Analysis Of Propeller Shaft
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This project report summarizes a group project analyzing the use of composites for an automobile propeller shaft. The group members are listed. The project aims to reduce the weight and improve fuel efficiency by replacing the steel propeller shaft with a composite material like carbon epoxy or glass epoxy. Various materials were modeled and analyzed for deformation, stresses, and weight. Carbon epoxy and aluminum alloy AA 6063 showed the most reduction in weight (around 65-80%) and were recommended to replace conventional steel propeller shafts.
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The document discusses the key components of an automobile, including the basic structure, power unit, transmission system, auxiliaries, controls, and superstructure. It describes the frame, suspension system, axles, wheels, and tires that make up the basic structure. It then explains the different systems that transmit power from the engine to the wheels, including the transmission, drivetrain, clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, and differential. Finally, it briefly touches on the different body styles of automobiles like sedans, hatchbacks, coupes, convertibles, and station wagons.
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steering system
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The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels and serves two main purposes - contributing to handling and braking safety while also providing a comfortable ride by isolating the vehicle from road bumps and noise. An effective suspension balances these goals. Most modern vehicles use independent front and rear suspension systems with springs, shock absorbers, and linkages to enable each wheel to move independently without affecting the others, improving both ride and handling. The suspension aims to separate the energy of vertical wheel movements from the vehicle body.
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Propeller shaft
The propeller shaft transmits power from the gearbox to the rear differential. It includes U-joints and a slip joint to adjust for length changes over bumps. There are two main types of propeller shaft: the torque tube type, which fully encloses the shaft in a hollow tube connected to the rear axle housing, and the Hotchkiss type, which absorbs torque through the rear leaf spring using a shaft with universal joints and a sliding joint. Propeller shafts must be dynamically balanced, made of hardened steel to withstand torque loads, and designed to avoid resonance at high speeds.
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This document summarizes research on optimizing the design of an automotive composite drive shaft using genetic algorithms. The researchers aim to determine if a composite drive shaft can replace a conventional two-piece steel drive shaft. Key points:
1) A genetic algorithm is used to optimize ply thickness, number of plies, and stacking sequence of carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy composite shafts. The objective is minimizing weight while meeting constraints of torque transmission, buckling load, and fundamental frequency.
2) Composite materials could allow a one-piece drive shaft with higher fundamental frequency than a steel shaft, avoiding the need for joints and supports. This would reduce weight, vibration, and costs.
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Optimum design of automotive composite drive shaft
This document summarizes research on optimizing the design of an automotive composite drive shaft using genetic algorithms. The researchers aim to determine if a composite drive shaft can replace a conventional two-piece steel drive shaft. Key points:
1) A genetic algorithm is used to optimize ply thickness, number of plies, and stacking sequence of carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy composite shafts. The objective is minimizing weight while meeting constraints of torque transmission, buckling load, and fundamental frequency.
2) Composite materials could allow a one-piece drive shaft with higher fundamental frequency than a steel shaft, avoiding the need for joints and supports. This would reduce weight, vibration, and costs.
3)
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1. Conventional frame construction uses a separate ladder frame that supports all vehicle systems and attaches to a separate body, providing higher strength but more vibration. It is used in trucks, buses, and larger SUVs.
2. Integral frame construction has no separate frame, with all assembly units attached directly to the rigid body, making it cheaper and lighter. However, repairs can be more difficult.
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The document discusses the mechanisms of cars, including their history and evolution. It describes the key mechanisms that enable car function such as the engine (discussing Otto and diesel cycles), steering, transmission, braking, and suspension systems. It also discusses future car mechanisms like those powered by water, hydrogen, or that enable automatic driving. The document is a case study report submitted by two students for their B.E. program.
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The suspension System of an automobile is one which separates the wheel/axle assembly from the body. The primary function of the suspension system is to isolate the vehicle structure from shocks & vibration due to irregularities of the road surface.
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The document summarizes the key components and operation of a pneumatic braking system. It discusses how pneumatic brakes work by using compressed air to apply pressure to brake pads to stop a vehicle. The system works through three stages - charging, applying, and releasing brakes. It is commonly used in large vehicles like trucks and buses. While powerful, pneumatic brakes require special training to operate due to their complexity compared to hydraulic systems. Overall, the document provides a high-level overview of how pneumatic braking systems function in vehicles.
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This document discusses engine governors, which are devices that regulate the speed of engines. It provides several key points about governors:
1. Governors automatically maintain the uniform speed of an engine within specified limits when the load varies.
2. Governors regulate fuel supply to the engine based on load requirements to keep the mean speed consistent.
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The document discusses the components and operation of a manual transmission clutch system. It describes the main components as the flywheel, clutch disc, pressure plate assembly, and clutch release bearing. The flywheel connects to the engine and the clutch disc connects it to the transmission. The pressure plate squeezes the clutch disc to engage and disengage drive via springs or a diaphragm. The release bearing is used to disengage the clutch via the pedal linkage. Freeplay in the pedal allows full engagement without excess wear.
Brake system
The document discusses the brake system used in vehicles. It defines a brake as a device that inhibits motion using friction to convert kinetic energy into heat. Brakes slow or stop a vehicle using friction between stationary and moving parts, with some regenerative brakes converting energy to electricity. The document classifies brakes based on actuation method (foot, hand), operation type (mechanical, hydraulic, air, vacuum), location (front, rear wheels), and application method (internally expanding, externally contracting). Hydraulic brakes are most common, using pressurized brake fluid and Pascal's law to generate equal braking force on all wheels.
1. introduction to automobile
The document discusses the key components of an automobile, including the basic structure, power unit, transmission system, auxiliaries, controls, and superstructure. It describes the frame, suspension system, axles, wheels, and tires that make up the basic structure. It then explains the different systems that transmit power from the engine to the wheels, including the transmission, drivetrain, clutch, gearbox, propeller shaft, and differential. Finally, it briefly touches on the different body styles of automobiles like sedans, hatchbacks, coupes, convertibles, and station wagons.
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The document discusses various types of automobile suspension systems. It describes independent suspension systems that allow each wheel to move independently and non-independent systems where the wheels are attached to a solid axle. Common types of independent suspension include MacPherson strut suspension, wishbone suspension, and solid rear axle suspension. The document also covers suspension components like springs, shock absorbers, control arms, and sway bars. It provides advantages and disadvantages of different suspension types.
steering system
A steering system allows a vehicle to follow the desired course by guiding the wheels. It consists of a steering wheel, steering shaft and column, universal joints, and steering arms and ball sockets. The steering system enables the driver to safely steer the vehicle while also reducing effort. Modern systems have improved ease and durability. Common types are recirculating ball gearboxes and rack and pinion systems, which convert rotational motion of the steering wheel into linear motion to turn the wheels.
Suspension system
The suspension system connects a vehicle to its wheels and serves two main purposes - contributing to handling and braking safety while also providing a comfortable ride by isolating the vehicle from road bumps and noise. An effective suspension balances these goals. Most modern vehicles use independent front and rear suspension systems with springs, shock absorbers, and linkages to enable each wheel to move independently without affecting the others, improving both ride and handling. The suspension aims to separate the energy of vertical wheel movements from the vehicle body.
Brakes
The document discusses automotive braking systems. It describes how braking systems work by converting the kinetic energy of a moving vehicle into heat energy through friction between braking components. The main types of braking systems are disc brakes and drum brakes. Key components of braking systems include calipers, rotors, pads, master cylinders, lines, and wheel cylinders. The hydraulic system pressurizes brake fluid to activate the brakes when the pedal is depressed.
rear axle ppt
The document provides information on rear axle drives and rear axle shafts. It discusses the Hotchkiss drive system which uses leaf springs to locate the rear axle and transmit driving forces. It is a simple and inexpensive design. The document also describes torque tube drives and compares them to Hotchkiss drives. Finally, it discusses different types of rear axle shafts including semi-floating, full-floating, and three-quarter floating axles.
Propeller shaft
The propeller shaft transmits power from the gearbox to the rear differential. It includes U-joints and a slip joint to adjust for length changes over bumps. There are two main types of propeller shaft: the torque tube type, which fully encloses the shaft in a hollow tube connected to the rear axle housing, and the Hotchkiss type, which absorbs torque through the rear leaf spring using a shaft with universal joints and a sliding joint. Propeller shafts must be dynamically balanced, made of hardened steel to withstand torque loads, and designed to avoid resonance at high speeds.
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Construction of conventional, semi integral & integral type vehicles
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Optimum design of automotive composite drive shaft
This document summarizes research on optimizing the design of an automotive composite drive shaft using genetic algorithms. The researchers aim to determine if a composite drive shaft can replace a conventional two-piece steel drive shaft. Key points:
1) A genetic algorithm is used to optimize ply thickness, number of plies, and stacking sequence of carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy composite shafts. The objective is minimizing weight while meeting constraints of torque transmission, buckling load, and fundamental frequency.
2) Composite materials could allow a one-piece drive shaft with higher fundamental frequency than a steel shaft, avoiding the need for joints and supports. This would reduce weight, vibration, and costs.
3)
Optimum design of automotive composite drive shaft
This document summarizes research on optimizing the design of an automotive composite drive shaft using genetic algorithms. The researchers aim to determine if a composite drive shaft can replace a conventional two-piece steel drive shaft. Key points:
1) A genetic algorithm is used to optimize ply thickness, number of plies, and stacking sequence of carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy composite shafts. The objective is minimizing weight while meeting constraints of torque transmission, buckling load, and fundamental frequency.
2) Composite materials could allow a one-piece drive shaft with higher fundamental frequency than a steel shaft, avoiding the need for joints and supports. This would reduce weight, vibration, and costs.
3)
Optimum design of automotive composite drive shaft
This document summarizes research on optimizing the design of an automotive composite drive shaft using genetic algorithms. The researchers aim to determine if a composite drive shaft can replace a conventional two-piece steel drive shaft. Key points:
1) A genetic algorithm is used to optimize ply thickness, number of plies, and stacking sequence of carbon/epoxy and glass/epoxy composite shafts. The objective is minimizing weight while meeting constraints of torque transmission, buckling load, and fundamental frequency.
2) Composite materials could allow a one-piece drive shaft with higher fundamental frequency than a steel shaft, avoiding the need for joints and supports. This would reduce weight, vibration, and costs.
3)
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The objective of the drive shaft is to connect with the transmission shaft with the help of universal joint whose axis intersects and the rotation of one shaft about its own axis results in rotation of other shaft about its axis. Shafts must be exceptionally tough and light to improve the overall performance of the vehicle. Automobile industries are exploring composite materials in order to obtain reduction of weight without significant decrease in vehicle quality and reliability. This is due to the fact that the reduction of weight of a vehicle directly impacts its fuel consumption. Particularly in city driving, the reduction of weight is almost directly proportional to fuel consumption of the vehicle. Also at the start of vehicle the most of the power get consumed in driving transmission system, if we able to reduce the weight of the propeller shaft that surplus available power can be used to propel the vehicle. Thus, in this paper, the aim is to replace a two-piece metallic drive shaft by a composite drive shaft. The following materials can be chosen Steel, Boron/Epoxy Composite, Kevlar/Epoxy Composite, Aluminum – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid, Carbon – Glass/Epoxy Hybrid. The analysis was carried out for three different ply orientations of the composites in order to suggest the most suitable ply orientation of the material that would give the maximum weight reduction while conforming to the stringent design parameters of passenger cars and light commercial vehicle.
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International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
F1302043448
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Df31490496
This document reviews the design and analysis of a composite drive shaft using ANSYS software and a genetic algorithm. It begins with an introduction discussing the benefits of composite materials over conventional steel for drive shafts, including higher strength and stiffness to weight ratios. It then discusses past research on optimizing composite drive shafts. The document focuses on designing a single-piece composite drive shaft to replace a typical two-piece steel shaft, using high-strength carbon/epoxy composite material. It specifies the shaft must withstand over 3500 Nm of torque and have a fundamental frequency over 6500 rpm to avoid vibrations. ANSYS and a genetic algorithm will be used to optimize the design.
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Analysis Of Propeller Shaft
- 1. PROJECT REPORT GROUP MEMBERS ASHISH SINGH ASWAL DEEP PRAKASH PANT GAURAV PRAKASH JOSHI AYUSH THAPLI
- 2. PROJECT TITLE Analysis of Propeller (Drive) Shaft using Composites Project Guide – Mr. Rohit Pandey
- 3. Propeller shaft It is a connection between the transmission and rear axle. It is a long cylindrical structure of two piece steel drive shafts, consists of three universal joints, center supporting bearing and a bracket.
- 4. Literature review V. S. Bhajantri , Arun Ravi Analysis of a Composite Drive Shaft for Automotive by using Carbon/Epoxy. D.dinesh done Optimum Analysis of a Composite Drive Shaft for an Automobile by Using Ansys using Carbon/Epoxy. Harshal Bankar done Material Optimization and Weight Reduction of Drive Shaft Using Composite Material Boron/Epoxy.
- 5. Problem definition In the steel drive shaft, the weight of the steel is more due to which power is lost, because it takes more energy to spin the heavier steel parts. This power can be reduced by replacing the steel with the composite drive shaft to enhance fuel efficiency.
- 6. Overcoming Problem Definition In this, stainless steel will be replaced by the composites on the basis of various procedures. composites like glass epoxy, carbon epoxy and aluminium metal matrix composites undergo through the deformation and theories of failure and then a comparison will take and a most suitable material will be chosen for the propeller shaft against stainless steel. Thus by using composites the weight of the propeller shaft will decrease and hence, fuel consumption will also decrease.
- 8. Engineering data materials are either selected or created manually
- 9. Boundary condition : - Meshing - Fixed support MESHING :
- 10. - Torque = 500Nm In this, the finite element model of shaft - One end is fixed and a torque of 500 Nm is applied at other end.
- 11. Deformation Stainless steel Carbon Epoxy AA 6061 Glass Epoxy
- 12. Deformation AA 6063 AA 7075
- 13. Equivalent (von misses) stress Stainless steel AA 6061 AA 6063 AA 7075
- 14. Maximum Principal stress Carbon EpoxyGlass Epoxy Stainless Steel
- 15. Maximum Shear stress Stainless steel AA 6063 AA 7075 AA 6061
- 16. Calculation Formula :- m = Density* area * Length = Density *(π/4) * ((90^2) – (84^2)) * 1000 Parameter Stainless steel Carbon Epoxy Glass Epoxy AA 6061 AA 6063 AA 7075 Density(kg/ m^3) 7750 1600 2500 2700 2700 2800 Length(mm) 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 1000 External Diameter(m m) 90 90 90 90 90 90 Thickness( mm) 3 3 3 3 3 3 Mass(Kg) 6.35 1.32 2.03 2.22 2.22 2.29 % saved ---- 79.2 68.03 65.3 65.3 63.93
- 17. RESULT AND CONCLUSION Result Material Deformation(m) Von-misses stress Maximum Shear stress Maximum Principle stress Stainless Steel Maximum 0.00019634 2.5184e7 1.454e7 1.4857e7 Minimum 0000 2.2429e7 1.2949e7 1.288e7 Carbon epoxy Maximum 0.00017907 ---- ---- 1.4855e7 Minimum 0000 ---- ---- 1.288e7 Glass epoxy Maximum 0.00043273 ---- ---- 1.4855e7 Minimum 0000 ---- ---- 1.288e7 AA 6061 Maximum 0.00041296 2.5182e7 1.4539e7 ---- Minimum 0000 2.2429e7 1.2949e7 ---- AA 6063 Maximum 0.00035124 2.5182e7 1.4539e7 ---- Minimum 0000 2.2429e7 1.2949e7 ---- AA 7075 Maximum 0.00035124 2.5182e7 1.4539e7 ---- Minimum 0000 2.2429e7 1.2949e7 ----
- 18. Conclusion From the calculations & result it is seen that the replacement of conventional drive shaft with the composites results in reduction in weight of automobile propeller shaft. Thus, Carbon Epoxy and AA 6063 can be used instead of the conventional drive shaft.
- 19. Thank You