IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
Umts Radio Interface System Planning And OptimizationDavid Rottmayer
The document discusses planning and optimizing UMTS radio networks. It begins with an overview of UMTS network architecture and the differences between UMTS and GSM radio system planning. Key aspects of UMTS planning include coverage and capacity planning occurring simultaneously, as capacity requirements influence coverage. The document then covers WCDMA air interface specifications, propagation environments, and the UMTS radio system planning process. It discusses challenges such as varying traffic levels and distributions. The document provides a typical link budget example and explains transmitter, receiver, and channel parameters considered in UMTS coverage planning.
The document discusses signaling fundamentals in a base station subsystem (BSS). It describes the A, Abis, and Um interfaces between the BSS components. The A interface uses SS7 protocol layers including the physical layer, MTP, SCCP and BSSAP. The BSSAP layer supports BSSMAP messages for connectionless and connection-oriented signaling between the BSS and MSC.
High speed down link packet access (hsdpa)WritingHubUK
The title for the report is High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). Internet is become apart of our every day life and mobile users demand for high speed access while they are on the move. HSDPA can fulfil these demands and offer more services which are broadband related. The report will analyse and evaluate the HSDPA technology, which include the architecture, protocols and protocol status. Also the report discuss HSDPA principle operation and the physical and MAC layer.
This presentation covers:
1. Evolution of UMTS core network
2. Different 3GPP releases up gradation to UMTS architecture
3. UMTS Core network elements
4. Protocols used in UMTS core networks
5. MSC server and MGW
6. IMS architecture
This presentation covers:
How evolution has happened from First Generation Mobile Communication Systems to present day 3G/UMTS/WCMDA systems
Brief introduction of each Generation: GSM - 2G, 2.5 G - GPRS, 2.75G - EDGE, 3G and then LTE/4G
UMTS system architecture, protocols & processesMuxi ESL
This document provides an overview of UMTS system architecture and protocols. It discusses:
- The logical architecture of UTRAN including RNC and Node-B elements.
- Interfaces between network elements are clearly specified to allow interoperability between equipment from different manufacturers.
- The main functions of the RNC include radio resource management, call management, and connection to the core network.
- Protocols in UTRAN include RRC for radio resource control, RLC for radio link control, and MAC for medium access control.
Some of the key driving forces behind the transition from the UMTS based cellular system to the Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) are to improve the mean and the cell-edge throughput, improve the user fairness, and improve the quality of service (QoS) satisfaction for all users. In the latter system, relays appear as one of the most prominent enabler for improving the cell-edge user experience while increasing the system’s fairness.
In this white paper, we present the basics of relay deployments in LTE-A networks. Moreover, we analyze resource allocation problem for Relay Nodes (RN) deployments and present some of the solutions for improvement in system resource usage and QoS satisfaction. Afterwards, we introduce the capabilities of NOMOR’s LTE-A system level simulator and evaluate the performance of LTE-A relay systems under the described solutions.
The document provides an overview of advanced wireless networks and UMTS. It discusses the evolution from 2G to 3G networks, including the limitations of 2G and requirements for 3G. It describes the UMTS architecture, including the UTRAN, core network, and protocols on the Iu interface. It also covers basic UMTS principles such as CDMA techniques, radio resources including frequency, time, and power/code, and radio resource management.
Umts Radio Interface System Planning And OptimizationDavid Rottmayer
The document discusses planning and optimizing UMTS radio networks. It begins with an overview of UMTS network architecture and the differences between UMTS and GSM radio system planning. Key aspects of UMTS planning include coverage and capacity planning occurring simultaneously, as capacity requirements influence coverage. The document then covers WCDMA air interface specifications, propagation environments, and the UMTS radio system planning process. It discusses challenges such as varying traffic levels and distributions. The document provides a typical link budget example and explains transmitter, receiver, and channel parameters considered in UMTS coverage planning.
The document discusses signaling fundamentals in a base station subsystem (BSS). It describes the A, Abis, and Um interfaces between the BSS components. The A interface uses SS7 protocol layers including the physical layer, MTP, SCCP and BSSAP. The BSSAP layer supports BSSMAP messages for connectionless and connection-oriented signaling between the BSS and MSC.
High speed down link packet access (hsdpa)WritingHubUK
The title for the report is High Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA). Internet is become apart of our every day life and mobile users demand for high speed access while they are on the move. HSDPA can fulfil these demands and offer more services which are broadband related. The report will analyse and evaluate the HSDPA technology, which include the architecture, protocols and protocol status. Also the report discuss HSDPA principle operation and the physical and MAC layer.
This presentation covers:
1. Evolution of UMTS core network
2. Different 3GPP releases up gradation to UMTS architecture
3. UMTS Core network elements
4. Protocols used in UMTS core networks
5. MSC server and MGW
6. IMS architecture
This presentation covers:
How evolution has happened from First Generation Mobile Communication Systems to present day 3G/UMTS/WCMDA systems
Brief introduction of each Generation: GSM - 2G, 2.5 G - GPRS, 2.75G - EDGE, 3G and then LTE/4G
UMTS system architecture, protocols & processesMuxi ESL
This document provides an overview of UMTS system architecture and protocols. It discusses:
- The logical architecture of UTRAN including RNC and Node-B elements.
- Interfaces between network elements are clearly specified to allow interoperability between equipment from different manufacturers.
- The main functions of the RNC include radio resource management, call management, and connection to the core network.
- Protocols in UTRAN include RRC for radio resource control, RLC for radio link control, and MAC for medium access control.
Some of the key driving forces behind the transition from the UMTS based cellular system to the Long Term Evolution Advanced (LTE-A) are to improve the mean and the cell-edge throughput, improve the user fairness, and improve the quality of service (QoS) satisfaction for all users. In the latter system, relays appear as one of the most prominent enabler for improving the cell-edge user experience while increasing the system’s fairness.
In this white paper, we present the basics of relay deployments in LTE-A networks. Moreover, we analyze resource allocation problem for Relay Nodes (RN) deployments and present some of the solutions for improvement in system resource usage and QoS satisfaction. Afterwards, we introduce the capabilities of NOMOR’s LTE-A system level simulator and evaluate the performance of LTE-A relay systems under the described solutions.
The document provides an overview of advanced wireless networks and UMTS. It discusses the evolution from 2G to 3G networks, including the limitations of 2G and requirements for 3G. It describes the UMTS architecture, including the UTRAN, core network, and protocols on the Iu interface. It also covers basic UMTS principles such as CDMA techniques, radio resources including frequency, time, and power/code, and radio resource management.
The document provides information on the fundamentals and evolution of 3G mobile communication standards. It discusses:
- 1st generation standards including AMPS, TACS, NMT, and others operating between 30-200 KHz.
- 2nd generation standards including GSM, IS-136, IS-95, and PDC operating at 200 KHz, utilizing TDMA and early digital technologies.
- UMTS (3G) evolution through 3GPP releases, utilizing WCDMA technology, and achieving speeds up to 2 Mbps through improvements like HSPA and LTE.
This presentation describes about UMTS major components Key features, NodeB, RNC, GGSN,MSC, SGSN,VLR,HLR, Charging function, UMTS base stations and info about UMTS number allocated for MS.
GPRS is a packet-based mobile data service on GSM networks. It provides higher speed data transmission than previous GSM data services. The GPRS architecture introduces two new network nodes - SGSN and GGSN. SGSN handles mobility management and packet transmission between MS and GGSN, while GGSN connects the GPRS network to external packet networks like the Internet. GPRS enhances the GSM network by allowing dynamic allocation of bandwidth and intermittent data transmission, making it suitable for bursty, low-volume data applications.
Maria D'cruz_WCDMA UMTS Wireless NetworksMaria D'cruz
The document provides an overview of WCDMA/UMTS architecture and radio resource management. It describes the evolution from 2G to 3G networks and the standardization of WCDMA. The key aspects of WCDMA air interface, UTRAN architecture, core network functionality, and radio resource management techniques like admission control, load control, packet scheduling, handover control and power control are summarized. Diagrams illustrate the system architecture and information flow between network elements.
The document describes the protocol architecture of GSM, which is a digital cellular communications system that provides digital transmission, ISDN compatibility, and worldwide roaming. It discusses the nomenclature, protocol stack, and interfaces in GSM. The protocol stack consists of physical, data link, and networking layers. The physical layer handles radio transmission, while the data link layer provides error-free transmission using LAPD and LAPDm protocols. The networking layer implements mobility management, call control, and short message service using various signaling messages and protocols.
In this project, we are implementing a tool for calculating number of base stations required to meet LTE network coverage and capacity requirement. Coverage planning includes link budget analysis for calculating MAPL and then determining cell radius using RF propagation models. Capacity planning cares about service models and traffic models for calculating required throughput in the network, In addition, it is concerned with calculating cell throughput.
WCDMA uses direct sequence spread spectrum technology where user data is multiplied by pseudo-random codes to spread it across a wide bandwidth. This processing gain allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously while maintaining sufficient signal to interference ratios. Power control is used to ensure each user transmits with the minimum necessary power level to reduce interference. Admission control and power control work together to manage system capacity and maintain quality of service as user numbers and noise levels change.
The document discusses the radio network controller (RNC) in 3G mobile and wireless networks. The RNC is responsible for controlling base stations connected to it. It performs critical functions like mobility management, power control, soft and softer handovers, link maintenance, and traffic concentration. The RNC allows communication between users and multiple base stations, providing advantages like fewer lost calls and improved quality of service.
The document provides an overview of GSM, GPRS, UMTS, HSDPA and HSUPA protocols and call flows. It describes the architecture, interfaces and protocols of each generation at the physical, data link and network layers. Key protocols discussed include LAPD, RR, MM, CM, SNDCP, GTP, RLC, MAC, RRC. Call flows for basic call origination, authentication, data transfer and detach procedures are illustrated for each network. The document also introduces HSDPA and HSUPA enhancements to UMTS such as new channels, scheduling functionality and H-ARQ protocol.
The document describes the 3GPP Release 99 reference architecture for UMTS terrestrial radio access networks (UTRAN). It discusses the key network elements, interfaces, and protocols in UTRAN including the radio network controller (RNC), Node B, Iub interface between Node B and RNC, Iur interface between RNCs, and functions like radio resource management and handover control. It also provides an overview of the protocol stack and interfaces between UTRAN and the core network.
Topics covered in this presentation:
1. RF spectrum and GSM specifications
2. FDMA and TDMA
3. Digital Voice Transmission
4. Channel coding, Interleaving and Burst formatting
5. GMSK
6. Frame structure of GSM
7. Corrective actions against multipath fading
This document provides an overview of UMTS W-CDMA (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Wideband Code Division Multiple Access). It describes the basic architecture and channel structures of a 3G W-CDMA system. Key points include that W-CDMA uses CDMA technology with a chip rate of 3.84 Mcps and channel bandwidth of 4.4-5 MHz. It also discusses the various physical channels in the uplink and downlink, including dedicated channels, common channels, and how they are structured over timeslots and frames.
UMTS/3G RAN Capacity Management Guideline Part-02 (Sectorization))Md Mustafizur Rahman
UMTS RAN capacity management is one of the Key activities to maintain the good QoS & stability of the 3G system. A relatively high load can affect the accessibility, coverage and QoS of established services. The capacity, coverage and QoS of the WCDMA system are mutually affected. Hence, for a stable & good quality 3G network, UMTS capacity need to be monitored, expanded & manage regularly.
In the first part of document (Part-1) UMTS soft capacity management along with the correlation between capacity vs accessibility, UMTS expansion threshold, counters & effective mechanism of UMTS Soft capacity management have been depicted. This part of the Document is focused on UMTS Hard Expansion Methodology. 3G Capacity management by Sectorization has been explained thoroughly.
After completing this, you will be able to gain knowledge on 3G Expansion Parameters, 3G Expansion Threshold, Capacity Gain, Cost vs Capacity Gain by Sectorization. Moreover, you will be familiar with Planning, Optimization & Post Performance activities of Sectorization.
TDD & FDD Interference on TD-LTE B NetworkRay KHASTUR
1. The document discusses investigating issues with an RTWP site in region M that is experiencing interference from external sources.
2. There are two main sources of interference - a WiMAX operator using adjacent frequency bands and a local ISP using wireless MikroTik devices on the same frequency band illegally.
3. Monitoring of border sites and the highest RTWP sites was conducted to determine the direction of interference and its effects, finding it is most significantly impacting key performance indicators and the user experience.
This document discusses solutions for implementing interactivity in mobile multimedia systems. It outlines the importance of interactivity for mobile applications and services. Some key challenges are large round-trip delays due to retransmissions. Solutions proposed include hybrid-ARQ at the Node B to reduce delays, shorter transmission time intervals, Node B controlled scheduling to adapt faster to channel conditions, and adaptive modulation and coding. These solutions aim to improve system capacity, throughput, and reduce delays to better support interactive applications on mobile devices.
This presentation covers:
What is a Radio Resource Unit ?
Why do we need RRM ?
Need of RRM in WCDMA ?
RRM algorithms Objectives
Different RRM functions : Handover, Power control, Admission Control, Code Management
This document discusses self-optimizing networks (SON) and the benefits of SON in LTE networks. It provides an overview of the 3GPP standardization timeline for SON, describing enhancements to SON features over LTE Releases 8 through 11. Key SON features covered include automatic neighbor relations, physical cell identifier planning, load balancing, mobility robustness optimization, interference coordination, energy savings, and coverage/capacity optimization. The document also examines multi-vendor SON architecture alternatives and the role of SON in deploying multi-vendor heterogeneous networks.
This document provides an overview of the network architecture and signalling protocols in UMTS networks. It describes the main network elements of UTRAN, UE and CN. It explains the interfaces between these elements and the protocols used for communication, including RRC for UE-RNC signalling, RANAP for RNC-CN signalling, and NAS protocols for non-access signalling between UE and CN. It also summarizes the protocol stacks used over the Iu interfaces between RNC and CN for circuit-switched and packet-switched domains.
The document discusses key concepts and components of GSM and WCDMA mobile networks. It describes the Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR) which store subscriber information and location data. It also mentions the Authentication Center (AUC), Equipment Identity Register (EIR), and Base Station System (BSS). For WCDMA, it outlines the interfaces between network elements like Iu, Uu, Iub, and Iur and discusses radio access bearers, spreading factors, and the use of channel elements for network sizing.
Learning analytics to quantize and improve the skills development and attainm...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a proposed system for using learning analytics to quantify and improve skills development and attainment in large classes. The system would analyze data from registration, administration, and learning management systems to map learning outcomes and relate them to student attainment levels. An algorithmic methodology is presented that would read course details, outcomes, and assessment scores and generate a report with the average attainment, highest attainment, and lowest attainment for each outcome. The goal is to help instructors more effectively focus on learning outcomes, produce evidence for new assessment tools, and improve course design and instructional strategies.
Analysis of mhd non darcian boundary layer flow and heat transfer over an exp...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
The document provides information on the fundamentals and evolution of 3G mobile communication standards. It discusses:
- 1st generation standards including AMPS, TACS, NMT, and others operating between 30-200 KHz.
- 2nd generation standards including GSM, IS-136, IS-95, and PDC operating at 200 KHz, utilizing TDMA and early digital technologies.
- UMTS (3G) evolution through 3GPP releases, utilizing WCDMA technology, and achieving speeds up to 2 Mbps through improvements like HSPA and LTE.
This presentation describes about UMTS major components Key features, NodeB, RNC, GGSN,MSC, SGSN,VLR,HLR, Charging function, UMTS base stations and info about UMTS number allocated for MS.
GPRS is a packet-based mobile data service on GSM networks. It provides higher speed data transmission than previous GSM data services. The GPRS architecture introduces two new network nodes - SGSN and GGSN. SGSN handles mobility management and packet transmission between MS and GGSN, while GGSN connects the GPRS network to external packet networks like the Internet. GPRS enhances the GSM network by allowing dynamic allocation of bandwidth and intermittent data transmission, making it suitable for bursty, low-volume data applications.
Maria D'cruz_WCDMA UMTS Wireless NetworksMaria D'cruz
The document provides an overview of WCDMA/UMTS architecture and radio resource management. It describes the evolution from 2G to 3G networks and the standardization of WCDMA. The key aspects of WCDMA air interface, UTRAN architecture, core network functionality, and radio resource management techniques like admission control, load control, packet scheduling, handover control and power control are summarized. Diagrams illustrate the system architecture and information flow between network elements.
The document describes the protocol architecture of GSM, which is a digital cellular communications system that provides digital transmission, ISDN compatibility, and worldwide roaming. It discusses the nomenclature, protocol stack, and interfaces in GSM. The protocol stack consists of physical, data link, and networking layers. The physical layer handles radio transmission, while the data link layer provides error-free transmission using LAPD and LAPDm protocols. The networking layer implements mobility management, call control, and short message service using various signaling messages and protocols.
In this project, we are implementing a tool for calculating number of base stations required to meet LTE network coverage and capacity requirement. Coverage planning includes link budget analysis for calculating MAPL and then determining cell radius using RF propagation models. Capacity planning cares about service models and traffic models for calculating required throughput in the network, In addition, it is concerned with calculating cell throughput.
WCDMA uses direct sequence spread spectrum technology where user data is multiplied by pseudo-random codes to spread it across a wide bandwidth. This processing gain allows multiple users to transmit simultaneously while maintaining sufficient signal to interference ratios. Power control is used to ensure each user transmits with the minimum necessary power level to reduce interference. Admission control and power control work together to manage system capacity and maintain quality of service as user numbers and noise levels change.
The document discusses the radio network controller (RNC) in 3G mobile and wireless networks. The RNC is responsible for controlling base stations connected to it. It performs critical functions like mobility management, power control, soft and softer handovers, link maintenance, and traffic concentration. The RNC allows communication between users and multiple base stations, providing advantages like fewer lost calls and improved quality of service.
The document provides an overview of GSM, GPRS, UMTS, HSDPA and HSUPA protocols and call flows. It describes the architecture, interfaces and protocols of each generation at the physical, data link and network layers. Key protocols discussed include LAPD, RR, MM, CM, SNDCP, GTP, RLC, MAC, RRC. Call flows for basic call origination, authentication, data transfer and detach procedures are illustrated for each network. The document also introduces HSDPA and HSUPA enhancements to UMTS such as new channels, scheduling functionality and H-ARQ protocol.
The document describes the 3GPP Release 99 reference architecture for UMTS terrestrial radio access networks (UTRAN). It discusses the key network elements, interfaces, and protocols in UTRAN including the radio network controller (RNC), Node B, Iub interface between Node B and RNC, Iur interface between RNCs, and functions like radio resource management and handover control. It also provides an overview of the protocol stack and interfaces between UTRAN and the core network.
Topics covered in this presentation:
1. RF spectrum and GSM specifications
2. FDMA and TDMA
3. Digital Voice Transmission
4. Channel coding, Interleaving and Burst formatting
5. GMSK
6. Frame structure of GSM
7. Corrective actions against multipath fading
This document provides an overview of UMTS W-CDMA (Universal Mobile Telecommunications System Wideband Code Division Multiple Access). It describes the basic architecture and channel structures of a 3G W-CDMA system. Key points include that W-CDMA uses CDMA technology with a chip rate of 3.84 Mcps and channel bandwidth of 4.4-5 MHz. It also discusses the various physical channels in the uplink and downlink, including dedicated channels, common channels, and how they are structured over timeslots and frames.
UMTS/3G RAN Capacity Management Guideline Part-02 (Sectorization))Md Mustafizur Rahman
UMTS RAN capacity management is one of the Key activities to maintain the good QoS & stability of the 3G system. A relatively high load can affect the accessibility, coverage and QoS of established services. The capacity, coverage and QoS of the WCDMA system are mutually affected. Hence, for a stable & good quality 3G network, UMTS capacity need to be monitored, expanded & manage regularly.
In the first part of document (Part-1) UMTS soft capacity management along with the correlation between capacity vs accessibility, UMTS expansion threshold, counters & effective mechanism of UMTS Soft capacity management have been depicted. This part of the Document is focused on UMTS Hard Expansion Methodology. 3G Capacity management by Sectorization has been explained thoroughly.
After completing this, you will be able to gain knowledge on 3G Expansion Parameters, 3G Expansion Threshold, Capacity Gain, Cost vs Capacity Gain by Sectorization. Moreover, you will be familiar with Planning, Optimization & Post Performance activities of Sectorization.
TDD & FDD Interference on TD-LTE B NetworkRay KHASTUR
1. The document discusses investigating issues with an RTWP site in region M that is experiencing interference from external sources.
2. There are two main sources of interference - a WiMAX operator using adjacent frequency bands and a local ISP using wireless MikroTik devices on the same frequency band illegally.
3. Monitoring of border sites and the highest RTWP sites was conducted to determine the direction of interference and its effects, finding it is most significantly impacting key performance indicators and the user experience.
This document discusses solutions for implementing interactivity in mobile multimedia systems. It outlines the importance of interactivity for mobile applications and services. Some key challenges are large round-trip delays due to retransmissions. Solutions proposed include hybrid-ARQ at the Node B to reduce delays, shorter transmission time intervals, Node B controlled scheduling to adapt faster to channel conditions, and adaptive modulation and coding. These solutions aim to improve system capacity, throughput, and reduce delays to better support interactive applications on mobile devices.
This presentation covers:
What is a Radio Resource Unit ?
Why do we need RRM ?
Need of RRM in WCDMA ?
RRM algorithms Objectives
Different RRM functions : Handover, Power control, Admission Control, Code Management
This document discusses self-optimizing networks (SON) and the benefits of SON in LTE networks. It provides an overview of the 3GPP standardization timeline for SON, describing enhancements to SON features over LTE Releases 8 through 11. Key SON features covered include automatic neighbor relations, physical cell identifier planning, load balancing, mobility robustness optimization, interference coordination, energy savings, and coverage/capacity optimization. The document also examines multi-vendor SON architecture alternatives and the role of SON in deploying multi-vendor heterogeneous networks.
This document provides an overview of the network architecture and signalling protocols in UMTS networks. It describes the main network elements of UTRAN, UE and CN. It explains the interfaces between these elements and the protocols used for communication, including RRC for UE-RNC signalling, RANAP for RNC-CN signalling, and NAS protocols for non-access signalling between UE and CN. It also summarizes the protocol stacks used over the Iu interfaces between RNC and CN for circuit-switched and packet-switched domains.
The document discusses key concepts and components of GSM and WCDMA mobile networks. It describes the Home Location Register (HLR) and Visitor Location Register (VLR) which store subscriber information and location data. It also mentions the Authentication Center (AUC), Equipment Identity Register (EIR), and Base Station System (BSS). For WCDMA, it outlines the interfaces between network elements like Iu, Uu, Iub, and Iur and discusses radio access bearers, spreading factors, and the use of channel elements for network sizing.
Learning analytics to quantize and improve the skills development and attainm...eSAT Publishing House
This document describes a proposed system for using learning analytics to quantify and improve skills development and attainment in large classes. The system would analyze data from registration, administration, and learning management systems to map learning outcomes and relate them to student attainment levels. An algorithmic methodology is presented that would read course details, outcomes, and assessment scores and generate a report with the average attainment, highest attainment, and lowest attainment for each outcome. The goal is to help instructors more effectively focus on learning outcomes, produce evidence for new assessment tools, and improve course design and instructional strategies.
Analysis of mhd non darcian boundary layer flow and heat transfer over an exp...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses various privacy preservation techniques in data mining. It summarizes classification, clustering, and association rule learning as common privacy preservation approaches. For classification, it describes decision trees, k-nearest neighbors, artificial neural networks, support vector machines, and naive Bayes models. It provides advantages and disadvantages of these techniques. The document concludes that privacy preservation techniques have emerged to allow for efficient and effective data mining while protecting sensitive data.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Buckling analysis of line continuum with new matrices of stiffness and geometryeSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Background differencing algorithm for moving object detection using system ge...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
An analysis of desktop control and information retrieval from the internet us...eSAT Publishing House
This document proposes a system that uses augmented reality and image processing to allow users to control their desktop and retrieve internet information using hand gestures, removing the need for mice and keyboards. It describes a system with two modules - one for desktop control using virtual menus, and one for accessing internet content like news and weather using hand movements. The system works by using a webcam to capture hand movements, processing the images to detect the hand position, and sending commands to the computer based on the position read. It aims to make human-computer interaction more intuitive and realistic through augmented reality.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
This document analyzes the performance of the Zone Routing Protocol (ZRP) in mobile ad hoc networks using the OPNET simulator. It provides an overview of ZRP, including that it is a hybrid routing protocol that uses a proactive approach within routing zones and a reactive approach between zones. The document describes simulating ZRP with 20, 40, and 60 nodes and measuring its throughput, load, data dropped, and delay. The results showed that as node count increased, ZRP's throughput, load, and data dropped increased, while delay also rose with more nodes. ZRP thus performed best with fewer nodes and worse with more nodes in the simulated mobile ad hoc networks.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
This document discusses and compares various lookup algorithms that can be used for IPv6 packet forwarding at speeds over 100 Gbps. It begins by introducing the need for IPv6 due to IPv4 address exhaustion and issues with forwarding IPv6 packets due to its larger 128-bit address size. It then summarizes four existing lookup algorithms - Distributed Memory Organizations, TrieC, Recursive Balanced Multi-way range trees, and Range tree based IPv6 lookup. The document aims to determine the best algorithm by performing a comparative analysis based on parameters like latency, throughput, memory requirements and scalability.
“Remedies over the obstacles in implementing automation in indian infrastruct...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
A quantitative risk assessment approach in an integrated cold chain system en...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
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A simulation study of wi max based communication system using deliberately cl...eSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
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Scheduling schemes for carrier aggregation in lte advanced systemseSAT Publishing House
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology.
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International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER)ijceronline
International Journal of Computational Engineering Research(IJCER) is an intentional online Journal in English monthly publishing journal. This Journal publish original research work that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in engineering and Technology.
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Quality of service performances of video and voice transmission in universal ...journalBEEI
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A Case Study on Ip Based Cdma Ran by Controlling RouterIJERA Editor
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Umts femto access point for higher data rate and better quality of service to the users inside the customer premise
1. IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308
__________________________________________________________________________________________
Volume: 03 Special Issue: 03 | May-2014, Available @ http://www.ijret.org 222
UMTS FEMTO ACCESS POINT FOR HIGHER DATA RATE AND
BETTER QUALITY OF SERVICE TO THE USERS INSIDE THE
CUSTOMER PREMISE
Jagannath.s1
, Anshupriya.Nayak2,
Megha.Biradar3
1
Aricent Group Infotech Centre 14/2 Milestone Old Gurgoan Delhi Road, Gurgaon, India
2
Aricent Group Gurgaon, Alcatel-Lucent Bangalore India
Abstract
Femto access point is a HomeNodeB solution which consists of NodeB and RNC Functionality which is located at the end User
premise in order to provide better quality of service to the User by using less transmission power with minimal interference it is based
on the UMTS WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) system .In this work we implemented the combined NodeB and
RNC protocol stack which support HSDPA and HSPA for Rel8 By Using MIMO, higher modulation scheme like 16QAM, 64 QAM on
dynamic based on radio condition and interfaces on radio links It is small cell solution that is micro–cell, it has capable of providing
the service at all time to open and closed subscriber group subscribers (CSG) with higher quality of service(QoS) for 64 UE’s for both
Voice and packet call . By comparing the throughput with Macro network it shows Femto cell solution gives better throughput
transmission rate, and signal to noise with low bit error rate for transmission of packets from Home NodeB in AWGN noise channel to
end users to achieve the improved downlink data rate for quality of service for multimedia application and triple play service.
Keywords-RRC HNBAP, RUA, RANAP, CSG, MIMO, HSDPA, HSUPA
-----------------------------------------------------------------------***----------------------------------------------------------------------
1. INTRODUCTION
In the evolution of WCDMA a new concept denoted Femto-
access point is currently being developed within the 3GPP
framework [1] .Two important design targets for the Femto-
access point concept are to provide downlink peak data rates in
the order of 30-40Mbit/s for best effort packet based services
and to significantly reduce the downlink transmission delays
and error rate. Some important features that are introduced in
Femto-cell solution are fast link adaptation, fast scheduling,
by using the high speed downlink shared channel (HS-DSCH)
that is shared in the time domain among the active users,
similar to the DSCH in WCDMA of today. It is impleted with
new Protocal called HNBAP same as NBAP in UMTS which
take care of all functionalities of IuB interface and Femto-cell
network architecture consists of Home NodeB Gateway to
reduce the multiple physical connection load from all HNB’s
on core network which concentrate all Home NodeB to Core
network with single physical and multiple logical connection).
The paper is categorised as, section (1) is Network
architecture of Femto-access point and interfaces
implementation section(2) gives the implementation of
Protocols stack of Femto-cell section(3) gives the
Implemented Techniques MIMO,CSG ,Application and
Feature supported for end users section (4) Comparing Femto-
acess point with UMTS .
2. FEMTO-ACCESS NETWORK ARCHITECTURE
Point network architecture consists of three parts 1) User
equipment 2) Radio access network 3) Core network.
Fig.1 Femto-cell network
2.1 Interfaces and Function
Uu interface is also called as radio interface is between the
User equipment and radio access network i.e our femtocell the
main function of this is to provide the radio access to multiple
Users and allocate the radio resources and control depending
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upon the radio condition changes. The Protocol works on Uu
interface is Radio Resource control (RRC).The main functions
of femto-cell are Radio resources management, admission
control, uplink and downlink power control to achieve better
Qos ,taking handover decision based on measurement reports
and providing the higher throughput for femto-cell subscriber
using higher modulation with low power transmission from
different users.
Iuh interface: The Iu-h is the interface between the HNB’s
and HNB-GW. Iu-h provides transport for the control and user
plane messages RANAP user adaptation (RUA) is used over
Iu-h to provide transparent transfer for the RANAP messages
and another control plane protocol Called the Home NodeB
Application Protocol (HNBAP) is as well introduced HNBAP
is used to carry the HNB specific control information between
the HNB and HNB-GW for HNB registration and UE
registration for authorization.
Iu_Cs and Iu_Ps interfaces are between HNB-GW and and
Packet core network (Iu_Ps) ,Voice call core network (Iu_Cs)
Transparent transport is also provided for the Iu user plane
protocol layer, which is Terminated at the CN, not at the HNB-
GW Iu_Bc is used for broadcast domain .
Iub interface is between NodeB and RNC in UMTS there is
modification for Femto-cell solution as in Femto-cell NodeB
and RNC are collocated as single device the Framing protocol
is Used for User plane and Control plane for RRC Messages
and for NBAP function it is a proprietary interface called FAPI
for configuration of NodeB protocol stack dynamically
depending upon the Radio resource management decisions.
3. PROTOCOL STACK OF FEMTO-ACCESS
POINT
Fig.2 Femto-cell protocol architecture
Femto-cell Protocols stack consists:
RRC :RRC is the protocol exists in RNC and UE RRC it is
the brain of radio access network which controls all lower
layers RLC,MAC ,Physical ,for proper utilization of resource
based on demand and multimedia service request from various
user’s[4]
Radio link control (RLC) and Medium access control (MAC)
functionality are same as UMTS.
RLC: Segmentation, padding, error correction, sequence
delivery etc [2]
MAC: Multiplexing, ciphering Prioritizes between different
transport channels and Users,Ue identification etc[1].
The main protocol implemented for Home NodeB solution is
Home NodeB Application Part (HNBAP): for HNB
authentication through HNB Registration and certification to
allow only data to and from authorised HNBs and UE’s using
UE Registration request [8].
RANAP user adaptation (RUA) is used over Iu-h to provide
transparent transfer for the RANAP messages to core network,
as for Core network HNB-GW act as RNC[5].
RANAP Functions: RANAP provides the signalling service
between the UTRAN and the CN, RAB Setup, modification,
release, Relocation, Paging, Security mode control, Location
reporting, Transport of NAS information between the UE and
CN.
The Protocal Framing Protocol (FP) Used to communicate
between NodeB and RNC inside the Femto-cell for User
control and data plane and it ia a Layer-1 protocol. FP
provides an important synchronization function between
higher-layer radio access protocols and timing requirements of
the radio transmission system. The FP also implemented for
Iub interface in UMTS .Framing protocol is used for uplink
and downlink data transfer. Framing protocol for the Dedicated
Channel enables the RNC to exchange user data frames with
UEs serviced by its own NodeB’s.
For controlling and configuring the Femto-NodeB stack from
RNC Application FAPI interface is implemented which is
proprietary interface the function are same as of NBAP of
UMTS i,e Cell configuration management, Common TrCh
management, System Information management – CRNC
schedules System broadcast info in BTS, Common
measurements – NodeB can report cell common resource
situation, Radio link management – create/modify/delete RL(s),
Dedicated measurements – NodeB reports RL specific
measurements – used for RRM purposes General error
indications, Resource event management, DL power drifting
correction.
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4. FEMTO-ACCESS POINT SERVICES AND
TECHNOLOGIES
The main motivation of Home NodeB solution is to provide the
higher throughput and better quality of service to the end user
with minimum capex this is achieved by reducing the
delay ,co-channel interface as it coverage area is to small ,as
their no much interference on radio link the RNC will provide
the higher modulation scheme such as 64QAM,and
Channelization codes with Spreading factor is low such
SF=4,8,16 etc which is depends upon the service requested by
the 64 users in order to provide these femto-acess point uses
the standard techniques such as .
Multiple-Input-Multiple-output (MIMO):By using this it
providing several advantages over transmit diversity
techniques with multiple antennas only at the transmitter and
over conventional single antenna systems [2]. If multiple
antennas are available at the transmitter and receiver, the peak
throughput can be increased a technique known as code reuse.
With code reuse, each channelization/scrambling code pair
allocated for data transmission can modulate up to M distinct
data streams, where M is the number of transmit antennas. Data
streams which share the same channelization/scrambling code
must be distinguished based on their spatial characteristics,
requiring a receiver with at least M antennas. In principle, the
peak throughput with code reuse is M times the rate achievable
with a single transmit antenna. For MIMO systems using code
reuse principle all transmit antennas operate at the same data
rate. In controlling the data of antenna separately, more
granularities in the rate set is achievable, resulting in higher
overall throughput. With M transmit antennas. The high-speed
data stream for a given user is first demultiplexed into M sub
streams. Following demultiplexing, the individual sub streams
for each antenna are turbo encoded, interleaved, and mapped to
modulation symbols. Each of the M sub streams is then
demultiplexed into N sets of symbols. The N symbols for each
antenna are each modulated by one of N OVSF codes. The sub
streams may have different information rates, but the coded
symbols have the same symbol periods the MIMO plays a
major role in data rate enhancement in downlink packet access
[11].
Closed subscriber Group (CSG): Home NodeB may provide
restricted access to only UEs belonging to a Closed Subscriber
Group (CSG). One or more of such cells, known as CSG cells,
are identified by a unique numeric identifier called CSG
Identity. To facilitate access control, a UE with CSG
subscription would have an Allowed CSG List, which contains
one or more CSG Identities associated with the CSG cells on
which the UE is allowed access. The UE uses the
Allowed CSG List along with the CSG Identity broadcast by
the CSG Cells in CSG cell selection and reselection The
Femto-access point can be configured in three diffent CSG
modes based on operator requirement open access: Open
access is the simple case If a user is under a HNB coverage
area, services are provided whether or not also macro cell
service is available for all Users , Closed access : is the
configuration option where the HNB provides services only for
a preconfigured set of users called a Closed Subscriber Group
(CSG), Hybrid access: is the configuration option where the
radio resources are allocated to CSG users with high priority
and for other users it looks with low priority resource
allocation.
The Femto-acess points provides all the services provided by
the macro network with improved Quos such as
Conversational call – Voice and video-conferencing
Streaming call - Video on demand
Interactive call - Web browsing and internet based email
Background call - SMS, FAX email.
Multirab - One Voice call with multiple Packet calls
at a time for multiple UE’s,High speed downlink packet
access(HSDPA), High speed uplink packet access(HSUPA),
emergency service[11].
Femto-access point features: Cell selection and
reselection ,Radio Resource management (RRM) ,Radio bearer
management, Hand in from macro ,HNB to HNB
handover ,hybrid CSG, power control, measurement reports,
Congestion control, Multiple primary PDP (packet data
protocol) context, Multiple secondary context, release 8MIMO
+64QAM modulation scheme, RRC states
(Cell_Fach,Cell_Dch,Cell_PCH,Cell_UraPch) ,security
mechanisms. Paging etc.
5. FEMTO-CELL COMPARISON WITH MACRO-
CELL
The main advantages of Femto-cell is frequency reuse as the
cell coverage area is to small we can use the same frequency
channels in wide range for higher spectral efficiency with
minimal co-channel inference.
Fig 3 Network architecture comparison between Macro and
Femto-cell
With the above architecture its shows that multiple femto-cells
which connects to the core network via Home NodeB Gateway
(HNB-GW) can be deployed in macro coverage area for data
rate enhancement with better coverage to the end users .femto-
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cell Self-optimization tied to backend network intelligence for
easily managing millions of devices so they do not cause
interference with neighbouring femtocells, picocells, and
macro cell towers. Support for 64 simultaneous calls in 200
kbps of available bandwidth through implementation of
multiplexing on the Real Time Protocol (RTP) link over a
standard IPSec tunnel. The Home NodeB Management System
(HMS) uses an interface based on the TR-069 standards widely
used in DSL modem and DVB set-top-box management and
updates. The management system sends the configuration data
to the HNB and helps the HNB in HNBGW discovery. It can
also initiate HNB software updates and perform HNB
location verification. Below table gives the high level
comparison between Macro and femto-cell .
Table 1 .Comparison of Femto-macro cell
Femto-cell Application and advantages: Increased coverage
and voice quality, increased data speeds, Innovative service
plans, increased battery life, one phone bill, Traffic offload
from macro network: offload from radio access network to
femto-cell and offload backhaul to subscriber’s broadband
connection, Ability for the operator to place the
coverage/capacity exactly where the demand exists i.e. where
the revenue is greatest, easy to operate plug and play
Femto-cell Field Deployment challenges: The placement of a
femto-cell has a critical effect on the performance of the wider
network, and this is the key issue to be addressed for successful
deployment. Because femto-cells can use the same frequency
bands as the conventional cellular network, there has been the
worry that rather than improving the situation they could
potentially cause problems in order to overcome this problem
proper frequency channels planning should taken before
deploying ,If the femto network is sharing the channel (co-
channel) with the macro network, interference can occur.
However, if the interference management techniques advocated
by the Femto Forum are adopted, the resulting interference can
be mitigated in most cases.
6. CONCLUSIONS
Femto-cell is a advanced technology that is considered for
higher data rates and better signal quality by using the higher
modulation schemes ,lower delay ,lower power transmission
with reduced interference on radio link ,by using MIMO m*n
receiving and transmitting antenna it support for High speed
downlink packet access (HSDPA) ,High speed uplink packet
access (HSUPA) with all release 8 features as it fully tested
and deployed by various operator ,as day by day users have the
high demand of Multimedia services, value-added services on
mobile internet as the spectrum is limited so femto-cell is
playing a vital role for the User services demands with less
installation and maintenance cost for the operator and higher
spectral efficiency utilization, Future enhancement of femto-
cell includes enhancing to the Rel-9-10-upcoming features set
and support up to 100Mbs data rate in downlink .
REFERENCES
[1]. 3GPP TS 25.321: MAC Protocol Specification v8.12.0
Release8
[2]. 3GPP TS 25.322 v8.9.0 “Radio Link Control (RLC)
protocol specification”
[3]. 3GPP TS 25.323 “Packet Data Convergence Protocol
(PDCP) specification” Release 8
[4]. 3GPP TS 25.331 v8.13.0 “Radio Resource Control (RRC);
Protocol specification
[5]. 3GPP TS 25.413 v8.4.0 “UTRAN Iu interface Radio
Access Network Application Part (RANAP) signaling”.
[6]. 3GPP TS 25.467 v8.1.0 “UTRAN architecture for 3G
Home Node B (HNB); Stage 2”
[7]. 3GPP TS 25.468 v8.1.0 “UTRAN Iuh Interface RANAP
User Adaptation (RUA) signaling.
[8]. 3GPP TS 25.469 v8.1.0 “UTRAN Iuh interface Home
Node B (HNB) Application Part (HNBAP) signaling”.
[9]. 3GPP TS 25.435 v8.6.0 “UTRAN Iub interface user plane
protocols for Common Transport Channel data streams”.
[10]. 3GPP TS 25.433, UTRAN Iub interface NBAP.
[11]. 3GPP TS 25.308: High Speed Downlink Packet Access
(HSDPA), ver. 6.9.0 Release 8.
[12]. 3GPP TS 25.319: FDD Enhanced Uplink, ver. 8.10.0
Release 8
[13]. 3GPP TS 25.922 Radio Access Network: Radio Resource
Management Strategies (Release 8)
BIOGRAPHIES:
Jaganath.chennur [M.tech in Digital
communication], Aricent-Group, Alcatel-
Lucent Research & Development center
Parameters Macro-cell Femto-cell
Installation
cost & capex
High cost and more
complex hardware
Low cost and plug and
play
Inferences very high due to
high power signal
Very low as less power
signal
Indoor
coverage Moderate 10km
High coverage 10-
20meters
Quality of
service Normal
Enhance with reduced
latency
Authorization Accessed by all
users
Accessed by authorized
users
Density Small number
of high capacity
sites
Large number of lower
capacity sites
Data rates uplink 5.4 Mbps
Downlink >14Mbps
Uplink >7mbps ,
Downlink >42 Mbps
Modulation
schemes QPSK,16QAM QPSK 16QAM, 64QAM