiency and SNR
DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF COMPOSITE PROPELLER SHAFTEagle .
In this project we are comparing the conversational steel with CFRP (Carbon fibre reinforced plastic)& GFRP (glass fiber reinforced plastic). Finally we providing that the composite driven shaft is more suitable than that of conventional driven shaft
1.a literature review on composite material for drive shaftEditorJST
A drive shaft is a pivoting part that transmits control from the motor to the differential apparatus of a
back wheel drive vehicles. The steel driveshaft is utilized as a part of car, these days this steel drive shaft is
supplanted by composite material drive shaft. It has been demonstrated that composite drive shafts are
successful in over-coming the confinements, for example, weight, vibrational qualities and basic speed. Their
flexible properties can be tailored to increase the torque as well as the rotational speed at which they operate.
The drive shafts are used in automotive ,aircraft and aerospace applications. The automotive industry is
exploiting composite material technology for structural components construction in order to obtain there
reduction of the weight without decrease in vehicle quality and reliability. The drive shafts are utilized as a part
of car, air ship and aviation applications. It is known that energy conservation is one of the most important
Indeed, the very way of the composite materials (fiber and resinous fastener) permits drive-shafts to be intended
to meet particular basic operational characteristics ,and accordingly custom fitted to coordinate the prerequisites
of individual applications. The consequence of this are utilized for demonstrating of carbon/epoxy composite
drive shaft and steel drive shaft utilizing CAD programming to perform static, clasping and modular
examination of both drive shaft utilizing ANSYS programming.
Structural and Fatigue Analysis of Two Wheeler Lighter Weight Alloy WheelIOSR Journals
Importance of wheel in the automobile is obvious. The vehicle may be towed without the engine but
at the same time even that is also not possible without the wheels, the wheels along the tire has to carry the
vehicle load, provide cushioning effect and cope with the steering control. Generally wheel spokes are the
supports consisting of a radial member of a wheel joining the hub to the rim. The most commonly used materials
for making Wheel spokes are with features of excellent lightness, thermal conductivity, corrosion resistance,
characteristics of casting, low temperature, high damping property, machine processing and recycling, etc. This
metal main advantage is reduced weight, high accuracy and design choices of the wheel. This metal is useful for
energy conservation because it is possible to re-cycle. Spokes make vehicles look great but at the same time they
require attention in maintenance. To perform their functions best, the spokes must be kept under the right
amount of tension. The two main types of motorcycle rims are solid wheels, in which case the rim and spokes
are all cast as one unit and the other spoke wheels, where the motorcycle rims are laced with spokes. These
types of wheels require unusually high spoke tension, since the load is carried by fewer spokes. If a spoke does
break, the wheel generally becomes instantly unridable also the hub may break. Presently, for motor-cycles
Aluminium alloy wheels are used, currently now replacing by new magnesium alloy due its better properties
than Al-alloy. An important implication of this paper or the problem stated here is to “analyse the stress and the
displacement distribution comparing the results obtained”. In addition, this work extends Proper analysis of the
wheel plays an important role for the safety of the rider. This paper deals with the static &fatigue analysis of the
wheel. The present work attempts to analyse the safe load of the alloy wheel, which will indicate the safe drive is
possible. A typical alloy wheel configuration of Suzuki GS150R commercial vehicle is chosen for study. Finite
element analysis has been carried out to determine the safe stresses and pay loads
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Analysis of Rack and Pinion under dynamic conditionsnagaraju kondrasi
Based on physical and thermal properties graphite cast iron has got more strength than sand cast Mg alloy and it is clear from the results that the load carrying capacity of former is larger than the later. Hence Graphite cast iron is preferred for the manufacture of rack and pinion.
In static structural analysis the total deformation and von - mises stresses are more in sand cast Mg alloy than graphite cast iron. Hence graphite cast iron has better strength than Sand cast Mg alloy.
In modal analysis the number mode shapes are higher for graphite cast iron than sand cast Mg alloy.
Under transient conditions the total deformation of Graphite CI is less than that of Sand cast mg alloy. Hence former is preferred under Transient conditions.
Under fatigue loads the damage is more in sand cast Mg alloy. Hence graphite CI is preferred for manufacturing of Rack and pinion.
Hence Keeping all the analysis in view the graphite cast iron is preferred over sand cast Mg alloy.
It is a connection between the transmission and rear axle.
It is a long cylindrical structure of two piece steel drive shafts, consists of three universal joints, center supporting bearing and a brack.
Design & Analysis of Composite Propeller ShaftIJSRD
A Propeller Shaft is the connection between the transmission and the rear axle of the vehicles. The function of propeller shaft is to transmit the power from engine to the rear wheel in case of front engine drive vehicle. High quality steel (Steel SM45) is most commonly used material. The steel drive shaft consists of three universal joints, a center supporting bearing and a bracket, which increase the total weight of a system. The Power transmission can be improved through reducing its weight. According to previous researches many have done the various experiments to reduce the weight by changing the ply thickness, fiber orientation angle, number of plies but until now no one has studied the effect on the properties of the composite formed by changing volume fraction of carbon fiber & epoxy resin. The focus of this work will be to investigate either replacing steel structure of propeller shaft by composite structure such as carbon fiber & epoxy resin to minimize the cost and weight, also to check the suitability of composite structures by experimental method and software testing.
Capacity Enhancement of MIMO-OFDM System in Rayleigh Fading ChannelIOSR Journals
Abstract: MIMO-OFDM system in Rayleigh Fading Channel is very popular technique for mobile communication now a day’s for research. Here we want increase the capacity of MIMO-OFDM of system by using adaptive modulation, Algebraic Space-Time Codes (ASTC) encoder for MIMO Systems are based on quaternion algebras .we found that ergodic capacity has some limitation which reduce the system’s performance to overcome this we use ASTC code . ASTC code are full rank, full rate and non vanishing constant minimum determinant for increasing spectral efficiency and reducing Peak to Average Power Ratio (PAPR) . Keywords— Adaptive modulation ASTC code, Capacity, BER, Ergodic capacity, PAPR, Spectral Efficiency and SNR
Complexation, Spectroscopic, Thermal, Magnetic And Conductimetric Studies On ...IOSR Journals
7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(phenylazo) coumarin (L1)and 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(o-carboxyphenylazo) coumarin (L2) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Mass spectra. The important infrared (IR) spectral bands corresponding to the active groups in the two ligands and the solid complexes under investigation were studied. Also the important fragments in the ligands and the complexes were done using mass spectra and the main peaks were corresponding to the molecular weights of the ligands and complexes. The solid complexes have been synthesized and studied by elemental and thermal analyses (TG and DTA) as well as by IR, 1H NMR, magnetic measurements, electronic transition, molar conductance, mass spectra and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra. The proposed steriochemical structures for the investigated metal complexes suggest octahedral geometry with respect to Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn metal ions and all of the formed complexes contain coordinated and hydrated water molecules. All of the prepared solid complexes behave as non-electrolytes in chloroform.
A New Lupan type Triterpene Butilinol from Viburnum grandiflorumIOSR Journals
The isolation and structural studies on the chemical constituents of Viburnum grandiflorum are described. The medicinal properties of the plant are also described. The mentholic extract was subjected to the preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) test experiments to investigate the isolation pattern. Based on the PTLC test experiments, the extract was subjected to the silica gel column chromatography. The column was eluted with increasing polarities of organic solvents. This afforded several fractions. The fractions were re-chromatographed on silica gel column to afford a new lupan type triterpene butilinol (1) with several known compounds i. e. oleanolic acid (2), ursolic acid (3), β-sitosterol (4), butilinic acid (5), butilin (6), α-amyrin (7) and germanicol (8). The compound (6) was not reported previously from the genus Viburnum. This therefore represents its first report from Viburnum grandiflorum. The compounds (2) and (4) have been previously reported from Viburnum pronifolium while the compounds (3) and (8) from Viburnum opulus and Viburnum erubescens, respectively. This represents the first report of the presence of these compounds in Viburnum grandiflorum. The structures of the above compounds were identified on the basis of spectral data (UV, IR, Mass, 1NMR, 13C-NMR) and literature evidences. The hexane and ethyl acetate soluble portions of the methanolic extract showed significant antifungal activity, while the chloroform soluble portion and the remaining methanol extract showed moderate activity.
Performance Comparison of Uncoded OFDM & Uncoded Adaptive OFDM System Over AW...IOSR Journals
Adaptive OFDM (AOFDM) is the important approach to fourth generation of mobile
communication. Adaptive modulating scheme is employed according to channel fading condition for improving
the performance of OFDM. This gives improved data rate, spectral efficiency & throughput. OFDM is flexible
to adapt modulation schemes on subcarriers according instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper,
we compare Bit Error Rate (BER),Mean Square Error(MSE), Spectral Efficiency, Throughput performance of
uncoded OFDM & uncoded adaptive OFDM with BPSK,QPSK & QAM modulation over AWGN channel.
A Fossil Dicot Wood Aeschynomenoxylon Mohgaonsesp.Nov From The Deccan Intertr...IOSR Journals
The Deccan Intertrappean flora is mostly silicified and often very well preserved, representing the groups Thallophyta (fungi, algae and charophytes), water ferns, conifers and angiosperms with both monocotyledons and dicotyledons. The present wood is collected from the Deccan Intertrappean beds of Mohgaonkalan. The wood is angiospermic diffuse porus, vessels solitary and in multiples of two, usually small, occasionally of medium size. Xylem parenchyma scanty with paratracheal vasicentri type, Intervascular pitting are simple and alternate.Perforation plate simple. Fibers are non-septate and storied. Wood rays uniseriate only. Rays are homogenous and made up of procumbent cells only. It show its affinities with the reported species of Aeschynomene.
Lipid oxidation and perceived exertion level during exercise in obese: effect...IOSR Journals
Regular exercise is one of the most used solutions to avoid obesity. In this study we compared the amounts of lipid oxidation and the level of perceived exertion in three physical exercises, one continuous and two intermittent in obese. Ten obese men (age 26.01 ± 6.0 years, weight: 104.2 ± 19.4 kg, BMI: 33.5 ± 3.6 kg / m2) performed three 45 minutes exercises during which we measured energy expenditure and the level of perceived exertion. A continuous exercise whose intensity corresponds to the intensity of Fat max, an intermittent exercise which alternate four minutes at the intensity of Fat max -10% and one minute at the fat max intensity +10% (intermittent 1/4), and a second intermittent exercise which alternate two minutes at the intensity of Fat max -10% and one minute at the Fat max intensity +20% (intermittent 1/2). While the total energy expenditure during continuous exercise (321.6 Kcal) is higher than those of the intermittent 1/4 (268.1 Kcal) and the intermittent 1/2 (268.9 Kcal), the amounts of energy from oxidized fats in the three exercises are equivalent: 34,6 Kcal, 31,8 Kcal and 36,2 Kcal respectively for the three exercises. The perceived exertion measured by the Borg scale showed that intermittent exercises causes less fatigue in obese than the continuous exercise.
An Inquiry on the Effect of Knowledge Management and Strategic Leadership on ...IOSR Journals
Organizational dynamic capability and entrepreneurship strategy are two aspects that have contribution in affecting organizational performances particularly by means of knowledge management and strategic leadership. There is a need to identify this presumption, thus current research in this paper were employed in the General Public Hospitals in Makassar in the Provinces of South Sulawesi (Indonesia). Previous research has uncovered important factors of organizational performance such as knowledge management, strategic leadership, dynamic capability, entrepreneurship strategy. Nonetheless they require further conceptual depth and empirical assessment as it remains unclear how these factors holistically affects critical performances in organizational performances. In this paper, we developed the structural model including the introduction of knowledge management and strategic leadership and the more established relationship between dynamic capability and strategic entrepreneurship with organizational performances as a means to understand their interrelatedness and feasibility on improving the body of knowledge in current literature
Evaluation of Level of Precursors of N-Nitrosamine in Vitro in Wistar Rats Fe...IOSR Journals
This study compares the level of Nitrite in urine, protein concentration and nitrite concentration in post mitochondrial fraction of rats fed different levels of dietary protein with concurrent administration of precursors of N-nitrosamine; dimethylamine hydrochloride (DMA-HCl) and sodium nitrite (NaNO2). Thirty Male Wistar rats were divided into three groups and were kept for four weeks. Group one was given high protein diet (64%), group two was given a normal protein diet (27%) and group three was given low protein diet (3.5%). All the groups were administered with 3mg NaNO2 and 20mg DMA-HCL/kg, using the application of spectrophotometric analysis, centrifugation, as well as colorimetric methods. Following administrations of the chemicals to the test animal groups, the concentration of 24 hours urinary excretion of nitrite was 7.417μg/ml in high protein fed rats, 2.063μg/ml in normal protein fed rats and 0.569 μg/ml in low protein fed rats. There was a significant difference (p<0.05) in the nitrite concentration in the group fed high protein diet with concurrent administration of NaNO2 and DMA-HCl. The wistar rats fed with high protein diet, excreted 5.8 to 7 times more nitrite in urine than the severely protein deprived animals. The protein and nitrite concentration of the post mitochondrial fraction of liver was highest in rats that were fed high protein diet. This study has revealed that nutrition status affects metabolism of foreign compounds including nitrites and dimethylamine hydrochloride.
Comparison of Sports Anxiety in three different Stages between Team and Indiv...IOSR Journals
Abstract: To find out the degrees of anxieties experienced by both the individual and team sports persons of
Manipur at three different stages of sports such as prior to the actual play, during the progress of the play and
after the conclusion of the play over the period of five years beginning from 1995 to 2000 A.D. The researchers
mainly adopted the simple and easy methods of questionnaires, personal visits to national and state level
sportspersons of Manipur at their residence, hostels and other sports complexes. The subjects of the study were
173 teams’ sportspersons and 173 individual sportspersons of Manipur over the span of five years starting form
1995 to 2000. The team sports persons were form the field of hockey, handball, kabaddi, sepak-takraw and
volleyball, on the other hand the individual team sportspersons were from the disciplines of Archery, cycling,
table-tennis, wrestling, fencing, athletics, weight lifting, judo, boxing and tae-kwondo respectively. Data were
collected by using “Anxiety test questionnaire” tools.
Comparing the sport anxiety before, during and after the play, both the individual and team sportsperson were
found significantly higher in anxiety level during the play than the before and after the play situation. The sports
anxiety between the individuals and teams sports found no significant difference before the play and after the
play. But there is significant different found during the play i.e., individuals sportspersons were found
significantly higher in sports anxiety then the team sportspersons.
Key wards: Sports anxiety, individual and team sportspersons, STAI Form Y-I, comparative t test.
Smartdust Network for Tactical Border Surveillance Using Multiple SignaturesIOSR Journals
The paper aims at designing a system for border surveillance using the concept of smartdust
technology. Smartdusts are small dust like wireless sensor motes with multiple on-board sensors and
microcontroller. In real time, thousands of such smartdust motes must be deployed in a large area. The motes
can form a network among them and has wireless connection to outside world. Onboard hardware include a
variety of sensors for vibration/seismic, magnetic, acoustic and thermal signature recognition, a
microcontroller for processing these sensor values and a radio transceiver for communication over a wireless
network. In this experimental project, we have designed one central monitoring mote and two smartdust motes
using ARM controller, IEEE radio transceiver and sensors.The central monitoring mote also displays the
tracking history of intrusion on enabling a switch
Assessment of water supply facilities in Owo Local Government Area, Ondo Stat...IOSR Journals
The current study was carryout to investigate the status of water supply facilities in 24 rural
communities of Owo local government area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Former and informer interview,
questionnaire and physical assessment conducted. Secondary data from Nigeria National Population
Commission (NNPC) were used in this study. The major water supply facilities used by the communities were
mostly hand dug well and boreholes which in most cases were fitted with either electric or hand pump. It was
observed that all the boreholes fitted with hand pump were failed while 86 % of those fitted with electrics pump
were also failed. In the case of the hand dug well more than 37 % of all the hand dug well were failed. Borehole
failure was due to people ignorance, non availability of spare parts, constant water failure, poor maintenance
skills and attitude of the communities. The failures of the hand dug well were mainly due to low water table or
aquifer region. The survey assessment results revealed that sustainable water supply to the community could be
enhancing through the use of hand pump boreholes. Hand pump boreholes appeared more reliable with low
operational technology, their cost effectiveness affordability and available spare parts. The studies recommend
the involvement of the community participation in the overall management of the water facility in other to
enhance sustainability.
A Digital Pen with a Trajectory Recognition AlgorithmIOSR Journals
Abstract : Now a days, the development of miniaturization technologies in electronic circuits and components has seriously decreased the dimension and weight of consumer electronic products, those are smart phones and handheld computers, and thus prepared them more handy and convenient. This paper contains an accelerometer-based digital pen for handwritten digit and gesture trajectory recognition applications. The digital pen consists of a triaxial accelerometer, a microcontroller, and an Zigbee wireless transmission module for sensing and collecting accelerations of handwriting and gesture trajectories. with this project we can do human computer interaction. Users can utilize this pen to write digits or make hand gestures, and the accelerations of hand motions calculated by the accelerometer are wirelessly transmitted to a computer for online trajectory recognition. So, by varying the position of mems (micro electro mechanical systems) we can capable to show the alphabetical characters in the PC. The acceleration signals calculated from the triaxial accelerometer are transmitted to a computer via the wireless module. Keywords - ARM, Zigbee, Sensors module
Application of Artificial Neural Network (Ann) In Operation of ReservoirsIOSR Journals
Abstract: Reservoir operation is an important element in water resources planning and management. It consists
of several parameters like inflow, storage, evaporation and demands that define the operation strategies for
giving a sequence of releases to meet the demands. The operating policy is a set of rules for determining the
quantities of water to be stored or released or withdrawn from a reservoir or system of several reservoirs under
various conditions. Reservoir operation frequently follows a conventional policy based on Guide curves (Rule
curves) that prescribes reservoir releases based on limited criteria such as current storage levels, season and
demands. Operating policies can be derived using system techniques such as simulation, optimisation and
combination of these two. System analysis has proved to be a potential tool in the planning, operation and
management of the available resources. In recent years, artificial intelligence techniques like Artificial Neural
Networks (ANN) have arisen as an alternative to overcome some of the limitations of traditional methods. In
most of the studies, feed forward structure and the back propagation algorithm have been used to design and
train the ANN models respectively. Detail analysis will be carried out to develop an ANN model for reservoir
operation and assess the application potential of ANN in attaining the reservoir operation objectives compared
with the conventional rule curves.
Key words:Artificial Neural Network, Back propagation, Guide curves (Rule curves), optimisation,reservoir
operation, simulation.
Eleven (11) composites, are unfilled and five each filled with varying contents of charcoal and wood dust separating bonded with melted spent thermoplastics have been compounded and their compressive strength, density, specific gravity, percentage shrinkage and percentage absorption determined.Composite density ranges (0.83-0.94)g/cm3, compressive strength from (6.92-16.14)n/mm2, percentage shrinkage from (1.01-4.76)% and percentage water absorption from (1.75-15.75)%. These results suggest that these composites (i) meet the allowable American standard for test and measurement (ASTM) for ceramic floor and wall tiles in compressor strength (0.2-22.1)minimum, % shrinkage (maximum 15%) and water absorption (maximum 16%) (ii)are appreciably strong compare to the gmelina-wood/cement composite and (iii) if comprehensively examined, composites may be useful in the building industry for the manufacture of tiles and boards and even compete favorably with the wood cement composites.
Herbal Cures Practised By Rural Populace In Varanasi Region Of Eastern U.P.(I...IOSR Journals
A survey based study to collect information regarding use of herbs as household treatment of common ailments in rural areas of Varanasi region of eastern U.P. was undertaken .In Varanasi as in other parts of India , the people especially those residing in rural and semi-urban areas still practise herbal cures for many of their ailments. In the present investigation a total of 40 medicinally important plant species belonging to 27 families were recorded which are frequently used by local populace to cure diseases such as cold,cough,fever,snake bite,boils piles etc.As plants are easily available and sometimes the only source of healthcare available to poor therefore there is a great need for preservation of such medicinal plants.
Area Time Efficient Scaling Free Rotation Mode Cordic Using Circular TrajectoryIOSR Journals
Abstract: This paper presents an area-time efficient Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer (CORDIC) algorithm that completely eliminates the scale-factor. Besides we have proposed an algorithm to reduce the number of CORDIC iterations by increasing the number of stages. The efficient scale factor compensation techniques are proposed which adversely effect the latency/throughput of computation. The proposed CORDIC algorithm provides the flexibility to manipulate the number of iterations depending on the accuracy, area and latency requirements. The CORDIC is an iterative arithmetic algorithm for computing generalized vector rotations without performing multiplications. Index Terms: coordinate rotation digital computer (CORDIC), cosine/sine, field-programmable gate array (FPGA), most-significant-1, recursive architecture, Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT), Discrete Cosine transform (DCT), Iterative CORDIC, Pipelined CORDIC.
Cfd Simulation and Experimentalverification of Air Flow through Heated PipeIOSR Journals
The aim of this work is to validate the Dittus-Boelter equation by experimental,correlation and Simulation method. It used to find the value of heat transfer coefficient ‘h’ for turbulent flow in many fluid transfer systems. This work discusses how the Dittus-Boelter equation is applied to the problem of circular pipe. In CFD simulation ICEM CFD for modeling and CFX13 for analysis are used. Results of CFD simulation will be obtained by CFD-POST. Here heat transfer coefficient value is compared by correlations,experiment and CFD simulations, finally the aim of this work is to validate Dittus-Boelter equation.
Survey on Single image Super Resolution TechniquesIOSR Journals
Super-resolution is the process of recovering a high-resolution image from multiple lowresolutionimages
of the same scene. The key objective of super-resolution (SR) imaging is to reconstruct a
higher-resolution image based on a set of images, acquired from the same scene and denoted as ‘lowresolution’
images, to overcome the limitation and/or ill-posed conditions of the image acquisition process for
facilitating better content visualization and scene recognition. In this paper, we provide a comprehensive review
of existing super-resolution techniques and highlight the future research challenges. This includes the
formulation of an observation model and coverage of the dominant algorithm – Iterative back projection.We
critique these methods and identify areas which promise performance improvements. In this paper, future
directions for super-resolution algorithms are discussed. Finally results of available methods are given.
To find a non-split strong dominating set of an interval graph using an algor...IOSR Journals
In graph theory, a connected component of an undirected graph is a sub graph in which any two
vertices are connected to each other by paths. For a graph G, if the subgraph of G itself is a connected
component then the graph is called connected, else the graph G is called disconnected and each connected
component sub graph is called it’s components. A dominating set Dst of graph G=(V,E) is a non-split strong
dominating set if the induced sub graph < V-Dst > is connected. The non-split strong domination number of G is
the minimum cardinality of a non-split strong dominating set . In this paper constructed a verification method
algorithm for finding a non-split strong dominating set of an interval graph.
Material Optimization and Weight Reduction of Drive Shaft Using Composite Mat...IOSR Journals
The objective of the drive shaft is to connect with the transmission shaft with the help of universal joint whose axis intersects and the rotation of one shaft about its own axis results in rotation of other shaft about its axis. Shafts must be exceptionally tough and light to improve the overall performance of the vehicle. Automobile industries are exploring composite materials in order to obtain reduction of weight without significant decrease in vehicle quality and reliability. This is due to the fact that the reduction of weight of a vehicle directly impacts its fuel consumption. Particularly in city driving, the reduction of weight is almost directly proportional to fuel consumption of the vehicle. Also at the start of vehicle the most of the power get consumed in driving transmission system, if we able to reduce the weight of the propeller shaft that surplus available power can be used to propel the vehicle. Thus, in this paper, the aim is to replace a two-piece metallic drive shaft by a composite drive shaft. The following materials can be chosen Steel, Boron/Epoxy Composite, Kevlar/Epoxy Composite, Aluminum – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid, Carbon – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid. The analysis was carried out for three different ply orientations of the composites in order to suggest the most suitable ply orientation of the material that would give the maximum weight reduction while conforming to the stringent design parameters of passenger cars and light commercial vehicle.
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI)inventionjournals
International Journal of Engineering and Science Invention (IJESI) is an international journal intended for professionals and researchers in all fields of computer science and electronics. IJESI publishes research articles and reviews within the whole field Engineering Science and Technology, new teaching methods, assessment, validation and the impact of new technologies and it will continue to provide information on the latest trends and developments in this ever-expanding subject. The publications of papers are selected through double peer reviewed to ensure originality, relevance, and readability. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online.
THE ANALYTICAL STUDY OF MESHING OF DOUBLE HELICAL GEARIJARIIT
Gears are the most important components of a Power Transmission System. The recent advancement and trend in technology requires gears operating at high load capacities and speeds with reduced space requirement. A gear normally fails when the tooth stress exceeds the allowable limit. So, it is essential to keep the maximum stress in a gear tooth under a specified limit for a given loading conditions. Analysis of gears is carried out to find out the possible laudation of failure and taking a corrective measure for the same. A gear failure is expensive not in terms of the cost of replacement but due to the downtime and loss of production associated with the failure. Gear design should consider all the possible loads that it can experience during its life. Surface fatigue and fracture is one of the major problem in gear and gearbox design. In order to find out and analyze the exact location of failure and the stress value at which gear fails, stress analysis of the double helical gear has been done in ANSYS. Load conditions to be experience by the gear has been applied along with other constraints
This paper analysis the engine vibration on the engine mount for heavy duty engines, in vehicle chassis mount of engine is major role So, vibration design of engine mount is one of the main items on the phase of vehicle development, the design should be optimized considering various design variables and uncertainties. In the study, design optimization of engine mount for Heavy duty vehicle, that present will model in proE software and execute Model in 10 modules and Harmonic analysis are in ansys bench work, Here we conclude to results change a material of engine mount frame present was steel to aluminum alloy to reduce the weight and cost ratio, then increase the strength of the engine mount.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
TECHNICAL TRAINING MANUAL GENERAL FAMILIARIZATION COURSEDuvanRamosGarzon1
AIRCRAFT GENERAL
The Single Aisle is the most advanced family aircraft in service today, with fly-by-wire flight controls.
The A318, A319, A320 and A321 are twin-engine subsonic medium range aircraft.
The family offers a choice of engines
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Analysis of a Drive Shaft for Automobile Applications
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 10, Issue 2 (Nov. - Dec. 2013), PP 43-46
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 43 | Page
Analysis of a Drive Shaft for Automobile Applications
P. Jayanaidu1
, M. Hibbatullah1
, Prof. P. Baskar2
1. PG, School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, VIT University, India
2. Asst. Professor, School of Mechanical and Building Sciences, VIT University, India
Abstract: This study deals with optimization of drive shaft using the ANSYS. Substitution of Titanium drive
shafts over the conventional steel material for drive shaft has increasing the advantages of design due to its high
specific stiffness, strength and low weight. Drive shaft is the main component of drive system of an automobile.
Use of conventional steel for manufacturing of drive shaft has many disadvantages such as low specific stiffness
and strength. Many methods are available at present for the design optimization of structural systems. This
paper discusses the past work done on drive shafts using ANSYS and design and modal analysis of shafts made
of Titanium alloy (Ti-6Al-7Nb).
Keywords: Drive Shaft, ANSYS, Titanium, Stiffness.
I. Introduction
An automotive drive shaft transmits power from the engine to the differential gear of a rear wheel drive
vehicle. The drive shaft is usually manufactured in two pieces to increase the fundamental bending natural
frequency because the bending natural frequency of a shaft is inversely proportional to the square of beam
length and proportional to the square root of specific modulus which increases the total weight of an automotive
vehicle and decreases fuel efficiency. So, a single piece drive shaft is preferred here and the material of it is
considered to be Titanium alloy because of its high strength and low density. Drive shafts are carriers of torque
and are subject to torsion and shear stress, equivalent to the difference between the input torque and the load.
They must therefore be strong enough to bear the stress, whilst avoiding too much additional weight as that
would in turn increase their inertia.
1.1) Purpose of the Drive Shaft (Or Propeller Shaft)
The torque that is produced from the engine and transmission must be transferred to the rear wheels to
push the vehicle forward and reverse. The drive shaft must provide a smooth, uninterrupted flow of power to the
axles. The drive shaft and differential are used to transfer this torque.
1.2) Functions of the Drive Shaft
a) First, it must transmit torque from the transmission to the differential gear box.
b) During the operation, it is necessary to transmit maximum low-gear torque developed by the engine.
c) The drive shafts must also be capable of rotating at the very fast speeds required by the vehicle.
d) The drive shaft must also operate through constantly changing angles between the transmission, the
differential and the axles. As the rear wheels roll over bumps in the road, the differential and axles move up and
down. This movement changes the angle between the transmission and the differential.
e) The length of the drive shaft must also be capable of changing while transmitting torque. Length changes are
caused by axle movement due to torque reaction, road deflections, braking loads and so on. A slip joint is used
to compensate for this motion. The slip joint is usually made of an internal and external spline. It is located on
the front end of the drive shaft and is connected to the transmission.
Now days all automobiles (which are having front engine rear wheel drive) have the transmission shaft
as shown in figure. A pair of short drive shafts is commonly used to send power from a
central differential, transmission, or transaxle to the wheels. Two piece drive shaft increases the weight of drive
shaft which is not desirable in today’s market. Many methods are available at present for the design
optimization of structural systems and these methods based on mathematical programming techniques involving
gradient search and direct search. The reduction in weight of the drive system is advantageous in overall weight
reduction of automobiles which is a highly desirable goal of design engineer.
2. Analysis of a Drive Shaft for Automobile Applications
www.iosrjournals.org 44 | Page
Fig 1: (a) 3D model of a drive shaft & (b) Position of Drive Shaft
In the present work the focus is given on the replacement of the conventional steel drive shaft by the
High Strength and low weight Titanium alloy Ti-6Al-7Nb. A single piece Titanium drive shaft was designed
and analyzed using the ANSYS 14.5. Its modal analysis was also done using ANSYS Workbench. This paper
also discusses the past work done on steel drive shafts.
II. Modal And Design Analysis
2.1) Design Parameters:
The design parameters for the shaft were taken from the journal (1):
Parameter of the shaft Symbol Value Unit
Outer Diameter Do 90 Mm
Inner Diameter Di 83.36 Mm
Length L 1250 Mm
2.2) Assumptions:
1. The shaft rotates at a constant speed about its longitudinal axis.
2. The shaft has a uniform, circular cross section.
3. The shaft is perfectly balanced, i.e., at every cross section, the mass center coincides with the geometric
center.
4. All damping and nonlinear effects are excluded.
5. Acoustical fluid interactions are neglected, i.e., the shaft is assumed to be acting in a vacuum.
6. Since lamina is thin and no out-of-plane loads are applied, it is considered as under the plane stress.
2.3) Modeling, Meshing and Boundary conditions for Design Analysis:
The model was created by using the given parameters in PRO/E and was exported to ANSYS LS-
DYNA using “.iges” format. Thin Shell 180 was
considered as the element type and material properties
were given for both Steel and Titanium separately. Then
meshing was done for areas using Quad meshing. After
this the shaft is fixed at one end and torque is applied at
other end. By considering that the shaft rotates at
3000rpm (1), the angular velocity becomes 50rps. Then
the model is solved and FEA results are plotted.
2.4) Modal Analysis:
Same steps were followed for Modal Analysis
except for it was imported to ANSYS Workbench and
total deformations were found out using the Modal
Analysis at 2 different mode values.
III. Findings Of Finite Element Analysis
In the following analysis Titanium and steel shafts were compared with each other in terms of their
deformation, maximum Shear stress and Von-Mises stress under same conditions as in the previous journal [1].
The Maximum stress undergone and the total deformation occur in Steel under the given conditions. Titanium is
better in terms of maximum stress and deformation as these parameters produced in this shaft are less when
compared to steel.
Fig 2: Meshed Model
3. Analysis of a Drive Shaft for Automobile Applications
www.iosrjournals.org 45 | Page
IV. Findings Of Modal Analysis
The maximum stress point and dangerous areas are found by the deformation produced during the
modal analysis of Propeller Shaft. The relationship between the frequency and the vibration modal is explained
by the modal analysis of Propeller Shaft. The simulation results show that the frequency increases from first
mode shape to second mode shape. The minimum frequency was found in first mode shape i.e. 55.021 Hz and
minimum deformation occurs in the Second mode shape at a frequency of 55.065 Hz. The resonance vibration
of system can be avoided effectively by appropriate structure design. The results provide a theoretical basis to
optimize the design and fatigue life calculation.
Fig 4: (a) mode at 55.021 Hz & (b) mode at 55.065 Hz
Fig 3 a.1:
Fig 3 b.1:
Fig 3 c.1:
Fig 3 a.2:
Fig 3 b.2:
Fig 3 c.2:
4. Analysis of a Drive Shaft for Automobile Applications
www.iosrjournals.org 46 | Page
V. Conclusions
1. The replacement of conventional drive shaft results in reduction in weight of automobile.
2. The finite element analysis is used in this work to predict the deformation of shaft.
3. The results of the work are encouraging and suggest the replacement of conventional drive shaft made of
steel with Titanium alloy.
4. The Total deformation of Steel, Titanium (Ti-6Al-7Nb) was found to be 0.000564 mm and 0.000519 mm
respectively pointing that Titanium alloy is better than the conventional steel.
5. The relationship between the frequency and the vibration modal is explained by the modal analysis of
Propeller Shaft.
6. This work presented a method to calculate the natural frequency of a propeller shafts.
7. The results obtained from this model is an useful approximation to help in the earlier stages of the
development, saving development time and helping in the decision making process to optimize a design,
before going into a detailed finite element analysis.
References
[1] Sagar. R. Dharmadhikari, Sachin. G. Mahakalkar, Jayant P Giri, Nilesh D Khutafale “Design and Analysis of Composite Drive Shaft
using ANSYS and Genetic Algorithm” IJMER Jan-Feb. 2013, pp-490-496.
[2] Felipe Moura Fontes Novo, Mauro Moraes de Souza, Juliano Savoy, Marcelo Adriano do Carmo Silva, “Analysis of the vibration
modes of an automotive propeller shaft using FEM and analytical models” SAE-2012-36-0224.
[3] A. M. Ummuhaani, Dr. P. Sadagopan, “Design, Fabrication and Stress Analysis of a Composite Propeller Shaft” SAE- 2011-28-0013.
S.No Mode Damped Frequency [Hz]
1 1. 55.021
2 2. 55.065