IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Growth, structural, optical, electrical and SHG studies of N-N′ allylthiourea...IJERA Editor
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) crystals are one of the most popular crystals used for Non-linear
Optical (NLO) applications. Pure KDP single crystals and KDP crystals doped with N-N′ allylthiourea were
grown by the method of slow evaporation from aqueous solutions. The grown pure and doped crystals were
confirmed by X-ray single crystal and powder diffraction studies. The pure and doped crystals were
characterized by FTIR spectroscopy studies. Absorptions of these grown crystals were analyzed using UV–Vis–
NIR studies, and it was found that these crystals possess minimum absorption in the entire visible region.
Nonlinear optical studies of pure and doped crystals were carried out and it reveals that the dopants have
increased the efficiency of KDP crystals. Dielectric measurements were carried out along both the unique axis
and perpendicular directions at various temperatures ranging from 40 to 150 °C. The dielectric constant and the
dielectric loss values of N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP crystals were lower than the pure KDP crystals. Also, it
indicates that 0.8 mole% N-N′ allylthiourea addition to KDP leads to low permittivity value dielectrics. The
results are discussed.
Crystal Growth and Studies of Dihydrogen Phosphates of Potassium and Ammonium...IJERA Editor
A nonlinear optical (NLO) material Potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) and Ammonium dihydrogen
phosphates (ADP) are grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The FTIR studies confirm the
presence of the functional group in the grown crystal. The optical transmittance studies show that the crystal has
transparence in the entire visible and IR region. The thermal stability of the materials was assessed by TG/DTA
analysis. The mechanical stability of the grown crystals was analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness test. The
dielectric behavior of the crystals was tested by dielectric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of
KDP is confirmed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd: YAG laser.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Growth, structural, optical, electrical and SHG studies of N-N′ allylthiourea...IJERA Editor
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) crystals are one of the most popular crystals used for Non-linear
Optical (NLO) applications. Pure KDP single crystals and KDP crystals doped with N-N′ allylthiourea were
grown by the method of slow evaporation from aqueous solutions. The grown pure and doped crystals were
confirmed by X-ray single crystal and powder diffraction studies. The pure and doped crystals were
characterized by FTIR spectroscopy studies. Absorptions of these grown crystals were analyzed using UV–Vis–
NIR studies, and it was found that these crystals possess minimum absorption in the entire visible region.
Nonlinear optical studies of pure and doped crystals were carried out and it reveals that the dopants have
increased the efficiency of KDP crystals. Dielectric measurements were carried out along both the unique axis
and perpendicular directions at various temperatures ranging from 40 to 150 °C. The dielectric constant and the
dielectric loss values of N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP crystals were lower than the pure KDP crystals. Also, it
indicates that 0.8 mole% N-N′ allylthiourea addition to KDP leads to low permittivity value dielectrics. The
results are discussed.
Crystal Growth and Studies of Dihydrogen Phosphates of Potassium and Ammonium...IJERA Editor
A nonlinear optical (NLO) material Potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) and Ammonium dihydrogen
phosphates (ADP) are grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The FTIR studies confirm the
presence of the functional group in the grown crystal. The optical transmittance studies show that the crystal has
transparence in the entire visible and IR region. The thermal stability of the materials was assessed by TG/DTA
analysis. The mechanical stability of the grown crystals was analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness test. The
dielectric behavior of the crystals was tested by dielectric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of
KDP is confirmed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd: YAG laser.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Marine Sand as Partial Replacement of ...IJERA Editor
The process of depleting sources of natural aggregates challenges the production of technically and
environmentally adequate concrete. Alternative material from marine sources is good enough for the
replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. The material was stockpiled in the open air and no washing,
drying or decontamination process was carried out. Physical and chemical properties of DMS material were
determined. All the materials used in the concrete were selected and tested as per the standard procedures of the
Indian standards. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures
were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design
mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength testsafter 7, 28 and 90 days of moist curing, as well
as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-25 grade.
Synthesis and structural characterization of cd s nanocrystals added with pb2+eSAT Journals
Abstract
For the past few years, the prepration and characterization of nanocrystals of materials have become an interesting area in the
research activity. CdS (Cadmium Sulphide) is a well known semi conducting material which finds applications in optical devices.
In the present study, we have made an attempt to investigate the effect of Pb2+ as impurity on the properties of CdS nanocrystals.
The samples were prepared by using simple domestic microwave assisted solvothermal method with ethylene glycol as solvant.
The samples prepared were annealed to have good ordering. X-ray diffraction measurements were carried out for all the smples.
The grain size, lattice parameter and yield were determined. The colour before and after annealing was noted. EDX and SEM
analyses were also done. The prepared samples were electrically characterized by making dielectric measurements on the
prepared pellets. The present study indicates that the polarization mechanism in the nano crystals considered is mainly
contributed by the space charge polarization.
Keywords: Semiconducting II –IV materieals, Cadmium sulphide, XRD patterns, solvothermal method, electrical
measurements
Synthesis and characterization of octaazatricyclotetracosane (octc) macrocycl...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper deals with the synthesis and characterization of macrocyclic ligand and its complex compound. Template condensation of chlorocarbons such as 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane with 1,3-diaminopropane in presence of nickel (II) or copper (II) yielded the corresponding metal complexes such as 3,7,10,14,15,19,20,24- octaazatricyclotetracosane (OCTC). The macrocyclic ligands and their complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, molecular weight determination, conductance, IR and NMR spectral studies. The magnetic moments, along with electronic spectral data suggested hexa coordinated state for Nickel, its geometry is outer orbit octa hedral and tetra coordinated state for copper, its geometry is square planner .Conductivity data suggests that they behave as electrolytes. The formulation of the complexes has been established on the basis of chemical composition. Keywords: Ni (II), Cu (II), Transitional Macrocyclic Complex, Synthesis, Spectroscopy.
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of octaazatricyclotetracosane (OCTC) macrocyclic complexes of nickel(II) and copper(II) transition metal ions derived from 1,3-diaminopropane ligands. Template condensation reactions of 1,3-diaminopropane and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in the presence of nickel(II) or copper(II) ions yield the corresponding metal complexes. The macrocyclic ligands and their complexes were characterized through techniques such as elemental analysis, molecular weight determination, conductivity measurements, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The data indicated hexacoordinated nickel
Characterization and DC Conductivity of Novel CuO doped Polyvinyl Alcohol (PV...IJERA Editor
The document summarizes research on the characterization and DC conductivity of novel copper oxide (CuO) doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nano-composite films. PVA-CuO composite films with 1-4 wt% CuO were prepared by solution casting. The composites were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDXS. XRD showed CuO retained its structure in the composite. FTIR showed interactions between PVA and CuO. DC conductivity increased with temperature, indicating semiconducting behavior. Conductivity increased with higher CuO content, with maximum at 4 wt%. The study analyzed the structural, morphological and electrical properties of the PVA-CuO nano-comp
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Stability Test of Copper Oxide Nanofluid Prepared using Two Step MethodIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the stability of a copper oxide nanofluid prepared using the two-step method. Copper oxide nanoparticles were first synthesized using a sol-gel auto combustion method, then dispersed in sunflower oil to create the nanofluid. X-ray diffraction analysis found the average particle size to be 18.4 nm. A stability test by sedimentation over 50 days showed no change for the first 20 days, with some settling observed after 50 days, indicating the nanofluid was stable for approximately 25 days. In conclusion, a copper oxide nanofluid was successfully produced and characterized, with stability observed over 25 days.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document summarizes a study on the variation in melting point of encapsulated silver nanoparticles with size. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized with inert oxide shells like ZrO2 and SiO2 using chemical methods. Characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, TEM and EDS were used to analyze the structure and composition. Differential thermal and scanning calorimetry were employed to determine the melting transition at different sizes. Samples with silver core sizes of around 12nm and 30nm were prepared using a ZrO2 shell, while SiO2 shell samples were synthesized by varying reaction parameters to obtain silver cores between 2nm to 30nm.
Synthesis and application of natural dye sensitizd cds thin films as photoano...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Natural dyes obtained from plants, vegetables and fruits are widely studied and tested as low cost sensitizer for dye sensitized solar cell ( DSSC) in order to replace the rare and expensive inorganic and organic sensitizers. Although, many works have been done using TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO etc. as the nanoporous semiconductor, little importance was given to the use of CdS thin film as a cost effective alternative. In the present study CdS thin films were synthesized by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique and its optical, structural and morphological properties were investigated by XRD, SEM and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The as synthesized films were found to be nanoporous in nature and are favorable for adsorbing the dyes on to its surface. Two natural dyes extracted from locally available plant leaves namely lawsonia inermis linn and caesalpinia pulcherrima were then adsorbed on the as synthesized CdS thin films for the formation of the working electrode for application in DSSC. The interaction between the nanoporous CdS thin films and the natural dyes were investigated through UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy with an aim to fabricate working electrode for application in DSSC.
Keywords: DSSC, thin film, CdS, natural dyes
Formation and Characterization of Mixed Crystals Based on Bis (Thiourea)Cadmi...IJERA Editor
Bis(thiourea)cadmium chloride(BTCC) and bis(thiourea)cadmium iodide (BTCI) are metal complexes of thiourea having better nonlinear optical properties than KH2PO4. An attempt has been made in the present study to form mixed crystals based on BTCC and BTCI (even though their crystal lattices mismatch) from aqueous solutions, the precursors mixed in proper proportions. A total of seven (including the end members) crystals were formed by the free evaporation method and characterized chemically, structurally, thermally, optically and electrically. The X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that (BTCC)X(BTCI)1-X crystals with x=1.0,0.8 and 0.6 are orthorhombic in structure with space group Pmn21 and that with x=0.5, 0.4, 0.2 and 0.0 are monoclinic in structure with space group P21/c. All the grown crystals are found to be thermally stable up to 215 °C and possessing wide optical transmission window (300-900 nm) which is suitable for NLO applications. The electrical measurements indicate that the grown crystals exhibit a normal dielectric behavior. The results obtained in the present study indicate that mixed crystals can be formed from the isomorphous precursors directly even though the end member’s crystals have lattice mismatching.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Role of Surfactant on Synthesis and Characterization of Cerium Oxide (CeO2) N...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on synthesizing cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles using a modified co-precipitation method with different surfactants. CeO2 nanoparticles were prepared using poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as surfactants. Characterization techniques showed the particles had a cubic fluorite structure ranging from 15-32 nm in size. The morphology of the nanoparticles depended on the surfactant used, with PVP producing spherical and needle-like shapes. PVP-assisted CeO2 nanoparticles had the lowest particle size and most homogeneous morphology. The band gap of
Investigations on the Growth and Characterization of NLO Active Cadmium Picra...IRJET Journal
1) Cadmium picrate single crystals were grown using the slow evaporation solution growth technique.
2) The crystals were characterized through techniques such as single crystal XRD, powder XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, microhardness testing, and dielectric measurements.
3) Second harmonic generation measurements showed that the grown cadmium picrate crystals have nonlinear optical properties making them suitable for frequency conversion applications.
An Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Thermal, Physical and Structural Prope...albertdivis
Cadmium is widely utilized in nickel-cadmium batteries, stabilizers, and coating applications due to its versatile physico-chemical properties. The aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on atomic, thermal, and physical properties of cadmium powder.
In recent years, different types of inorganic nanoparticles (iNPs) with unique physicochemical properties have emerged.1−4 Among these, quantum dots (QDs) have proved to be very versatile,finding applications in electroluminescent displays, quantumcomputing, photovoltaics , solar cells,transistors,and biological imaging.For biological imaging applications, QDs are now excellent alternatives to organic chromophores.given that they can have similar sizes, shapes,and surface functional groups. A potentially prolific new direction in inorganic chemistry and nanochemistry could be to combine NPs with small metal complexes to seek synergistic and/or cooperative effects. In this context,combining QDs with coordination complexes is being explored as a new strategy to obtain cooperative systems with improved properties for applications in sensing, biological imaging, and molecular therapy. A prominent area of research in coordination chemistry is the development of metal complexes that can act as artificial nucleases. Overall, these synthetic DNA-cleaving reagents
Growth and Characterization of ZTS Single Crystal and its Analysis of Optical...IRJET Journal
The document describes the growth and characterization of Zinc Thiourea Sulphate (ZTS) single crystals. ZTS crystals were grown using the slow evaporation technique. The crystals were characterized through various tests and analyses. X-ray diffraction confirmed the orthorhombic crystal structure of ZTS. FTIR analysis revealed the bonding present in ZTS. Optical transmission spectra showed transparency from 200-1100nm. Thermal analysis indicated stability up to 240°C. Microhardness testing demonstrated increased hardness with higher loads. Dielectric studies showed the dielectric constant decreases with increasing frequency up to 80KHz at room temperature. In conclusion, ZTS is a promising material for nonlinear optical applications.
Synthesis and Structural Analysis of NaFePO4 Nanocomposite for Sodium Ion Bat...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the synthesis and structural analysis of NaFePO4 nanocomposite for use as a cathode material in sodium ion batteries.
2) NaFePO4 was synthesized using both a solid state method and a sol-gel method. XRD and Raman analysis found the sol-gel prepared sample to be more crystalline.
3) SEM images showed particle sizes of 30-80nm for the solid state sample and 100-200nm for the sol-gel sample. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of PO4 functional groups.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Marine Sand as Partial Replacement of ...IJERA Editor
The process of depleting sources of natural aggregates challenges the production of technically and
environmentally adequate concrete. Alternative material from marine sources is good enough for the
replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. The material was stockpiled in the open air and no washing,
drying or decontamination process was carried out. Physical and chemical properties of DMS material were
determined. All the materials used in the concrete were selected and tested as per the standard procedures of the
Indian standards. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures
were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design
mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength testsafter 7, 28 and 90 days of moist curing, as well
as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-25 grade.
Synthesis and structural characterization of cd s nanocrystals added with pb2+eSAT Journals
Abstract
For the past few years, the prepration and characterization of nanocrystals of materials have become an interesting area in the
research activity. CdS (Cadmium Sulphide) is a well known semi conducting material which finds applications in optical devices.
In the present study, we have made an attempt to investigate the effect of Pb2+ as impurity on the properties of CdS nanocrystals.
The samples were prepared by using simple domestic microwave assisted solvothermal method with ethylene glycol as solvant.
The samples prepared were annealed to have good ordering. X-ray diffraction measurements were carried out for all the smples.
The grain size, lattice parameter and yield were determined. The colour before and after annealing was noted. EDX and SEM
analyses were also done. The prepared samples were electrically characterized by making dielectric measurements on the
prepared pellets. The present study indicates that the polarization mechanism in the nano crystals considered is mainly
contributed by the space charge polarization.
Keywords: Semiconducting II –IV materieals, Cadmium sulphide, XRD patterns, solvothermal method, electrical
measurements
Synthesis and characterization of octaazatricyclotetracosane (octc) macrocycl...eSAT Journals
Abstract This paper deals with the synthesis and characterization of macrocyclic ligand and its complex compound. Template condensation of chlorocarbons such as 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane with 1,3-diaminopropane in presence of nickel (II) or copper (II) yielded the corresponding metal complexes such as 3,7,10,14,15,19,20,24- octaazatricyclotetracosane (OCTC). The macrocyclic ligands and their complexes have been characterized by elemental analysis, molecular weight determination, conductance, IR and NMR spectral studies. The magnetic moments, along with electronic spectral data suggested hexa coordinated state for Nickel, its geometry is outer orbit octa hedral and tetra coordinated state for copper, its geometry is square planner .Conductivity data suggests that they behave as electrolytes. The formulation of the complexes has been established on the basis of chemical composition. Keywords: Ni (II), Cu (II), Transitional Macrocyclic Complex, Synthesis, Spectroscopy.
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of octaazatricyclotetracosane (OCTC) macrocyclic complexes of nickel(II) and copper(II) transition metal ions derived from 1,3-diaminopropane ligands. Template condensation reactions of 1,3-diaminopropane and 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane in the presence of nickel(II) or copper(II) ions yield the corresponding metal complexes. The macrocyclic ligands and their complexes were characterized through techniques such as elemental analysis, molecular weight determination, conductivity measurements, infrared spectroscopy, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. The data indicated hexacoordinated nickel
Characterization and DC Conductivity of Novel CuO doped Polyvinyl Alcohol (PV...IJERA Editor
The document summarizes research on the characterization and DC conductivity of novel copper oxide (CuO) doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nano-composite films. PVA-CuO composite films with 1-4 wt% CuO were prepared by solution casting. The composites were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDXS. XRD showed CuO retained its structure in the composite. FTIR showed interactions between PVA and CuO. DC conductivity increased with temperature, indicating semiconducting behavior. Conductivity increased with higher CuO content, with maximum at 4 wt%. The study analyzed the structural, morphological and electrical properties of the PVA-CuO nano-comp
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Stability Test of Copper Oxide Nanofluid Prepared using Two Step MethodIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the stability of a copper oxide nanofluid prepared using the two-step method. Copper oxide nanoparticles were first synthesized using a sol-gel auto combustion method, then dispersed in sunflower oil to create the nanofluid. X-ray diffraction analysis found the average particle size to be 18.4 nm. A stability test by sedimentation over 50 days showed no change for the first 20 days, with some settling observed after 50 days, indicating the nanofluid was stable for approximately 25 days. In conclusion, a copper oxide nanofluid was successfully produced and characterized, with stability observed over 25 days.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document summarizes a study on the variation in melting point of encapsulated silver nanoparticles with size. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized with inert oxide shells like ZrO2 and SiO2 using chemical methods. Characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, TEM and EDS were used to analyze the structure and composition. Differential thermal and scanning calorimetry were employed to determine the melting transition at different sizes. Samples with silver core sizes of around 12nm and 30nm were prepared using a ZrO2 shell, while SiO2 shell samples were synthesized by varying reaction parameters to obtain silver cores between 2nm to 30nm.
Synthesis and application of natural dye sensitizd cds thin films as photoano...eSAT Journals
Abstract
Natural dyes obtained from plants, vegetables and fruits are widely studied and tested as low cost sensitizer for dye sensitized solar cell ( DSSC) in order to replace the rare and expensive inorganic and organic sensitizers. Although, many works have been done using TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO etc. as the nanoporous semiconductor, little importance was given to the use of CdS thin film as a cost effective alternative. In the present study CdS thin films were synthesized by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique and its optical, structural and morphological properties were investigated by XRD, SEM and UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy. The as synthesized films were found to be nanoporous in nature and are favorable for adsorbing the dyes on to its surface. Two natural dyes extracted from locally available plant leaves namely lawsonia inermis linn and caesalpinia pulcherrima were then adsorbed on the as synthesized CdS thin films for the formation of the working electrode for application in DSSC. The interaction between the nanoporous CdS thin films and the natural dyes were investigated through UV-Vis absorption spectroscopy with an aim to fabricate working electrode for application in DSSC.
Keywords: DSSC, thin film, CdS, natural dyes
Formation and Characterization of Mixed Crystals Based on Bis (Thiourea)Cadmi...IJERA Editor
Bis(thiourea)cadmium chloride(BTCC) and bis(thiourea)cadmium iodide (BTCI) are metal complexes of thiourea having better nonlinear optical properties than KH2PO4. An attempt has been made in the present study to form mixed crystals based on BTCC and BTCI (even though their crystal lattices mismatch) from aqueous solutions, the precursors mixed in proper proportions. A total of seven (including the end members) crystals were formed by the free evaporation method and characterized chemically, structurally, thermally, optically and electrically. The X-ray diffraction measurements indicate that (BTCC)X(BTCI)1-X crystals with x=1.0,0.8 and 0.6 are orthorhombic in structure with space group Pmn21 and that with x=0.5, 0.4, 0.2 and 0.0 are monoclinic in structure with space group P21/c. All the grown crystals are found to be thermally stable up to 215 °C and possessing wide optical transmission window (300-900 nm) which is suitable for NLO applications. The electrical measurements indicate that the grown crystals exhibit a normal dielectric behavior. The results obtained in the present study indicate that mixed crystals can be formed from the isomorphous precursors directly even though the end member’s crystals have lattice mismatching.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Role of Surfactant on Synthesis and Characterization of Cerium Oxide (CeO2) N...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on synthesizing cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles using a modified co-precipitation method with different surfactants. CeO2 nanoparticles were prepared using poly(vinyl pyrrolidone) (PVP), poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG), and hexadecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (CTAB) as surfactants. Characterization techniques showed the particles had a cubic fluorite structure ranging from 15-32 nm in size. The morphology of the nanoparticles depended on the surfactant used, with PVP producing spherical and needle-like shapes. PVP-assisted CeO2 nanoparticles had the lowest particle size and most homogeneous morphology. The band gap of
Investigations on the Growth and Characterization of NLO Active Cadmium Picra...IRJET Journal
1) Cadmium picrate single crystals were grown using the slow evaporation solution growth technique.
2) The crystals were characterized through techniques such as single crystal XRD, powder XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, microhardness testing, and dielectric measurements.
3) Second harmonic generation measurements showed that the grown cadmium picrate crystals have nonlinear optical properties making them suitable for frequency conversion applications.
An Evaluation of Biofield Treatment on Thermal, Physical and Structural Prope...albertdivis
Cadmium is widely utilized in nickel-cadmium batteries, stabilizers, and coating applications due to its versatile physico-chemical properties. The aim of present study was to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on atomic, thermal, and physical properties of cadmium powder.
In recent years, different types of inorganic nanoparticles (iNPs) with unique physicochemical properties have emerged.1−4 Among these, quantum dots (QDs) have proved to be very versatile,finding applications in electroluminescent displays, quantumcomputing, photovoltaics , solar cells,transistors,and biological imaging.For biological imaging applications, QDs are now excellent alternatives to organic chromophores.given that they can have similar sizes, shapes,and surface functional groups. A potentially prolific new direction in inorganic chemistry and nanochemistry could be to combine NPs with small metal complexes to seek synergistic and/or cooperative effects. In this context,combining QDs with coordination complexes is being explored as a new strategy to obtain cooperative systems with improved properties for applications in sensing, biological imaging, and molecular therapy. A prominent area of research in coordination chemistry is the development of metal complexes that can act as artificial nucleases. Overall, these synthetic DNA-cleaving reagents
Growth and Characterization of ZTS Single Crystal and its Analysis of Optical...IRJET Journal
The document describes the growth and characterization of Zinc Thiourea Sulphate (ZTS) single crystals. ZTS crystals were grown using the slow evaporation technique. The crystals were characterized through various tests and analyses. X-ray diffraction confirmed the orthorhombic crystal structure of ZTS. FTIR analysis revealed the bonding present in ZTS. Optical transmission spectra showed transparency from 200-1100nm. Thermal analysis indicated stability up to 240°C. Microhardness testing demonstrated increased hardness with higher loads. Dielectric studies showed the dielectric constant decreases with increasing frequency up to 80KHz at room temperature. In conclusion, ZTS is a promising material for nonlinear optical applications.
Synthesis and Structural Analysis of NaFePO4 Nanocomposite for Sodium Ion Bat...IRJET Journal
1) The document discusses the synthesis and structural analysis of NaFePO4 nanocomposite for use as a cathode material in sodium ion batteries.
2) NaFePO4 was synthesized using both a solid state method and a sol-gel method. XRD and Raman analysis found the sol-gel prepared sample to be more crystalline.
3) SEM images showed particle sizes of 30-80nm for the solid state sample and 100-200nm for the sol-gel sample. FTIR analysis confirmed the presence of PO4 functional groups.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document discusses the conceptual design of an injection mould tool for the inlet chamber of an air inflator. It describes injection moulding and the basic injection moulding cycle. It outlines the design considerations for the mould tool, including the use of ABS material, a two-plate design with a cold runner system, and a stripper plate ejection system. The design of the core, cavity, sprue, spoke gate and stripper plate ejection system are presented. The conceptual mould tool design aims to produce a high quality component efficiently with minimal defects and cost.
Evaluation of reactances and time constants of synchronous generatoreSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
1) The document describes a wireless mobile robot designed for military applications that uses sensors to interact with the physical world and navigate under the control of a base station.
2) The robot is designed to complete all tasks like detecting obstacles, border security, recording audio/video, and firing within critical time limits for safety.
3) The robot's functions are managed by the real-time operating system Salvo on an 8051 microcontroller to ensure tasks meet deadlines even when resources are fully utilized.
Use of cloud federation without need of identity federation using dynamic acc...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes a research paper that proposes a dynamic access control system to enable authorization in cloud federations without requiring identity federations. The system uses risk-based access control to evaluate access requests between clouds that do not have an identity federation. When a user requests access to a resource in their home cloud, traditional attribute-based access control is used. But for resources in foreign clouds without an identity federation, a risk-based policy decision point assesses the risk level using defined metrics and can grant exceptional access if risk is below the threshold. This approach aims to increase scalability for cloud federations compared to identity federations which have interoperability issues.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Product quality improved using triz a case study in increasing innovative opt...eSAT Publishing House
1. The authors applied TRIZ (Theory of Inventive Problem Solving) to solve a quality issue of particulate matter remaining in engine block pockets after cleaning.
2. Using TRIZ tools like contradiction matrix and Su-Field analysis, the authors determined that the rust preventive oil used in machining was causing dust to adhere in pockets.
3. The authors proposed using a lighter, less viscous oil at the machining stage to reduce adhesion. This solution eliminated manual cleaning and achieved the quality standard of less than 70mg particulate matter after machine cleaning alone.
The green aggregates for sustainable development in construction industryeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Umts femto access point for higher data rate and better quality of service to...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Enhancement in power delay product by driver and interconnect optimizationeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
The document discusses restrained domination in graphs. It defines a restrained dominating set of a lict graph as a set where every vertex not in the set is adjacent to a vertex in the set as well as another vertex not in the set. It studies the exact values of the restrained domination number (the minimum cardinality of a restrained dominating set) for some standard graphs. Bounds on the restrained domination number are obtained in terms of the number of vertices and edges of the graph. Relationships between the restrained domination number and other graph parameters like diameter and domination number are also investigated.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Compressive strength variability of brown coal fly ash geopolymer concreteeSAT Publishing House
The document summarizes research investigating the compressive strength variability of geopolymer concrete made with brown coal fly ash as a binder. Testing of six mixes of geopolymer concrete found a large range in 28-day compressive strengths, from 43.81 MPa to 7.21 MPa. Additional chemical analysis found significant variability in the chemical composition of samples from the same brown coal fly ash source, particularly in the silicon dioxide and aluminum oxide contents. This variability is believed to contribute to the variability in compressive strengths and suggests the need for pretreatment and refinement of brown coal fly ash to produce more consistent geopolymer concrete.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Vibration analysis of line continuum with new matrices of elastic and inertia...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Synthesis and Characterization of Cadmium Selenide NanoparticlesIRJET Journal
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of cadmium selenide (CdSe) nanoparticles. CdSe nanoparticles were synthesized using a co-precipitation method involving cadmium oxide, selenium dioxide, ammonia, and thioglycerol as a capping agent. The nanoparticles were characterized using optical microscopy and X-ray diffraction. XRD analysis confirmed the hexagonal wurtzite crystal structure of CdSe and showed peaks matching the standard pattern for CdSe. The synthesized CdSe nanoparticles have potential applications in solar cells, thin films, and biofluorescent tagging.
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanorods doped with copper (Cu) for application in photonic devices. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the as-prepared CdS:Cu nanorods were a mixture of hexagonal and cubic phases, with preferential growth of the (100) plane. Transmission electron microscopy images revealed garland-like nanorod structures consisting of cubic and hexagonal particles, with hexagonal particles confirming the hexagonal phase of CdS. The CdS:Cu nanorods exhibited a red shift in absorption compared to undoped CdS, indicating quantum confinement effects due to Cu doping.
Crystal Growth and Studies of Dihydrogen Phosphates of Potassium and Ammonium...IJERA Editor
A nonlinear optical (NLO) material Potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) and Ammonium dihydrogen
phosphates (ADP) are grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The FTIR studies confirm the
presence of the functional group in the grown crystal. The optical transmittance studies show that the crystal has
transparence in the entire visible and IR region. The thermal stability of the materials was assessed by TG/DTA
analysis. The mechanical stability of the grown crystals was analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness test. The
dielectric behavior of the crystals was tested by dielectric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of
KDP is confirmed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd: YAG laser.
Growth and Characterization of Oxalic Acid Doped Pottassium Dihydrogen Phosph...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on growing and characterizing potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals doped with oxalic acid. KDP crystals doped with 1% oxalic acid were grown using the slow evaporation technique. The grown crystals were characterized using techniques such as single crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, second harmonic generation efficiency measurements, dielectric measurements, and microhardness studies. The results showed that doping KDP with oxalic acid slightly altered the crystal structure but did not change the space group. Optical transmission was high in the visible region. Second harmonic generation efficiency was slightly increased with doping. Dielectric properties indicated
Effect of glycine as an impurity on the properties of Epsomite single crystalsIOSR Journals
Epsomite (MgSO4.7H2O) is a hydrogen bonded crystal having a wide range of applications in various fields. Pure and glycine added Epsomite (a total of six) single crystals have been grown and characterized in order to investigate the effect of glycine as an impurity on the properties of Epsomite crystals.The densities and lattice parameters observed indicate that the impurity molecules have entered into the crystal matrix. The grown crystals exhibit good optical transparency in the wavelength range 210-1100 nm. Second harmonic generation measurements indicate that they are nonlinear optically active. Results obtained through microhardness measurements follow the normal indentation size effect. Electrical (AC and DC) measurements indicate that all the six crystals grown in the present study exhibit a normal dielectric behavior and the electrical conduction is understood to be due to the protonic movement. Moreover, glycine addition is found to reduce εr value significantly indicating the possibility of Epsomite crystal becoming a low -εr value dielectric material.
Structural, Optical and Electrical Studies on Spray Deposited Mercury Doped C...ijrap
Thin films of cadmium sulphide have been prepared using home built spray pyrolysis unit on glass substrate at 400 C. Aqueous solutions of cadmium chloride and thiourea were used for the cadmium
sulphide (CdS) films and different proportions by weight/volume of mercury II chloride was used for doping Hg onto cadmium sulphide (Cd1-xHgxS) films. The films obtained are having continuous, smooth surface with good transmittance. The thickness of all films is of the order of 320 nm. Determination of the crystalline nature has been done using XRD pattern. The effect of Hg on the surface morphology of CdS film has been studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The optical band gap has been calculated using the data from transmission spectra. Resistance before and after doping with Hg is also presented in the paper.
STRUCTURAL, OPTICAL AND ELECTRICAL STUDIES ON SPRAY DEPOSITED MERCURY DOPED C...ijrap
Thin films of cadmium sulphide have been prepared using home built spray pyrolysis unit on glass
substrate at 400 C. Aqueous solutions of cadmium chloride and thiourea were used for the cadmium
sulphide (CdS) films and different proportions by weight/volume of mercury II chloride was used for
doping Hg onto cadmium sulphide (Cd1-xHgxS) films. The films obtained are having continuous, smooth
surface with good transmittance. The thickness of all films is of the order of 320 nm. Determination of the
crystalline nature has been done using XRD pattern. The effect of Hg on the surface morphology of CdS
film has been studied by Scanning Electron Microscopy. The optical band gap has been calculated using
the data from transmission spectra. Resistance before and after doping with Hg is also presented in the
paper.
Some studies on ceria–zirconia reinforced solvothermally synthesized cordieri...Abhinav Srivastava
Nanostructured cordierite and 12 mol% ceria stabilized zirconia were chemically prepared separately. Pure cordierite was synthesized solvothermally, whereas [(Zr)0.88(Ce)0.12O2] termed as CeSZ was processed with gelation and co-precipitation method. The evolution of crystalline phases and the microstructures have been studied using X-ray diffractometer, and FE-SEM with EDX. Varying contents (0–20 weight%) of CeSZ were then mixed with cordierite to form sample blocks of desired shapes. These nano-composite blocks were fired at 1100–1400 C for a soaking time of 3 h to observe their thermomechanical, micro-structural and physical properties. Results indicate that ceria not only acts as a stabilizer in zirconia ceramics but it also acts as a sintering aid in cordierite formation. CeO2 also improves
compressibility and structural properties of nano-composites. Sintering temperature also plays an important role in the behavior of nano-composite blocks. All properties show a major improvement than previous reported data’s.
Nano Tailoring of MnO2 Doped Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes as Electrode Materi...IRJET Journal
This document describes research on synthesizing manganese dioxide (MnO2) decorated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MCNT) for use as an electrode material in supercapacitors. MnO2/MCNT nanocomposites were prepared through a simple solvo thermal method. Characterization of the materials was done using XRD, FESEM, TEM, EDS, UV-visible spectroscopy, FTIR, and Raman spectroscopy. The analyses revealed a porous, hierarchical structure of MnO2 coated on the MCNT surface. Increasing the annealing temperature improved the crystallinity and reduced the band gap of the MnO2/MCNT nanocomposite. The synthesized nanocomposite showed potential for high performance
Growth and Characterization of Barium doped Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate Sing...IJERA Editor
The Non Linear Optical materials have acquired new significance with the advent of a large number of devices
utilizing solid state Laser sources. Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate one of the Non Linear Optical material having
superior non linear optical properties has been exploited for variety of application. In the present work, KHP
single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique with Barium metal ion as a dopant. The grown
crystals were subjected to powder XRD analysis and the result shows that the Ba2+ ions does not alter the crystal
structure, but it enter into the crystal lattice of pure KHP. The optical transparency of the grown crystal was
studied by UV-Visible spectroscopy, the molecular structure was confirmed by FTIR analysis and its thermal
stability by TG/DTA analysis. The improved SHG efficiency of barium doped Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate
crystal could enhance the nonlinearity behaviour. In addition to this, the electrical parameter such as dielectric
constant was studied in detail.
A facile method to prepare CdO-Mn3O4 nanocompositeIOSR Journals
CdO-Mn3O4 nanocomposite has been prepared by a simple solvothermal method using a domestic microwave oven. Cadmium acetate, manganese acetate and urea were used as the precursors and ethylene glycol as the solvent. The as-prepared sample was annealed for 1 hour in each case at different temperatures, viz. 100, 200 and 300°C. The as-prepared and annealed samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopic analyses. Results indicate that annealing at 300°C is required to get the sample with high phase purity and homogeneity. The present study indicates that the method adopted can be considered as an economical and scalable one to prepare the proposed nanocomposite with reduced size, phase purity and homogeneity.
Investigation on Growth and Optical Properties of LVCC Single CrystalsIJERA Editor
L-valine cadmium chloride (LVCC) single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique with different
concentrations (0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 mole) of CdCl2. All the grown crystals were subjected to single crystal
X-ray diffraction analysis. Solid state parameters were calculated for the grown crystals. The optical properties
of the crystals were investigated by UV-Vis. absorption spectroscopy. The results revealed that, the wider
bandgap and large transparency in the visible region along with higher polarizability of the grown crystals are
highly useful in optoelectronic devices. Also according to our needs, one can tune the optical and electrical
properties of LVCC crystals by adjusting the concentration of CdCl2 in LVCC.
Growth and characterization of pure and ni2+ doped glycine sodium sulfate cry...eSAT Journals
Abstract Single crystals of glycine sodium sulfate (GSS), a new semi-organic nonlinear optical (NLO) material, have been grown by the free evaporation method and characterized chemically, structurally, thermally, optically and mechanically. Effect of Ni2+ addition as an impurity on the properties of GSS has also been investigated. X-ray diffraction analysis indicates the crystal system as monoclinic. The functional groups have been identified using Fourier transform infrared spectral analysis. The crystals are found to be thermally stable up to 250˚C. The UV-Vis-NIR spectral analysis shows that these crystals have their cut off wavelengths around 250nm. Second harmonic generation (SHG) measurement shows the NLO property. Micro hardness measurement indicates that GSS comes under soft material category. The Ni2+ addition is found to increase the optical transparency and micro hardness whereas it decreases the second harmonic generation efficiency. Keywords: Crystal growth, Thermal properties, Mechanical properties, Optical properties, X-ray diffraction
The document discusses electrodeposited cadmium sulfide (CdS) as the n-type semiconductor layer in copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) thin film solar cells. Figure a-d show the visual appearance, surface morphology, transmittance, and crystal structure of the CdS films. Electrodeposition produces hexagonal CdS at room temperature with no post-treatment, and shows higher photoactivity than chemically bath deposited CdS. Photoelectrochemical measurements indicate that electrodeposited CdS on CIGS enhances light absorption and electron-hole separation compared to bare CIGS. The electrodeposition technique is advantageous as it reuses electrolytes and produces less toxic waste than chemical
Dielectric properties of pure and ni2+ doped glycine sodium sulfate crystalseSAT Journals
Abstract Pure and Ni2+ added glycine sodium sulfate (GSS) single crystals were grown by the slow evaporation technique and characterized chemically, structurally, thermally, optically, mechanically and electrically. Effect of Ni2+ addition as an impurity on the properties of GSS has also been investigated. All the six crystals grown exhibit normal dielectric behavior and are found to be thermally stable up to 250˚C, NLO active and mechanically soft. The Ni2+ addition is found to increase the dielectric parameters. The low dielectric constant values observed for pure GSS indicate that GSS is not only a promising NLO material but also a low dielectric constant value dielectric material. Keywords: Activation energy, Crystal growth, Dielectric crystal, Electrical properties, X-ray diffraction
The document summarizes different methods for synthesizing cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles. It describes an aqueous precipitation method using cadmium nitrate and sodium sulfide precursors that produces yellow CdS precipitate. It also outlines a sol-gel method using cadmium acetate, diaminobenzene, and thioacetamide precursors that generates a CdS sol and gel. Additionally, it mentions a hydrothermal method using cadmium nitrate, thiourea, and hexamethylenetetramine precursors under high temperature and pressure that can control CdS morphology. The document provides an overview of various preparation techniques for CdS nanoparticles.
— CdTe quantum dots (QDs)/Poly (diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDDA) multilayer films (QDMF) have been self-assembled by layer-by-layer (LBL) technique. CdTe quantum dots (QDs) were synthesized by using Te, NaBH 4 , and CdCl 2 as precursors and mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) as stabilizer. The as-prepared composites were characterized by transmission electron microscope (TEM), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-vis adsorption spectrum(UV-vis), and Fluorescence spectrum(FS), respectively. It was shown that the self-assembled QDMF in this study could be used as gaseous sensors for detecting organic gases, such as ammonia, acetone, methanol and formaldehyde. The quenching mechanism of CdTe QDs multilayer films by formaldehyde was studied in detail and The detection limit was 10-236ppm.
IRJET - Characterization of Bivalent Zn (II) and Cd (II) Nanoparticles / ...IRJET Journal
This document characterizes bivalent zinc (II) and cadmium (II) nanoparticles and nanocomposites using X-ray diffraction (XRD). XRD and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) show that ZnS nanoparticles have a hexagonal crystal structure. CdS-ZnS nanocomposites contain both cubic CdS and hexagonal ZnS nanoparticles in close contact. ZnS/CdS core-shell nanoparticles contain a ZnS core and thin CdS shell, while CdS/ZnS contain a CdS core and thin ZnS shell.
This document summarizes a final year project on depositing CdSe nanoparticles multilayers using chemical bath deposition. It introduces CdSe and its properties, the chemical bath deposition technique, and how it was used to deposit different sized CdSe nanoparticles by varying the concentration of the complexing agent NTA. Characterization of the deposited nanoparticles found smaller sizes were produced with higher NTA concentrations. Attempts to deposit two CdSe layers of different sizes on a substrate did not improve solar cell efficiency compared to a single layer. Further work is recommended to address Ostwald ripening in the deposition solution.
Similar to Growth and characterization of cd s doped kdp single (19)
Hudhud cyclone caused extensive damage in Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014, especially to tree cover. This will likely impact the local environment in several ways: increased air pollution as trees absorb less; higher temperatures without tree canopy; increased erosion and landslides. It also created large amounts of waste from destroyed trees. Proper management of solid waste is needed to prevent disease spread. Suggested measures include restoring damaged plants, building fountains to reduce heat, mandating light-colored buildings, improving waste management, and educating public on health risks. Overall, changes are needed to water, land, and waste practices to rebuild the environment after the cyclone removed green cover.
Impact of flood disaster in a drought prone area – case study of alampur vill...eSAT Publishing House
1) In September-October 2009, unprecedented heavy rainfall and dam releases caused widespread flooding in Alampur village in Mahabub Nagar district, a historically drought-prone area.
2) The flood damaged or destroyed homes, buildings, infrastructure, crops, and documents. It displaced many residents and cut off the village.
3) The socioeconomic conditions and mud-based construction of homes in the village exacerbated the flood's impacts, making damage more severe and recovery more difficult.
The document summarizes the Hudhud cyclone that struck Visakhapatnam, India in October 2014. It describes the cyclone's formation, rapid intensification to winds of 175 km/h, and landfall near Visakhapatnam. The cyclone caused extensive damage estimated at over $1 billion and at least 109 deaths in India and Nepal. Infrastructure like buildings, bridges, and power lines were destroyed. Crops and fishing boats were also damaged. The document then discusses coping strategies and improvements needed to disaster management plans to better prepare for future cyclones.
Groundwater investigation using geophysical methods a case study of pydibhim...eSAT Publishing House
This document summarizes the results of a geophysical investigation using vertical electrical sounding (VES) methods at 13 locations around an industrial area in India. The VES data was interpreted to generate geo-electric sections and pseudo-sections showing subsurface resistivity variations. Three main layers were typically identified - a high resistivity topsoil, a weathered middle layer, and a basement rock. Pseudo-sections revealed relatively more weathered areas in the northwest and southwest. Resistivity sections helped identify zones of possible high groundwater potential based on low resistivity anomalies sandwiched between more resistive layers. The study concluded the electrical resistivity method was useful for understanding subsurface geology and identifying areas prospective for groundwater exploration.
Flood related disasters concerned to urban flooding in bangalore, indiaeSAT Publishing House
1. The document discusses urban flooding in Bangalore, India. It describes how factors like heavy rainfall, population growth, and improper land use have contributed to increased flooding in the city.
2. Flooding events in 2013 are analyzed in detail. A November rainfall caused runoff six times higher than the drainage capacity, inundating low-lying residential areas.
3. Impacts of urban flooding include disrupted daily life, damaged infrastructure, and decreased economic activity in affected areas. The document calls for improved flood management strategies to better mitigate urban flooding risks in Bangalore.
Enhancing post disaster recovery by optimal infrastructure capacity buildingeSAT Publishing House
This document discusses enhancing post-disaster recovery through optimal infrastructure capacity building. It presents a model to minimize the cost of meeting demand using auxiliary capacities when disaster damages infrastructure. The model uses genetic algorithms to select optimal capacity combinations. The document reviews how infrastructure provides vital services supporting recovery activities and discusses classifying infrastructure into six types. When disaster reduces infrastructure services, a gap forms between community demands and available support, hindering recovery. The proposed research aims to identify this gap and optimize capacity selection to fill it cost-effectively.
Effect of lintel and lintel band on the global performance of reinforced conc...eSAT Publishing House
This document analyzes the effect of lintels and lintel bands on the seismic performance of reinforced concrete masonry infilled frames through non-linear static pushover analysis. Four frame models are considered: a frame with a full masonry infill wall; a frame with a central opening but no lintel/band; a frame with a lintel above the opening; and a frame with a lintel band above the opening. The results show that the full infill wall model has 27% higher stiffness and 32% higher strength than the model with just an opening. Models with lintels or lintel bands have slightly higher strength and stiffness than the model with just an opening. The document concludes lintels and lintel
Wind damage to trees in the gitam university campus at visakhapatnam by cyclo...eSAT Publishing House
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Growth and characterization of cd s doped kdp single
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 738
GROWTH AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CdS DOPED KDP SINGLE
CRYSTALS
O V Mary Sheeja1
, C K Mahadevan2
1, 2
Physics Research Centre, S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil-629002, Tamilnadu, India.
ovsheeja@yahoo.in, mahadevan58@yahoo.co.in
Abstract
Pure and CdS added potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) single crystals (a total of six) have been grown by the slow evaporation
method at room temperature. Powder X-ray diffraction, atomic absorption spectroscopic and Fourier transform infrared spectral
measurements were done to characterize the grown crystals structurally and chemically. Thermal and mechanical stabilities were
understood by making respectively the thermogravimetric and microhardness measurements. The optical transmittance and second
harmonic generation efficiency were understood by making respectively the UV-Vis-NIR spectral and nonlinear optical
measurements. The AC and DC electrical measurements made on all the six grown single crystals indicate a normal dielectric
behaviour. The electrical parameters, viz. dielectric constant, dielectric loss factor and AC and DC electrical conductivities are found
to increase with the increase in temperature in the range (40 – 150o
C ) considered in the present study. The estimated AC and DC
activation energies are found to vary nonlinearly with the impurity concentration.
Keywords: Crystal growth, Doped crystals, KDP crystals, Physical properties, X-ray diffraction.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4, KDP) crystal is
widely used and well studied nonlinear optical (NLO)
material. The unique combination of properties like wide
range of transparency, relatively high magnitude of the
quadratic nonlinear susceptibility, electrooptical and
piezooptical effect, as well as the possibility of growing wide
aperture crystals make KDP single crystals to have a special
attention of the researchers. Currently, KDP single crystals are
used in industrial laser facilities as a frequency multiplier,
parametric amplifier and electrooptical shutters. Many
attempts have been made to modify its properties either by
changing the growth condition or by adding different
impurities [1-7].
The structure of KDP type ferroelectrics is defined by their
hydrogen bonds and, consequently, such matrixes readily
accept both organic and inorganic impurities, e.g. KCl, oxalic
acid, Al2O3, amaranth, rhodamine B, methyl orange, L-
glutamic acid, L-histidine, L-valine [8-11]. Recently, the
effect of TiO2 (prepared as nanoparticles) on the functional
properties of KDP single crystals have been studied [12-16]. It
has been reported that the composite system KDP:TiO2 has
giant nonlinear optical response. The influence of incorporated
Al2O3.nH2O nanoparticles on the growth kinetics of KDP
crystal faces and crystal perfection were investigated [17].
The synthesis and properties of highly luminescent II-VI
compound semiconductor nanoparticles have been extensively
investigated from the basic research point of view to the
application field. With the miniaturization of the particles the
band gap expands and the energy level of the core band shift
towards higher binding energy and, subsequently, some
physical properties change. Electron and phonon confinement
is possible in II-VI compound semiconductors when size of
particles becomes less than the Bohr radius of the bulk crystal
exciton. This leads to new physical properties and,
consequently, new applications arise in telecommunications
and transmission [18].
A strong interest has been devoted to nanocrystals (NCs) of
semiconductors embedded in wide gap matrix, such as glass
[19-21]. ZnO nanocrystals have been successfully embedded
in melt-grown KBr crystals [22]. Boudine etal. [23-25] have
analysed alkali halide crystals, viz. NaCl, KCl, KBr doped
with II-VI compound semiconductors, viz. CdTe and CdS.
Recently, a study [26] has been performed to prove the
possibility of embedding CdTe nanoparticle in KDP
crystalline matrix. Such crystals were able to capture 2nm-
250µm particles. Balasubramanian et al [27] have reported
that the density and mechanical properties of triglycine
sulphate (TGS) crystals were improved by doping with water-
soluble CdS nanoparticle dispersed in water.
The cadmium sulphide (CdS) is one of the interesting
materials used in optoelectronics, electroluminescence and in
laser devices [28-30]. The band gap energy (Eg) of CdS at
room temperature is about 2.5ev [31] and the exciton Bohr
radius is 3nm [32]. It is expected to be worth and interesting to
dope KDP crystal with CdS. KDP single crystals are grown
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 739
normally by using the solution methods at near ambient
temperatures. Generally II-VI compounds including CdS do
not dissolve in water. Now, the question is how to dissolve
CdS in the aqueous solution of KDP used for the growth of
single crystals. So, finding a way to do the above is one of the
challenges of recent research activities.
During the wet chemical synthesis of nanoparticles, organic
stabilizers are usually used to prevent them from aggregating
by capping their surface. Moreover, the introduction of
stabilizers influences on the chemical and physical properties
of II-VI compound semiconductor materials, from stability to
solubility and to light emission. However, only few reports
describe the preparation of water-soluble CdS nanoparticles
with complex molecules [33-34]. Tang et al [35] found that
ethylene diamine capping enhances the solubility of CdS
nanoparticles in water.
In an attempt to introduce CdS as dopant into the KDP crystal
matrix, in the present work, we have prepared ethylene
diamine capped CdS nanoparticles by a simple solvothermal
method using a domestic microwave oven (Mahadevan’s
method [36-38]). Pure and CdS doped KDP single crystals (a
total of six) were grown and characterized chemically,
structurally, thermally, mechanically, optically and electrically
by using the available standard methods. The results obtained
are reported herein and discussed.
2. EXPERIMENTAL DETAILS
2.1 Preparation of CdS Nanoparticles
Mahadevan’s method [36-38] was adopted to obtain the
ethylene diamine capped CdS nanoparticles from cadmium
acetate dihydrate and thiourea (both AR grade) dissolved in
double distilled water in the presence of ethylene diamine.
The solubility was found to be 0.33g/100ml of H2O. Details
on the preparation and characterization of CdS nanoparticles
appear elsewhere.
2.2 Growth of KDP Single Crystals
Pure and CdS doped KDP single crystals were grown by the
free (slow) evaporation method from saturated aqueous
solutions of KDP. CdS nanoparticles (0.1g) were dissolved in
double distilled water (100ml) and used as the dopant. Five
different dopant concentrations were considered by adding
2,3,4,5 and 6 ml of the above solution to the KDP solution.
The above doped solutions were stirred well and then allowed
to equilibrate in the dust free zone at room temperature. Small
crystals appeared in the beginning stage due to slow
evaporation and grew larger in a considerable time. The grown
crystals are represented in the same order as Pure KDP,
CKDP-1, CKDP-2, CKDP-3, CKDP-4 and CKDP-5.
2.3 Characterizations Made
X-ray powder diffraction (PXRD) data were collected for the
powdered crystal samples (all the six) using an automated X-
ray powder diffractometer (X-PERT PRO PANalytical) with
monochromated CuKα radiation ( =1.54056Å) in the 2θ range
10-700
. The reflections were indexed by following the
procedures of Lipson and Steeple [39]. Lattice parameters
along with estimated standard deviation (e.s.d.s) were also
determined from the indexed data. Fourier transform infrared
(FTIR) spectra were recorded for the Pure KDP and CKDP-5
crystals by the KBr pellet technique using a Perkin Elmer
FTIR spectrometer in the wavenumber range 400 - 4000 cm-1
.
Atomic absorption spectroscopic (AAS) measurements were
carried out for the doped crystals using an AAS spectrometer
(model AA-6300).
Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential thermal
analysis (DTA) were carried out for the Pure KDP and CKDP-
5 crystals using a thermal analyser ( model SDT-Q600) in the
nitrogen atmosphere in the temperature range of room
temperature to 900o
C at a heating rate of 10o
C/min. UV-Vis-
NIR transmission spectra for all the six crystals were recorded
in the wavelength range 190-1100nm using a Perkin Elmer
Lambda35 spectrophotometer. The second harmonic
generation (SHG) property was tested for all the six grown
crystals by carrying out the Kurtz and Perry [40] powder SHG
test using a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (1064nm) ( supplied by
Spectra Physics, USA). Vicker’s microhardness measurements
were carried out on the (100) face of all the six crystals grown
using a SHIMADZU HMV-2T microhardness tester with a
diamond indentor.
Crystals with large surface defects-free (i.e. without any pit or
crack or scratch on the surface, tested with a travelling
microscope) size (>3mm) were selected and used for the AC
and DC electrical measurements. The extended portions of the
crystals were removed completely and the opposite faces were
polished and coated with good quantity graphite to obtain a
good conductive surface layer. The dimension of the crystal
were measured using a traveling microscope (Least
count=0.001cm). The DC electrical conductivity
measurements were carried out to an accuracy of ±2% for all
the six grown crystals along both a- and c- directions at
various temperatures ranging from 40-1500
C by the
conventional two-probe method using a million megohm
meter in a way similar to that followed by Mahadevan and his
co-workers [41-43]. The DC conductivity (σdc) of the crystal
was calculated using the relation:
σdc =dcrys/(RAcrys)
Where R is the measured resistance, dcrys is the thickness of
the sample crystal and Acrys is the area of the face of the
crystal in contact with the electrode. The capacitance (Ccrys)
and dielectric loss factor (tan ) measurements were carried
3. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology
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out for all the six grown crystals to an accuracy
parallel plate capacitor method using an LCR meter
(Systronics make) with a frequency of 1kHz at
temperatures ranging from 40-1500
C along both a
directions in a way similar to that followed by Mahadevan and
his co-workers [44-46]. In both the DC and AC electrical
measurements, the observations were made while cooling the
sample crystal and the temperature was controlled to an
accuracy of ±1%. The air capacitance (C
measured but only at 400
C since the temperature variation of
Cair was found to be negligible. As the crystal surface area
touching the electrode was smaller than the plate (electrode)
area of the cell, the dielectric constant of the crystal (
calculated using Mahadevans’s formula [47,48]
where Ccrys is the capacitance with crystal (including air), C
is the capacitance of air and Aair is the area of the electrode.
The AC electrical conductivity (σac) was calculated using the
relation:
σac= ε0 εr ω tan ,
where ε0 is the permittivity of free space and ω
frequency of the applied field.
3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
3.1 Crystals Grown
Figure 1 shows a photograph of the sample crystals grown in
the present study. All the six crystals grown are
stable in atmospheric air, colourless and transparent.
Fig-2: PXRD patterns observed for pure and CdS doped KDP crystal
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319
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out for all the six grown crystals to an accuracy of ±2% by the
tor method using an LCR meter
) with a frequency of 1kHz at various
C along both a- and c-
directions in a way similar to that followed by Mahadevan and
both the DC and AC electrical
measurements, the observations were made while cooling the
sample crystal and the temperature was controlled to an
±1%. The air capacitance (Cair) was also
C since the temperature variation of
was found to be negligible. As the crystal surface area
touching the electrode was smaller than the plate (electrode)
the dielectric constant of the crystal (εr) was
calculated using Mahadevans’s formula [47,48]
is the capacitance with crystal (including air), Cair
is the area of the electrode.
alculated using the
is the permittivity of free space and ω is the angular
Figure 1 shows a photograph of the sample crystals grown in
the present study. All the six crystals grown are found to be
colourless and transparent.
Fig-1: Photograph of the crystals grown
3.2 Lattice Variation and
The indexed PXRD patterns observed in the present study are
shown in Figure 2. Appearance of strong and sharp peaks
confirms the crystalline nature of the grown crystals. The
average lattice parameters obtained from PXRD
with the Cd atom contents of doped crystals obtained through
the AAS measurements are provided in Table 1.
PXRD patterns observed for pure and CdS doped KDP crystal
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740
Photograph of the crystals grown
and Chemical Composition
The indexed PXRD patterns observed in the present study are
shown in Figure 2. Appearance of strong and sharp peaks
confirms the crystalline nature of the grown crystals. The
average lattice parameters obtained from PXRD data along
with the Cd atom contents of doped crystals obtained through
measurements are provided in Table 1.
PXRD patterns observed for pure and CdS doped KDP crystals
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4000.0 3000 2000 1500 1000 402.0
0.0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100.0
cm-1
%T
3928.38
3813.51
3423.66
2465.41
2276.74
1643.12
1298.13
1097.20
906.05
544.35
452.81
3932.19
3789.81
3403.52
2772.40 2472.07
2282.59
1726.05
1300.20
1101.75
909.91
546.63
471.73
Table-1: The observed lattice average parameters and Cd
atom contents. The e.s.d.s are in parentheses
The average lattice parameters observed in the present study
(see Table 1) for the pure KDP crystal agree well with that
reported in the literature [49]: a=7.3930 Å and c=7.0484 Å.
This confirms the identity of the substance. The observed
increase of lattice volume caused by the impurity addition
indicates that the impurity molecules have entered into the
KDP crystal matrix. Moreover, it can be seen that the lattice
volume varies further with the increase in impurity
concentration. The Cd atom contents observed (see Table 1)
endorse this result. So, the present study indicates that it is
possible that CdS can be doped to KDP crystal.
Figure 3 shows the FTIR spectra observed for the Pure KDP
and CKDP-5. The vibrational band assignments are provided
in Table 2. Significant difference could not be observed for the
doped crystals as the impurity concentrations considered are
small. The spectrum observed for the Pure KDP compares
well with that reported in the literature which again confirms
the material of the crystal. The vibrational band assignments
reported for Pure KDP in the literature [50] are also given in
Table 2 for comparison.
Pure KDP
CKDP-5
Fig-3: FTIR spectra observed for the Pure KDP and CKDP-5 crystals
Crystal
Lattice parameters
Cd atom
content
(ppm)
a (Å) c (Å)
Volume
(Å3
)
Pure KDP 7.413(8) 6.942(9) 381.5 -
CKDP-1 7.441(4) 6.964(4) 385.6 4.93
CKDP-2 7.476(8) 6.997(10) 391.1 6.54
CKDP-3 7.552(9) 6.884(11) 392.6 7.45
CKDP-4 7.511(8) 7.072(6) 398.9 7.95
CKDP-5 7.544(11) 7.052(8) 401.3 8.96
Transmittance(a.u)
Wavenumber (cm-1
)
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Table-2: The vibrational band assignments
3.3 Thermal Properties
Figure 4 shows the TGA and DTA curves observed for the
Pure KDP and CKDP-5 crystals. It can be understood that the
Pure KDP and CdS doped KDP crystals are thermally stable
up to 2120
C and 2110
C respectively. Beyond that, the pure or
doped KDP decomposes as expected.
Pure KDP
TGA
Wavenumbers (cm-1
) for
AssignmentPure
KDP
CKDP-5
Pure KDP
[50]
3928 3932 3941 O-H stretching
3813 3789 - Free O-H s
3423 3403 3428
Hydrogen bonded O
stretching
- 2772 2782
P-O-H
stretching
2465 2472 2464
O=P-OH
stretching
2276 2282 2354 P-O-H bending
- 1726 - O=P-O stretching
1643 - 1642
O=P-OH symmetric
stretching
1298 1300 1300 P=O stretching
1097 1101 1095 P=O stretching
906 909 904
P=O-H symmetric
stretching
544 546 542 HO-P-OH bending
452 471 458 PO4 stretching
IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319
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0 400
0
30
60
T(%)
Wavelength (nm)
The vibrational band assignments
curves observed for the
It can be understood that the
ure KDP and CdS doped KDP crystals are thermally stable
C respectively. Beyond that, the pure or
DTA
TGA
CKDP
Fig-4: TGA and DTA curves observed for the P
CKDP
3.4 Optical and Mechanical Properties
Figure 5 shows the UV-Vis
the six crystals grown in the present study. It is observed from
the spectra that both pure and CdS doped KDP crystals exhibit
low cut off wave lengths and good transmittance
visible and infrared region
percentages and cut off wavelengths observed are provided in
Table 3. The transparent nature of
desirable property for these crystals to have NLO applications.
Fig-5: UV-Vis-NIR spectra
doped KDP crystals
Assignment
tretching
H stretching
Hydrogen bonded O-H
asymmetric
OH asymmetric
H bending
O stretching
OH symmetric
P=O stretching
P=O stretching
H symmetric
OH bending
stretching
eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
742
800 1200
Wavelength (nm)
Pure KDP
CKDP-1
CKDP-2
CKDP-3
CKDP-4
CKDP-5
CKDP-5 DTA
TGA
nd DTA curves observed for the Pure KDP and
CKDP-5 crystals
Mechanical Properties
Vis-NIR transmittance spectra for all
the six crystals grown in the present study. It is observed from
both pure and CdS doped KDP crystals exhibit
low cut off wave lengths and good transmittances towards the
visible and infrared regions. The optical transmission
off wavelengths observed are provided in
The transparent nature of these crystals observed is a
desirable property for these crystals to have NLO applications.
NIR spectra observed for the pure and CdS
doped KDP crystals
6. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 743
30 60 90
60
90
120
150
Hv
(kg/mm
2
)
Load P (g)
Pure KDP
CKDP-1
CKDP-2
CKDP-3
CKDP-4
CKDP-5
1.2 1.4 1.6
1.5
1.8
2.1
logP
log d
Pure KDP
CKDP-1
CKDP-2
CKDP-3
CKDP-4
CKDP-5
Table-3: The cut off wavelengths, optical transmission percentages, SHG efficiencies and work hardening coefficients (n)
The SHG efficiencies observed are given in the Table 3. It can
be seen that the SHG efficiency increases significantly due to
CdS doping.
Figure 6(a) shows the variation of Vicker hardness number
(Hv) with applied load (P) for the pure and CdS doped KDP
crystals grown in the present study. The hardness of a material
is a measure of its resistance it offers to local deformations
[28]. The micro-indentation test is a useful method for
studying the nature of plastic flow and its influence on the
deformation of the materials. Higher hardness value of a
crystal indicates that greater stress is required to create
dislocation [51].
(a)
(b)
Fig-6: Results of microhardness measurements: (a) Hardness
number (Hv) verses load (P) plots and (b) log P verses log d
plots
The log P verses log d plots (d is the average diagonal length
of the indentation made) were also made and are shown in
Figure 6(b). The plots are found to be nearly straight line.
From the slope of the best fitted lines, the work hardening
coefficients or Meyer indices (n) were obtained and are given
in Table 3.
Results obtained in the present study indicate that the Hv value
increases with the increasing load for all the six crystals
grown. The Hv value increases upto a load of 100g, above
which cracks start developing which may be due to the release
of internal stress generation with indentation. The Vicker
hardness number (Hv) is defined as
Hv=1.8544 P/d2
kg/mm2
and the Meyer’s law [52] is expressed as
P=k1dn
where k1 is the material constant.
According to Onitsch and Hanneman ‘n’ should lie between
1.0 and 1.6 for hard material and above 1.6 for soft ones [52].
The ‘n’ values observed in the present study are more than 1.6.
This indicates that all the six crystals grown belong to soft
materials category.
3.5 Electrical Properties
The dielectric parameters, viz. DC electrical conductivity
(σdc), dielectric constant (εr), dielectric loss factor (tan ) and
AC conductivity (σac) values obtained in the present study are
shown in Figures 7-10. It can be seen that all the four
parameters increase with the increase in temperature.
However, no systematic variation is observed with the
impurity concentration (volume of CdS solution added to the
KDP solution used for the growth of single crystals) for all the
above electrical parameters (except for σdc along a-direction)
in the whole temperature range considered in the present
study. This is illustrated in Figures 11-14. σdc along a-direction
decreases with the increase in CdS concentration. Moreover,
Crystal Cut off
wavelength
(nm)
Optical
transmission
(%)
SHG
efficiency
Work
hardening
coefficient
Pure KDP 330 58 1.00 2.6
CKDP-1 260 67 2.00 2.7
CKDP-2 292 45 1.61 1.6
CKDP-3 300 65 0.94 3.3
CKDP-4 307 13 1.88 3.3
CKDP-5 340 30 2.38 2.9
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__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 744
40 80 120 160
0
500
1000
DCconductivity(x10
-7
mho/m)
Temperature (
0
C)
Pure KDP
CKDP-1
CKDP-2
CKDP-3
CKDP-4
CKDP-5
40 80 120 160
0
70
140
DCconductivity(x10
-7
mho/m)
Temperature (
0
C)
Pure KDP
CKDP-1
CKDP-2
CKDP-3
CKDP-4
CKDP-5
40 60 80 100 120 140 160
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
Dielectricconstant
Temperature (
0
C)
Pure KDP
CKDP-1
CKDP-2
CKDP-3
CKDP-4
CKDP-5
40 60 80 100 120 140 160
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
Dielectricconstant
Temperature (
0
C)
Pure KDP
CKDP-1
CKDP-2
CKDP-3
CKDP-4
CKDP-5
40 80 120 160
0
1
2
Dielectricloss
Temperature (
o
C)
Pure KDP
CKDP-1
CKDP-2
CKDP-3
CKDP-4
CKDP-5
40 60 80 100 120 140 160
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
Dielectricloss
Temperature (
0
C)
Pure KDP
CKDP-1
CKDP-2
CKDP-3
CKDP-4
CKDP-5
the εr values (along both a- and c- directions) observed for the
CdS doped crystal are less than that observed for the pure
KDP. The variation with CdS concentration is nonlinear. The
decrease of εr value due to CdS addition indicates the
improvement in NLO property. This is in agreement with the
SHG efficiencies observed.
Along a- direction Along c- direction
Fig-7: DC electrical conductivities (σdc) observed for the pure and CdS doped KDP crystals
Along a- direction Along c- direction
Fig-8: Dielectric constants (εr) observed for the pure and CdS doped KDP crystals
Along a- direction Along c- direction
Fig-9: Dielectric loss factors (tan ) observed for the pure and CdS doped KDP crystals
8. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 745
40 80 120 160
0
6
12
ACconductivity(x10
-7
mho/m)
Temperature (
0
C)
Pure KDP
CKDP-1
CKDP-2
CKDP-3
CKDP-4
CKDP-5
40 80 120 160
0
20
40
ACconductivity(x10
-7
mho/m)
Temperature (
0
C)
Pure KDP
CKDP-1
CKDP-2
CKDP-3
CKDP-4
CKDP-5
0 3 6
0
5
10
15
Dielectricconstant
CdS solution (ml)
40
0
C
80
0
C
120
0
C
150
0
C
0 3 6
8
16
24
Dielectricconstant
CdS solutiom (ml)
40
0
C
80
0
C
120
0
C
150
0
C
0 3 6
0
500
1000
DCconductivity(x10
-7
mho/m)
CdS solution (ml)
40
0
C
80
0
C
120
0
C
150
0
C
0 3 6
0
70
140
DCconductivity(x10
-7
mho/m)
CdS solution (ml)
40
0
C
80
0
C
120
0
C
150
0
C
Along a- direction Along c- direction
Fig-10: AC electrical conductivities (σac) observed for the pure and CdS doped KDP crystals
Along a- direction Along c- direction
Fig-11: Impurity concentration dependence of σdc observed for the pure and CdS doped KDP crystals
Along a- direction Along c- direction
Fig-12: Impurity concentration dependence of εr observed for the pure and CdS doped KDP crystals
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 746
0 3 6
0
6
12
ACconductivity(x10
-7
mho/m)
CdS solution (m l)
40
0
C
80
0
C
120
0
C
150
0
C
0 3 6
0.0
0.8
1.6
2.4
Dielectricloss
CdS solution (ml)
40
0
C
80
0
C
120
0
C
150
0
C
0 3 6
0
10
20
30
40
ACconductivity(x10
-7
mho/m)
C dS solution (m l)
40
0
C
80
0
C
120
0
C
150
0
C
0 3 6
0
1
2
3
Dielectricloss
CdS solution (ml)
40
0
C
80
0
C
120
0
C
150
0
C
Along a- direction Along c- direction
Fig-13: Impurity concentration dependence of tan observed for the pure and CdS doped KDP crystals
Along a- direction Along c- direction
Fig-14: Impurity concentration dependence of σac observed for the pure and CdS doped KDP crystals
The experimental data and especially the character of the
temperature dependence of electrical conductivity allowed the
earlier workers to understand that the electrical conductivity of
KDP crystals is determined by both the thermally generated
L-defects (vacant hydrogen bonds) and the foreign impurities
incorporated into the lattice and generating L-defects there
[53]. When performing measurements, Lokshin [54] assumed
that HPO4
2-
ions are also responsible for the formation of
vacant hydrogen bonds (L-defects). Therefore, the pH value of
the initial solution, which determines its ionic composition,
can be one of the most important factors that affect crystal
conductivity, because of the HPO4
2-
ion concentration in the
solution at some pH is higher by several orders of maginitude
than the concentration of any other impurity [55]. From the
above, it can be understood that the proton transport depends
on the generation of L-defects. Hence, the increase of
conductivity with the increase in temperature observed for
CdS doped KDP crystals in the present study can be
understood as due to the temperature dependence of the proton
transport. Also, the conductivity increases smoothly through
the temperature range considered in the present study.
Plots between lnσdc and 103
/T and between lnσac and 103
/T
(not shown here) are found to be nearly linear. So, the
conductivity (DC and AC) values were fitted correspondingly
to the Arrhenius relation:
σdc=σ0dcexp[-Edc/(kT)]
and σac=σ0acexp[-Eac/(kT)],
where σ0dc and σ0ac are the proportionality constant
(considered to be the characteristic constant of the material), k
is the Boltzman constant and T is the absolute temperature.
The DC and AC activation energies (Edc and Eac) were
estimated using the slope of the corresponding line plots. The
estimated DC and AC activation energies for the pure and CdS
doped KDP crystals grown in the present study are given in
Table 4. The Edc values are observed to be more than the Eac
values as expected. The low values of Edc and Eac observed
suggests that oxygen vacancies may be responsible for
10. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
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Volume: 02 Issue: 12 | Dec-2013, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 747
conduction in the temperature region considered in the present
study.
Table-4: The activation energies (Eac and Edc) estimated for
pure and CdS doped KDP crystals
Variation of dielectric constant with temperature is generally
attributed to the crystal expansion, the electronic and ionic
polarizations and the presence of impurities and crystal
defects. The variation of εr at lower temperatures is mainly
due to the crystal expansion and electronic and ionic
polarizations. The increase of εr at higher temperatures is
mainly attributed to the thermally generated charge carriers
and impurity dipoles. It has been shown by Varotsos [56] that
the electronic polarizability practically remains constant in the
case of ionic crystals. So, the increase in dielectric constant
with temperature is essentially due to the temperature
variation of ionic polarizability.
The CdS is an ionic substance and is expected to become Cd2+
and S2-
ions in the solution. In the KDP crystal matrix, some
of these ions are expected to occupy interstitial positions. This
induces bulk defect states due to competition in getting the
sites for the impurity ions to occupy. To some extent, the
impurity ions are expected to replace the ions in KDP. So, it is
expected to create a random disturbance in the hydrogen
bonding system in the KDP crystal matrix. As the conduction
in KDP crystal is protonic, the random disturbance in the
hydrogen bonding system may cause the electrical parameters
to vary nonlinealy with the impurity concentration.
CONCLUSIONS
Ethylene diamine capped CdS nanoparticles were prepared by
a simple solvothermal method using a domestic microwave
oven. As CdS nanoparticles prepared were found to be slightly
soluble in water (0.33g/100ml of water), CdS doped KDP
single crystals could be successfully grown by the free
evaporation method from aqueous solutions at room
temperature. The six grown crystals were characterized
structurally, chemically, thermally, optically, mechanically
and electrically. Results obtained indicate that the impurity
molecules have entered into the KDP crystal matrix. CdS
doping have been found to enhance the SHG efficiency and
tune the optical and electrical properties significantly.
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BIOGRAPHIES
O.V.Mary Sheeja, born in Colachel, India
in 1982 has acquired her academic degrees
B.Sc. (Physics, 2002), M.Sc. (Physics,
2004), M.Phil. (Physics, 2006) from
Manonmanium Sundaranar University.
Currently she is a Ph.D research Scholar of
Manonmanium Sundaranar University. She
has about 3 years research experience and her research area is
crystal growth and characterization.
C.K.Mahadevan, born in Nagercoil, India
in 1958 has acquired B.Sc. (1978),
M.Sc.(1980), Ph.D.(1984) and D.Sc.
(2002) degrees in Physics from reputed
institutions in India. After serving for some
time in different places in India and USA,
he started his long service in S.T.Hindu College, Nagercoil in
1987 and has been there till Date. He has more than 27 years
teaching experience (taught B.Sc., M.Sc., M.Phil and Ph.D.
students) and 32 years research experience (guided 30 Ph.D.
projects, published 1 review article and 180 research papers in
International journals and delivered 57 invited talks in
national/international conferences). His major research area is
Crystalline and Nanostructured Materials Science (Materials
Synthesis and Characterization). He is a winner of several
coveted awards and honours for his teaching, research and
related activities.