The current study was carryout to investigate the status of water supply facilities in 24 rural
communities of Owo local government area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Former and informer interview,
questionnaire and physical assessment conducted. Secondary data from Nigeria National Population
Commission (NNPC) were used in this study. The major water supply facilities used by the communities were
mostly hand dug well and boreholes which in most cases were fitted with either electric or hand pump. It was
observed that all the boreholes fitted with hand pump were failed while 86 % of those fitted with electrics pump
were also failed. In the case of the hand dug well more than 37 % of all the hand dug well were failed. Borehole
failure was due to people ignorance, non availability of spare parts, constant water failure, poor maintenance
skills and attitude of the communities. The failures of the hand dug well were mainly due to low water table or
aquifer region. The survey assessment results revealed that sustainable water supply to the community could be
enhancing through the use of hand pump boreholes. Hand pump boreholes appeared more reliable with low
operational technology, their cost effectiveness affordability and available spare parts. The studies recommend
the involvement of the community participation in the overall management of the water facility in other to
enhance sustainability.
DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY SOURCES AND DISTRIBUTION ISSUES IN ILESHA WEST LOCAL CO...IAEME Publication
The problem of adequate water supply is a recurring decimal in the calculation of water supply issues facing Ilesha town for more than 40 years. This study attempts to bring to the fore the issues that are accountable , focusin g on Ilesha West Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria . Sources of water that can be tapped for domestic use c onsider ed adequacy of rivers and streams, hand dug wells, boreholes, water though vendors and sachet or pure waters. Previous and present efforts of concerned State government s a re presented. The various issues are harvested. Issues bothering on water supply and distribution ar e considered for each of the sources of water. Field study, oral interview, collection of data from appropriate quarters was used to obtain information on the problems of management practices used in provision of potable water to the community by private a nd public agencies.
Assessment of sanitation levels of sources of water in Osun State Capital, Ni...IJERA Editor
A study of the physicochemical and bacteriological analysis including BOD and COD was carried out for sources of water in Oshogbo the Capital of the State of Osun. Seven water sampling areas were selected to cover the low, medium and high population density areas of the State Capital. Water samples were collected from five sources of water, namely, shallow well, borehole, stream, rain and river. Water samples were collected from the well, borehole and stream water sources from Dada Estate and Isale Oshun for low density population, Ayetoro, Ogo-Oluwa and Oke-Ayepe for medium density, and Oke-Bale and Igbona for high density population areas. Three sampling points were undertaken for the rain water source while River Oshun source at Isale-Oshun was the 25th water sampling point. A total of 25 water quality parameters were analyzed for each of the 25 water sources sampled using the facility at the Rural Water And Environmental Sanitation Agency, RUWESA in Osun State Government Secretariat in Abere. Results indicated that 8 of the water quality parameters, pH, Turbidity; Magnesium hardness, Free Chlorine, Nitrite, Bacteriological, BOD and COD were not within Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) permitted water quality standards and are of concern to sanitation of potable water in the State Capital. The level of each parameter differs from source to source as well as from level of population densities. The sources that were adjudged polluted were Ogo-Oluwa and Oke-Ayepe well sources; Ogo-Oluwa, Oke-Bale and Igbona stream sources Oke-Bale Rain source.R and the River source at Isale-Oshun. The polluted sources are all within the medium and high population density areas of the State Capital.
Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes i...ijtsrd
Water is a precious resource which is essential for life and is ranked next to air as a basic necessity of man. However, one major challenge in Nigeria is the ability for both rural and urban areas to access a clean water supply. This study examined the access and physicochemical properties of water used in lafia metropolis for domestic purposes. This study adopted both the use of questionnaires and collection of water samples for laboratory analysis. The parameters tested include Temperature °C , pH value, Electrical conductivity µs , Total suspended solids mg l , Biological Oxygen demand BOD ,Turbidity NTU , Sulphate So4 , Chloride Cl , Nitrate No3 , Potassium K , Sodium Na , Calcium Ca , Magnesium Mg , Zinc Zn , Iron Fe Copper Cu and Lead Pb . The results showed that households in Lafia metropolis have reasonable access to safe water supply and the results of analyses of water samples were compared with the WHO minimum quality standards. The analyses revealed that the quality of water supply is adequate. For instance, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, sulphate, nitrate, and chloride values were all below the WHO values. Farringoro U. D | Ndor, E "Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes in Lafia Metropolis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29541.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/29541/accessibility-and-physicochemical-properties-of-water-for-domestic-purposes-in-lafia-metropolis/farringoro-u-d
DOMESTIC WATER SUPPLY SOURCES AND DISTRIBUTION ISSUES IN ILESHA WEST LOCAL CO...IAEME Publication
The problem of adequate water supply is a recurring decimal in the calculation of water supply issues facing Ilesha town for more than 40 years. This study attempts to bring to the fore the issues that are accountable , focusin g on Ilesha West Local Government Area of Osun State, Nigeria . Sources of water that can be tapped for domestic use c onsider ed adequacy of rivers and streams, hand dug wells, boreholes, water though vendors and sachet or pure waters. Previous and present efforts of concerned State government s a re presented. The various issues are harvested. Issues bothering on water supply and distribution ar e considered for each of the sources of water. Field study, oral interview, collection of data from appropriate quarters was used to obtain information on the problems of management practices used in provision of potable water to the community by private a nd public agencies.
Assessment of sanitation levels of sources of water in Osun State Capital, Ni...IJERA Editor
A study of the physicochemical and bacteriological analysis including BOD and COD was carried out for sources of water in Oshogbo the Capital of the State of Osun. Seven water sampling areas were selected to cover the low, medium and high population density areas of the State Capital. Water samples were collected from five sources of water, namely, shallow well, borehole, stream, rain and river. Water samples were collected from the well, borehole and stream water sources from Dada Estate and Isale Oshun for low density population, Ayetoro, Ogo-Oluwa and Oke-Ayepe for medium density, and Oke-Bale and Igbona for high density population areas. Three sampling points were undertaken for the rain water source while River Oshun source at Isale-Oshun was the 25th water sampling point. A total of 25 water quality parameters were analyzed for each of the 25 water sources sampled using the facility at the Rural Water And Environmental Sanitation Agency, RUWESA in Osun State Government Secretariat in Abere. Results indicated that 8 of the water quality parameters, pH, Turbidity; Magnesium hardness, Free Chlorine, Nitrite, Bacteriological, BOD and COD were not within Standards Organization of Nigeria (SON) permitted water quality standards and are of concern to sanitation of potable water in the State Capital. The level of each parameter differs from source to source as well as from level of population densities. The sources that were adjudged polluted were Ogo-Oluwa and Oke-Ayepe well sources; Ogo-Oluwa, Oke-Bale and Igbona stream sources Oke-Bale Rain source.R and the River source at Isale-Oshun. The polluted sources are all within the medium and high population density areas of the State Capital.
Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes i...ijtsrd
Water is a precious resource which is essential for life and is ranked next to air as a basic necessity of man. However, one major challenge in Nigeria is the ability for both rural and urban areas to access a clean water supply. This study examined the access and physicochemical properties of water used in lafia metropolis for domestic purposes. This study adopted both the use of questionnaires and collection of water samples for laboratory analysis. The parameters tested include Temperature °C , pH value, Electrical conductivity µs , Total suspended solids mg l , Biological Oxygen demand BOD ,Turbidity NTU , Sulphate So4 , Chloride Cl , Nitrate No3 , Potassium K , Sodium Na , Calcium Ca , Magnesium Mg , Zinc Zn , Iron Fe Copper Cu and Lead Pb . The results showed that households in Lafia metropolis have reasonable access to safe water supply and the results of analyses of water samples were compared with the WHO minimum quality standards. The analyses revealed that the quality of water supply is adequate. For instance, electrical conductivity, total suspended solids, biological oxygen demand, sulphate, nitrate, and chloride values were all below the WHO values. Farringoro U. D | Ndor, E "Accessibility and Physicochemical Properties of Water for Domestic Purposes in Lafia Metropolis" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-4 | Issue-1 , December 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd29541.pdfPaper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/allied-sciences/29541/accessibility-and-physicochemical-properties-of-water-for-domestic-purposes-in-lafia-metropolis/farringoro-u-d
Nepal's history of water management_Dr. Hari Krishna ShreshthaSaciWATERs
Nepal’s History of Water Management Institutions: Is there a Role for them in Adapting to
Water Scarcity?
- Dr. Hari Krishna Shrestha, Nepal Engineering College
The Effects of Shifting Irrigation on Community Livelihoods and Environmental...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
This study sets out to investigate the effects of shifting irrigation on community livelihoods and environmental quality along the Ewaso Nyiro Basin of Isiolo County in Kenya. The study uses longitudinal data collected between 2006 and 2015 through participatory research techniques, case studies, observation, key informant interviews and questionnaire survey. Results from the study show that the lower EwasoNyiro basin has nine operational irrigation schemes which households along the basin depend to practice irrigation farming. Irrigation has diversified the means of livelihood of the people and is an important source of food in the lower EwasoNyiro basin. Due to irrigation practices, environmental degradation has been experienced. These include, soil erosion, deforestation, salinity and water logging. However biocide and chemical fertilizers use is low in these irrigation schemes. Environmental conservation practices are rarely practised in the irrigation schemes with minimal cases reporting soil erosion control, afforestation, soil fertility management and safe use of agro-chemicals. The study recommends portable means of lifting water from the river schemes and environmental conservation at the household level and at the scheme level in the short term. We also recommend policy measures that will ensure flood control at the catchment level as this will enablesetting up of permanent irrigation schemes in the study area as a long-term solution.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000545.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on international journal of agronomy impact factor please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Perspective Study on Ground Water in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradeshiosrjce
This article is a deal with the study of East Godavari District There is a need for study the ground
water in the district. The information helps the planners, hydrologists, Geologists, Geographers and researchers
for better planning and management of underground water data whenever it is required. So for this a study is
made on the basis of secondary data form internet and water board survey reports from three decades, This
helps in decision making based on the information of ground water as a resource in East Godavari District. A
series of information has been considered and highlighted for the uses.
Assessing the availability of community water at Madlangamphisi, a community ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The research was conducted to assess the availability of domestic water and the extent of the problems associated with water scarcity at Madlangamphisi area in the Hhohho district of Eswatini. The research was a descriptive survey. A questionnaire was used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data for the survey. A total of 169 households out of 300 households in the community were randomly selected to participate in the survey. The majority (56.2%) of the households confirmed that there was water scarcity problems in the area as the streams they used for domestic water frequently dried up during the winter months. The study showed that a majority, 51.5% used water from rivers as the main source of domestic water, while 40.2% of the people travelled for more than 1,000 m to fetch water. To cope with water scarcity problems, 43.2% of the households reduced their water consumption level during droughts while 45% practiced rooftop rainwater harvesting. The study concluded that Madlangamphisi community experienced serious water scarcity problems since they relied on unprotected water sources for domestic use. Moreover, they had to travel for more than 200 m to collect water from nearest sources which is considered an indication of water scarcity by the WHO. The study observed that there was a need to introduce a rural water supply scheme in the area to solve the water scarcity problems and that households should treat water for drinking by either boiling or use a disinfectant to eliminate pathogenic organisms in the water.
This presentation deals with some of the issues related to water management in Indian context. This is slide show is developed as awareness generation material in context to general people
This paper presents a synoptic survey on water demand estimation and the
literature review on provisioning services and cultural services that is applicable for
Kenyir Lake, Terengganu, Malaysia. A good water demand method serve as one of the
principal role in planning, operation and management of water supply system of an
area. The water demand methods consider geography of the region, weather and
community characteristics. Identification of ecosystem services namely provisioning
services and cultural services in relation to ecosystem of Kenyir Lake clarify the
contribution of those services in economy. This paper concludes that applicable water
demand estimation for Kenyir Lake is micro-component analysis method. Meanwhile
The urban population of India was 37.11crs as per the Census count of 2011
showing a decadal growth of 31.82% in comparison to the on 12.3% and 17.7%
growth in rural population and overall population respectively (Planning
Commission, 2014). The maximum growth in population has been witnessed in class I
cities. Bhubaneswar is a Class-I as well as the largest and the most populous city of
Odisha. During the period 2001-11 the density of population in the city has increased
at a rapid pace of 24.86% to 3553 persons per sq km. Apart from natural growth
,rural urban migration to the city is being influenced by better infrastructure like
schools and colleges, hospitals, housing, roads, electricity, water supply, drainage
etc. All the above mentioned factors are simultaneously witnessing pressure due to
rising number of users. Water supply and organized drainage system are vital
components for any human settlement. Lack of quality water supply and poor
drainage and sewerage system can lead to multiple health hazards. An estimate puts
that globally 2.5 billion people do not have access to safe drinking water and
improved sanitation facilities (UNICEF /WHO, 2009). The above situation calls for
an urgent attention of the urban planners in our country to make adequate provision
An investigation of the quality of drinking water from commercial water boreh...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The gross inadequacy of public municipal drinking water supply in Nigeria compels individuals to make alternative arrangements for their drinking water supplies. In Kano, many people have embraced the sinking of water boreholes to obtain drinking water for private or commercial use, or both. In most cases the water is used directly for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene without any treatment. This paper investigates the quality of drinking water supplied from commercial boreholes in a selected area of Kano in Northern Nigeria. Samples of water from six commercial water boreholes, spread across Bomkpai and Yankaba, Niger Street and Airport Road-all in Kano municipality-were analyzed for physico-chemical and bacteriological quality. Two boreholes from the Bomkpai area were found to contain lead and chromium in the excess of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) recommended limits. Samples from all the boreholes studied were above limits of WHO and NSDWQ standards in colonies of micro-organism and coliform organism. The paper concludes that the quality of drinking water from six investigated commercial water boreholes in Kano raises health concerns. It recommends proper government regulation of commercial water boreholes in Kano; enforcement of periodic water quality checks.; and subjecting all commercial water boreholes in the Bomkpai area of Kano to water quality analysis, especially to determine the levels of heavy metals, such as lead and Chromium.
Keywords: Borehole, Commercial, Drinking Water, Health, Regulation.
A New Lupan type Triterpene Butilinol from Viburnum grandiflorumIOSR Journals
The isolation and structural studies on the chemical constituents of Viburnum grandiflorum are described. The medicinal properties of the plant are also described. The mentholic extract was subjected to the preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) test experiments to investigate the isolation pattern. Based on the PTLC test experiments, the extract was subjected to the silica gel column chromatography. The column was eluted with increasing polarities of organic solvents. This afforded several fractions. The fractions were re-chromatographed on silica gel column to afford a new lupan type triterpene butilinol (1) with several known compounds i. e. oleanolic acid (2), ursolic acid (3), β-sitosterol (4), butilinic acid (5), butilin (6), α-amyrin (7) and germanicol (8). The compound (6) was not reported previously from the genus Viburnum. This therefore represents its first report from Viburnum grandiflorum. The compounds (2) and (4) have been previously reported from Viburnum pronifolium while the compounds (3) and (8) from Viburnum opulus and Viburnum erubescens, respectively. This represents the first report of the presence of these compounds in Viburnum grandiflorum. The structures of the above compounds were identified on the basis of spectral data (UV, IR, Mass, 1NMR, 13C-NMR) and literature evidences. The hexane and ethyl acetate soluble portions of the methanolic extract showed significant antifungal activity, while the chloroform soluble portion and the remaining methanol extract showed moderate activity.
Nepal's history of water management_Dr. Hari Krishna ShreshthaSaciWATERs
Nepal’s History of Water Management Institutions: Is there a Role for them in Adapting to
Water Scarcity?
- Dr. Hari Krishna Shrestha, Nepal Engineering College
The Effects of Shifting Irrigation on Community Livelihoods and Environmental...CrimsonpublishersMCDA
This study sets out to investigate the effects of shifting irrigation on community livelihoods and environmental quality along the Ewaso Nyiro Basin of Isiolo County in Kenya. The study uses longitudinal data collected between 2006 and 2015 through participatory research techniques, case studies, observation, key informant interviews and questionnaire survey. Results from the study show that the lower EwasoNyiro basin has nine operational irrigation schemes which households along the basin depend to practice irrigation farming. Irrigation has diversified the means of livelihood of the people and is an important source of food in the lower EwasoNyiro basin. Due to irrigation practices, environmental degradation has been experienced. These include, soil erosion, deforestation, salinity and water logging. However biocide and chemical fertilizers use is low in these irrigation schemes. Environmental conservation practices are rarely practised in the irrigation schemes with minimal cases reporting soil erosion control, afforestation, soil fertility management and safe use of agro-chemicals. The study recommends portable means of lifting water from the river schemes and environmental conservation at the household level and at the scheme level in the short term. We also recommend policy measures that will ensure flood control at the catchment level as this will enablesetting up of permanent irrigation schemes in the study area as a long-term solution.
https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/fulltext/MCDA.000545.php
For more open access journals in Crimson Publishers please click on link: https://crimsonpublishers.com
For more articles on international journal of agronomy impact factor please click on below link: https://crimsonpublishers.com/mcda/
Perspective Study on Ground Water in East Godavari District of Andhra Pradeshiosrjce
This article is a deal with the study of East Godavari District There is a need for study the ground
water in the district. The information helps the planners, hydrologists, Geologists, Geographers and researchers
for better planning and management of underground water data whenever it is required. So for this a study is
made on the basis of secondary data form internet and water board survey reports from three decades, This
helps in decision making based on the information of ground water as a resource in East Godavari District. A
series of information has been considered and highlighted for the uses.
Assessing the availability of community water at Madlangamphisi, a community ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The research was conducted to assess the availability of domestic water and the extent of the problems associated with water scarcity at Madlangamphisi area in the Hhohho district of Eswatini. The research was a descriptive survey. A questionnaire was used to collect both qualitative and quantitative data for the survey. A total of 169 households out of 300 households in the community were randomly selected to participate in the survey. The majority (56.2%) of the households confirmed that there was water scarcity problems in the area as the streams they used for domestic water frequently dried up during the winter months. The study showed that a majority, 51.5% used water from rivers as the main source of domestic water, while 40.2% of the people travelled for more than 1,000 m to fetch water. To cope with water scarcity problems, 43.2% of the households reduced their water consumption level during droughts while 45% practiced rooftop rainwater harvesting. The study concluded that Madlangamphisi community experienced serious water scarcity problems since they relied on unprotected water sources for domestic use. Moreover, they had to travel for more than 200 m to collect water from nearest sources which is considered an indication of water scarcity by the WHO. The study observed that there was a need to introduce a rural water supply scheme in the area to solve the water scarcity problems and that households should treat water for drinking by either boiling or use a disinfectant to eliminate pathogenic organisms in the water.
This presentation deals with some of the issues related to water management in Indian context. This is slide show is developed as awareness generation material in context to general people
This paper presents a synoptic survey on water demand estimation and the
literature review on provisioning services and cultural services that is applicable for
Kenyir Lake, Terengganu, Malaysia. A good water demand method serve as one of the
principal role in planning, operation and management of water supply system of an
area. The water demand methods consider geography of the region, weather and
community characteristics. Identification of ecosystem services namely provisioning
services and cultural services in relation to ecosystem of Kenyir Lake clarify the
contribution of those services in economy. This paper concludes that applicable water
demand estimation for Kenyir Lake is micro-component analysis method. Meanwhile
The urban population of India was 37.11crs as per the Census count of 2011
showing a decadal growth of 31.82% in comparison to the on 12.3% and 17.7%
growth in rural population and overall population respectively (Planning
Commission, 2014). The maximum growth in population has been witnessed in class I
cities. Bhubaneswar is a Class-I as well as the largest and the most populous city of
Odisha. During the period 2001-11 the density of population in the city has increased
at a rapid pace of 24.86% to 3553 persons per sq km. Apart from natural growth
,rural urban migration to the city is being influenced by better infrastructure like
schools and colleges, hospitals, housing, roads, electricity, water supply, drainage
etc. All the above mentioned factors are simultaneously witnessing pressure due to
rising number of users. Water supply and organized drainage system are vital
components for any human settlement. Lack of quality water supply and poor
drainage and sewerage system can lead to multiple health hazards. An estimate puts
that globally 2.5 billion people do not have access to safe drinking water and
improved sanitation facilities (UNICEF /WHO, 2009). The above situation calls for
an urgent attention of the urban planners in our country to make adequate provision
An investigation of the quality of drinking water from commercial water boreh...eSAT Journals
Abstract
The gross inadequacy of public municipal drinking water supply in Nigeria compels individuals to make alternative arrangements for their drinking water supplies. In Kano, many people have embraced the sinking of water boreholes to obtain drinking water for private or commercial use, or both. In most cases the water is used directly for drinking, cooking and personal hygiene without any treatment. This paper investigates the quality of drinking water supplied from commercial boreholes in a selected area of Kano in Northern Nigeria. Samples of water from six commercial water boreholes, spread across Bomkpai and Yankaba, Niger Street and Airport Road-all in Kano municipality-were analyzed for physico-chemical and bacteriological quality. Two boreholes from the Bomkpai area were found to contain lead and chromium in the excess of the World Health Organization (WHO) and the Nigerian Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ) recommended limits. Samples from all the boreholes studied were above limits of WHO and NSDWQ standards in colonies of micro-organism and coliform organism. The paper concludes that the quality of drinking water from six investigated commercial water boreholes in Kano raises health concerns. It recommends proper government regulation of commercial water boreholes in Kano; enforcement of periodic water quality checks.; and subjecting all commercial water boreholes in the Bomkpai area of Kano to water quality analysis, especially to determine the levels of heavy metals, such as lead and Chromium.
Keywords: Borehole, Commercial, Drinking Water, Health, Regulation.
A New Lupan type Triterpene Butilinol from Viburnum grandiflorumIOSR Journals
The isolation and structural studies on the chemical constituents of Viburnum grandiflorum are described. The medicinal properties of the plant are also described. The mentholic extract was subjected to the preparative thin layer chromatography (PTLC) test experiments to investigate the isolation pattern. Based on the PTLC test experiments, the extract was subjected to the silica gel column chromatography. The column was eluted with increasing polarities of organic solvents. This afforded several fractions. The fractions were re-chromatographed on silica gel column to afford a new lupan type triterpene butilinol (1) with several known compounds i. e. oleanolic acid (2), ursolic acid (3), β-sitosterol (4), butilinic acid (5), butilin (6), α-amyrin (7) and germanicol (8). The compound (6) was not reported previously from the genus Viburnum. This therefore represents its first report from Viburnum grandiflorum. The compounds (2) and (4) have been previously reported from Viburnum pronifolium while the compounds (3) and (8) from Viburnum opulus and Viburnum erubescens, respectively. This represents the first report of the presence of these compounds in Viburnum grandiflorum. The structures of the above compounds were identified on the basis of spectral data (UV, IR, Mass, 1NMR, 13C-NMR) and literature evidences. The hexane and ethyl acetate soluble portions of the methanolic extract showed significant antifungal activity, while the chloroform soluble portion and the remaining methanol extract showed moderate activity.
Effect of Fermentation on the Nutritional and Antinutritional Composition of ...IOSR Journals
The dehulled seeds of three varieties of Lagenaria siceraria were subjected to control fermentation process. The fermented and unfermented seeds were analysed for their nutritional and anti-nutritional compositions using AOAC 1998. The fermented seeds were found to contain high amount of crude protein (48.12%) and crude fibre (4.11%) compared to 27.42% and 0.67% for unfermented seeds respectively. Similarly, crude lipid content of the seeds decreased by about 75%. The process also results in decrease in phytate, oxalate, tannins and cyanide content with consequent increase in nitrate and Vitamin C. Hence fermenting the seeds is an important way of exposing its protein content and reducing the antinutritional content. The seeds were found to have good potentials for preparation of condiments which are commonly used in the preparation of soup.
Complexation, Spectroscopic, Thermal, Magnetic And Conductimetric Studies On ...IOSR Journals
7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(phenylazo) coumarin (L1)and 7-hydroxy-4-methyl-8-(o-carboxyphenylazo) coumarin (L2) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analysis, infrared (IR), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) and Mass spectra. The important infrared (IR) spectral bands corresponding to the active groups in the two ligands and the solid complexes under investigation were studied. Also the important fragments in the ligands and the complexes were done using mass spectra and the main peaks were corresponding to the molecular weights of the ligands and complexes. The solid complexes have been synthesized and studied by elemental and thermal analyses (TG and DTA) as well as by IR, 1H NMR, magnetic measurements, electronic transition, molar conductance, mass spectra and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectra. The proposed steriochemical structures for the investigated metal complexes suggest octahedral geometry with respect to Mn, Co, Ni, Cu and Zn metal ions and all of the formed complexes contain coordinated and hydrated water molecules. All of the prepared solid complexes behave as non-electrolytes in chloroform.
Biomimetic Materials in Our World: A Review.IOSR Journals
The study of biomineralization offers valuable and incredible insights into the scope and nature of material chemistry at the inorganic and organic surfaces. Biological systems (architecture) are replete with examples of organic supramolecular assemblies (double and triplet helices, multisubunit proteins, membrane-bound reaction centres, vesicle, tubules e. t. c.), some of which (collagen, cellulose and chitin) extend to microscopic dimensions in the form of hierarchical structure, There are ample opportunities of lessons from the biological (on growth and functional adaptation), and physical (properties and compositions) world. This review explores the field of biomimetic material chemistry as it relates to fibres with respect to their historical perspective, the use of the products of biomimetic material, the progressive efforts and a general overview. Conclusively, biomimetic materials research is indeed a rapidly growing and enormously promising field that needs to be explored.
Proficient Handling and Restraint of the Laboratory Animal Rat (Rattus Norveg...IOSR Journals
The laboratory rat is an important animal model which has been used extensively in the fields of biological, pharmaceutical, behavioral and biomedical sciences. There are several laboratory procedures which are implemented on this model repetitively. These procedures require proper handling and restraint of the rat. A good amount of general information is available at several places on web. Knowledge about safe and effective rat handling techniques and methods are mandatory to learn before starting experiments on animal models. Avoidance of stress and discomfort of the rat is very important for the overall outcome of an experimental study. Here we address and review someessential techniques to handle difficulties of working with the laboratory rat (RattusNorvegicus) using our first-hand experience from an animal care and safety perspective in moderately available animal facility especially for developing countries.
Comparison of Sports Anxiety in three different Stages between Team and Indiv...IOSR Journals
Abstract: To find out the degrees of anxieties experienced by both the individual and team sports persons of
Manipur at three different stages of sports such as prior to the actual play, during the progress of the play and
after the conclusion of the play over the period of five years beginning from 1995 to 2000 A.D. The researchers
mainly adopted the simple and easy methods of questionnaires, personal visits to national and state level
sportspersons of Manipur at their residence, hostels and other sports complexes. The subjects of the study were
173 teams’ sportspersons and 173 individual sportspersons of Manipur over the span of five years starting form
1995 to 2000. The team sports persons were form the field of hockey, handball, kabaddi, sepak-takraw and
volleyball, on the other hand the individual team sportspersons were from the disciplines of Archery, cycling,
table-tennis, wrestling, fencing, athletics, weight lifting, judo, boxing and tae-kwondo respectively. Data were
collected by using “Anxiety test questionnaire” tools.
Comparing the sport anxiety before, during and after the play, both the individual and team sportsperson were
found significantly higher in anxiety level during the play than the before and after the play situation. The sports
anxiety between the individuals and teams sports found no significant difference before the play and after the
play. But there is significant different found during the play i.e., individuals sportspersons were found
significantly higher in sports anxiety then the team sportspersons.
Key wards: Sports anxiety, individual and team sportspersons, STAI Form Y-I, comparative t test.
Smartdust Network for Tactical Border Surveillance Using Multiple SignaturesIOSR Journals
The paper aims at designing a system for border surveillance using the concept of smartdust
technology. Smartdusts are small dust like wireless sensor motes with multiple on-board sensors and
microcontroller. In real time, thousands of such smartdust motes must be deployed in a large area. The motes
can form a network among them and has wireless connection to outside world. Onboard hardware include a
variety of sensors for vibration/seismic, magnetic, acoustic and thermal signature recognition, a
microcontroller for processing these sensor values and a radio transceiver for communication over a wireless
network. In this experimental project, we have designed one central monitoring mote and two smartdust motes
using ARM controller, IEEE radio transceiver and sensors.The central monitoring mote also displays the
tracking history of intrusion on enabling a switch
Transformational Leadership at Muhammadiyah Primary Schoolson Emotional Intel...IOSR Journals
The aim of this research are examines the influence of Authentic Transformational Leadership behavior on Emotional Intelligence with intervening variables: Value CongruenceandTrust of the teachers and employees at MuhammadiyahPrimary Schools forward Bass &Avolio Theory. Quantitative approach used on this research. The samples in this study were 55 employees and 110 teachers. The finding indicate that Authentic Transformational Leadership behavior have significant direct effect on Emotional Intelligence. The significant influence was also shown by intervening variables: Value Congruence (positive), andTrust (negative). For further studies there is recommended to conduct similar studies in high school Muhammadiyah, considering there are differences in the curriculum and the emotional maturity of students and teachers
Removal of lead (II) and copper (II) ions from aqueous solution by baobab (Ad...IOSR Journals
High concentration of heavy metals in the environment can be detrimental to a variety of living species. The purpose of this research was to explore the use of baobab (Adsononsia digitata) fruit shells in the removal of lead(II) and copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions. Batch experiments were conducted to determine the effect of varying adsorption parameters on the removal of aqueous lead and copper ions. The adsorption of Pb(II) was found to be maximum at pH 5.5 using adsorbent dose of 0.7 g. The adsorption of Cu(II) was found to be optimum at pH 6 using adsorbent dosage of 0.9 g. The adsorption data conformed to Langmuir, Freundlich and Temkin isotherms. However the Temkin isotherm showed the best fitting model with highest R2 values for both lead and copper (0.9977 and 0.9967) respectively. Baobab fruit shells can be used as a cost effective adsorbent for the removal of lead(II) and copper(II) ions from aqueous solutions in the treatment of industrial effluent.
"Study of Java Access Control Mechanism”IOSR Journals
Abstract: a class as "a collection of data and methods." One of the important object-oriented techniques is
hiding the data within the class and making it available only through the methods. This technique is known as
encapsulation because it seals the data (and internal methods) safely inside the "capsule" of the class, where it
can be accessed only by trusted users.
Another reason for encapsulation is to protect your class against accidental or willful stupidity. A class
often contains a number of interdependent fields that must be in a consistent state. If you allow a users to
manipulate those fields directly, he may change one field without changing important related fields, thus leaving
the class in an inconsistent state. If, instead, he has to call a method to change the field, that method can be sure
to do everything necessary to keep the state consistent. Similarly, if a class defines certain methods for internal
use only, hiding these methods prevents users of the class from calling them.
The goal is : All the fields and methods of a class can always be used within the body of the class itself. Java
defines access control rules that restrict members of a class from being used outside the class that is done
through keeping the data (and internal methods) safely inside the "capsule" of the class, where it can be
accessed only by trusted users.
Keywords: Encapsulation, Access Control, Classes, Constructors, Methods.
Application of Artificial Neural Network (Ann) In Operation of ReservoirsIOSR Journals
Abstract: Reservoir operation is an important element in water resources planning and management. It consists
of several parameters like inflow, storage, evaporation and demands that define the operation strategies for
giving a sequence of releases to meet the demands. The operating policy is a set of rules for determining the
quantities of water to be stored or released or withdrawn from a reservoir or system of several reservoirs under
various conditions. Reservoir operation frequently follows a conventional policy based on Guide curves (Rule
curves) that prescribes reservoir releases based on limited criteria such as current storage levels, season and
demands. Operating policies can be derived using system techniques such as simulation, optimisation and
combination of these two. System analysis has proved to be a potential tool in the planning, operation and
management of the available resources. In recent years, artificial intelligence techniques like Artificial Neural
Networks (ANN) have arisen as an alternative to overcome some of the limitations of traditional methods. In
most of the studies, feed forward structure and the back propagation algorithm have been used to design and
train the ANN models respectively. Detail analysis will be carried out to develop an ANN model for reservoir
operation and assess the application potential of ANN in attaining the reservoir operation objectives compared
with the conventional rule curves.
Key words:Artificial Neural Network, Back propagation, Guide curves (Rule curves), optimisation,reservoir
operation, simulation.
Techniques for Face Detection & Recognition Systema Comprehensive ReviewIOSR Journals
Abstract: Face detection and Facial recognition technology has emerged as a striking solution to address
many contemporary prerequisites for identification and the verification of identity prerogatives. It brings
together the potential of supplementary biometric systems, which attempt to link identity to individually
distinctive features of the body, and the more acquainted functionality of visual surveillance systems. In current
decades face recognition has experienced significant consideration from both research communities and the
marketplace, conversely still remained very electrifying in real applications. The assignment of face detection
and recognition has been dynamically researched in current eternities. This paper offers a conversant
evaluation of foremost human face recognition research. We first present a summary of face detection, face
recognition and its solicitations. Then, a literature review of the predominantly used face recognition techniques
is accessible.
Clarification and restrictions of the performance of these face recognition algorithms are specified.
Here we present a vital assessment of the current researches concomitant with the face recognition process. In
this paper, we present a broad range review of major researches on face recognition process based on various
circumstances. In addition, we present a summarizing description of Face detection and recognition process
and development along with the techniques connected with the various influences that affects the face
recognition process.
Keywords: Face Detection, Face Recognition System, Biometric System, Review Research.
Lipid oxidation and perceived exertion level during exercise in obese: effect...IOSR Journals
Regular exercise is one of the most used solutions to avoid obesity. In this study we compared the amounts of lipid oxidation and the level of perceived exertion in three physical exercises, one continuous and two intermittent in obese. Ten obese men (age 26.01 ± 6.0 years, weight: 104.2 ± 19.4 kg, BMI: 33.5 ± 3.6 kg / m2) performed three 45 minutes exercises during which we measured energy expenditure and the level of perceived exertion. A continuous exercise whose intensity corresponds to the intensity of Fat max, an intermittent exercise which alternate four minutes at the intensity of Fat max -10% and one minute at the fat max intensity +10% (intermittent 1/4), and a second intermittent exercise which alternate two minutes at the intensity of Fat max -10% and one minute at the Fat max intensity +20% (intermittent 1/2). While the total energy expenditure during continuous exercise (321.6 Kcal) is higher than those of the intermittent 1/4 (268.1 Kcal) and the intermittent 1/2 (268.9 Kcal), the amounts of energy from oxidized fats in the three exercises are equivalent: 34,6 Kcal, 31,8 Kcal and 36,2 Kcal respectively for the three exercises. The perceived exertion measured by the Borg scale showed that intermittent exercises causes less fatigue in obese than the continuous exercise.
Survey of Reactive Routing Protocols for MANETIOSR Journals
A MANET is a collection of mobile nodes by wireless links forming a dynamic topology without any
network infrastructure such as routers, servers, access points/cables or centralized administration. The nodes
are free to move about and organize themselves into a network. These nodes change position frequently. The
main classes of routing protocols are Proactive, Reactive and Hybrid. A Reactive (on-demand) routing strategy
is a popular routing category for wireless ad hoc routing. It is a relatively new routing philosophy that provides
a scalable solution to relatively large network topologies. The design follows the idea that each node tries to
reduce routing overhead by sending routing packets whenever a communication is requested. DSR and AODV
are reactive route discovery algorithms where a mobile device of MANET connects by gateway only when it is
needed. The performance differentials are analyzed using varying performance metrics. These simulations are
carried out using the ns-2 network simulator
Performance Comparison of Uncoded OFDM & Uncoded Adaptive OFDM System Over AW...IOSR Journals
Adaptive OFDM (AOFDM) is the important approach to fourth generation of mobile
communication. Adaptive modulating scheme is employed according to channel fading condition for improving
the performance of OFDM. This gives improved data rate, spectral efficiency & throughput. OFDM is flexible
to adapt modulation schemes on subcarriers according instantaneous signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper,
we compare Bit Error Rate (BER),Mean Square Error(MSE), Spectral Efficiency, Throughput performance of
uncoded OFDM & uncoded adaptive OFDM with BPSK,QPSK & QAM modulation over AWGN channel.
To find a non-split strong dominating set of an interval graph using an algor...IOSR Journals
In graph theory, a connected component of an undirected graph is a sub graph in which any two
vertices are connected to each other by paths. For a graph G, if the subgraph of G itself is a connected
component then the graph is called connected, else the graph G is called disconnected and each connected
component sub graph is called it’s components. A dominating set Dst of graph G=(V,E) is a non-split strong
dominating set if the induced sub graph < V-Dst > is connected. The non-split strong domination number of G is
the minimum cardinality of a non-split strong dominating set . In this paper constructed a verification method
algorithm for finding a non-split strong dominating set of an interval graph.
Speciation And Physicochemical Studies of Some Biospecific CompoundsIOSR Journals
Abstract: A green, safer , efficient , eco-friendly approach for the synthesis of novel compounds which reveal biological and spermicidal activity. The nature of the pharmacophore decides the physiological reactivity of the compound.
Herbal Cures Practised By Rural Populace In Varanasi Region Of Eastern U.P.(I...IOSR Journals
A survey based study to collect information regarding use of herbs as household treatment of common ailments in rural areas of Varanasi region of eastern U.P. was undertaken .In Varanasi as in other parts of India , the people especially those residing in rural and semi-urban areas still practise herbal cures for many of their ailments. In the present investigation a total of 40 medicinally important plant species belonging to 27 families were recorded which are frequently used by local populace to cure diseases such as cold,cough,fever,snake bite,boils piles etc.As plants are easily available and sometimes the only source of healthcare available to poor therefore there is a great need for preservation of such medicinal plants.
POTABLE WATER AND NATIONAL WATER POLICY IN NIGERIA (A historical synthesis, ...Premier Publishers
Nigeria is divided into three by rivers Niger and Benue. There are many rivers, streams and lakes in Nigeria. Inspite of abundant water resources in Nigeria, 75% of Nigerians do not have access to safe drinking or domestic water. A number of agencies are vested with responsibility of providing and managing Nigeria’s water resources. The Federal Government established the Ministry of Water Resources which is responsible for drafting current national water policy for the nation. The MWR also oversee nation’s water resources via smaller regulatory agencies under it like the River Basin Development Authority (RBDA) and National Water Research Institute (NWRI). RBDA is in-charge of irrigation and agro water provisions. RBDA is also in charge of ground water management. The ministry of water resources also has the Nigerian Hydrological Services Agencies (NIHSA) set up to provide services required for assessment of the nation’s surface and groundwater resources. There are overlapping and conflicting roles among Federal Government organs like RBDA, NIHSA, Federal Environmental Protection Agency, Ministry of Environment, Standard Organization of Nigeria and National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control. These arrangements functioned with frictions but have largely failed in proffering; working national water policy and potable water for Nigerians.
Drinking Water Quality and Sanitation Issues: A Survey of a Semi-Urban Settin...IJRES Journal
An assessment on the drinking water quality from major source (borehole) and household in a semi-urban setting in Nigeria was carried out. Structured questionnaire was administered to randomly selected households in seven zones of the municipality to determine the common method of collection and transportation, storage, and sanitation practices. Water samples collected were subjected to laboratory analyses for physico-chemical and microbial properties. The result of the physico-chemical analysis when compared against the World Health Organization (WHO) and Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) drinking water quality benchmark revealed that the water samples were within standards for consumable water except for the presence of feacal contamination. The result revealed that before water can be totally considered safe for drinking, further treatment is required at the household level due to fecal contamination, and water safety concerns are also highlighted. The result translates to the fact that compliance assessment with standards and impact assessment studies in determining the fate of pollutants is necessary at all levels.
Physicochemical Assessment of Groundwater Quality from Hand Dug Wells and Bor...IJAEMSJORNAL
Water is the second most important basic need of man after oxygen which is the first. The quality of life in villages and cities depends on the regular supply of pure and unpolluted fresh water. The quality of water bodies depends on their physicochemical and microbial characteristics. The hand-dug wells and boreholes are charactacterised as groundwater under this study. Sampling was done on 21 points containing wells and bore holes within part of Mokola-Eleyele in order to assess their physiochemical contents. The sample was collected during September 2018 - February 2019. Laboratory analysis was carried out on them. The physical and chemical contents observed are; pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), Calcium (Ca2+), magnesium (Mg2+), Chloride (Cl-), Sulphate (SO4+), Nitrate (NO3+) and iron content (Fe2+) were analyzed for each water sample collected. The values of physical and chemical contents were compared with the standard values set by the Standard Organization of Nigeria (SON) and the results were within their safe limits. The t-test analysis carried out showed the correlation between chemical contents at 90%, 95% and 99% confidence level, the results shows that the significant differences exist for the parameters. It can be concluded that the qualities of both hand dug wells and boreholes water samples were suitable for human consumption.
The International Journal of Engineering and Science (The IJES)theijes
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
Challenges of Water Supply and its Effect on Economic Production: A Case Stud...Premier Publishers
In recent years, Ussa has faced various challenges in water supply which has been a major concern to law makers and the government of Taraba state. This study therefore is aimed at examining the various problems and prospect of water supply in Ussa Local Government. The specific objectives were to identify the existing sources of water supply in Ussa Local Government of Taraba state, to examine the problems and prospect associated with each source in the study area, and to proffer alternative measure to appropriate quarters. Data were collected from 150 respondent of the study area. The data were analyzed using frequency tables and simple percentage statistics. The results revealed that 87.1% of the respondents agreed that there is water shortage in the area which as a result has led to increase charges by the suppliers, 51.3% said the water was good. More than 60% of the respondent claimed that the population of the study area usually consumes the water directly without any method of purification, and that the water is mostly used for domestic purposes. The study also reveals that 68.1% problem of water supply problem is seasonality and distance to source. Finally, the research shows that there are 28 boreholes existing in the study area while only 15 of the boreholes are functioning at the time when the research was conducted. The study recommends government at all levels to increase investment in providing water to the residents of the study area.
The physicochemical properties of some selected water sources within a quarry site at locations (L1, L2, L3, and L4) in Afao-Ekiti
were investigated using standard analytical methods. At the quarry site the following parameters were undertaking (pH, total dissolved solids, the total hardness, phosphate, electrical conductivity, chloride, and fluoride and nitrate) and were all within the World Health Organization (WHO) permissible limits for drinking water. However, the metal samples investigated also fell within WHO permissible limits for drinking water except for iron (L3) and manganese (L4). These results showed that water sources in this environment were not contaminated and fit for human consumption. This study also investigates the suitability of water for drinking purposes based on Water Quality Index (WQI) estimated. The Communities within the studied area require alternative sources of potable water for drinking and
domestic purposes other than the previous model.
Hydrogeological Investigation for Aquifer within Oyo Federal Constituency, So...ijtsrd
Electrical resistivity sounding was carried out in four Local Government Areas LGAs in Oyo Federal constituency, Oyo state. The geophysical survey was carried out in ten different rural urban communities locations in each of the four LGAs with the aim of determining the hydrogeology of the study areas for possible identification of aquifers that can serve as possible location of borehole drilling. The potential aquifer investigation was carried out using ABEM terrameter while schlumberger arrangement was the measurement method adopted for the forty Vertical Electrical Sounding VES stations in the study areas. Iteration processes using WINRESIST programme was performed on the field data and generated results includes the thickness, depth and resistivity values of each layers. The geo electric investigations revealed three and four layers. The results also revealed two categories of aquifers the High Water Potential HWP and Low Water Potential LWP . The resistivity layers that are less than 400 ohmmeters are categorized with HWP zones deep aquifers located at different thirty five VES stations while Local Water Potential shallow aquifers areas are found at five various locations with their resistivity greater than 400 ohmmeter. The aquifers locations can be considered for borehole drillings in the study areas. Oladejo, O. P. | Amusat, T. A. | Ogunkoya, C. O. | Akinlabi, I. A. | Olafisoye, E. R. "Hydrogeological Investigation for Aquifer within Oyo Federal Constituency, Southwestern Nigeria" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-7 | Issue-3 , June 2023, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/papers/ijtsrd57450.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com.com/physics/other/57450/hydrogeological-investigation-for-aquifer-within-oyo-federal-constituency-southwestern-nigeria/oladejo-o-p
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Municipal Waste: Effect on the Physico-Chemical and Microbiological Parameter...IIJSRJournal
Water pollution has deleterious effects as hazards to human health, living resources and hindrances to marine activities. Therefore this research aimed to ascertain the influence of municipal solid waste on physicochemical parameters and microbiological parameters of water samples obtained from Otamiri River. Stream samples were collected at five different points. The physicochemical and microbiological parameters of samples collected were analyzed. Most of the physicochemical parameters were high for some of the locations. The bacteriological analysis result shows a high bacteria count in the water which can be attributed to leachate from dumped human faeces in the river banks. At P<0.05, acidity correlated negatively with THBC (r= -0.903), TCC (r= -0.449), FCC (r= -0.594). TSS correlated positively with E.coli (r= 0.938). PO43 correlated positively with THBC (r= 0.905). At P<0.01, Turbidity correlated positively with THBC (r= 0.997). Dissolved Oxygen correlated negatively with all the physicochemical parameters. BOD correlated negatively with TCC (r= -0.877), E.coli (r= -0.929), FCC (r= -0.742), TFC (r= -0.117). Total hardness correlated positively with FCC (r= 0.975), PO43 correlated positively with E. coli (r= 0.989) and FCC (r= 0.967). NO3 correlated positively with E. coli (r= 0.976). Summarily, the proximity of the waste dump to Otamiri River has certainly shown considerable physical, chemical, and most importantly, biological effects on its water quality. The presence of the organism shows that the river requires auxiliary treatment before usage as a source of drinking water.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
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Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF HEAT AND MASS TRANSFER IN CONDENSING HEAT EXCHANGERS...ssuser7dcef0
Power plants release a large amount of water vapor into the
atmosphere through the stack. The flue gas can be a potential
source for obtaining much needed cooling water for a power
plant. If a power plant could recover and reuse a portion of this
moisture, it could reduce its total cooling water intake
requirement. One of the most practical way to recover water
from flue gas is to use a condensing heat exchanger. The power
plant could also recover latent heat due to condensation as well
as sensible heat due to lowering the flue gas exit temperature.
Additionally, harmful acids released from the stack can be
reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation. reduced in a condensing heat exchanger by acid condensation.
Condensation of vapors in flue gas is a complicated
phenomenon since heat and mass transfer of water vapor and
various acids simultaneously occur in the presence of noncondensable
gases such as nitrogen and oxygen. Design of a
condenser depends on the knowledge and understanding of the
heat and mass transfer processes. A computer program for
numerical simulations of water (H2O) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
condensation in a flue gas condensing heat exchanger was
developed using MATLAB. Governing equations based on
mass and energy balances for the system were derived to
predict variables such as flue gas exit temperature, cooling
water outlet temperature, mole fraction and condensation rates
of water and sulfuric acid vapors. The equations were solved
using an iterative solution technique with calculations of heat
and mass transfer coefficients and physical properties.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Student information management system project report ii.pdf
Assessment of water supply facilities in Owo Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria
1. IOSR Journal of Mechanical and Civil Engineering (IOSR-JMCE)
e-ISSN: 2278-1684,p-ISSN: 2320-334X, Volume 7, Issue 6 (Jul. - Aug. 2013), PP 01-11
www.iosrjournals.org
www.iosrjournals.org 1 | Page
Assessment of water supply facilities in Owo Local Government
Area, Ondo State, Nigeria
1
Mogaji, K. O; 2
Oloruntade, J. A. and 3
Afuye, G. G.
1, 2,3
Department of Agricultural Engineering, Rufus Giwa Polytechnics PMB 1019 Owo, Ondo State Nigeria
Abstract: The current study was carryout to investigate the status of water supply facilities in 24 rural
communities of Owo local government area of Ondo State, Nigeria. Former and informer interview,
questionnaire and physical assessment conducted. Secondary data from Nigeria National Population
Commission (NNPC) were used in this study. The major water supply facilities used by the communities were
mostly hand dug well and boreholes which in most cases were fitted with either electric or hand pump. It was
observed that all the boreholes fitted with hand pump were failed while 86 % of those fitted with electrics pump
were also failed. In the case of the hand dug well more than 37 % of all the hand dug well were failed. Borehole
failure was due to people ignorance, non availability of spare parts, constant water failure, poor maintenance
skills and attitude of the communities. The failures of the hand dug well were mainly due to low water table or
aquifer region. The survey assessment results revealed that sustainable water supply to the community could be
enhancing through the use of hand pump boreholes. Hand pump boreholes appeared more reliable with low
operational technology, their cost effectiveness affordability and available spare parts. The studies recommend
the involvement of the community participation in the overall management of the water facility in other to
enhance sustainability.
Keywords: Assessment, Communities, Questionnaire, Operational technology, Management, Affordability.
I. Introduction
Human life, like all animal and plant life on the planet, depends upon water. Not only do we need water
to grow our food, generate power and run industries but, also as a basic part of our daily lives. (Maguvu and
Mutengu, 2008) emphasized that communities and individuals can exist without many things if they have to.
The authors argued that they can be deprived of comfort, shelter or food for a period but, they cannot
be deprived of water and survive for more than a few weeks. Water supply to any community is therefore,
crucial. It is the determining factor in dictating the healthy condition of any community. Globally, 1.1 billion
people lack access to safe drinking water, with 84 % of this population living in rural areas. According to WHO,
(2000) Africa has the lowest total water supply coverage in the world, with only 62 % of the population having
access to improve water supply. This figure is based on estimates from countries that represented approximately
96 % of Africa’s total population (WHO/UNICEF 2000).
Drinking water is a major source of microbial pathogens in developing regions, although poor
sanitation and food sources are integral to enteric pathogen exposure. Poor water quality, sanitation and hygiene
account for 1.7 million deaths a year world-wide, mainly through infectious diarrhoea (Ashbolt, 2004). Nine out
of 10 such deaths are in children and virtually all of the deaths are in developing countries
In specific areas, such as the Sahara Desert in Africa, water is scarce, while in other cases, like the
riverside area of Niger Delta in Nigeria, water is excess but, of poor quality. For example, (Orewole et al. 2006)
stated that despite the abundance of water, a large percentage of the population in Nigeria and other parts of the
world hardly have enough water to drink and meet the essential needs, as the provision of portable water has for
long been a major problem, this is associated with poverty, a common stance in most developing nations of the
world.
In Nigeria, the rural communities are neglected in the provision of portable water supply.
Unfortunately, more than 68 % of the nation’s population resides in these rural communities. In the recent past,
several government agencies such as Directorate of Food, Roads and Rural Infrastructure (DEFRRI) and Oil
Mineral Producing Area Development Commission (OMPADEC), and other non-governmental organizations
attempted to ameliorate the water problems through provision of potable water supply through boreholes. The
use of boreholes by the Federal Government was initiated following its huge success in the rural areas of the
former Eastern Nigeria in the early 1980’s. In fact, the first national borehole construction program aimed at
providing safe water supply to rural settlements was initiated in 1981 (Bob-Duru 2001).
While these facilities have provided the needed succor initially, the sustenance of such facilities has often been
short lived owing to the inability of government and its agencies to manage adequately such rural water
schemes. Thus, it is imperative to periodically investigate or assess the state and conditions of the water supply
facilities in the rural communities’ vis-a-vis their sustainability.
2. Assessment of water supply facilities in Owo Local Government Area, Ondo State, Nigeria
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II. Materials and Method
Description of the Study Areas
Owo local government area lies on the Northern senatorial district of Ondo States, Nigeria within
latitude 70100
N and longitude 70100
E, it is 150 m above sea level and enjoys abundant rainfall of over 1,500
mm annually, Plate 1 shows Owo Local Government Area in Ondo State.
Plate 1: shows the map of Ondo State where Owo Local Government area is located.
III. Data Collection
The Research design employed involved the use of physical survey and interview of the dwellers of the
communities. The data obtained from the survey based on the observation made and personal interviews with
the local government Chairman, Counselors, Community Chiefs, and resident of the study area formed the
primary data while those from the published material like annual report of the local government and population
data from the Nigeria National Population Commission (NNPC) formed the secondary data. The survey was
helpful in identifying the most appropriate and types of water supply facilities that is economically sustainable
to the communities.
Borehole with Hand Pumps
The boreholes with hand pump visited were 87 (Plate 2-4) in numbers; some were operational while
some were not operational. The numbers of functioning were 38 while the rest were not functioning.
Plate 2: Hand pump borehole at Emure-Ile
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Plate 3: Hand Pump Borehole at Ipele Owo.
Plate 4: Hand Pump Borehole at Amurin
Borehole with Electric Pump
The boreholes with electric pump visited were 24 (Plates 5-7) in numbers, some were operational while
some were not operational. The numbers of functioning were 12 while the rest were not functioning.
Plate 5: Electric Pump borehole at Idasen Owo
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Plate 6: Electric Pump borehole in residential house at Ipemen Owo
Plate 7: Solar Electric Pump Borehole at Uso Owo.
Hand Dug Well
The hand dug well visited were 882 (Plate 8-10) in numbers some were operational while some were
not operational. The numbers of functioning were 237 while the rest were not functioning
Plate 8: Hand Dug Well at Okedogbon Owo
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Plate 9: Hand Dug Well at Iyere Owo
Plate 10: Hand Dug Well at Isuada
Rivers/Streams
Rivers and Streams were also visited during the course of this assessment, most of the streams and
rivers visited were polluted and not good for drinking. However, Rivers and Streams (Plates 11-13) were mostly
used for domestic purpose particularly in most of the rural communities visited, but were not considered as
source of water in this assessment
Plate 11: A Stream at Molege Owo
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Plate 12: Water used as domestic purpose from Isun Stream at Ago-Ibira Owo
Plate 13: Water used as domestic purpose from Omituntun Stream at Ago-Panu Owo
IV. Results and Discussion
Table 1-3 present the three types of water supply facilities available in the 24 communities
investigated, the numbers of each of the facilities in each communities, current state of facilities as at the time of
investigation, the nature of the problems facing the facilities and quality of water.
S/N Community Population Quantity Function Non-function Reason for non-function
1 Emure ile 3,000 10 10 0
2 uso 15,000 12 12 0
3 Isuada 8,000 8 6 2 coloured water
4 Iyere 10,000 15 12 3 dried up
5 Ipeme 10,000 10 9 1 dried up
6 Igoroko 3,000 14 12 2 coloured water
7 Ipele 10,000 20 18 2 coloured water
8 Agopanu 1,500 5 3 2 coloured water
9 Melege 1,500 5 3 2 coloured water
10 Oriohin 1,400 4 2 2 dried up
11 Eporo 500 6 3 2 dried up
12 Agemo 400 7 6 1 coloured water
13 Usaipin 800 6 5 1 coloured water
14 otapete 1,000 8 7 1 dried up
15 Ajebamidele 1,500 4 3 1 dried up
16 Agoibira 1,000 8 6 2 dried up
17 Iloro 13,000 10 8 2 dried up
18 Amurin 1,500 6 4 2 coloured water
19 Usijogun 800 6 4 2 coloured water
20 Oke Ogun 20,000 30 29 1 coloured water
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21 Ijebu 25,000 25 20 5 coloured water
22 Eyiogbe 12,000 21 20 1 coloured water
23 Idasin 10,000 30 22 8 coloured water
24 Iselu 12,000 22 15 7 coloured water
Table 1: Showing the Data for Hand Dug Well
S/N Community Population Quantity Function Non-
function
Reason
for non-
function
1 Emure ile 3,000 5 3 2 Fauty pump
2 uso 15,000 7 4 3 Fauty pump
3 Isuada 8,000 4 2 2 Fauty pump
4 Iyere 10,000 6 2 4 Fauty pump
5 Ipeme 10,000 3 1 2 Fauty pump
6 Igboroko 3,000 6 2 4 Fauty pump
7 Ipele 10,000 8 4 4 Fauty pump
8 Agopanu 1,500 3 0 3 Fauty pump
9 Melege 1,500 3 0 3 Fauty pump
10 Oriohin 1,400 2 0 2 Fauty pump
11 Eporo 500 2 0 2 Fauty pump
12 Agemo 400 3 2 1 coloured water
13 Usaipin 800 4 3 1 coloured water
14 otapete 1,000 3 1 2 coloured water
15 Ajebamidele 1,500 4 2 2 coloured water
16 Agoibira 1,000 2 0 2 coloured water
17 Iloro 13,000 4 2 2 coloured water
18 Amurin 1,500 4 0 4 Fauty pump
19 Usijogun 800 4 0 4 Fauty pump
20 Oke Ogun 20,000 6 3 3 Fauty pump
21 Ijebu 25,000 7 2 5 Fauty pump
22 Eyiogbe 12,000 6 2 4 Fauty pump
23 Idasin 10,000 6 2 4 Fauty pump
24 Iselu 12,000 7 3 4 Fauty pump
Table 2: Showing Data for Borehole with Hand Pump
S/N Community Population Quantity Function Non-
function
Reason
for non-
function
1 Emure ile 3,000 2 1 1 Fauty pump
2 uso 15,000 2 1 1 Uncompleted
3 Isuada 8,000 1 0 1 Fauty pump and over head
tank
4 Iyere 10,000 0 0 0
5 Ipeme 10,000 1 1 0
6 Igoroko 3,000 0 0 0
7 Ipele 10,000 1 1 0
8 Agopanu 1,500 3 2 1 Fauty pump
9 Melege 1,500 0 0 0
10 Oriohin 1,400 0 0 0
11 Eporo 500 0 0 0
12 Agemo 400 0 0 0
13 Usaipin 800 0 0 0
14 otapete 1,000 0 0 0
15 Ajebamidele 1,500 1 0 1 coloured water
16 Agoibira 1,000 0 0 0
17 Iloro 13,000 2 1 1 pump stolen
18 Amurin 1,500 0 0 0
19 Usijogun 800 0 0 0
20 Oke Ogun 20,000 3 1 2 Uncompleted
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21 Ijebu 25,000 3 1 2 Fauty pump
22 Eyiogbe 12,000 2 1 1 Fauty pump
23 Idasin 10,000 2 1 1 Fauty pump
24 Iselu 12,000 1 1 1 Fauty pump
Table 3: Showing Data for Borehole with Electric Pump
Table 1-3 also present the population distribution among the communities investigated. It could be
observed that the population ranged between 500 to 1500 and this is due to the low rate of economic activities
especially at Agemo, Eporo, Ago-Ibira Usijogun, Amurin, Eporo Oriohin and Ajebamidele. However, the
population of Idasen, Iyere, Ipele, Igboroko, Uso, ranged between 3000 to 10000. The noted increase in
population is mostly due to high rate of commercial activities taken place in those communities, thereby
attracting settlers. Aside from these Okedogbon, Iloro, Igboroko, Ijebu, Ehinogbe, Oke-ogun, attract a high level
of commercial activities. The overall population of the entire 24 communities investigated was 141,900
representing 9.5% of the entire population of Ondo state.
Type and state of water supply facilities
The communities depended on boreholes mostly fitted with hand pump, electrical pump and hand dug
well. There were 993 of such facilities in the entire 24 communities. Hand dug well were 882 in number, while
boreholes fitted with hand pumps and the one fitted with electrical pump are 87 and 24 respectively as shown in
Fig 1.
Fig 1: Showing the entire water facilities in all the communities
From observation, all the 87 boreholes fitted with hand pump available in the communities 49 were
functioning while, 38 were none functioning as shown in Fig 2 and Plate 3.
Fig 2: Showing Functing and none Functioning of Hand Pump Well
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However, boreholes failure could also be attributed to corrosion of hand pump and misuse. Out of 24
boreholes fitted with electrical pump, only 12 were functioning, while 12 were out of order. The Fig 3 shows the
mode of failure of borehole fitted with electrical pumps.
Fig 3: Showing Functioning and non Functioning of Electric Pump Borehole
Common reason for failure include faulty pumps, no source of power, absence of pumping machine,
uncompleted and abandoned as shown in plate 5.
In Fig 4, 37 % of hand dug well were not functioning due to low water table or aquifer region which
created a dug well situation while 63 % were functioning, it was also observed that the people resulted to hand
dug wells due to failure of government and water supply scheme through boreholes.
Fig 4: Showing Functioning and non Functioning of Hand Dug Well
In addition, noted was the deteriorating water quality from boreholes mostly due to high ions
concentration with inadequate treatments measure.
V. Management of Existing Facilities.
Good management and maintenance enhances sustainability of any infrastructure, poor and non-
existence of administrative, technical support and lack of funds are usually associated with causes of failures of
many rural water supply facilities in Nigeria. Investigation was made on the factors responsible for the failure of
some of the facilities, especially the boreholes fitted with hand pumps, where none of the 38 numbers available
were functioning.
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Table 4: factor prevailing maintenance of water facility in the project area
Factor Percentages
Not responsible 65.2
No spare part 9.1
Too damaged to repair 8.3
Government responsibility 6.1
Expensive 4.1
Other reason 7.2
From the table 4 above 65.2 % of the users stated that they were not responsible for maintenance of the
facility, 9.1 % cited lack of spare parts, 8.3 % stated that they were too damaged for repair, 6.1 % of the
response indicated that it was the government that was responsible while 4.1 % submitted that the facilities were
too expensive to maintain and other 7.2 % were indifferent. It therefore indicated that the total collapse of the
facilities was due to total neglect and in concerned attitudes of the community.
Adequacy of the facilities
As stated earlier, there are total numbers of 993 water supply facilities in the 24 communities with a
total population of 141,900. This indicates that if all the facilities were to function properly, 142 people would
depend on only one water supply facility. This is, however, not the case as more than 100 people depended on
just one facility.
Sustainability Water Supply to the Communities
Sustainability of water supply depends on the adequate availability of the resources with little or no
treatment costly affordable and inexpensive cost of development. This has to bears in selecting the preferable
sources of water. Choices for sources of water supply should depend on the quality of raw water, as well as the
adequacy of reliability of the sources from a quantitative point of view together with the potentialities for
expansion in future (WHO,UNICEF,2000). Rainwater is not a reliable source of water supply for this
community due to weak carbonic acid that usually form during rainfall, surface water sources can serves as
alternative sources of water supply, but is polluted and requires expensive and extensive treatment technology.
However, the only option that can meet the requirement for a sustainability water supply is
groundwater. This is due to its abundance, availability, conveniences and cost effectiveness in harnessing it.
Hang dug well are the most widely available facilities among other facilities. Although this is simple
and cheap, high risk to groundwater pollution does exist. Water table aquifer is equally prone to drying during
dry season as noted in Ago-Ibira, Idasen, Emure-Ile, Uso, Otapete and Igboroko communities though, electric
pump operated boreholes in these communities are not functioning, hand pump remain the best option to
improved rural water supply. When the hand pump boreholes is operating well, it can easily penetrates deeply
into the water bearing strata, extract water easily from a greater vertical depth is affordable in cost and requires
low maintenance skill. It is the only one that can be adopted to provide sustainable water supply from the
aquifer for the communities both in short and long time.
VI. Conclusion and Recommendation
Water supply facilities in 24 communities were assessed and investigated in the rural area of Owo local
government of Ondo State, Nigeria. The people in the 24 communities made the use of boreholes fitted hand
pump, electric pump and hand dug well for harnessing their water supply. The hand dug well fails mainly due to
low water table or aquifer while the boreholes with hand pump and electric pump failed due to people
ignorance, non-availability of spare parts, constant water failure, poor maintenance skill and attitude of
communities.
It is recommended that hand pump boreholes should be provided since it is the only facilities that can
be sustained by the people due to its reliability, cost effectiveness, low operational technology and affordability
and it can only be made feasible with provision of adequate spare parts, trained personnel and community
participation.
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