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Growth and Characterization of Oxalic Acid Doped Pottassium Dihydrogen Phosphate Crystals
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Growth and Characterization of Oxalic Acid Doped Pottassium Dihydrogen Phosphate Crystals
1.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3057 Growth And Characterization Of Oxalic Acid Doped Pottassium Dihydrogen Phosphate Crystals K.Manimekalai1, R.Rajasekaran2 1Department of Physics,St.Joseph’s Institute of Technology,Chennai-119,Tamilnadu,India 2Principal & head ,Department of Physics, Aruna Vidya Arts & Science College,Thiruvannamalai,Tamilnadu,India ---------------------------------------------------------------------***--------------------------------------------------------------------- Abstract - Potassium dihydrogen phosphateisa materialrich in NLO property with wide range of industrial applications. Certain Amino acids are also rich inNLOpropertiessothey are used as dopants. In the present work Oxalic acid is added in the ratio 1:1 molar percentage to KDP. Single crystals were grown by slow evaporation method. The grown crystals were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction, Single crystal X- Ray diffraction, UV–vis. -spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR).SHG efficiency, Dielectricstudies and micro hardness studies. The single crystal X-ray diffraction studies reveal the structure and space group of the crystal. The powder X-ray diffraction study shows that the crystalline perfection of grown crystal is good. Fourier transform infrared studies confirm the functional groups of the crystals. It is seen from UV–vis studies that the optical transparency is found to increase much by adding chlorides. SHG efficiency of KDP is found to be slightly increasing with doping of Oxalic acid.Dielectric studies shows the conductivity and electrical behavior of the crystal. Microhardness studies shows the mechanical stability of the crystal. Key Words: : KDP, FTIR, UV-Vis, NLO, XRD, SHG, Microhardness 1. INTRODUCTION Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) crystal is most widely used and thoroughly studied nonlinearoptical (NLO) crystal. The attempts have been made to modify the properties favorable for NLO applicationsandgrowthrateof the KDP crystal by either changing the growth conditions or by adding different impurities[1-6]. Nonlinear optic (NLO) crystals are used for harmonic generation, including frequency doubling (SHG), tripling (3HG), frequency mixing; OPO (Optical Parametric Oscillator) and OPA (Optical Parametric Amplifier). Combining harmonic generation and frequency mixing, we can generate the 4th, 5th, or even 15th harmonics from the original laser output. As KDP is being widely used in NLO applications and demands to modify its properties, the research work on the modifications of the optical, thermal, mechanical and NLO properties and the growth rate of the KDP crystal by using different dopants is still going on[7-9]. Previously the KDP crystals doped with Oxalic acid in the ratio 3:1 were grown using Gel technique and its ,thermal property, presence of functional groups and lattice parameters were reported[10] . In the present study an effort has been madeingrowingKDP doped with Oxalic acid in the ratio 1:1 by slow evaporation growth technique. The grown crystals are subjected to various spectral analysis like FTIR, UV-Visible, single crystal XRD, powder XRD, Dielectric and Vickers’s micro hardness studies. 1.1 EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE: Pure KDP AR grade E-Merck and Oxalic acid doped crystals were grown by slow evaporation growth technique at room temperature. The saturated solution is prepared by dissolving the solute of KDP in 30g per 100ml in Millipore water. The doping of Oxalic Acid was carried out by adding 0.1 weight percentage powder form of Oxalic acid into 1 molar 100 ml solution of KDP in millipore water. The mixtures were well stirred for 8 hrs for homogenization .Then it was double times filtered with whatt man filter paper and poured into Petri dishes and covered with perforated polyethylene. Thepreparedsolutionwasallowed to dry at room temperature and the crystals were obtained by slow evaporation method. In theperiodof 05-12days,the crystal had formed as shown in Fig. 1.Then the grown crystals has been subjected various spectral studies to analyze its characteristics .Grown crystals were found to be colour-less and transparent. Figure 1 shows a photograph of 0.1 wt. Oxalic acid doped KDP.
2.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3058 Fig -1: As grown crystals of Oxalic acid doped KDP 1.2 Characterization- The grown Oxalic acid doped KDP crystals were subjected to various characterizations .Single crystal X-ray diffraction studies were carried out using single crystal diffractometer ENRAF NONIUS Cad4 and its lattice parameter volume structure and space group is analysed in given in table. Powder X-ray diffraction studies were carried out using powder X-ray diffraction instrument D8 advanced BRUKER Spectrometer using CuKα radiation source and its wave length (λ=1.54Ǻ), data collected from the 2θ range from 10°to 90° in steps of 0.020 and counttime0.2S.Theobtained results are in Fig.2 .Identification of functional groups were carried out by FTIR analysis using JASCO 4100 shown in Fig 3.UV-Visible spectral study is carried out using SHIMADZU 2600 in the range 200-1200nm as shown in Fig.4(a) and the results were compared with that of pure KDP and a comparative studies are made between the Oxalic acid doped KDP Crystals. The NLO property of the doped crystal is evaluated by the Krutz and Perry (1968) powder technique using a Q-switched, mode locked Nd : YAG laser. Dielectric property of the crystal is carried out for various temperature using HIOKI MODEL 3532_50 LCR High Tester. The Vickers micro hardness studies is carried out using Futuretech FM 800 type E series. 3. Result and discussion KDP crystal is a promising NLO material with high transparency and frequency doubling property whendoped with Oxalic acid shows some changes in its Characteristics when subjected to Single crystal X-raydiffraction,powderX- Ray diffraction , Fourier transform Infra red Spectroscopy ,UV Spectroscopy, SHG measurements, Dielectric measurements and Hardness studies. 3.1. Single crystal XRD studies: Single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis was carried out using ENRAF NONIUS Cad4 diffractometer to identify the lattice parameters. The single crystal X-ray diffraction studies confirm the tetragonal structure with the space group of I-42d .The lattice parameters of Oxalic acid doped are; a=b=7.4129A ˚, c=7.001A ˚ , with volume V=385A ˚ 3. The crystal parameters and cell volume were found to be well in agreement with reported values [11] as shown in table (1).From the grown doped crystal lattice parameters and space group it is clear that the basic structural property and space group of KDP is not altered by the dopant [12]. Table -1: Lattice parameters for pure KDP and Oxalic acid doped KDP 3.2. Powder XRD Studies: The Oxalic acid doped KDP crystals when subjected to X-ray diffraction shows pattern as in fig 2 .While comparing with the powder xrd pattern of pure KDP it is found that 2theta values shifted and this suggests that the structure of KDP is slightly disturbed by of Oxalic acid whichtriestochangethe transparency. Fig-2 Powder XRD Pattern of oxalic acid doped KDP 3.3 Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy Studies: FTIR is a technique which is used to obtain an infrared spectrum of absorption, emission or Compoud Crystal system Space group Unit cell parameters Pure KDP Tetragonal I-42d a=b=7.455Å,c=6.975Å. α=β=γ=90o KDP doped with Oxalic acid Tetragonal I-42d a=b=7.4219Å,c=7.001 α=β=γ=90o
3.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3059 photoconductivity of a solid, liquid or gas. It collects high spectral resolution data over a wide spectral range. This analysis has been carried out by recording the spectrum in the range 4000 – 400 cm-1 using KBr pellet method. The spectrum of Oxalic acid doped KDP is shown in fig 3.The IR spectra in1450 -600 is called the fingerprint region so it is difficult to assign all absorption bands this region. The already reported Oxalic acid doped KDP grown by gel growth showed peaks of corresponding functional group such as peaks due to C=O, P=O,Phosphonic acid(O=P- OH) and –OH .In the present study of Oxalic acid doped KDP crystal grown by slow evaporation method given in Table-2 shows the functional group and theirfrequencies, whichisin coordination with previous study [13]. Table:2 Functional groups of Oxalic doped KDP . Fig-3.FTIR spectrum of oxalic acid doped KDP crystal 3.4 UV- Visible Spectral analysis: The optical transmission spectra hasbeenrecordedbyusing SHIMADZU -2600 spectrometerinthe rangeof200-1200 nm as shown in fig 4.The crystal is highly transparent in the entire visible region, whereas it has a UV cut off at 296. The transmission is uniformly high (73%) for light in the visible region of electromagnetic spectrum, which is useful for nonlinear device application. The resultant spectrum is shown in Fig. 4(a) 3.4 Fig-4(a) UV-Spectrum of Oxalic Acid doped KDP The measured transmittance (T) was used to calculate the absorption coefficient (a) using the formula: where t is the thickness of the sample[14]. As in indirect band gap semiconductor, the crystal under study has an absorption coefficient(α)obeyingthefollowing relation for high photon energies (hѵ). (αhѵ) = A (Eg – hѵ) 1/2 Where, A is a constant, Eg the optical band gap, h the Planck’s constant and ѵ the frequency of the incident photons. Optical band gap was calculated from the UV- Visible data. The plot between energy (hѵ) and (αhѵ)1/2 is made as shown in Figure (4.a) (Where α is the absorption coefficient) and the optical band gap energy (Ashour et al 1995) is found to be 3.0 eV by extrapolating the slope region (where it cuts the X-axis) which is shown in Figure( 4.c)The internal efficiency of the device also depends upon the absorption coefficient. Hence by modifying the absorption coefficient and tuning the band gap of the material, one can achieve the desired material Frequency cm-1 Fuctional group assignments 3436 -OH Stretching H bounded 2924 -OH stretching 2461 -O=P-OH Phosphonic acid 1716 -C=O stretching 1637 -O-P-OH Symmetric Stretching 1304 -OH Stretching 1099 P=O Stretching 899 C=O Stretching 720 -OH-P-OH bending 537 C=O bending
4.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3060 Fig:4(b) plot of (αhʋ)1/2 versus photon energy hʋ Fig:4(c) plot of (αhʋ)1/2 versus hʋ showing band gap which is suitable for fabricating various layers of the optoelectronic devices as per our requirements.[15]. Extinction coefficient (K) can be obtained fromthefollowing equation: The transmittance (T) is given by Reflectance (R) in terms of absorption coefficient can be obtained from the above equation. Hence, Refractive index (n) canbedeterminedfromreflectance data using the following equation +1) And it found to be 1.17 at wavelength ʎ=1100nm. 3.5 Simple Harmonic Studies: The pure and doped KDP crystals were made into fine powders of the size of 10 µm. The micro particles were exposed to 1064 nm laser beam from a pulsed Nd: YAG laser to test the second harmonic generation efficiency. An input pulse of 1.9 mJ/pulse was supplied. Signal amplitude in millivolts on the oscilloscopeindicatestheefficiencyofthe sample. The pure KDP crystal gave an output 73 mV whereas the Oxalic acid doped KDP crystal showed an increase in the SHG efficiency. The Oxalic acid doped KDP crystal gave an output of 75mV. Thus, the SHG efficiencies of the doped crystals are 1.02 times greater than the standard KDP crystals respectively [16]. 3.6 Dielectric study The dielectric analysis is animportantcharacteristicthatcan be used to fetch knowledge based on the electrical properties of a material medium as a function of temperature and frequency. The dielectric studies were measured using HIOKI MODEL 3532_50 LCR High Tester .Based on this analysis, the capability of storing electric charges by the material and capability of transferring the electric charge can be assessed. Dielectric properties are correlated with electro optic property of the crystals, particularly when they are non conducting materials [17]. Microelectronics industry needs low dielectric constant (εr) materials as an interlayer dielectric[18] . The dielectric constant is calculated using the formula ’= where C is capacitance (F), t the thickness (m), A the area(m2), and εo the absolute permittivity in the free space having a value of 8.854 x 10−12 Fm−1. Figures5 (a), 5(b) show the variation of dielectric constant and dielectric loss with respect to frequency for all temperatures of Oxalic acid doped KDP crystals. Compared to the pureKDP, dielectric constant (εr ) value is found to be low for doped KDP[19]. From Figures 5(a) and 5(b), it is clear that dielectric loss is high at low frequency and decreases with high frequencies. The low dielectric loss at high frequency reveals the high optical quality of the crystal with lesser defects, which is a desirable property of NLO applications [20, 21] dielectric constant and dielectric loss decrease with the increasing frequency. This may be due to the contributions of all the four polarizations such as electronic, ionic, orientation, and space charge, which are predominantinthelowerfrequency region [22].
5.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3061 The larger value of dielectric constant and dielectric loss at low frequency arises due to the presence of space charge polarization near the grain boundary interfaces, which depends on thepurityandperfectionofthe sample[23]. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 80 100 120 140 160 180 Dielectricconstant log f 32c 90c 120c 160c Fig: 5(a) Variation of dielectric constant with log frequency of the electric field of Oxalic Acid doped KDP Fig: 5(b) Variation of dielectric loss with log frequency of the electric field of Oxalic Acid doped KDP 3.7Microhardness studies Microhardness studies have been carried out on oxalic acid doped KDP using Futuretech FM 800 type E seriesVicker’s microhardnesstesterfitted withVicker’sdiamondpyramidal indenter attached to an incident light microscope.The static indentations were made at room temperature with a constant indentation time of 15s for all indentations .The indentation mark were made on the surface by varying the load from 3 to 100g.As micro cracks appeared at higher loads(100g), theloadwasrestrictedupto50gms.Thevicker’s microhardness number Hv of the crystal was calculated using the relation Hv = 1.8554 P/ d2 Kg mm-2 where P is the applied load, d is the diagonal length of the indented impressions in meter.Vicker’s microhardness profile as a function of applied load is ahown in fig.6.It shows that microhardness value of oxalic acid doped KDP decreases with increase in load, while comparing oxalic acid doped KDP with pure KDP hardness is high[24,25] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 0.00 0.05 0.10 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 0.40 30c 90c 120c 160c dielectricloss log f Fig-6 Variation of Vicker’s hardness with load applied 4. Conclusions Single crystals of Oxalic acid doped KDP crystals were Successfully grown by slow Evaporation method.The Single XRD studies revealed that the crystals are tetragonal and belong to I42d space group. The Powder X-ray diffraction analysis determines the incorporation of Oxalic Acid into KDP crystal lattice.The Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy studies carried out confirms the functional groups of dopant present in the grown crystal. The UV-Vis studies reveals that the grown crystals having transmission in the visible range. Then the grown crystals subjected to Kurtz Perry powder method to test the efficiency of the relative second harmonic generation reveals the moderate NLO property of the grown crystal and the results were compared to standard KDP. From the Dielectric studies of the sample it was noticed that dielectric constant and dielectric loss decreases with increasing frequency. Hardness studies reveals it is a soft material and Hardness(Hv) was found to increase by addition of Oxalic acid in pure KDP and proves to begoodmaterial for photonic device fabrication.
6.
International Research Journal
of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056 Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072 © 2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3062 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT The authors are thankful to management of Loyola College - Times of India Major Research Project(3LCTOI14PHY002)., Chennai – 34 for providing hardness study and to SAIIF IIT Chennai for single crystal XRD. REFERENCES [1] O. Shimomura, Fast growth and evaluation of potassium dihydrogen phosphate single crystalsbyelectrodialysiswith pH control, J. of Cry. Growth 144 (1994) 253-257. [2] Yokotani, Hiroshi Koide, Takatomo Sasaki, Tatsuhiko Yamanaka and Chiyoe Yamanaka, Fast growth ofKDPsingle crystals by electrodialysis method, J. of Cry. Growth 67 (1984) 627-632 [3] Guohui Li, Genbo Su, Xinxin Zhuang, Zhengdong Li, Youping He, Rapid growth of KDP crystal with new additive, J. of Cry. Growth 269 (2004) 443-447. [4] Masahiro Nakatsuka, Kana Fujioka, Tadashi Kanabe, Hisanori Fujita, Rapid growth over 50 mm/day of water- soluble KDP crystal, J. of Cry. Growth 171 (1997) 531-537. [5] N. Zaitseva, L. Carman, I. Smolsky, R. Torres,M.Yan,The effect of impurities and supersaturation on therapidgrowth of KDP crystals, J. of Cry. Growth 204 (1999) 512-524. [6] . Podder, The study of impurities effect on the growth and nucleation kinetics of potassium dihydrogen phosphate, J. of Cry. Growth 237–239 (2002) 70-75. [7] K. D. Parikh, D. J. Dave, B. B. Parekh, M. J. Joshi, Growth and characterization of L-alanine doped KDP crystals, Cry. Research and Technology 45 (2010) 603-610. [8] N. Kanagathara, G. Anbalagan, Growth, Optical and Dielectric Studies on Pure and L-Lysine Doped KDPCrystals, International Journal of Optics 2012 (2012) 1-6. [9] P. Jagdish, N. P. Rajesh, Effect of L-proline on the growth and NLO properties of KDP crystal, J. of Optoele. And Adv. Mat. 13 (2011) 962 – 966 [10] GROWTH AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSISOF DOPED KDP CRYSTALS: GEL TECHNIQUE Abbas J. Jinia* and Jyotsna R. Pandey RJC Vol. 8 | No.2 |167 -171 | April - June | 2015. [11] Study on Growth Habit, SHG and Thermal Properties of Urea Phosphate Doped KDP CrystalsG.G.MuleyDepartment of Physics, Sant Gadge Baba Amravati University, Amravati, 444602, (MS) India Science andTechnology2012,2(5):109- 113 DOI: 10.5923/j.scit.20120205.01 [12] Effect of Zinc chloride on the growth and characterization of L-proline Cadmium chloride monohydratesemiorganic NLO single crystal S.vetrivel*, P.Anandan, K.Kanagasabapathy, Suman battacharya, S.Gopinath, R,Rajasekaran Spectrochimica Acta Part A: MolecularandBiomolecularSpectroscopy110(2013) 317-323. [13] . GROWTH AND STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS OF DOPED KDP CRYSTALS: GEL TECHNIQUE AbbasJ.Jinia*andJyotsna R. Pandey Vol. 8 | No.2 |167 -171 | April - June | 2015 ISSN: 0974-1496 | e-ISSN: 0976-0083 | CODEN: RJCABP. [14]Synthesis, crystal growth and characterization of a semiorganicmaterial:Calciumdibromidebis(glycine)tetrahyd rate P.V.Dhanaraj,T.Suthan,N.P.Rajesh Current AppliedPhysics10(2010)1349e1353. [15] Anbu Chudar Azhagan, S., Ganesan, S. Effect of zinc acetate addition on crystal growth, structural, optical, thermal properties of glycine single crystals. Arabian JournalofChemistry(2013),http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.arabj c.2013.09.041. [16] Effect of KDP on the growth,thermal and optical properties of L-alanine single crystals T.Thilak ,M.Basheer Ahamed,G.Maruthu,G.Vinitha Arabian journal of chemistry(2013) [17] S. Boomadevi, H. P. Mittal, and R. Dhansekaran, “Synthesis,crystal growth and characterization of 3-methyl 4-nitropyridine 1-oxide (POM) single crystals,” Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 261, no. 1, pp. 55–62, 2004. [18] B. T. Hatton, K. Landskron, W. J. Hunks et al., “Materials chemistry for low-k materials,” Materials Today, vol. 9, no. 3,pp. 22–31, 2006. [19] S. Goma, C. M. Padma, and C. K. Mahadevan, “Dielectric parameters of KDP single crystals added with urea,” MaterialsLetters, vol. 60, no. 29-30, pp. 3701–3705, 2006 [20] S. Suresh, A. Ramanand, D. Jayaraman, and P.Mani, “Growth,photoconductivity and dielectric properties of triglycine sulfate (TGS) single crystals,” Optoelectronicsand Advanced Materials, vol. 4, no. 11, pp. 1763–1765, 2010. [21]. C. Balarew and R. Duhlew, “Application of the hard and softacids and bases concept to explaintoligandcoordination in double salt structures,” Journal of Solid State Chemistry, vol.55, no. 1, pp. 1–6, 1984. [22] M. Meena and C. K. Mahadevan, “Growth and electrical characterization of L-arginine added KDP and ADP single crystals,” Crystal Research and Technology, vol. 43, no. 2, pp.166–172, 2008. [23] S. Aruna, G. Bhagavannarayana,M. Palanisamy, P. C. Thomas,B. Varghese, and P. Sagayaraj, “Growth, morphological,mechanical and dielectric studies of semi organic NLO single crystal: l-argininium perchlorate,” Journal of Crystal Growth, vol. 300, no. 2, pp. 403–408,2007. [24]Growth and characterization of a new nonlinear optical L-histidine acetate single crystals J.Madhavan et al Optical materials 29(2007)1211-1216 [25]Growth and Characterization of Pure and Neem Leaves Extract Doped Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate (KDP) Crystal R.Kayalvizhi, G.Meenakshi International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering (IJITEE) ISSN: 2278-3075, Volume-3, Issue-2, July 2013
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