Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) crystals are one of the most popular crystals used for Non-linear
Optical (NLO) applications. Pure KDP single crystals and KDP crystals doped with N-N′ allylthiourea were
grown by the method of slow evaporation from aqueous solutions. The grown pure and doped crystals were
confirmed by X-ray single crystal and powder diffraction studies. The pure and doped crystals were
characterized by FTIR spectroscopy studies. Absorptions of these grown crystals were analyzed using UV–Vis–
NIR studies, and it was found that these crystals possess minimum absorption in the entire visible region.
Nonlinear optical studies of pure and doped crystals were carried out and it reveals that the dopants have
increased the efficiency of KDP crystals. Dielectric measurements were carried out along both the unique axis
and perpendicular directions at various temperatures ranging from 40 to 150 °C. The dielectric constant and the
dielectric loss values of N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP crystals were lower than the pure KDP crystals. Also, it
indicates that 0.8 mole% N-N′ allylthiourea addition to KDP leads to low permittivity value dielectrics. The
results are discussed.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Synthesis of 2-aminocyclopent-1-ene-1-carbodithioic acid (ACA) Capped Silver ...IJERA Editor
The present work deals with the formation, morphology and photophysical activity of the 2-aminocyclopent-1-ene-1-carbodithioic acid (ACA) Capped Silver nanoparticles via chemical reduction method. The method utilizes a simple chemical reaction of silver idodide and sodium borohydride. The advantages of this method are ease of preparation, convenience in use and especially, that the obtained silver nano particles are uniform in their shapes and sizes. This is important for fluorescence & bio-evolution measurements. Furthermore, UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy is employed to monitor the formation process of the nano particles and to determine the optimum conditions for the preparation of stable and highly fluorescence-active silver colloids. Specifically, we observed changes in the shapes of the silver nano particles during the formation. This may be helpful in understanding the growth of the nano particles and creates a new dimension in controlling the shapes of the nano particles.SEM, TEM and XRD studies are carried out. The suitability of ACA capped Ag-NPs as Biomarkers is also Tested by Fluorescence study.
The Effect of Size of the CuO Nanoleaves on the Sunlight Driven Photocatalyti...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the effect of surfactant concentration on the size and photocatalytic properties of copper oxide nano leaves. Copper oxide nano leaves were synthesized using different concentrations of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as a surfactant. Characterization with XRD, FTIR and SEM showed that increasing PVP concentration decreased particle size and altered morphology from narrow leaves to shortened, broadened leaves. Photocatalytic testing demonstrated that the sample with the highest PVP concentration degraded Congo Red dye in sunlight most effectively within 4 hours, indicating smaller size and higher surface area enhanced photocatalytic activity.
Growth and characterization of cd s doped kdp single crystalseSAT Journals
This document summarizes the growth and characterization of cadmium sulfide (CdS) doped potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) single crystals. Six crystals were grown - pure KDP and KDP doped with varying amounts of CdS nanoparticles. The crystals were characterized through techniques such as X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, optical transmission measurements, and electrical measurements. The results indicate that doping with CdS nanoparticles influences the structural, chemical, thermal, optical and electrical properties of KDP crystals.
The document summarizes research on the synthesis and characterization of a new nonlinear organic single crystal called urea L-asparagine. Key findings include:
1) Urea L-asparagine crystals were grown using a slow evaporation solution method and yielded bright, transparent crystals measuring 11 x 0.7 x 0.3 cm3.
2) Elemental analysis and powder X-ray diffraction confirmed the crystalline nature and stoichiometric composition of the compound.
3) Single crystal X-ray diffraction showed the crystal has an orthorhombic structure with space group P.
4) Optical and vibrational spectroscopy showed the crystal has good transmittance in the visible range
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
Synthesis of 2-aminocyclopent-1-ene-1-carbodithioic acid (ACA) Capped Silver ...IJERA Editor
The present work deals with the formation, morphology and photophysical activity of the 2-aminocyclopent-1-ene-1-carbodithioic acid (ACA) Capped Silver nanoparticles via chemical reduction method. The method utilizes a simple chemical reaction of silver idodide and sodium borohydride. The advantages of this method are ease of preparation, convenience in use and especially, that the obtained silver nano particles are uniform in their shapes and sizes. This is important for fluorescence & bio-evolution measurements. Furthermore, UV-visible (UV-vis) spectroscopy is employed to monitor the formation process of the nano particles and to determine the optimum conditions for the preparation of stable and highly fluorescence-active silver colloids. Specifically, we observed changes in the shapes of the silver nano particles during the formation. This may be helpful in understanding the growth of the nano particles and creates a new dimension in controlling the shapes of the nano particles.SEM, TEM and XRD studies are carried out. The suitability of ACA capped Ag-NPs as Biomarkers is also Tested by Fluorescence study.
The Effect of Size of the CuO Nanoleaves on the Sunlight Driven Photocatalyti...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the effect of surfactant concentration on the size and photocatalytic properties of copper oxide nano leaves. Copper oxide nano leaves were synthesized using different concentrations of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) as a surfactant. Characterization with XRD, FTIR and SEM showed that increasing PVP concentration decreased particle size and altered morphology from narrow leaves to shortened, broadened leaves. Photocatalytic testing demonstrated that the sample with the highest PVP concentration degraded Congo Red dye in sunlight most effectively within 4 hours, indicating smaller size and higher surface area enhanced photocatalytic activity.
Growth and characterization of cd s doped kdp single crystalseSAT Journals
This document summarizes the growth and characterization of cadmium sulfide (CdS) doped potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) single crystals. Six crystals were grown - pure KDP and KDP doped with varying amounts of CdS nanoparticles. The crystals were characterized through techniques such as X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis, optical transmission measurements, and electrical measurements. The results indicate that doping with CdS nanoparticles influences the structural, chemical, thermal, optical and electrical properties of KDP crystals.
The document summarizes research on the synthesis and characterization of a new nonlinear organic single crystal called urea L-asparagine. Key findings include:
1) Urea L-asparagine crystals were grown using a slow evaporation solution method and yielded bright, transparent crystals measuring 11 x 0.7 x 0.3 cm3.
2) Elemental analysis and powder X-ray diffraction confirmed the crystalline nature and stoichiometric composition of the compound.
3) Single crystal X-ray diffraction showed the crystal has an orthorhombic structure with space group P.
4) Optical and vibrational spectroscopy showed the crystal has good transmittance in the visible range
IJRET : International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology is an international peer reviewed, online journal published by eSAT Publishing House for the enhancement of research in various disciplines of Engineering and Technology. The aim and scope of the journal is to provide an academic medium and an important reference for the advancement and dissemination of research results that support high-level learning, teaching and research in the fields of Engineering and Technology. We bring together Scientists, Academician, Field Engineers, Scholars and Students of related fields of Engineering and Technology
IRJET- Green Synthesis and Characterization of NanocompositesIRJET Journal
1) Researchers synthesized and characterized silver/zinc oxide nanocomposites using onion extract as a reducing agent.
2) The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized through various techniques including UV-VIS spectroscopy, SEM, EDAX, FTIR, and XRD.
3) The results showed that the onion extract successfully reduced the metal ions and formed nanocomposites. The nanocomposites were confirmed to be on the nanoscale through characterization and were shown to have potential applications.
Characterization and DC Conductivity of Novel CuO doped Polyvinyl Alcohol (PV...IJERA Editor
The document summarizes research on the characterization and DC conductivity of novel copper oxide (CuO) doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nano-composite films. PVA-CuO composite films with 1-4 wt% CuO were prepared by solution casting. The composites were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDXS. XRD showed CuO retained its structure in the composite. FTIR showed interactions between PVA and CuO. DC conductivity increased with temperature, indicating semiconducting behavior. Conductivity increased with higher CuO content, with maximum at 4 wt%. The study analyzed the structural, morphological and electrical properties of the PVA-CuO nano-comp
Crystal Growth and Studies of Dihydrogen Phosphates of Potassium and Ammonium...IJERA Editor
A nonlinear optical (NLO) material Potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) and Ammonium dihydrogen
phosphates (ADP) are grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The FTIR studies confirm the
presence of the functional group in the grown crystal. The optical transmittance studies show that the crystal has
transparence in the entire visible and IR region. The thermal stability of the materials was assessed by TG/DTA
analysis. The mechanical stability of the grown crystals was analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness test. The
dielectric behavior of the crystals was tested by dielectric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of
KDP is confirmed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd: YAG laser.
Influence of Cr Doping On Structural, Morphological and Optical Properties of...IOSR Journals
Cr-doped tin oxide thin films were prepared by spray pyrolysis on glass substrates. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films were polycrystalline with a tetragonal rutile structure. Increasing the Cr dopant concentration from 10% to 20% caused a shift of diffraction peaks to higher angles, decreasing the interplanar spacing and crystallite size. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the films had a homogeneous, crack-free morphology with spherical grains that decreased in size as the Cr concentration increased. Optical analysis found the energy bandgap increased with higher Cr doping levels, exhibiting a blue shift. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the films were influenced by the Cr dopant concentration.
Growth and Structural studies of Zn doped L-Threonine single crystaltheijes
This document summarizes a study on the growth and structural characterization of zinc-doped L-threonine single crystals. L-threonine crystals were grown using the slow evaporation technique with various concentrations of zinc doping. The crystals were characterized through density measurements, EDAX, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction. Density measurements confirmed the incorporation of zinc dopants into the crystal lattice. XRD analysis showed the crystals have an orthorhombic structure and lattice parameters varied slightly with doping concentration. The study aims to develop new nonlinear optical materials by doping an organic crystal with zinc.
Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Marine Sand as Partial Replacement of ...IJERA Editor
The process of depleting sources of natural aggregates challenges the production of technically and
environmentally adequate concrete. Alternative material from marine sources is good enough for the
replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. The material was stockpiled in the open air and no washing,
drying or decontamination process was carried out. Physical and chemical properties of DMS material were
determined. All the materials used in the concrete were selected and tested as per the standard procedures of the
Indian standards. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures
were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design
mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength testsafter 7, 28 and 90 days of moist curing, as well
as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-25 grade.
The document summarizes a study on the variation in melting point of encapsulated silver nanoparticles with size. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized with inert oxide shells like ZrO2 and SiO2 using chemical methods. Characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, TEM and EDS were used to analyze the structure and composition. Differential thermal and scanning calorimetry were employed to determine the melting transition at different sizes. Samples with silver core sizes of around 12nm and 30nm were prepared using a ZrO2 shell, while SiO2 shell samples were synthesized by varying reaction parameters to obtain silver cores between 2nm to 30nm.
In recent years, different types of inorganic nanoparticles (iNPs) with unique physicochemical properties have emerged.1−4 Among these, quantum dots (QDs) have proved to be very versatile,finding applications in electroluminescent displays, quantumcomputing, photovoltaics , solar cells,transistors,and biological imaging.For biological imaging applications, QDs are now excellent alternatives to organic chromophores.given that they can have similar sizes, shapes,and surface functional groups. A potentially prolific new direction in inorganic chemistry and nanochemistry could be to combine NPs with small metal complexes to seek synergistic and/or cooperative effects. In this context,combining QDs with coordination complexes is being explored as a new strategy to obtain cooperative systems with improved properties for applications in sensing, biological imaging, and molecular therapy. A prominent area of research in coordination chemistry is the development of metal complexes that can act as artificial nucleases. Overall, these synthetic DNA-cleaving reagents
Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO and Ammonium Doped ZnO Nanoparticles by...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide (ZnO) and ammonium-doped ZnO nanoparticles produced via a co-precipitation method. Key findings include:
- Nanoparticles were synthesized by adding a KOH solution to a mixture of zinc acetate and ammonium acetate at 100°C.
- Characterization using XRD, SEM, FT-IR, UV-vis spectroscopy, and EDX confirmed the formation of ZnO nanoparticles with diameters less than 100nm and a band gap of 4.733eV.
- XRD analysis identified the crystalline structure and SEM images showed a flake-like morphology. FT-IR peaks corresponded to O-H and C-
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of copper-doped nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles. Nickel oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical precipitation method with varying concentrations of copper doping (0, 2, 4, and 6 atomic%). The nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, photoluminescence, and Raman spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction confirmed the nanoparticles had a face-centered cubic structure. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed effective doping of copper into the nickel oxide lattice. Photoluminescence intensity increased with higher copper doping concentrations up to 4 atomic% but decreased at 6 atomic% due to increased particle size.
Growth and characterization of pure and Ferrous sulphate doped Bis thiourea z...IJERA Editor
This document describes the growth and characterization of pure and ferrous sulfate doped bis thiourea zinc chloride crystals. Single crystals were grown using a slow evaporation technique. The crystals were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The characterizations confirmed the crystalline structure, presence of ferrous sulfate dopant, optical transparency, thermal stability, and elemental composition of the crystals. The ferrous sulfate doping was found to decrease the thermal stability of the bis thiourea zinc chloride crystals.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Characteristics of...albertdivis
Barium oxide (BaO) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) are well known for their applications in electrical, optical and chemical industries. The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on the structural and physical properties of BaO and ZnS powder.
Investigations on the Growth and Characterization of NLO Active Cadmium Picra...IRJET Journal
1) Cadmium picrate single crystals were grown using the slow evaporation solution growth technique.
2) The crystals were characterized through techniques such as single crystal XRD, powder XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, microhardness testing, and dielectric measurements.
3) Second harmonic generation measurements showed that the grown cadmium picrate crystals have nonlinear optical properties making them suitable for frequency conversion applications.
This document summarizes research on the effect of different organic solvents and annealing temperatures on the optical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles. Specifically, it finds that using benzyl alcohol as the solvent instead of ethanol results in larger particle sizes of 40-60 nm compared to 20-30 nm. This is because benzyl alcohol has a higher boiling point, allowing more time for nucleation and growth. The larger particles have a lower band gap, absorbing visible light up to 400 nm instead of 350 nm. Overall, the solvent's boiling point influences particle size, which then affects the optical properties of the TiO2 nanoparticles.
Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of oneAlexander Decker
The document summarizes research on synthesizing and characterizing one-dimensional ceria nanorods for removing chromium ions from wastewater. Key points:
1) Ceria nanorods were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and characterized using techniques like SEM, TEM, XRD, and BET surface area analysis.
2) The ceria nanorods were 20-40nm in diameter and 200-300nm in length and had a high surface area of 78 m2/g, making them promising for chromium removal.
3) X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to investigate the oxidation states and local structure of ceria nanorods to better understand the surface reaction during chromium removal.
Fabrication, Structural and Optical Properties of Ni and Cr Doped ZnO Nanocom...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the fabrication, structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties of undoped and Ni, Cr co-daped ZnO nanocomposites. The nanocomposites were synthesized via a facile precipitation method. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the nanocomposites crystallized in the hexagonal wurtzite structure without impurities. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the nanoparticles were uniformly distributed and spherical in shape, ranging in size from 25-44 nm. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy showed the optical bandgap decreased from 3.19 eV to 2.99 eV with doping, which is desirable for photocatalytic and optoelectronic applications. Photoluminescence spectroscopy
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
With the increasing researches in the field of nanotechnology, various nanoparticles have become a source of interest among the nano technologists because of their great properties, like the optical properties of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles are amazing and also easy to synthesize, but to make sure its quality it is equally essential to make out characterize it, this file will do the same in a lucid way!!
Optical Studies of Ni and Fe Doped Tin Oxide Nanoparticles by Co-Precipitatio...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on the synthesis and characterization of pure, nickel-doped, and iron-doped tin oxide nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were synthesized via a co-precipitation method and analyzed using various techniques. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the nanoparticles crystallized in the tetragonal rutile structure. UV-visible spectroscopy revealed that doping reduced the optical band gap. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the incorporation of nickel and iron into the tin lattice. Photoluminescence spectra exhibited blue emission peaks attributed to electron transitions involving defect levels. Scanning electron microscopy images displayed nanoparticle morphology and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the presence of tin, oxygen, and dopants in the samples.
Modeling and Fluid Flow Analysis of Wavy Fin Based Automotive RadiatorIJERA Editor
In continuous technological development, an automotive industry has increased the demand for high efficiency engines. A high efficiency engines in not only based on its performance but also for better fuel economy and less emission rate. Radiator is one of the important parts of the internal combustion engine cooling system. The manufacturing cost of the radiator is 20 percent of the whole cost of the engine. So improving the performance and reducing cost of radiators are necessary research. For higher cooling capacity of radiator, addition of fins is one of the approaches to increase the cooling rate of the radiator. In addition, heat transfer fluids at air and fluid side such as water and ethylene glycol exhibit very low thermal conductivity. As a result there is a need for new and innovative heat transfer fluids, known as “Nano fluid” for improving heat transfer rate in an automotive radiator. Recently there have been considerable research findings highlighting superior heat transfer performances of nanofluids about 15-25% of heat transfer enhancement can be achieved by using types of nanofluids. With these specific characteristics, the size and weight of an automotive car radiator can be reduced without affecting its heat transfer performance. An automotive radiator (Wavy fin type) model is modeled on modeling software CATIA V5 and performance evaluation is done on pre-processing software ANSYS 14.0. The temperature and velocity distribution of coolant and air are analyzed by using Computational fluid dynamics environment software CFX. Results have shown that the rate of heat transfer is better when nano fluid (Si C + water) is used as coolant, than the conventional coolant.
Optimal Duration of Submersible Pump Equipped Deep Water Borehole Project in ...IJERA Editor
Optimal duration for constructing a submersible pump equipped deep water borehole in Ikwuano and optimal durations of distinct jobs in this project were determined to aid effective planning and implementation of borehole projects in this area. The investigation was conducted and analyzed using network modeling procedure. Results revealed 13days as the optimal duration of the borehole project when construction of overhead water distribution tank stantion constitutes part of the contract and 12days when the overhead structure is not involved. The optimal duration in hours for the distinct jobs involved in this borehole construction include 25.92 for site preparation/mobilization of geophysical survey team, 36 for geophysical analysis/selection of the best water yielding point in the site, 72 for mobilizing labour and materials to the selected site, 168 for constructing overhead water distribution tank stantion, 3.12 for placement of overhead tank(s) on its stantion/installation of its water conveying pipes/accessories, 4.56 for casing/gravel packing/flushing materials preparation, 19.44 for well drilling, 1.92 for casing, 1.92 for gravel packing, 1.2 for flushing, 25.92 for water collection/analysis, 1.2 for water treatment, 13.44 for pumping test, 25.92 for platforming, 77.04 for pump installation/integration of water conveying systems, 4.8 for test running and 0.96 for training end users/project commission. Thus, a guide for effective planning to ensure adequate and timely implementation of deep borehole water supply projects in Ikwuano is set.
IRJET- Green Synthesis and Characterization of NanocompositesIRJET Journal
1) Researchers synthesized and characterized silver/zinc oxide nanocomposites using onion extract as a reducing agent.
2) The synthesized nanocomposites were characterized through various techniques including UV-VIS spectroscopy, SEM, EDAX, FTIR, and XRD.
3) The results showed that the onion extract successfully reduced the metal ions and formed nanocomposites. The nanocomposites were confirmed to be on the nanoscale through characterization and were shown to have potential applications.
Characterization and DC Conductivity of Novel CuO doped Polyvinyl Alcohol (PV...IJERA Editor
The document summarizes research on the characterization and DC conductivity of novel copper oxide (CuO) doped polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) nano-composite films. PVA-CuO composite films with 1-4 wt% CuO were prepared by solution casting. The composites were characterized using XRD, FTIR, SEM, EDXS. XRD showed CuO retained its structure in the composite. FTIR showed interactions between PVA and CuO. DC conductivity increased with temperature, indicating semiconducting behavior. Conductivity increased with higher CuO content, with maximum at 4 wt%. The study analyzed the structural, morphological and electrical properties of the PVA-CuO nano-comp
Crystal Growth and Studies of Dihydrogen Phosphates of Potassium and Ammonium...IJERA Editor
A nonlinear optical (NLO) material Potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) and Ammonium dihydrogen
phosphates (ADP) are grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The FTIR studies confirm the
presence of the functional group in the grown crystal. The optical transmittance studies show that the crystal has
transparence in the entire visible and IR region. The thermal stability of the materials was assessed by TG/DTA
analysis. The mechanical stability of the grown crystals was analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness test. The
dielectric behavior of the crystals was tested by dielectric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of
KDP is confirmed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd: YAG laser.
Influence of Cr Doping On Structural, Morphological and Optical Properties of...IOSR Journals
Cr-doped tin oxide thin films were prepared by spray pyrolysis on glass substrates. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the films were polycrystalline with a tetragonal rutile structure. Increasing the Cr dopant concentration from 10% to 20% caused a shift of diffraction peaks to higher angles, decreasing the interplanar spacing and crystallite size. Scanning electron microscopy images showed the films had a homogeneous, crack-free morphology with spherical grains that decreased in size as the Cr concentration increased. Optical analysis found the energy bandgap increased with higher Cr doping levels, exhibiting a blue shift. The structural, morphological, and optical properties of the films were influenced by the Cr dopant concentration.
Growth and Structural studies of Zn doped L-Threonine single crystaltheijes
This document summarizes a study on the growth and structural characterization of zinc-doped L-threonine single crystals. L-threonine crystals were grown using the slow evaporation technique with various concentrations of zinc doping. The crystals were characterized through density measurements, EDAX, FTIR, and X-ray diffraction. Density measurements confirmed the incorporation of zinc dopants into the crystal lattice. XRD analysis showed the crystals have an orthorhombic structure and lattice parameters varied slightly with doping concentration. The study aims to develop new nonlinear optical materials by doping an organic crystal with zinc.
Mechanical Properties of Concrete with Marine Sand as Partial Replacement of ...IJERA Editor
The process of depleting sources of natural aggregates challenges the production of technically and
environmentally adequate concrete. Alternative material from marine sources is good enough for the
replacement of fine aggregate in the concrete. The material was stockpiled in the open air and no washing,
drying or decontamination process was carried out. Physical and chemical properties of DMS material were
determined. All the materials used in the concrete were selected and tested as per the standard procedures of the
Indian standards. A unique design mix will be done based on the entire material test results. Different mixtures
were produced using DMS in different proportions from 15% to 100% as per the finalized trial of the design
mix. The concrete were submitted to compressive strength testsafter 7, 28 and 90 days of moist curing, as well
as flexure and splitting tensile strength tests for M-25 grade.
The document summarizes a study on the variation in melting point of encapsulated silver nanoparticles with size. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized with inert oxide shells like ZrO2 and SiO2 using chemical methods. Characterization techniques like XRD, SEM, TEM and EDS were used to analyze the structure and composition. Differential thermal and scanning calorimetry were employed to determine the melting transition at different sizes. Samples with silver core sizes of around 12nm and 30nm were prepared using a ZrO2 shell, while SiO2 shell samples were synthesized by varying reaction parameters to obtain silver cores between 2nm to 30nm.
In recent years, different types of inorganic nanoparticles (iNPs) with unique physicochemical properties have emerged.1−4 Among these, quantum dots (QDs) have proved to be very versatile,finding applications in electroluminescent displays, quantumcomputing, photovoltaics , solar cells,transistors,and biological imaging.For biological imaging applications, QDs are now excellent alternatives to organic chromophores.given that they can have similar sizes, shapes,and surface functional groups. A potentially prolific new direction in inorganic chemistry and nanochemistry could be to combine NPs with small metal complexes to seek synergistic and/or cooperative effects. In this context,combining QDs with coordination complexes is being explored as a new strategy to obtain cooperative systems with improved properties for applications in sensing, biological imaging, and molecular therapy. A prominent area of research in coordination chemistry is the development of metal complexes that can act as artificial nucleases. Overall, these synthetic DNA-cleaving reagents
Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO and Ammonium Doped ZnO Nanoparticles by...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide (ZnO) and ammonium-doped ZnO nanoparticles produced via a co-precipitation method. Key findings include:
- Nanoparticles were synthesized by adding a KOH solution to a mixture of zinc acetate and ammonium acetate at 100°C.
- Characterization using XRD, SEM, FT-IR, UV-vis spectroscopy, and EDX confirmed the formation of ZnO nanoparticles with diameters less than 100nm and a band gap of 4.733eV.
- XRD analysis identified the crystalline structure and SEM images showed a flake-like morphology. FT-IR peaks corresponded to O-H and C-
This document summarizes the synthesis and characterization of copper-doped nickel oxide (NiO) nanoparticles. Nickel oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using a chemical precipitation method with varying concentrations of copper doping (0, 2, 4, and 6 atomic%). The nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray diffraction, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, photoluminescence, and Raman spectroscopy. X-ray diffraction confirmed the nanoparticles had a face-centered cubic structure. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy showed effective doping of copper into the nickel oxide lattice. Photoluminescence intensity increased with higher copper doping concentrations up to 4 atomic% but decreased at 6 atomic% due to increased particle size.
Growth and characterization of pure and Ferrous sulphate doped Bis thiourea z...IJERA Editor
This document describes the growth and characterization of pure and ferrous sulfate doped bis thiourea zinc chloride crystals. Single crystals were grown using a slow evaporation technique. The crystals were characterized using powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The characterizations confirmed the crystalline structure, presence of ferrous sulfate dopant, optical transparency, thermal stability, and elemental composition of the crystals. The ferrous sulfate doping was found to decrease the thermal stability of the bis thiourea zinc chloride crystals.
International Journal of Engineering Research and DevelopmentIJERD Editor
Electrical, Electronics and Computer Engineering,
Information Engineering and Technology,
Mechanical, Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering,
Automation and Mechatronics Engineering,
Material and Chemical Engineering,
Civil and Architecture Engineering,
Biotechnology and Bio Engineering,
Environmental Engineering,
Petroleum and Mining Engineering,
Marine and Agriculture engineering,
Aerospace Engineering.
Influence of Biofield Treatment on Physical and Structural Characteristics of...albertdivis
Barium oxide (BaO) and zinc sulfide (ZnS) are well known for their applications in electrical, optical and chemical industries. The present study was aimed to evaluate the impact of biofield treatment on the structural and physical properties of BaO and ZnS powder.
Investigations on the Growth and Characterization of NLO Active Cadmium Picra...IRJET Journal
1) Cadmium picrate single crystals were grown using the slow evaporation solution growth technique.
2) The crystals were characterized through techniques such as single crystal XRD, powder XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis, microhardness testing, and dielectric measurements.
3) Second harmonic generation measurements showed that the grown cadmium picrate crystals have nonlinear optical properties making them suitable for frequency conversion applications.
This document summarizes research on the effect of different organic solvents and annealing temperatures on the optical properties of TiO2 nanoparticles. Specifically, it finds that using benzyl alcohol as the solvent instead of ethanol results in larger particle sizes of 40-60 nm compared to 20-30 nm. This is because benzyl alcohol has a higher boiling point, allowing more time for nucleation and growth. The larger particles have a lower band gap, absorbing visible light up to 400 nm instead of 350 nm. Overall, the solvent's boiling point influences particle size, which then affects the optical properties of the TiO2 nanoparticles.
Hydrothermal synthesis and characterization of oneAlexander Decker
The document summarizes research on synthesizing and characterizing one-dimensional ceria nanorods for removing chromium ions from wastewater. Key points:
1) Ceria nanorods were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and characterized using techniques like SEM, TEM, XRD, and BET surface area analysis.
2) The ceria nanorods were 20-40nm in diameter and 200-300nm in length and had a high surface area of 78 m2/g, making them promising for chromium removal.
3) X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) was used to investigate the oxidation states and local structure of ceria nanorods to better understand the surface reaction during chromium removal.
Fabrication, Structural and Optical Properties of Ni and Cr Doped ZnO Nanocom...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the fabrication, structural, optical, and photocatalytic properties of undoped and Ni, Cr co-daped ZnO nanocomposites. The nanocomposites were synthesized via a facile precipitation method. X-ray diffraction analysis showed the nanocomposites crystallized in the hexagonal wurtzite structure without impurities. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the nanoparticles were uniformly distributed and spherical in shape, ranging in size from 25-44 nm. Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy showed the optical bandgap decreased from 3.19 eV to 2.99 eV with doping, which is desirable for photocatalytic and optoelectronic applications. Photoluminescence spectroscopy
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
With the increasing researches in the field of nanotechnology, various nanoparticles have become a source of interest among the nano technologists because of their great properties, like the optical properties of Cadmium Sulfide Nanoparticles are amazing and also easy to synthesize, but to make sure its quality it is equally essential to make out characterize it, this file will do the same in a lucid way!!
Optical Studies of Ni and Fe Doped Tin Oxide Nanoparticles by Co-Precipitatio...IRJET Journal
This document describes a study on the synthesis and characterization of pure, nickel-doped, and iron-doped tin oxide nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were synthesized via a co-precipitation method and analyzed using various techniques. X-ray diffraction analysis showed that the nanoparticles crystallized in the tetragonal rutile structure. UV-visible spectroscopy revealed that doping reduced the optical band gap. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed the incorporation of nickel and iron into the tin lattice. Photoluminescence spectra exhibited blue emission peaks attributed to electron transitions involving defect levels. Scanning electron microscopy images displayed nanoparticle morphology and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy confirmed the presence of tin, oxygen, and dopants in the samples.
Modeling and Fluid Flow Analysis of Wavy Fin Based Automotive RadiatorIJERA Editor
In continuous technological development, an automotive industry has increased the demand for high efficiency engines. A high efficiency engines in not only based on its performance but also for better fuel economy and less emission rate. Radiator is one of the important parts of the internal combustion engine cooling system. The manufacturing cost of the radiator is 20 percent of the whole cost of the engine. So improving the performance and reducing cost of radiators are necessary research. For higher cooling capacity of radiator, addition of fins is one of the approaches to increase the cooling rate of the radiator. In addition, heat transfer fluids at air and fluid side such as water and ethylene glycol exhibit very low thermal conductivity. As a result there is a need for new and innovative heat transfer fluids, known as “Nano fluid” for improving heat transfer rate in an automotive radiator. Recently there have been considerable research findings highlighting superior heat transfer performances of nanofluids about 15-25% of heat transfer enhancement can be achieved by using types of nanofluids. With these specific characteristics, the size and weight of an automotive car radiator can be reduced without affecting its heat transfer performance. An automotive radiator (Wavy fin type) model is modeled on modeling software CATIA V5 and performance evaluation is done on pre-processing software ANSYS 14.0. The temperature and velocity distribution of coolant and air are analyzed by using Computational fluid dynamics environment software CFX. Results have shown that the rate of heat transfer is better when nano fluid (Si C + water) is used as coolant, than the conventional coolant.
Optimal Duration of Submersible Pump Equipped Deep Water Borehole Project in ...IJERA Editor
Optimal duration for constructing a submersible pump equipped deep water borehole in Ikwuano and optimal durations of distinct jobs in this project were determined to aid effective planning and implementation of borehole projects in this area. The investigation was conducted and analyzed using network modeling procedure. Results revealed 13days as the optimal duration of the borehole project when construction of overhead water distribution tank stantion constitutes part of the contract and 12days when the overhead structure is not involved. The optimal duration in hours for the distinct jobs involved in this borehole construction include 25.92 for site preparation/mobilization of geophysical survey team, 36 for geophysical analysis/selection of the best water yielding point in the site, 72 for mobilizing labour and materials to the selected site, 168 for constructing overhead water distribution tank stantion, 3.12 for placement of overhead tank(s) on its stantion/installation of its water conveying pipes/accessories, 4.56 for casing/gravel packing/flushing materials preparation, 19.44 for well drilling, 1.92 for casing, 1.92 for gravel packing, 1.2 for flushing, 25.92 for water collection/analysis, 1.2 for water treatment, 13.44 for pumping test, 25.92 for platforming, 77.04 for pump installation/integration of water conveying systems, 4.8 for test running and 0.96 for training end users/project commission. Thus, a guide for effective planning to ensure adequate and timely implementation of deep borehole water supply projects in Ikwuano is set.
Construction Time Analysis For Different Steps In Drill-And-Blast Method Of H...IJERA Editor
One of the most important factors influencing the decision whether and how a tunnel is to be built are the estimated time and costs of construction. This study is based on construction time analysis for different steps in drill-and-blast method of hydro power tunnel excavation in working phase of 6.256,00 meters of tunnels which have different diameters varying from 4,20 to 7,60. There are made 737 field measurements and it is seen that many of the machinery and workmanship productions rates per unit time are significantly lower, varying from 35% to 50%, of that defined in their technical specifications, measurements indicate that highest performance is reached in 7,60m diameter tunnel excavation. It is believed that these data will be helpful for planning and management process of tunnel construction projects, especially those planned to be built in Albania where labor market carries similar features.
Diffuser in Steam Vent Silencer By Using Computational Fluid DynamicsIJERA Editor
This document summarizes a research paper that investigated the shape optimization of the pressurized inlet diffuser in a steam vent silencer using computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The researchers analyzed the pressure drop through the silencer with different hole geometries (circular, square, square extrusion) in the inlet diffuser. The results showed that square extrusion geometry had the lowest pressure drop compared to the other geometries. Therefore, the researchers concluded that optimizing the shape of the inlet diffuser to use square extrusion holes can reduce pressure drop in the steam vent silencer.
A Study of Load Flow Analysis Using Particle Swarm OptimizationIJERA Editor
Load flow study is done to determine the power system static states (voltage magnitudes and voltage angles) at each bus to find the steady state working condition of a power system. It is important and most frequently car-ried out study performed by power utilities for power system planning, optimization, operation and control. In this project a Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) is proposed to solve load flow problem under different load-ing/ contingency conditions for computing bus voltage magnitudes and angles of the power system. With the increasing size of power system, this is very necessary to finding the solution to maximize the utilization of ex-isting system and to provide adequate voltage support. For this the good voltage profile is must. STATCOM, if placed optimally can be effective in providing good voltage profile and in turn resulting into stable power sys-tem. The study presents a hybrid particle swarm based methodology for solving load flow in electrical power systems. Load flow is an electrical engineering well-known problem which provides the system status in the steady-state and is required by several functions performed in power system control centers.
Messages addressed to specific users can be decrypted by Key Generation Centre (KGC) by generating their private keys. Data owner wants the data to be delivered only to specified user and not to unauthorized person that is the data owner makes their private data accessible only to authorized person. We propose attribute based encryption and escrow problem which means written agreement delivered to a third party to overcome this problem. Attribute based Encryption (ABE) is a type of public-key encryption in which the private key of a user and the cipher text are dependent upon attributes. It is a promising cryptographic approach.
Planning and Selection of Heavy Construction Equipment in Civil EngineeringIJERA Editor
Construction equipment planning and selection plays crucial role for the success of construction firms.Inadequate manual processes of equipmentplanning and selection and the subjective decisions of equipment managers usually result in major losses in construction firms. An indispensable item of resources, it produces output at accelerated speed, enables completion of task in limited time. Equipment saves manpower, which is becoming costly and more demanding day by day. Equipment improves quality, productivity and safety. Construction equipment planning aims at identifying construction equipment for executing project tasks, assessing equipment performance capability, forecasting date wise requirement of number and type of equipment and finally participating in the selection of equipment to be acquired. To derive full benefits from the equipment, there should be proper selection and good planning of its operations. This paper deals with the planning and selection procedure for equipment adopted by a company to achieve its objective of timely project completion.
Investigating Of Proper Photovoltaic Panel Tilt Angle to Be Used As Shading D...IJERA Editor
Photovoltaic panels can act as power generator as well as external shading devices with proper tilt angle. In this paper we will study the performance of a Silicon Photovoltaic system with different tilt angle arrangement in Kuwait (latitude 30˚ N). In the study the PV system is installed facing south to collectmaximum solar radiation at noon. The angle is varied from 00 to 900, during full year at the Solstice (the time at which the day and night come into balance) and Equinox (the end of the day’s increase or decrease in day night hours) periods, to achieve optimum tilt angle, higher in magnitude than 300 with competitive output power. The results show that the performance and the output power of the PV system with 50˚ tilt angle, is equivalent to the corresponding values at tilt angle equal to Kuwait latitude (30˚) during the whole year.
Secure and Reliable Data Transmission in Generalized E-MailIJERA Editor
Email is a basic service for computer users, while email malware poses critical security threats. The technique of email-borne malware will be highly effective. Email malware focuses on modeling the propagation dynamics which is a fundamental technique for developing countermeasures to reduce email malware’s spreading speed and prevalence. Modern email malware exhibits two new features, reinjection and self-start. Reinjection is an infected user sends out malware copies whenever this user visits the malicious hyperlinks or attachments. Self-start refers to the behavior that malware starts to spread whenever compromised computers restart or certain files are visited. For address this problem, to derive a novel difference equation based analytical model by introducing a new concept of virtual dirty user. Propose a new analytical model to enhanced OLSR protocol which is a trust based technique to secure the OLSR nodes against the attack. The proposed solution called EOLSR is an enhancement of the basic OLSR routing protocol, which will be able to detect the presence of malicious nodes in the network.
Anorthosite and Associated Rocks of Oddanchatram, Dindigul Anna District, Tam...IJERA Editor
This Project report pertains to the study of Anorthosites and Associated rocks of Oddanchatram, Palani Taluk, Dindigul Anna District of Tamil nadu The area is comprised of interesting and rare rock types namely Anorthosite, Pyroxenite, Norite, Charnockite, Garnet-Sillimanitegneiss,migmatite, pink granite, pegmatite, aplite and minor occurrences of molybdenite and iron ores.The area under investigation, Oddanchatram is located on the northern slope of kodai hills ( Palani Hills) which forms a part of western ghat range.It is represented in the portions of survey of India topographic sheets numbering 58 f/10, 58 F/11, 58 f/14 and 58 f/15 published in the year 1921. The area lies between North Latitude 10° 27' and 10° 32' and East Longitude 77° 40' and 77° 48'. The Total extent of the area is roughly 66 Sq.miles. The field work was conducted by using clinometer and Brunton compass. The area was traversed across and along foliation and strike directions in order to precisely demarcate the lithological boundaries and to note variations in structure, texture, and mineral characters. The structures of the study area is quite interesting with much contortion, folding, shearing, jointing and faulting which are normally anticipated in the Archaean terrain.
Trends in Wire Electrical Discharge Machining (WEDM): A ReviewIJERA Editor
This document summarizes research on trends in wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM). It reviews several studies that investigated how WEDM process parameters affect outcomes like surface roughness, cutting speed, and material removal rate. Different materials were examined, including metals, composites, and silicon. Process parameters like pulse on-time, current, wire feed rate, and dielectric fluid composition were found to influence the results. Statistical methods like Taguchi experiments and analysis of variance were commonly used to determine significant factors and optimize the process.
The existing problems of the bridge bearing capacity evaluation of asymmetric...IJERA Editor
Usually Grillage method commonly used and seeking lateral distribution coefficient method are based on solving the bridge in both internal forces and stress Symmetrical cross-section of the bridge. Therefore,this algorithm exists such a problem on bridge section asymmetry. In this paper, the finite element software beam elements were established, and a comparative analysis of solid elements to prove Grillage method and lateral distribution coefficient method in the calculation of internal forces of asymmetric cross section of bridge defects.
Performance and evaluation of desiccant based air conditioning system.IJERA Editor
This Project work presents study and experimental analysis of Desiccant based air conditioning system.The main purpose of this project is to increase the efficency of air conditioning system.In the convenstional air conditioning system cooling coli has two load latent load and sensible load. Cooling has to cool the air and simultaneously to dehumidify it.It increases load on cooling coil and affects performance to the system. To increase the efficiency the air conditioning system desiccant materials are used at the inlet of the air conditioning test rig. Desiccant materials attract moisture based on differences in vapor pressure. Due to their enormous affinity to absorb water and considerable ability to hold water. Due to use of desiccant material load on the cooling coil reduces since moisture is absorbed by desiccant; cooling coil has to take only sensible load. Analysis is done using different desiccant materials and based on the observation, power consumption before and after desiccant is calculated. From this conclusion is made that desiccant material improves the efficiency of air conditioning test rig
The Opportunity of Using Wind to Generate Power as a Renewable Energy:"Case o...IJERA Editor
The demand ofsustainable energy is increased daily by expanding our cities and creating new cities and suburbswith huge towers besides increasing in population,moreover the environment and human life is threatening by the pollutions resulted from energy generation. For this reason the researchersattracted todevelop renewable energy and explore its large benefits and unit capacity. Wind power is one of the clean renewable energy resources.Therefore the importance of implementing this resource in Kuwait draws our attention to make this research to emphasis on the technical and economic aspects due to acceptable environmental conditions. Whereas, in some areas of the world, such as in Japan, has some geographical and electrical restrictions such as power fluctuating for land wind generation. And the introductionof large amount of wind power generation tends to be extremely difficult and even impossible in some location. This research is aimed to concentrate on the visibility of utilizing the wind energy as complementary source for the existing steam and gas turbine power stations in Kuwait, furthermore point out the economical perspectives that will guide us to take the right decision. The location of wind farms is very important in this aspect where we cannot build such projects inside the cities between buildings besides meeting the minimum requirements for economic generation. The study prove to us that even at a location which is almost close to the inhabitants buildings ( Kuwait airport ) can get accepted results the historical data was collected from the weather station at internet. The implementation of wind turbine farms is foreseen to be economic in generation for long run and encouragestepping up toward putting the infrastructure design. Furthermoreit is an opportunity for creating new job vacancies.
Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Design and Dynamic Modeling in MATLABIJERA Editor
The alternatives to combustion engines in future will be fuel cells. The dynamic behavior of fuel cells for changing load conditions show poor voltage regulation. For improving the voltage regulation of PEM fuel cell, efficient control system should be designed. If the dynamic behavior of the fuel cell is known, the cost in designing the control system is greatly reduced .The behavior of the fuel cell for various load conditions and for changing pressure and temperature can be found by dynamically modeling the proton exchange membrane fuel cell.
Review of Space-charge Measurement using Pulsed Electro- Acoustic Method: Adv...IJERA Editor
The pulsed electro acoustic (PEA) technique is the most widely used method to measure space charge
distributions in insulating materials. The PEA technique has undergone some advancement since the over
twenty years it was first implemented such as in its spatial resolution and sensitivity. In this article a review of
the technique was carried out and its advantages, limitations, progress and prospects were discussed.
A Critical Study of Water Loss in Canals and its Reduction MeasuresIJERA Editor
Water is a very precious natural resource. When this precious resource moves through the canals certain part of the water is lost by seepage, evaporation etc. This loss is known as conveyance loss. The conveyance loss was calculated experimentally by different researcher on different canals around the world. In this paper author have tried to review some of the research work and recommend an average water loss from the canal irrespective of the soil and other environmental condition. There are different materials which have been used in canal lining to reduce this water loss. No such material can be said it is the best material for reducing water loss because it depends on the site and its environmental condition. Now a days geosynthetic alone or geosynthetic with concrete or precast concrete is used to for canal lining in this paper they have tried to see the strength, durability etc. of different geosynthetic material and its application in canal lining.
The document summarizes an experimental study on the shear and flexural behavior of reinforced concrete beams with circular openings strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) sheets. Five beams were tested: one solid beam as a control, one with an opening as a control, and three with openings strengthened with different CFRP schemes. The CFRP strengthening increased the ultimate load capacity of the beams by 13-55% compared to the non-strengthened beam. Strengthening with CFRP around and inside the opening was the most effective scheme, increasing capacity by 55%. The study concluded that CFRP strengthening improves load capacity and reduces deflection of beams with openings.
This document discusses the use of Bacillus species as biopreservatives for food preservation. Bacillus species are ubiquitous bacteria that produce antimicrobial compounds like bacteriocins with a broad spectrum of activity. They have a long history of safe use in foods. Recent research explores using Bacillus species and their antimicrobial metabolites alone or in combination with mild preservation methods to extend shelf life while maintaining nutritional quality. This could allow for less intensive food processing while still ensuring safety.
#Apprentissage : le Medef tire la sonette d'alarmeArnaud Delaunay
Les chiffres des entrées en apprentissage sont en baisse depuis 2 ans. En cause les récentes décisions politiques qui ont complexifiés ce système.
Le Medef propose des mesures d'urgence pour relancer concrètement ces filières d'excellence. Un binôme chef d'entreprise-député pourrait ainsi formuler d'ici 3 mois des propositions opérationnelles pour redresser la situation.
Growth and Characterization of Oxalic Acid Doped Pottassium Dihydrogen Phosph...IRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on growing and characterizing potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) crystals doped with oxalic acid. KDP crystals doped with 1% oxalic acid were grown using the slow evaporation technique. The grown crystals were characterized using techniques such as single crystal X-ray diffraction, powder X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, UV-visible spectroscopy, second harmonic generation efficiency measurements, dielectric measurements, and microhardness studies. The results showed that doping KDP with oxalic acid slightly altered the crystal structure but did not change the space group. Optical transmission was high in the visible region. Second harmonic generation efficiency was slightly increased with doping. Dielectric properties indicated
Crystal Growth and Studies of Dihydrogen Phosphates of Potassium and Ammonium...IJERA Editor
A nonlinear optical (NLO) material Potassium dihydrogen phosphates (KDP) and Ammonium dihydrogen
phosphates (ADP) are grown by slow evaporation solution growth technique. The FTIR studies confirm the
presence of the functional group in the grown crystal. The optical transmittance studies show that the crystal has
transparence in the entire visible and IR region. The thermal stability of the materials was assessed by TG/DTA
analysis. The mechanical stability of the grown crystals was analyzed by Vicker’s microhardness test. The
dielectric behavior of the crystals was tested by dielectric analysis. The second harmonic generation (SHG) of
KDP is confirmed by Kurtz and Perry powder technique using Nd: YAG laser.
Growth and Characterization of Barium doped Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate Sing...IJERA Editor
The Non Linear Optical materials have acquired new significance with the advent of a large number of devices
utilizing solid state Laser sources. Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate one of the Non Linear Optical material having
superior non linear optical properties has been exploited for variety of application. In the present work, KHP
single crystals were grown by slow evaporation technique with Barium metal ion as a dopant. The grown
crystals were subjected to powder XRD analysis and the result shows that the Ba2+ ions does not alter the crystal
structure, but it enter into the crystal lattice of pure KHP. The optical transparency of the grown crystal was
studied by UV-Visible spectroscopy, the molecular structure was confirmed by FTIR analysis and its thermal
stability by TG/DTA analysis. The improved SHG efficiency of barium doped Potassium Hydrogen Phthalate
crystal could enhance the nonlinearity behaviour. In addition to this, the electrical parameter such as dielectric
constant was studied in detail.
FTIR, Electrical and SHG Studies of Single Crystals of KDP Doped With Phenyla...iosrjce
IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP) is a double blind peer reviewed International Journal that provides rapid publication (within a month) of articles in all areas of physics and its applications. The journal welcomes publications of high quality papers on theoretical developments and practical applications in applied physics. Original research papers, state-of-the-art reviews, and high quality technical notes are invited for publications.
Studying the Structure and the Optical Properties of Pd Nanoparticles Affecte...IJERA Editor
In this paper, Palladium (Pd) nanoparticales (NPs) at different concentrations (150 and 500) capped with poly
(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) were Synthesized by a polyol reduction method in an ethylene glycol solution at
temperature of 45C˚. The structural and optical properties of Pd NPs has been investigated, all thin films were
tested using X-ray diffraction (XRD), all XRD peaks can be indexed as face centered cubic (FCC)
Structure, with strong crystalline orientation at (111) plane. The morphology properties of the prepared films
were study by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) the results indicated that all films have nanoscale grain size
around 80 nm and Scan Electron Microscopy (SEM) images show spherical nanoscale particles with clusters
shape. The size of the particles decreased with increasing of concentrations.
Effect of glycine as an impurity on the properties of Epsomite single crystalsIOSR Journals
Epsomite (MgSO4.7H2O) is a hydrogen bonded crystal having a wide range of applications in various fields. Pure and glycine added Epsomite (a total of six) single crystals have been grown and characterized in order to investigate the effect of glycine as an impurity on the properties of Epsomite crystals.The densities and lattice parameters observed indicate that the impurity molecules have entered into the crystal matrix. The grown crystals exhibit good optical transparency in the wavelength range 210-1100 nm. Second harmonic generation measurements indicate that they are nonlinear optically active. Results obtained through microhardness measurements follow the normal indentation size effect. Electrical (AC and DC) measurements indicate that all the six crystals grown in the present study exhibit a normal dielectric behavior and the electrical conduction is understood to be due to the protonic movement. Moreover, glycine addition is found to reduce εr value significantly indicating the possibility of Epsomite crystal becoming a low -εr value dielectric material.
This document summarizes a study that synthesized nanoparticles of Y3+ substituted Ni1-x Cdx Yy Fe2-y O4 using a sol-gel autocombustion method. X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the nanoparticles had an average grain size between 12.5 to 34.8 nm and a spinel cubic structure. Ultraviolet visible spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were used to investigate the optical properties. The average band gap energy calculated using the Tauc method was 1.6294 eV, indicating the materials behaved as semiconductors. Increasing the Y3+ concentration slightly increased the lattice constant and slightly decreased the band gap energy.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) aims to cover the latest outstanding developments in the field of all Engineering Technologies & science.
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is a team of researchers not publication services or private publications running the journals for monetary benefits, we are association of scientists and academia who focus only on supporting authors who want to publish their work. The articles published in our journal can be accessed online, all the articles will be archived for real time access.
Our journal system primarily aims to bring out the research talent and the works done by sciaentists, academia, engineers, practitioners, scholars, post graduate students of engineering and science. This journal aims to cover the scientific research in a broader sense and not publishing a niche area of research facilitating researchers from various verticals to publish their papers. It is also aimed to provide a platform for the researchers to publish in a shorter of time, enabling them to continue further All articles published are freely available to scientific researchers in the Government agencies,educators and the general public. We are taking serious efforts to promote our journal across the globe in various ways, we are sure that our journal will act as a scientific platform for all researchers to publish their works online.
Synthesis, Characterization of ZnS nanoparticles by Coprecipitation method us...IOSR Journals
ZnS nanoparticles are prepared by coprecipitation method using various capping agents like PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone), PVA (polyvinylalcohol) and PEG-4000 (polyethyleneglycol). These are characterized by UV-Visible spectra, X-ray diffraction (XRD) studies, Fourier Transform Infra-red spectra (FTIR) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). UV-Visible absorption spectra are used to find the optical band gap and the values obtained have been found to be in the range of 3.80-4.00eV. The particle size of nanoparticles calculated from XRD pattern has been in the range of 2-4 nm. It is also observed that the particle size of nanoparticle is affected by the nature of capping agent. Photo catalytic degradation of xylenol orange (XO) by the nanoparticles shows that these act as photo catalysts under sunlight irradiation. The XO dye was degraded more than 87.24, 83.42 and 73.05% in the presence of PEG-4000, PVA and PVP capped ZnS nanoparticles in 120, 150 and 180 min. respectively. The kinetics of catalyzed by synthesized ZnS nanoparticles with XO dye follows pseudo-first order kinetics with reasonable apparent rate constants.
Synthesis, Growth and Characterization of Nonlinear Optical Semi Organic Pota...IRJET Journal
The document summarizes the synthesis, growth, and characterization of Potassium Sulphate Formate (PSF) single crystals grown by slow evaporation method. PSF crystals were grown by dissolving equimolar ratios of Potassium Sulphate and Formic acid in water. Single crystal XRD analysis confirmed the crystals belong to the orthorhombic system with space group Pna21. Powder XRD and FTIR analysis verified the crystallinity and functional groups. UV-Vis spectroscopy determined the optical transmission range and bandgap. Thermal analysis and SHG measurements showed the crystals have good thermal stability and higher SHG efficiency than KDP.
Synthesis, Characterization, Synergic Adsorption Photocatalytic Studies of No...ijtsrd
This document describes the synthesis and characterization of zinc oxide nanoparticles. Zinc oxide and titanium oxide nanoparticles were synthesized using dextrose as a fuel via a solution combustion method. The nanoparticles were characterized using various techniques such as FT-IR, XRD, SEM-EDAX, TEM, PL and UV-VIS DRS to analyze their purity, structure, morphology and optical properties. The zinc oxide nanoparticles exhibited high photocatalytic activity in degrading Rhodamine Blue dye under UV light irradiation. The degradation mechanism involves the formation of hydroxyl radicals. The zinc oxide nanoparticles were found to be stable and reusable for industrial applications such as wastewater treatment.
Natural Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells (NDSSCs) From Opuntia Prickly Pear Dye Usi...IJERA Editor
Natural dye-sensitized solar cells (NDSSCs) have gained considerable attention in the field of solar energy due to their simple fabrication, good efficiency, and low production cost. Natural dyes are environmentally and economically superior to ruthenium-based dyes because they are nontoxic and cheap. However, the conversion efficiency of dye-sensitized solar cells based on natural dyes is low. One way to improve the DSSC performance is to enhance the absorptivity of extracted natural dyes. We investigated the influence of various factors in the extraction process, such as utilization of different extraction approaches, the acidity of extraction solvent, and different compounds of solvents on the optical absorption spectra. It was found that we could considerably enhance the optical absorptivity of dye and consequently the performance of DSSC by choosing a proper mixture of ethanol, methanol and water. In this study, a photo electrode using ZnO doped TiO2 nanoparticles was prepared by sol-gel method. In this paper we investigate the optical absorption, functional group, surface morphology and elementary composition of pure TiO2, ZnO doped TiO2 nanoparticles and opuntia prickly pear dye extract by using UV-Visible, PL-Studies, FT-IR, FE-SEM and EDS analysis. Finally photocurrent-voltaic characterization of nanocrystaline natural dye solar cell using I-V studies. It was found that the levels of short-circuit current (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), fill factor (FF) and overall conversion efficiency (η).
Nitrogen-doped graphene-supported copper complex: a novel photocatalyst for C...Pawan Kumar
A copper(II) complex grafted to nitrogen-doped graphene (GrN700–CuC) was synthesized and then
demonstrated as an efficient photocatalyst for CO2 reduction into methanol under visible light irradiation
using a DMF/water mixture. The chemical and microstructural features of GrN700–CuC nanosheets were
studied by FTIR, XPS, XRD and HRTEM analyses. Owing to its truly heterogeneous nature, GrN700–CuC
could be easily recovered after the photocatalytic reaction and showed efficient recyclability for
subsequent runs.
Growth, structural and optical studies of pure and kbr doped adp crystalseSAT Journals
Abstract Pure and KBr doped crystals of ADP were grown by slow evaporation technique from the supersaturated solution of ADP at room temperature. The tetragonal structure of the grown crystals was observed by powder X-ray diffraction analysis. FTIR spectra revealed the presence of functional groups present in the grown crystals. The UV-Vis spectral analysis shows high transparency in the entire visible region. The band gap value of the pure ADP crystal was found assuming indirect transition. Key Words: ADP, Powder XRD, FTIR, Band gap
The document describes the synthesis and characterization of CeO2 and Ni-doped CeO2 spherical nanoparticles for magnetic and electrochemical applications. CeO2 and Ni-doped CeO2 with 1%, 3%, 5%, and 7% Ni were prepared via a microwave-assisted method and characterized. Thermogravimetric analysis showed the Ni-doping enhanced the thermal stability of CeO2. X-ray diffraction and Raman spectroscopy confirmed the formation of cubic fluorite CeO2 and showed the introduction of defects with Ni-doping. Electrochemical tests revealed the 5% Ni-doped CeO2 sample had the highest specific capacitance of 577 F g-1 and maintained 94% capacitance
Stability Test of Copper Oxide Nanofluid Prepared using Two Step MethodIRJET Journal
This document summarizes research on the stability of a copper oxide nanofluid prepared using the two-step method. Copper oxide nanoparticles were first synthesized using a sol-gel auto combustion method, then dispersed in sunflower oil to create the nanofluid. X-ray diffraction analysis found the average particle size to be 18.4 nm. A stability test by sedimentation over 50 days showed no change for the first 20 days, with some settling observed after 50 days, indicating the nanofluid was stable for approximately 25 days. In conclusion, a copper oxide nanofluid was successfully produced and characterized, with stability observed over 25 days.
Optical Properties of Nanostructured Cerium Oxide Thin Films by Pulsed Laser ...IRJET Journal
Cerium oxide thin films were deposited on quartz substrates using pulsed laser deposition. X-ray diffraction was used to characterize the structural properties of the films deposited at different substrate temperatures. The film deposited at 303K was amorphous, while the film deposited at 523K was quasi-crystalline. Increasing the substrate temperature to 923K resulted in a polycrystalline film. Optical properties were studied using UV-visible spectroscopy, which showed the films were highly transparent in the visible region with low reflectance in ultraviolet. Band gap was found to decrease with increasing film thickness.
Catalytic Degradation of 4-Nitrophenol Using Gamma Irradiated PVA/Ag Nanocomp...IJERA Editor
1) PVA/Ag nanocomposites were prepared by adding silver nitrate to a polyvinyl alcohol solution and casting films.
2) The films were gamma irradiated, which reduced silver ions to silver nanoparticles within the PVA matrix.
3) The PVA/Ag nanocomposites were then tested as catalysts for the degradation of 4-nitrophenol, an toxic industrial pollutant. The reaction was monitored using UV-visible spectroscopy.
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Growth, structural, optical, electrical and SHG studies of N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP single crystals
1. M. Ugine Prince et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
ISSN : 2248-9622, Vol. 5, Issue 4, ( Part -2) April 2015, pp.07-14
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Growth, structural, optical, electrical and SHG studies of N-N′
allylthiourea doped KDP single crystals
M. Ugine Prince1
, P. Sujatha Therese2
and S.Perumal3
1, 3
Physics Research Centre, S. T. Hindu Collge, Nagercoil-629002
2
Noorul Islam University, Kumara coil
Abstract
Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) crystals are one of the most popular crystals used for Non-linear
Optical (NLO) applications. Pure KDP single crystals and KDP crystals doped with N-N′ allylthiourea were
grown by the method of slow evaporation from aqueous solutions. The grown pure and doped crystals were
confirmed by X-ray single crystal and powder diffraction studies. The pure and doped crystals were
characterized by FTIR spectroscopy studies. Absorptions of these grown crystals were analyzed using UV–Vis–
NIR studies, and it was found that these crystals possess minimum absorption in the entire visible region.
Nonlinear optical studies of pure and doped crystals were carried out and it reveals that the dopants have
increased the efficiency of KDP crystals. Dielectric measurements were carried out along both the unique axis
and perpendicular directions at various temperatures ranging from 40 to 150 °C. The dielectric constant and the
dielectric loss values of N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP crystals were lower than the pure KDP crystals. Also, it
indicates that 0.8 mole% N-N′ allylthiourea addition to KDP leads to low permittivity value dielectrics. The
results are discussed.
Key words: Crystal growth, NLO Materials, powder XRD, UV-Vis. studies, SHG efficiency, Dielectric study.
I. Introduction
Potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KDP) and
ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (ADP) are
nonlinear optical materials and have been used as
optical modulation and frequency converters.
Particularly, optical crystals with lower impurity and
higher damage threshold are required for inertial
confinement fusion. This material is successfully
utilized in many kinds of optical devices such as non-
linear optical elements, electro-optical polarizers,
solid state detectors and transformers of radiation,
operating in a broad spectral range from the middle
infrared to the vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) spectral
regions [1]. KDP and DKDP crystals are still the only
nonlinear optical crystals which can be applied to
laser radiation conversion in laser fusion systems.
These crystals are required to have good optical
property and high laser damage threshold [2]. It is
important that dihydrogen phosphate crystals (in
particular, KDP) are a very unique inorganic material
with a high content of hydrogen ions (protons) in the
crystal lattice. Generally, anion and cation impurities
in the solution are adsorbed onto (1 0 1) and (1 0 0)
faces of KDP crystal, respectively. This selectivity on
impurity adsorption has been attributed to the
orientations of anion (H2PO4
−
) and cation (K+
or
NH4
+
) on the respective crystal faces [3, 4]. In
particular, this impurity adsorption causes step-
pinning, which affects the optical property due to the
density of lattice defects [5].
KDP finds widespread use as a frequency doubler in
laser applications and has been studied in great detail.
Improvement in the quality of the KDP crystals and
the performance of KDP based devices can be
realized with suitable dopants. Because of its wide
applications in technology, impurities in KDP
crystals, including divalent and trivalent metal ions,
are introduced and investigated to see the effects on
optical, electrical and other physical properties; and
also the effects on the crystal growing mechanism
and face morphology [6–11]. Divalent and trivalent
metal ions occupy mainly different locations.
Trivalent metal ions are generally adsorbed on the
surface layer, but in a specific study it is seen that
trivalent Fe3+
ions occupy the FeO2−
site in the form
of FeO4
2−
by compensating the charge deficiency via
nearby potassium or hydrogen vacancy [9]. Some
other groups, like dyes, are also introduced into KDP
to see the effects on optical properties, growth
mechanism and face morphology [12, 13].
In this present work, to analyze the influence of
organic NLO based dopants on the non-linear optical
property of KDP crystals, efforts were made to dope
KDP with N-N′ allylthiourea in different
concentration. The effects of impurity atoms on the
quality and performance of the material are analyzed.
In the present investigation, the growth aspects of
KDP and doped KDP have been studied. Bulk
crystals of KDP and different concentration of N-N′
allylthiourea doped KDP were grown by slow
evaporation from aqueous solutions technique. The
RESEARCH ARTICLE OPEN
ACCESS
2. M. Ugine Prince et al. Int. Journal of Engineering Research and Applications www.ijera.com
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structural, chemical, optical, mechanical and non-
linear optical properties of the pure and N-N′
allylthiourea doped KDP crystals were studied with
the characterization studies such as powder XRD,
FT-IR, UV–Vis, micro hardness and SHG
measurements, respectively. The results for doped
KDP are compared with the results of the pure KDP
crystals and as well as the results available in the
literature.
II. Experimental procedure
Analytical reagent (AR) grade Potassium
dihydrogen phosphate (KH2PO4), and N-N′
allylthiourea were purchased from Merck Chemicals.
These compounds were used without further
purification for the growth of pure and doped KDP
crystals. A supersaturated solution of KDP powder is
prepared in double distilled water. The solution is
stirred long enough to ensure complete dissolution of
the solute, and filtered using Whatmann 100 filter
paper to remove residual microscope particles. The
saturated solutions were transferred to clean beakers
covered tightly with polythene covers. Small holes
were made on the cover for the proper evaporation of
the solvent. The whole setup was kept in dust free
area and closely monitored. The periods of growth
ranged from 5 to 10 days depending upon the
temperature of the surroundings and the
concentration of dopants in KDP solution. After the
completion of growth, crystals were harvested. Good
quality optically transparent large size crystals were
selected for carrying out experiments. To obtain the
N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP crystals, KDP was
doped with N-N′ allylthiourea in the ratios 1:0.00
(pure KDP), 1:0.02, 1:0.04, 1:0.6, 1:0.08 and 1:0.10
was prepared in separate containers and the same
procedure was followed as that for the preparation of
pure KDP crystal. Figure 1 shows the photograph of
the as grown pure and doped KDP crystals .
Figure 1. Photograph of the grown crystals (a) pure KDP (b) 2 wt.% N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP (c) 4 wt. %
N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP (d) 6 wt.% N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP (e) 8 wt. % N-N′ allylthiourea doped
KDP and (f) 10 wt. % N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP single crystals
Powder X-ray diffraction analysis was performed to confirm the quality of the crystal and to identify
the
cell dimensions using an automated
PANalytical X-ray powder diffractometer with
monochromated CuK radiation (=1.54056 Ǻ) in
the range of 15–65º at a scan speed of 1º/min. The
FTIR spectra of the grown crystals have been
recorded in the range 400– 4000 cm-1
using a Perkin-
Elmer spectrometer by KBr pellet method in order to
study the presence of various functional groups.
Optical absorption measurements were done at room
temperature using a SHIMADZU UV-2400 PC
spectrometer with a medium scan speed sampling
interval of 0.5 nm in the wavelength range of 190-
1100 nm. To confirm the nonlinear optical property,
Kurtz and Perry powder SHG test [14] was carried
out for the grown crystal using Nd:YAG Q-switched
laser which emits the first harmonic output of 1064
nm. Photodiode detector and oscilloscope assembly
were used to detect the emitted light from the sample.
The dielectric study on pure and doped KDP single
crystals was carried on the prominent (1 0 0) face.
The extended portions of the crystals were removed
completely and the crystals more ground to proper
thickness and polished. Each sample was electroded
on either side with air-drying carbon ink coating so
that it behaved like a parallel plate capacitor.
A4279A, multi frequency LCR meter (Hawlett–
Packard) was used to measure capacitance (C) and
dielectric loss (tanδ) of the sample as a function of
frequency.
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III. Results and Discussion
The indexed diffraction pattern of pure and N-N′
allylthiourea doped KDP crystal is presented in
Figure 2. The unit cell parameters and the cell
volume have been calculated by using unit cell
software programme. The calculated cell parameters
are given in Table 1. In addition, the spectrum
contain sharp and strong peaks confirms the good
crystallinity of the grown crystals. The observed
lattice dimensions are good in agreement with the
reported literature values [ 15]. As the concentration
of dopant increases from 0.2 wt. % to 1 wt. %, the
XRD peaks are slightly shifted to lower angle side
which confirms the incorporation of dopant into the
host KDP crystal lattices. This leads to expand the
unit cell volume of doped KDP crystals.
Figure 2. PXRD pattern of (a) pure KDP (b) 2 wt.% N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP (c) 4 wt. % N-N′
allylthiourea doped KDP (d) 6 wt.% N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP (e) 8 wt. % N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP
and (f) 10 wt. % N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP single crystals
The grown crystals were subjected to FTIR
analysis to analyze the presence of functional groups
quantitatively. The recorded spectra of pure and N-N′
allylthiourea doped KDP crystals are shown in Figure
3. The observed vibrational frequencies and their
assignments are listed in Table 2. Assignments were
made on the basis of relative intensities, magnitudes
of the frequencies and from the literature data [16–
18].
The broad absorption band appeared at 3245,
3361, 3255, 3256, 3254 and 3250 were assigned to
hydrogen bonded O–H stretching frequencies in pure
KDP and different concentration N-N′ allylthiourea
doped KDP crystals. Its deviation from pure KDP to
higher frequency in KDP doped with N-N′
allylthiourea indicated clearly the interaction of
dopants with P–O–H group of KDP and in
reinforcement the bond between oxygen and
hydrogen. This leads to the increase in the frequency
of O–H stretching and confirmed the non-linear
optical property of pure and doped KDP crystals at
these sites in the crystal lattice. This property is also
reflected in the P=O, P–OR, P–OH stretching and
HO–P–OH bending vibrations (see Table 1). There is
a broad strong absorption between 1500 and 1700
cm-1
resulting from C-H stretching and O=P–OH
stretching bands respectively. The present IR study
on pure and doped KDP clearly indicates the effect of
dopants on the crystal structure of pure KDP, which
leads to the change in the absorption of IR
frequencies and the nonlinear optical property of both
the crystals.
Table 1. Calculated lattice parameter values for pure
and doped KDP crystals from powder XRD. (*
indicates lattice parameter value of pure KDP from
JCPDS file No. 35-0807)
Sample name
Calculated Parameters
a=b c V
Å Å3
KDP
7.4691
7.453*
6.9854
6.974*
389.69
387.42*
KDP:0.02 7.4758 6.9987 391.14
KDP:0.04 7.4914 7.0115 393.49
KDP:0.06 7.4821 7.0416 394.23
KDP:0.08 7.5043 7.0452 396.85
KDP:0.10 7.5185 7.0528 398.67
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Figure 3. FTIR spectrum of (a) pure KDP (b) 2 wt.% N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP (c) 4 wt. % N-N′
allylthiourea doped KDP (d) 6 wt.% N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP (e) 8 wt. % N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP
and (f) 10 wt % N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP single crystals
Table 2. Observed IR frequencies (cm-1
) of pure KDP and KDP doped with N-N′ allylthiourea.
Wave number (cm-1
)
Assignment
PureKDP
KDP:0.02
KDP:0.04
KDP:0.06
KDP:0.08
KDP:0.10
3245 3361 3255 3256 3254 3250 P–O–H bending of KDP
2374 2379 2381 2385 2385 2390 O-H stretch
2223 2226 2224 2224 2223 2226 O-H,N-H stretch
2055 2054 2054 2056 2057 2055 N-H stretch
1596 1635 1590 1592 1593 1598 O=P–OH stretching
1434 1433 1434 1434 1434 1434 C-H stretch
1091 1088 1088 1092 1090 1089 P=O stretching
- 985 979 982 980 987 P-OR stretching
743 742 742 743 743 743 N–H wag 1º, 2º amines
620 619 619 619 620 619 N-H stretch
552 551 551 551 555 552 HO–P–OH bending
- 461 459 449 451 454 N-H Torsional oscillation
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The UV–Visible absorbance spectra were
recorded in the wavelength region 200–1100 nm.
Figure 4 shows the absorbance and transparency in
the visible spectral range of the samples. The crystal
is highly transparent in the entire UV, Visible and
near IR region. The large transmission in the entire
visible region enables it to be a good candidate for
electro-optic and NLO applications [19,20]. As clear
from the Figure 4, optical absorbance is decreasing or
transparency is increasing with doping from 0.02 to
0.10 wt. %. The UV absorption edge for the grown
pure KDP crystal was observed to be around 268 nm.
The dependence of optical absorption coefficient
with the photon energy helps to study the band
structure and the type of transition of electrons [21].
The optical absorption coefficient (α) was calculated
from the transmittance using the following relation,
2.303 log (absorbance)
t
where A is the absorbance and t is the thickness of
the crystal. Owing to the direct bandgap, the crystal
under study has an absorption coefficient (α) obeying
the following relation for high photon energies (hυ):
1/2
gA h E
h
where Eg is optical bandgap of the crystal and A is a
constant. The plot of variation of (αhυ)2
vs. hυ is
shown in inset of Figure 4 and Eg is evaluated by the
extrapolation of the linear part [22]. The band gap is
found to be 4.63, 4.84, 5.14, 5.32, 5.69 and 5.48 eV
for KDP:0.00 (pure KDP), KDP:0.02, KDP:0.04,
KDP:0.06, KDP:0.08 and KDP:0.10 crystals
respectively. As a consequence of wide band gap, the
grown crystal has large transmittance in the visible
region [23].
Figure 4: UV-Vis. absorbance spectrum of pure and N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP single crystals. The inset
shows the determination of bandgap energies for the respective crystals.
The second harmonic generation signal in the
pure and doped KDP crystals are examined by the
Kurtz powder technique [14]. A high intense beam
from the Nd:YAG laser with the wavelength of about
1064 nm is allowed to be incident on the samples.
The SHG signal generation was confirmed by the
emission of green radiation from the crystals. From
the analysis it is found that the SHG output relative
efficiency is 9.1, 11.2, 12.8, 14.1 and 17.6 mJ/pulse
for the KDP:0.02, KDP:0.04, KDP:0.06, KDP:0.08
and KDP:0.10 crystals respectively. Comparing the
above values with reference to that of KDP (SHG
output relative efficiency 8.3 mJ/pulse), the measured
SHG efficiency for different concentration of N-N′
allylthiourea doped KDP sample was found to be
about 1.1 (KDP:0.02), 1.3 (KDP:0.02), 1.5
(KDP:0.02), 1.7 (KDP:0.02) and 2.1 (KDP:0.02)
times greater than that of KDP.
The dielectric characteristics of the material are
important to know the transport phenomena and the
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lattice dynamics in the crystal. It also gives the
information about the nature of atoms, ions, bonding
and their polarization mechanism in the material.
Pure and N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP single
crystals cut in to rectangular dimension was subjected
to dielectric study. The experiment was carried out in
the frequency range 1 kHz – 1 MHz and the
temperature range 40–150 ºC. The dielectric constant
and AC electrical conductivity of the crystals have
been calculated using the relations,
crys
crys air
airair
r
crys air
A
C C 1
AA
A C
where Ccry is the capacitance with crystal (including
air), Cair is the capacitance of air, Acry is the area of
crystal touching the electrode and Aair is the area of
electrode.
ac 0 r tan
where 0 is the permittivity of free space
(
12 2 1 2
8.85 x10 C N m
), is the angular
frequency ( = 2πf; f = 1, 10, 100 and 1000 kHz in
the present study) and tanδ is the dielectric loss
factor.
The variation in dielectric constant, dielectric
loss and AC electrical conductivity of pure KDP and
N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP crystals is depicted as
a function of temperature (40 to 150 ºC) and as a
function of frequency (100 Hz to 1 MHz) in Figure
5a-f. From the plots it is observed that the dielectric
constant, dielectric loss and AC conductivity increase
with increasing temperature. The dielectric constant
and dielectric loss decreases with increasing
frequency and the AC conductivity increases with
increasing frequency. The dielectric constant values
for N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP crystals are lower
than the pure KDP crystals. Dielectric studies furnish
a great deal of information regarding the dielectric
constant that arises from the contribution of different
polarizations, namely electronic, ionic, atomic, space
charge, etc., developed in the material subjected to
the electric field variations. The dielectric constant is
found to be high at lower frequency and decreases
exponentially with applied frequency from 100 Hz to
1 MHz (Figure 5d). The large dielectric constant at
low frequency for the crystals in the present study is
due to the presence of space charge polarization
arising at the grain boundary interfaces [24] whereas,
the N-N′ allylthiourea doped KDP crystal has low
dielectric constant as compared to pure KDP crystals
due to high molecular polarizability of the N-N′
allylthiourea in the lattice. The variation of dielectric
loss with logarithmic frequency (Figure 5e) indicates
the low value of dielectric loss at higher frequency
which suggests that the sample has enhanced optical
quality which is of vital importance for non-linear
optical materials. The conductivity is high for higher
frequencies at a given temperature (Figure 5f)
confirming polaran hopping in the crystals [25, 26]. It
is clear from the figure that conductivity increases as
the temperature increases. This increase in
conductivity could be due to the reduction in the
space charge polarization at higher frequencies. The
low values of dielectric constant and loss at higher
frequencies reveal the good optical quality of the
grown crystals with less defects [27], which are the
desirable property of the materials to be used for
various optical and communication devices [27].
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Figure 5: Temperature dependence of electrical parameters such as (a) dielectric constant (b) dielectric loss
factor, (c) AC conductivity for the temperature range of 40 to 150 ºC at a constant frequency (1 kHz) and
frequency dependence of electrical parameters such as (d) dielectric constant (b) dielectric loss factor, (c) AC
conductivity for the frequency range of 100 Hz to 1 MHz at 40 ºC and 100 ºC temperatures.
References
[1] V.G. Dmitriev, G.G. Gurzadyan, D.N.
Nikogosyan, Handbook of Nonlinear
Optical Crystals, Springer, Berlin, New
York, 2000.
[2] D. Xu, D. Xue, J. Rare Earth 24 (2006) 228.
[3] D. Xu, D. Xue, H. Ratajczak, Morphology
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